Wolfgang, Count Palatine of Zweibrücken

Count Palatine Wolfgang of Zweibrücken (Pfalzgraf Wolfgang von Zweibrücken) (26 September 1526 – 11 June 1569) was member of the Wittelsbach family of the Counts Palatine and Duke of Zweibrücken 1532–1559.

Biography
He was the only son of Louis II, Count Palatine of Zweibrücken and his wife Elisabeth of Hesse, daughter of William I, Landgrave of Hesse. His father died in 1532, so the regency of Palatinate-Zweibrücken passed to Louis' younger brother Rupert until 1543. In 1557 Wolfgang received the territory of Palatinate-Neuburg in accordance with the Contract of Heidelberg. In 1548 the Holy Roman Emperor Charles V occupied his Protestant territories and reintroduced Catholic practices. This imposition ended in 1552. The Peace of Augsburg of 1555 ended the religious conflict, and in 1557 several ecclesiastical states in Germany were secularised, a few of which Wolfgang obtained. In 1566 he served as a cavalry officer in the Turkish Wars.

In 1569 he came to the aid of French Huguenots with 14,000 mercenaries during the "Third War" of the French Wars of Religion (his intervention was financed by Queen Elizabeth I of England). He invaded Burgundy, but was killed in the conflict.

He was buried in Meisenheim.

Succession
After his death Wolfgang's land was split among his five sons who then created three branches: Philip Louis (House of Palatinate-Neuburg), John (House of Palatinate-Zweibrücken) and Charles (House of Palatinate-Birkenfeld). Otto Henry and Frederick had no surviving sons.

The House of Palatinate-Neuburg inherited the Electorate of the Palatinate in 1685 and by its cadet branch Palatinate-Sulzbach also Bavaria in 1777. The House of Palatinate-Birkenfeld then inherited the Electorate of the Palatinate and Bavaria in 1799. The House of Palatinate-Zweibrücken contributed to the monarchy in Sweden from 1654 onwards through its cadet branch Palatinate-Zweibrücken-Kleeburg.

Family and children
He was married in 1545 to Anna of Hesse, daughter of Philip I, Landgrave of Hesse. They had the following children:
 * 1) Christine (1546 – 1619).
 * 2) Philip Louis (1547–1614), married Anna (1552–1632), daughter of William, Duke of Jülich-Cleves-Berg.
 * 3) John I (1550–1604), married Magdalene (1553–1633), daughter of William, Duke of Jülich-Cleves-Berg, ancestor of e.g. Charles X Gustav of Sweden.
 * 4) Dorothea Agnes (1551–1552).
 * 5) Elisabeth (1553–1554).
 * 6) Anna (1554–1576).
 * 7) Elisabeth (1555–1625).
 * 8) Otto Henry (1556–1604).
 * 9) Frederick (1557–1597).
 * 10) Barbara (1559 – 1618), married on 7 November 1591 Count Gottfried of Oettingen-Oettingen.
 * 11) Charles I (1560–1600), married Dorothea of Brunswick-Lüneburg and became ancestor to the line of Palatinate-Zweibrücken-Birkenfeld and the Dukes in Bavaria.
 * 12) Maria Elisabeth (1561–1629), married in 1585 Count Emich XII of Leiningen-Dagsburg-Hardenburg.
 * 13) Susanna (1564–1565).