Francisco de Borja Garção Stockler

Francisco de Borja Garção Stockler, 1st Baron of Vila da Praia, (25 September 1759, in Lisbon – 6 March 1829) was a lieutenant general and the 8th Captain General of the Azores, politician, and mathematician.

During his life he held several posts, many coinciding with the European Peninsular War: lieutenant general in the military, secretary and councilor of the Conselho Ultramarino (Overseas Council), governor of Algarve and Governor/Captain-General of the Azores. He was also a member of the committee that formed the draft of the constitutional charter in 1823, before returning to academia (becoming a professor of mathematics at the Academia Real de Marinha, a deputy director of the Academia Militar do Rio de Janeiro, secretary of the Academia Real das Ciências de Lisboa and fellow Royal Society of London, among other honours. He was one of the pioneers in differential calculus and one of the most notable historians of mathematics in Portugal.

Biography
Stockler was born in Lisbon; son of Cristiano Stockler (a Lisbon merchant) and Margarida Joséfa Rita de Orgiens Garção de Carvalho, his grandfather, who was born in Hamburg, traced his roots to the historic cities of the Hanseatic League.

Academia
Stocker destined his career to the military. By 1784 (at the age of 25) he was a captain, enrolled at the University of Coimbra in mathematics. He obtained a bachelor's degree at the Academia Real de Marinha (Royal Marine Academy), where he began his investigation into the limits of differential calculation. While at the Academia Real Stockler was elected member of the Academia Real das Ciências de Lisboa (Lisbon Royal Academy of Sciences) in 1791, beginning a period of academic work resulting in many of publications, including his Memórias da Academia (Memories From The Academy). He published work essentially on the limits of differential calculus, becoming available in Portugal and published in Europe, gaining sufficient notoriety.

On 3 January 1795, Garção Stockler married D. Inês Gertrudes de Mendonça e Moura, daughter of D. João Francisco de Moura (who was the customs notary of Lisbon).

He published other works that honoured academics and politics, among them were biographies of Pascoal José de Melo Freire dos Reis, José Joaquim Soares de Barros e Vasconcelos, Roberto Nunes da Costa, Martinho de Melo e Castro, Bento Sanches de Orta and Guilherme Luís António de Valleré, publishing his Obras Completas (Complete Works) in two volumes (1805 and 1826, respectively). Further, he eulogize d'Alembert, inspired by writing with the Marquess of Condorcet. His honours rarely coincided with Portuguese scientists at the time; on 1 April 1819, he was elected correspondent member or foreign member of the Royal Society of London and written about by others including John Rowley and S.R. Chapman.

Peninsular Wars
He was adjunct to Field Marshall João Carlos de Bragança Sousa e Ligne, 2nd Duke of Lafões, during the 1801 campaigns of the Peninsular War, known as the War of the Oranges. Military secretary of the duke, between 1797 and 1801, he published an important paper on conducting operations.

In 1807, following the French invasion, under the command of General Jean-Andoche Junot, the Portuguese Cortes escaped to Brasil, at a time of when Stocker was secretary of the Real Academia das Ciências (Royal Academy of Sciences). He was one of the dignitaries, in the name of Regency, who travelled to Sacavém to receive the invader. This attitude, as well as the election of Junot as a member of the Royal Academy and Stockler's personal presentation of his credentials while secretary of the Academy, resulted in his being labelled as collaborator (while putting him in the confidence of the French). Accepting from Junot the command of the battery of Areia, near Belém, his force impeded the departure of the Portuguese naval shipping for Brazil, thereby proving his alignment with the French.

For his actions, and following the retreat of the French, the Portuguese Regency stripped him of his positions and privileges. As part of a requirement for then-Brigader Stocker, to be reintegrated into the Portuguese military, a letter from the Count of Linhares, then-Minister for the Prince Regent in Brazil wrote:
 * Having received for his respectful presence of His Royal Highness the Prince Regent Our Lord the enclosed letter and more papers from the Brigadier Francisco de Borja Garion Stockler, whose military talents were verified in the campaign of 1801, are still constant to the same gentleman, in whose Royal presence it is, moreover, little credited the mission sent to Junot, and later by his command of the battery of Areia next to the tower of Belém, where he bombarded Portuguese ships, that made sail to leave the Tagus; yet, His Royal Highness, hearing the sentiments of your incomparable justice and piety, it is stated that the governors of the kingdom inform (interposing their opinion and after listening to Marshal General or Marshal General of the Army) if there will be some active place in front of the enemy, where the supplicant may be employed, and in this case propose him to this post, in order to verify whether he has real great military talents, or whether in this matter, as in others, it is overvalued beyond what it is worth...

