Carlos I of Portugal

Dom Carlos I (English: Charles) known as the Diplomat (also known as the Martyr); o Diplomata and o Martirizado; 28 September 1863 – 1 February 1908) was the King of Portugal. He was the first Portuguese king to die a violent death since Sebastian in 1578.

Early life
Carlos was born in Lisbon, Portugal, the son of King Luís and Queen Maria Pia, daughter of King Victor Emmanuel II of Italy, and was a member of the House of Braganza. He had a brother, Infante Afonso, Duke of Porto. He was baptised with the names Carlos Fernando Luís Maria Víctor Miguel Rafael Gabriel Gonzaga Xavier Francisco de Assis José Simão.

He had an intense education and was prepared to rule as a constitutional monarch. In 1883, he traveled to Italy, England, France and Germany, where he increased his knowledge of the modern civilization of his time. In 1883, 1886 and 1888, he ruled as regent as his father was traveling in Europe, as had become traditional among the Portuguese constitutional kings. His father Luis I advised him to be modest and to study with focus.

His first bridal candidate was one of the daughters of German Emperor Frederick III, but the issue of religion presented an insurmountable problem, and the pressure of British diplomacy prevented the marriage. He then met and married Princess Amélie of Orléans, eldest daughter of Philippe, comte de Paris, pretender to the throne of France.

King of Portugal
Carlos became king on 19 October 1889. After the 1890 British Ultimatum, a series of colonial treaties were signed with the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. One signed in August 1890 defined African colonial borders along the Zambezi and Congo rivers, whereas another signed on 14 October 1899 confirmed colonial treaties of the 17th century. These treaties stabilised the political balance in Africa, ending Portuguese claims of sovereignty on the Pink Map, a geographical conception of how Portuguese colonies would appear on a map if the territory between the coastal colonies of Angola and Mozambique could be connected with territory in central Africa. These central African territories were taken over by Great Britain, however, a concession that was viewed as humiliating in Portugal. The agreements were thus looked upon as unpopular in Portugal and were felt to be disadvantageous to the country.

Domestically, Portugal was declared bankrupt twice – on 14 June 1892, then again on 10 May 1902 – causing industrial disturbances, socialist and republican antagonism and press criticism of the monarchy. Carlos responded by appointing João Franco as prime minister and subsequently accepting parliament's dissolution.

As a patron of science and the arts, King Carlos took an active part in the celebration of the 500th anniversary of the birth of Prince Henry the Navigator in 1894. The following year he decorated the Portuguese poet João de Deus in a ceremony in Lisbon.

Carlos took a personal interest in deep-sea and maritime exploration and used several yachts named Amélia on his oceanographical voyages. He published an account of his own studies in this area.

Assassination
On 1 February 1908, the royal family returned from the palace of Vila Viçosa to Lisbon. They travelled by train to Barreiro and, from there, they took a steamer to cross the Tagus River and disembarked at Cais do Sodré in central Lisbon. On their way to the royal palace, the open carriage with Carlos I and his family passed through the Terreiro do Paço fronting on the river. While crossing the square, shots were fired from the crowd by two republican activists: Alfredo Luís da Costa and Manuel Buíça.

Buíça, a former army sergeant and sharpshooter, fired five shots from a rifle hidden under his long overcoat. The king died immediately, his heir Luís Filipe was mortally wounded and Prince Manuel was hit in the arm. The queen alone escaped injury. The two assassins were killed on the spot by police and bodyguards; an innocent bystander was also killed in the confusion. The royal carriage turned into the nearby Navy Arsenal, where, about twenty minutes later, Prince Luís Filipe died. Several days later, the younger son, Prince Manuel, was proclaimed king of Portugal; he was the last of the Braganza-Saxe-Coburg and Gotha dynasty and the last king of Portugal as well.

