Regia Marina

The Regia Marina (Royal Navy) dates from the proclamation of the Kingdom of Italy (Regno d'Italia) in 1861 after Italian unification (the Risorgimento). In 1946, with the birth of the Italian Republic (Repubblica Italiana), the Regia Marina changed its name to Marina Militare, (Military Navy) as it was now the navy of the Italian Republic.

Origins
The Regia Marina was established on 17 March 1861 following the proclamation of the formation of the Kingdom of Italy. Just as the Kingdom was a unification of various states in the Italian peninsula, so the Regia Marina was formed from the navies of those states, though the main constituents were the navies of the former kingdoms of Sardinia and Naples. The new Navy inherited a substantial number of ships, both sail- and steam-powered, and the long naval traditions of its constituents, especially those of Sardinia and Naples, but also suffered from some major handicaps.

Firstly, it suffered from a lack of uniformity and cohesion; the Regia Marina was a heterogeneous mix of equipment, standards and practice, and even saw hostility between the officers from the various former navies. These problems were compounded by the continuation of separate officer schools at Genoa and Naples, and were not fully addressed until the opening of a unified Naval Academy at Livorno in 1881.

Secondly, unification occurred during a period of rapid advances in naval technology and tactics, as typified by the launch of FRENCH IRONCLAD Gloire by France in 1858, and later by the appearance of, and battle between, the USS Monitor and CSS Virginia in 1862. These innovations quickly made older warships obsolete. Italy did not possess the shipyards or infrastructure to build the modern ships required, but the then Minister for the Navy, Admiral Carlo di Persano, launched a substantial programme to purchase warships from foreign yards.

Seven Weeks War
The new navy's baptism of fire came on 20 July 1866 at the Battle of Lissa during the Third Italian War of Independence (parallel to the Seven Weeks War). The battle was fought against the Austrian Empire and occurred near the island of Vis in the Adriatic sea. This was one of the few fleet actions of the nineteenth century, and as a major sea battle that involved ramming, it had a profound, though with hindsight a detrimental, effect on warship design and tactics.

The Italian fleet, commanded by Admiral Persano, mustered 12 ironclad and 17 wooden-hulled ships, though only one, the Affondatore, was of the most modern turret ship design. Despite a marked disadvantage in numbers and equipment, superior handling by the Austrians under Admiral Wilhelm von Tegetthoff resulted in a severe defeat for Italy, which lost two armoured ships and 640 men.

Following the defeat at Lissa the Regia Marina made significant advances towards recovery. In 1881, the battleship ITALIAN IRONCLAD Caio Duilio was commissioned, followed in 1882 by the battleship ITALIAN IRONCLAD Enrico Dandolo; at the time these were the most powerful warships in the world. In 1896 the corvette Magenta completed a circumnavigation of the world. The following year the Regia Marina conducted experiments with Guglielmo Marconi in the use of radio communications. 1909 saw the first use of aircraft with the fleet.

Italo-Turkish War
In 1911 and 1912, the Regia Marina was involved in the Italo-Turkish War against forces of the Ottoman Empire. As the majority of the Ottoman fleet stayed behind the relative safety of the Dardanelles, the Italians dominated the Mediterranean during the conflict winning victories against Ottoman light units at the Prevenza and the Battle of Beirut. In the Red Sea the Italian forces were vastly superior to those of the Ottomans who only possessed a squadron of gunboats there. These were destroyed while attempting to withdraw into the Mediterranean at the Battle of Kunfuda Bay.

World War I


Before 1914, the Kingdom of Italy built and maintained six dreadnought battleships: (ITALIAN BATTLESHIP Dante Alighieri as a prototype; ITALIAN BATTLESHIP Giulio Cesare, ITALIAN BATTLESHIP Conte di Cavour and ITALIAN BATTLESHIP Leonardo da Vinci of the ; and ITALIAN BATTLESHIP Andrea Doria and ITALIAN BATTLESHIP Caio Duilio of the ), but they did not participate in major naval actions in World War I.

During the war, the Regia Marina spent its major efforts in the Adriatic Sea, fighting the Austro-Hungarian Navy. The resulting Adriatic Campaign of World War I consisted mainly of Austro-Hungarian coastal bombardments of Italy's Adriatic coast, and wider-ranging German/Hungarian submarine warfare into the Mediterranean. Allied forces mainly limited themselves to blockading the German/Hungarian navies in the Adriatic, which was successful in regards to surface units, but failed for the submarines, which found safe harbours and easy passage into and out of the area for the whole of the war. Considered a relatively minor part of the naval warfare of World War I, it nonetheless tied down significant forces.

For most of the war the Italian and Austro-Hungarian navies each kept a relatively passive watch over their adversaries. The Italian fleet lost the pre-dreadnought battleship ITALIAN BATTLESHIP Benedetto Brin at Brindisi (27 September 1915) and the dreadnought ITALIAN BATTLESHIP Leonardo da Vinci at Taranto (2 August 1916) due to a magazine explosion (although there were rumours of Austrian sabotage). In the last part of the war, the Regia Marina developed new weapons: the MAS boats, that sank the Austro-Hungarian battleship SMS Szent István in the Adriatic Sea on 10 June 1918; and an early type of human torpedo (Mignatta) entered the harbour of Pula and sank the Austro-Hungarian flagship SMS Viribus Unitis on 1 November 1918 shortly before the end of hostilities. The battleship SMS Tegetthoff (1912) (sister of the former two) was handed over to Italy as a war prize in 1919.