His collaborationism with the French Army and the military incompetency in the Orange War campaigns, were published inHistória Geral da Invasão dos Franceses (General History Of The French Invasion) by José Acúrsio das Neves, resulting in a public polemic. Stocker responded to this by personally publishing Cartas ao autor da História Geral da Invasão dos Franceses em Portugal, which the Royal Academy refused to publish. The controversy did not subside, and he continued to post various opinions, including his Investigador Portuguez to refute public opinion. However, despite being despised by nobility and public classes, he succeeded in reintegrating into the Portuguese military, being promoted to Field Marshal and restarting his career, against all odds.

Regency
In 1812, he departed for Brazil, to join the Cortes, where he conquered, through his intellectual abilities, the confidence of the government-in-exile and the Prince Regent. Stockler was residing in Rio when, following the death of Queen D. Maria, the Prince Regent was acclaimed as King D. VI. He was commission by the Lisbon Royal Academy of Sciences to present a speech in name of the institution during the course o f the kings investiture, which was published in the first tome of Memórias da Academia.

In addition to his academic work in mathematics, Garção Stockler became interested in poetry, writing Poesias Lyricas (Lyrical Poems), that featured Horatian does, traditional stories and the philosophical poem Aves, which was later published by Brazilian poet António Pereira de Sousa Caldas. Submitted to the Academy, the poem was considered for publication in 1819, but owing to violating the Catholic orthodoxy of the time, he was required to edit his ideas considered paradoxical. Stockler refused to alter his work, and published it in London, resulting in its condemnation by the Vatican, being registered on 23 June 1836 in the Index Librorum Prohibitorum. At the same time, though, Stockler elaborated his Ensaio histórico on the origin and progress of mathematics in Portugal, later published in Paris, that was critically acclaimed by José Silvestre Ribeirão (in Resenha de Litteratura Portugueza) and as an insert in the Annaes das Ciencias. This work, which was reedited, is considered one of the best histories of mathematical thought until the 19th century, one of the first works of its time in Europe. He also became interested in education, authoring a study on the establishment of public instruction in Brazil, and history of education and pedagogical studies.

Stockler was a deputy in the Junta de Direcção da Academia Militar (Military Academy Junta) of Rio de Janeiro, where, along with Wilhelm Ludwig Freiherr von Eschwege, the Baron of Eschwege, was responsible for restoring the study of mathematics and physics.

Liberalism
During his stay in Rio de Janeiro, the Cortes began to receive complaints related to Brigadier Francisco António de Araújo e Azevedo as Governor and Captain-General of the Azores. The populations of the archipelago and insular authorities complained of the military rigor and preferential attitude of the official when conceding lands. In this case, Araújo e Azevedo conceded land to friends of the Captain-General, over the interests of the people and municipal authorities. This appropriation of the vacant lands gave rise to deep hatreds and disagreements, and later led to the Justiça da Noite riot which, for decades, undermined the island peace.

At Corte and having gained notoriety for his academic work and intelligence, Stockler managed to be appointed by D. John VI (12 November 1819) to replace the former-Captain-General, who had fallen in disgrace. Stockler left for Lisbon in August 1820, with the intention of receiving from the Regency the orders necessary to govern the Azores. It was during this time that a constitutional movement was taking form on the continent, resulting in the 1820 Revolution when Stockler arrived in Lisbon. Obviously anti-Liberal, his Jacobist fame and French collaboration during the French invasion helped him to obtain an affirmation by the Liberal revolutionaries for his position, permitting his departure for the islands. He arrived on 18 October 1820 and was received by a fervor, owing to his replacing the unpopular Araújo e Azevedo. Both political groups in the Azores were hopeful for his tenure: the Liberals, expected a confirmation of the Pro-Constitutional ideas, and the Absolutists, convinced that his nomination by King D. John VI before the revolution, would guarantee his support for the dominance of the monarchy. The Absolutists were immediately vindicated when Stockler prohibited political contact with Portugal and requested new members of the administration and judiciary from Rio de Janeiro, ignoring the legitimacy and authority of Lisbon institutions.

When the Liberals realized that the new Captain-General was not an ally, the Azoreans began a movement to proclaim, by revolution, a constitutional model in the archipelago. Capitalizing on the discontent with the governance of the Captains-General, on 1 March 1821, a military revolt in Ponta Delgada erupted, cheffed by Noronha and lieutenant João Soares de Albergaria, inspired by civil elements angry with the dominance of Terceira (militarily and economically). A constitutional regime was installed in São Miguel, proclaiming the independence of the island from the dominion of the government in Angra. This bloodless revolution was supported by members of the nobility, clerics, magistrates and councillors. On the following day many of the municipal authorities supported to revolt. The interim government did not lose time and revoked many of the laws the subordinated the island of São Miguel to Terceira, abolishing taxes and annulling orders of Stockler. Meanwhile the continental government decided to accept the Interim government administration in São Miguel and Santa Maria, and placing Stockler in charge of the remaining islands. Stockler tried to resist, but on 2 April 1821, a revolution broke out in Angra, inspired by those deported from the Amazon and those loyal to Brigadier Francisco António de Araújo, forcing him to take refuge in Praia. The municipal council proclaimed the Interim government under Araújo Azevedo, but the Liberal cause was not as popular as the rebels assumed, he was shot during a counter-revolution and impaled by baionnettes, his body taken in load procession through the streets of Angra.