Marriage and children
Carlos I was married to Princess Amélie of Orléans in 1886. She was a daughter of Philippe, Count of Paris, and Princess Marie Isabelle of Orléans. Their children were:
 * 1) Luís Filipe, Prince Royal of Portugal (1887–1908)
 * 2) Infanta Maria Ana of Braganza (1887)
 * 3) Manuel II, King of Portugal between 1908 and 1910 (1889–1932)

A woman known as Maria Pia of Saxe-Coburg and Braganza claimed to be the illegitimate daughter of King Carlos I of Portugal with Maria Amélia Laredó e Murça. Maria Pia claimed that King Carlos I legitimized her through a royal decree and placed her in the line of succession with the same rights and honours as the legitimately-born princes of Portugal, however, no undisputed evidence was presented to demonstrate this, and the king did not, constitutionally, have the personal authority to do so. Maria Pia's paternity was never proven and her claim not widely accepted.

Titles and styles

 * 28 September 1863 – 19 October 1889: His Royal Highness The Prince Royal of Portugal
 * 19 October 1889 – 1 February 1908: His Most Faithful Majesty The King of Portugal and the Algarves


 * Carlos I's official styling as King of Portugal: By the Grace of God and by the Constitution of the Monarchy, Carlos I, King of Portugal and the Algarves, of this side of the Sea and beyond it in Africa, Lord of Guinea, and of the Conquest, Navigation, and Commerce of Ethiopia, Arabia, Persia, and India, etc.

National

 * Kingdom of Portugal:
 * Sovereign of the PRT Order of Christ - Grand Cross BAR.png Military Order of Knights of Our Lord Jesus Christ
 * Sovereign of the PRT Military Order of Aviz - Grand Cross BAR.png Order of Saint Benedict of Aviz
 * Sovereign of the PRT Order of Saint James of the Sword - Grand Collar BAR.png Military Order of Saint James of the Sword
 * Sovereign of the PRT Ordem de Nossa Senhora da Conceicao de Vila Vicosa Cavaleiro ribbon.svg Order of the Immaculate Conception of Vila Viçosa
 * Sovereign of the PRT Military Order of the Tower and of the Sword - Grand Collar.png Order of the Tower and Sword

Foreign

 * Austria-Hungary: Ord.S.Stef.Ungh. - GC.png Knight Grand Cross of the Order of St. Stephen of Hungary – 1873
 * Empire of Brazil: BRA Order of the Southern Cross - Grand Cross BAR.png Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the Southern Cross
 * 🇩🇰 Denmark: Orderelefant ribbon.png Knight of the Order of the Elephant – 7 October 1883
 * German Empire: Order of the Black Eagle - Ribbon bar.svg Knight of the Order of the Black Eagle
 * Kingdom of Italy:
 * Order of the Most Holy Annunciation BAR.svg Knight of the Supreme Order of the Most Holy Annunciation – 1873
 * Cavaliere di gran Croce Regno SSML BAR.svg Knight Grand Cross of the Order of Saints Maurice and Lazarus – 1873
 * Cavaliere di Gran Croce OCI Kingdom BAR.svg Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the Crown of Italy – 1873
 * Flag of the Papal States (1825-1870).svg Holy See: OESSG Cavaliere BAR.jpg Order of the Holy Sepulchre
 * Sovereign Military Order of Malta: SMOM-gcs.svg Bailiff Grand Cross of Honour and Devotion
 * Russian Empire:
 * OOSA.jpg Knight of the Order of St. Andrew
 * RUS Order of St. Alexander Nevsky BAR.png Knight of the Order of St. Alexander Nevsky
 * Order of Saint Anna ribbon bar.svg Order of St. Anne, First Class
 * RUS Order White Eagle BAR.png Knight of the Order of the White Eagle
 * 🇪🇸 Spain: Order of the Golden Fleece ribbon bar.svg Knight of the Order of the Golden Fleece – 1866
 * 🇸🇪 Sweden: Order of the Seraphim - Ribbon bar.svg Knight of the Order of the Seraphim – 23 May 1873
 * undefined:
 * Order of the Garter UK ribbon.png Knight of the Order of the Garter – 9 November 1895
 * Royal Victorian Order UK ribbon.png Knight Grand Cross of the Royal Victorian Order
 * Royal Victorian Chain Ribbon.gif Royal Victorian Chain – 19 November 1902