HMS Investigator Anchors

The HMS Investigator Anchors are the two anchors that were ditched from HM Sloop Investigator on the orders of its commander, Matthew Flinders, on the morning of Saturday 21 May 1803 in order to avoid running aground on Middle Island in the Archipelago of the Recherche on the south coast of New Holland (now Western Australia). In 1973, the anchors were located and recovered by members of the Underwater Explorers Club of South Australia (UEC). The recovered anchors became the subject of an ownership dispute between various governments, particularly those of South Australia and Western Australia due to their historic significance as artefacts of a major voyage of European exploration. The dispute was resolved with the ownership of the anchors going to the Australian Government who subsequently gifted one of the anchors to the South Australian Government. The pair of artefacts is also known as Flinders' Anchors.

Background
The outfitting of HMS Investigator in early 1801 prior to her departure from the United Kingdom for Terra Australis included 5 bower, 2 stream and 2 kedge anchors. An additional bower anchor was included in stores sent to Port Jackson.

HMS Investigator departed Kupang in Timor on 8 April 1803 to sail to Port Jackson where she arrived on 9 June 1803. The object of the voyage was to seek medical aid for the members of the crew who were suffering from dysentery and fever, and seek repairs to the sloop. Flinders' intention was 'to stop a day or two' at the Archipelago of the Recherche for "the purposes of procuring geese for our sick people, seal oil for our lamps, and a few casks of salt from the lake on Middle Island." HMS Investigator arrived on the evening of Tuesday 17 May 1803 and anchored on the north side of Middle Island between the island's north east point and Goose Island in the area known as Goose Island Bay.

The visit to Middle Island also allowed the burial of the sloop's boatswain, Charles Douglas, who died on Wednesday 18 May 1803 to take place on dry land.

Loss
Flinders discovered, on departure during the morning of Saturday 21 May 1803, that HMS Investigator was in danger of being driven aground on Middle Island by a freshening breeze before the sails could be loosed. This danger was mitigated by using the sloop's spare anchors to hold it in place. However, Flinders needed to ditch the best bower anchor, a stream anchor and a quantity of cable in order to safely depart from the bay. Instead of recovering the 2 anchors, HMS Investigator continued towards Port Jackson with the intention of retrieving these at a later time.

The discovery and recovery
Doug Seton, an information officer at the South Australian Museum found out about the loss of the anchors in 1969 during a conversation with Robert Sexton, a friend and a well-known South Australian maritime historian. Seton then commenced a desktop study that would run over a period of 4 years to identify the likely area in which the anchors could be found.

In 1972, Seton, a scuba diving enthusiast, planned an expedition to find and recover the anchors with the assistance of the following fellow members of the UEC - Terry & Helen Drew, Peter & Rosalie Koch and John Summers, the following residents of Esperance - Don Gulvan, Don McKenzie and Tony Moore of Cape Arid Farm, and with the support of the following sponsors - BP, a boating business known as Lawton Agencies and the Adelaide newspaper, the Sunday Mail.

The expedition departed Adelaide on 26 December 1972 for Esperance. Later that day, the expedition was postponed due to a vehicle accident north of Port Wakefield which resulted in Terry & Helen Drew being hospitalised, their vehicle being destroyed, their boat being damaged and the two occupants of the other vehicle being killed. Terry & Helen Drew would later re-join the expedition to witness the recovery of both anchors.

The expedition resumed and arrived at Middle Island on 4 January 1973. After a week of rough weather, the search commenced on 11 January using a manta board constructed from driftwood and other materials. The best bower anchor was discovered by Peter Koch in 15m deep water on 14 January. After reviewing his desktop research, Seton re-organised the search and found the stream anchor about 9 metres away from the best bower anchor, several hours later. The news of the discovery was announced on 15 January.

As pre-arranged with the then Commonwealth Department of Shipping and Transport, the lighthouse supply tender, MV Cape Don, arrived on 19 January to lift both anchors off the seabed and conveyed them to Fremantle for conservation.

Dispute over ownership
As soon as the news of the discovery of the two anchors was announced, a dispute erupted over whom was the owner of these artefacts. The protagonists were the governments of Australia, South Australia and Western Australia. The Australian Government argued that it was in the national interest for it to own the anchors, South Australia argued the significance of the anchors as a part of the sloop that charted most of its coastline, while Western Australia argued that the anchors were found in its waters. The dispute was resolved with the Australian government took ownership of both anchors in April 1973 with the best bower anchor being subsequently gifted to South Australia.

Display
In 1974, after completion of the conservation process at the Western Australian Museum, the anchors were handed over to the Australian Government. The best bower anchor was officially presented to the South Australian Government on 1 March 1974 and was immediately placed on display at the Art Gallery of South Australia. In 1986, it was transferred to the collection of the then newly created South Australian Maritime Museum.

The stream anchor was retained by the Australian Government for the possible inclusion in the collection of a proposed national transport museum. This anchor was subsequently added to the collection of the National Museum of Australia.

Significance
The Collection statement prepared by the South Australian Maritime Museum for the Best Bower Anchor advises the following: "Matthew Flinders was the first to chart the then uncompleted coastline of South Australia and use the name Australia for the continent. The anchor is one of the few remaining physical relics linked to Flinders' exploration of the southern coastline and one of the earliest relics of European presence in South Australia."

The Collection statement prepared by the National Museum of Australia for the Stream Anchor advises the following: "This collection highlights one of the important voyages of discovery and the naming of Australia by Matthew Flinders. Flinders circumnavigated Australia and confirmed its island status after many years of conjecture and uncertainty."

Aftermath
The positive public response to the successful UEC expedition was a major driver in the creation in 1974 by Seton and others of a dedicated amateur maritime archaeology organisation, the Society for Underwater Historical Research (SUHR). Many of the approaches used by the UEC during the expedition such as seeking major corporate sponsorship, engagement with both political leaders and local communities, and the pro-active use of print & electronic media were continued in the work of the SUHR, particularly on projects concerning the Loch Vennachar and Water Witch shipwrecks.

The recovery of the anchors and their connection to the voyage of HMS Investigator is commemorated in the inclusion of the best bower anchor and the outline of the Australian continent on the SUHR emblem.