A counter-revolution on 4 April from the Fortress of São João Baptista resulted in the death of Araújo and Stockler to the palace of the Captains-General. During the context of this uprising, Almeida Garrett (who had recently founded the Coimbra masonic lodge Sociedade dos Jardineiros and was interested in firming-up the constitutional legality of the Revolution) encountered strong opposition from Stockler, who threatened to imprison him if he manifested publicly in favour of the Constitution. This period resulted in a heroic/comic poem "O X" that Garrett wrote, but did not complete, alluding to the Captain-General.

On 13 May 1821, the frigate Pérola arrived on Terceira, commanded by Captain-of-the-Sea and War Marshall, Pedro de Ataíde Barahona, who intimated that Stockler should recognize the Liberal government. Stockler countered and resisted the intimidation, but did not find the support he expected from the population. As a result, on 15 May 1821, a solemn ceremony was realized at the Municipal Palace/Hall of Angra where the populous announced their loyalty to the future constitution. Stockler abdicated his position as Governor and Captain-General but, along with bishop of Angra (Friar Manuel Nicolau de Almeida, remained as "attache" to the government. This "solution" was not acceptable to the Cortes, and on 19 July 1822, on the brig Flor do Mar came royal orders that Stockler and the bishop should withdraw from Terceira: they accepted on 11 August 1822.

Exile
Stockler arrived in Lisbon and was immediately arrested, by order of the Cortes, resulting in a long process in the press, debates and ridicule. His actions were refuted by Luiz Manuel de Moura Cabral, of the Casa da Supplicação, in letters that described the events on the island of Terceira, in addition to illustrated observations in Campeão Lisbonense, Voz da Verdade provada por documentos and the pamphlet Voz da Verdade, as well as an analysis of the libelous Noticia resumida dos acontecimentos da ilha Terceira na installação do seu governo constitucional. Finally, Stockler responded in his own name in some critical notes, published in 1822 by Dr. Vicente José Ferreira Cardoso da Costa, to the Count of Arcos. All these questions and judicial processes end with the fall of the constitutional government in 1823, resulting from the Vilafrancada, leaving Stockler with an unblemished record in the eyes of the absolutist government. As a result, on 10 June 1823, it was concluded that Stockler provided loyal service to the Crown within the legals bestowed on him, and his career rehabilitated, along with Bishop Manuel Nicolau de Almeida. As one of the politicians liberated in the aftermath, Stockler was seen as a celebrity, and nominated to elaborate the Legal Charter, following the revocation of the former-constitution. But, the commission was extinguished before ever producing a new Charter, and Stockler was re-appointed Captain-General of the Azores and invested with title of Baron of Vila da Praia by decree, on the 29 September 1823.

Absolutism
He travelled to Angra aboard the Princesa de Portugal arriving on 17 November 1823, where he reassumed his functions two days following his arrival. His reception was apotheosis, with three days of festivities and one day devoted to unceasing honors and oaths of fidelity. Immediately installed in his position the "new" Captain-General began to persecute the remnants of Liberal government and their sympathizers, with numerous arrests and expulsions of the island, creating a reign of terror that only had parallel in the Castilian invasion of 1583.

This was similarly duplicated on the continent, where Miguel of Portugal jailed his political opponents until 14 May 1824, when the situation reversed itself and the Infante Miguel was forced into exile. Consequently, Stockler was fired, apparently influenced by Count of Subserra, a Terceirense who had ascended to the ministry of King D. John IV. On 24 July 1824, Manuel Vieira de Albuquerque Touvar arrived in the Azores to take up his functions as the ninth Captain-General, and a few days later Stockler left again for an uncertain destination.

Later life
At the end of July 1824, Stockler arrived to Lisbon, but abandoned politics, returning to his beginnings in mathematics and political debate. A year later, he submitted to the Academy Método inverso dos limites ou desenvolvimento das funções algorítmicas, but was once again, considered inappropriate for publication: it was the third time that it was rejected by the Academy. Affronted, he submitted his resignation and printed his work on his own. The second volume of his Obras completas was published in 1826, with eulogies to academics D. Tomás Caetano do Bem and Pascoal José de Melo (an appendix on the history of the French invasion and press freedoms, respectively). A larger demonstration of his predecessor in 1807 and 1812 and a project on the establishment of public instruction in Brazil, in addition to a long letter to Jácome Ratton. In 1827, finally, as questions of constitutionality were debated in the country, Stockler wrote Elementos de Direito Social ou Princípios de Direito Natural, to serve as a base for civil constitutions.´

Following the return of D. Miguel to Portugal, Stockler affirmed his loyalty to the absolutist cause, resulting in his nomination to the post of Governador das Armas to the province of the Algarve. He died on 6 March 1829 in his post.

Published works
Garção Stockler was the author of volumous works on mathematics, and gained fame and was nominated as a correspondent at the Royal Society in London, the history of politisa. The latest area involves warlike accesses, published numerous auto-justificated texts along with his pseudonym, others in name of his son António Nicolau de Moura Stockler. The absolutist connotation of Stockler brought an implantation of liberalism on his work and wrote Ensaio histórico sobre a origem e progressos das matemáticas em Portugal


 * Mathematics:
 * Compêndio da teoria dos limites, ou introdução ao método das fluxões, Lisbon, 1794;
 * Memórias sobre os verdadeiros princípios do método das fluxões
 * Demonstração do teorema de Newton sobre a soma das potencias das raízes das equações
 * Lettre a Mr. le Redacteur du "Monthly Review" ou Réponse aux objections qu'on a faites dans ce journal à la methode des limites des fluxions hypothétiques, London, 1800
 * Carta a Anton Felkel acerca do seu método para determinar os factores dos números naturais
 * Memória sobre as equações de condição das funções fluxionais (Memories On The Equations Of The Condition Of Fluctional Functions)
 * Lição duodécima dos elementos de Geometria, a qual tem por título das correlações que existem entre as operações elementares da technia geométrica e da technia algébrica, Lisboa, 1819
 * Memória sobre algumas propriedades das coeficientes dos termos do binómio de Newton
 * Método inverso dos limites ou desenvolvimento das funções algorítmicas (Inverse Memories On Limits On Involvement Of Algorithmic Functions), Lisbon, 1825.
 * Mathematical History:
 * Ensaio histórico sobre a origem e progressos das matemáticas em Portugal (Historic Essay On The Origin And Progress Of Mathematics In Portugal), Paris, 1819 ([VII], 168, [1] p. ; 21 cm).
 * Poesia e literatura:
 * Breve notícia da vida e obras de Francisco Dias Gomes, inserta como prefácio das Obras Poéticas de Francisco Dias Gomes, published by the Academia Real das Ciências de Lisboa
 * Poesias lyricas (Lyric Poems) - a volume that contains 18 Horatian odes, 12 traditional sonts, and a song on philosophical poem Aves by the Brazilian poet Sousa Caldas
 * Anotações e aditamentos às obras do Padre António Pereira de Sousa Caldas, published in London.
 * Warlike And Political Essays:
 * Obras Completas (Completed Works), volume I, Lisboa, 1805;
 * Obras Completas (Completed Works), volume II, Lisboa, 1826;
 * Cartas ao autor da História Geral da Invasão dos Franceses em Portugal (Letters Of The Author On The General History Of The French Invasion Of Portugal), Rio de Janeiro, 1813;
 * Discurso dirigido em nome da Academia Real das Sciencias a S.M. o Senhor D. João VI, por occasião da sua exaltação ao throno, Rio de Janeiro, 1813
 * Memória à Academia Real das Ciências de Lisboa onde se demonstra a primazia dos descobrimentos portugueses no século XV;
 * Elementos de Direito Social, ou princípios de Direito natural, que devem servir de base á constituição das sociedades civis
 * Análise da Memória publicada pelo Dr. José Martins da Cunha Pessoa (Analysis Of The Published Memories About Dr. José Martins da Cunha Pessoa), published under his son's name and republished in 1816 in Rio e Janeiro
 * Memorial dirigido ao Il.mo Sr. Luiz Manuel de Moura Cabral, desembargador da Casa da Suplicação, ilustrado com algumas notas, Lisbon, 1822;
 * Cartas sobre os acontecimentos da ilha Terceira, por um Cidadão imparcial (1st, 2nd and 3rd, all written under his son's name, António Nicolau de Moura Stockler in which he was 17 at that time);
 * ''Nota ao n.º 75 do Campeão Lisbonense por um Amigo do general;
 * Observações ou notas ilustrativas do folheto intitulado «Voz da Verdade provada por documentos»
 * Carta sobre o n.º 2 do folheto intitulado a «Voz da Verdade», (escrita em nome do filho)''
 * Análise crítica ao libelo famoso intitulado «Notícia resumida dos acontecimentos da ilha Terceira na instalação do seu governo constitucional» (escrita em nome do filho)''