Interwar years
During the interwar years the Italian government set about modernizing the Regia Marina with a view to being able to challenge the British Mediterranean Fleet. Italian naval construction was limited by the Washington Naval Conference. The 1922 treaty required a parity in naval forces between the Italian and French navies, with equality in total displacement in battleships and carriers. The treaty influenced the development of the Italian fleet over the years between the two world wars. Between the late twenties and early thirties a construction program began, focusing first on cruisers up to 10,000 tons, followed by the building of destroyers and submarines, and lastly the construction of the new s. Plans were also put in place to modernize the  and s.

The Regia Marina choose to build fast ships armed with longer ranged guns to give the Italian vessels the ability to minimize close contact with vessels of the Royal Navy, whose crews were more experienced and efficient. In theory this would allow them to engage or break off at their own choosing, and would allow them to hit the enemy when he could not yet hit back. New guns were developed with longer ranges than their British counterparts of similar caliber. Speed was emphasized in their new construction. Subsequently newer Italian cruisers such as the ITALIAN CRUISER Giovanni dalle Bande Nere were built with a newly designed and relatively thin armour. The armor of these vessels was 24 mm, as compared to 102 mm on their contemporarys, the British. This would have a decisive role in a number of naval battles, including the Battle of Cape Spada.

The modernization work on the four Great War era battleships turned into a significant reconstruction project, with only 40% of the original structures being left. The ship's guns were upgraded in main armament, going from 13 guns of 305mm diameter, to 10 guns of 320mm diameter. The middle turret and the vessel's central tower were eliminated. To increase speed the coal-fired boilers were replaced with modern oil-fired boilers and ten meters were added to the ship's length to improve the coefficient of fineness. Though the ships were improved, they still were not an equal match for the s and the s, both of which carried larger guns and heavier armour.

Regarding technological development, however, the Italian leadership took a very conservative view. Little to no attention was devoted to incorporating new technologies. Though scientific research on tracking devices, such as radar or sonar, were being conducted in Italian universities and military laboratories by men such as Ugo Tiberio and Guglielmo Marconi, the developments were not brought in to improve the effectiveness of the Italian vessels. This was mainly due to the influence of Admiral Cavagnari, whom Mussolini appointed as Chief of Staff of the Navy in 1933, and whom he later promoted to Secretary of the Navy. Likewise technological advancement in radio range finders and gunnery control devices for night combat were not incorporated. Regarding such devices, Cavagnari emphasized "not wanting traps in your way". Writing to Admiral Iachino, he wrote "..procedere con estrema cautela nell'accettare brillanti novità tecniche che non siano ancora collaudate da una esperienza pratica sufficientemente lunga..", which can be tranlsated to "... proceed with extreme caution regarding brilliant technical innovations that have not yet been tested or with which there is no practical experience." Thus, the Italian navy entered the Second World War with a marked technical inferiority to the British Navy. German General Albert Kesselring, overall commander of Axis forces in the Mediterranean, observed that the Italian navy was "a good weather" force, unable to operate effectively at night or in heavy seas.

Two training ships were built during this period, in addition to the effort to modernize and re-equip the combat vessels of the navy. These were square rigged school ships the Regia Marina ordered in 1925. The sailing ships followed a design by Lieutenant Colonel Francesco Rotundi of the Italian Navy Engineering Corps, reminiscent of ships of the line from the Napoleonic era. The first of these two ships, the ITALIAN TRAINING SHIP Cristoforo Colombo, was put into service in 1928 and was used by the Italian Navy for training until 1943. After World War II, this ship was handed over to the Soviet Union as part of war reparations and was shortly afterwards decommissioned. The second ship of the design was the ITALIAN TRAINING SHIP Amerigo Vespucci. The ship was built in 1930 at the (formerly Royal) Naval Shipyard of Castellammare di Stabia (Naples). She was launched on 22 February 1931, and was put into service in July of that year. She is still being used to this day.

Italo-Ethiopian War
The Regia Marina played a limited role in the invasion of Ethiopia. While the Ethiopian Empire was landlocked, the navy was instrumental in delivering and supplying the invasion forces through Somali and Eritrean ports.

Spanish Civil War
At the time of the Italian intervention in the Spanish Civil War, the Regia Marina sent naval units in support of the Italian Corps of Volunteer Troops (Corpo Truppe Volontarie). Approximately 58 Italian submarines took part in operations against Republican naval forces of Spain. These submarines were organized in a Submarine Legion and complemented German U-boat operations as part of Operation Ursula. At least two Republican freighters, one Soviet and another Panamanian were either sunk or forced to run aground by Italian destroyers near the Strait of Sicily. Two light cruisers took part in the shelling of Barcelona and Valencia in 1937, resulting in the deaths of more than 30 civilians.

Albania
In 1939, the Regia Marina supported the invasion of Albania. All ground forces involved in the invasion had to cross the Adriatic Sea from mainland Italy and the crossings were accomplished without incident.

World War II
On 10 June 1940, following the successful German invasion of France and the lowlands, the Kingdom of Italy declared war on France and the United Kingdom and entered World War II. Italy went to war with the fourth largest navy in the world. Italian dictator Benito Mussolini saw the control of the Mediterranean Sea as an essential prerequisite for expanding his "New Roman Empire" into Nice, Corsica, Tunis, and the Balkans. Italian naval building accelerated during his tenure. Mussolini described the Mediterranean as "Mare Nostrum" (Our Sea).

Before the declaration of war, Italian ground and air forces prepared to strike at the beaten French forces across the border with France. By contrast, the Regia Marina prepared to secure the lines of communications between Italy, Libya, and the East African colonies. The Italian High Command (Comando Supremo) did not approve of the plan devised by the Italian Naval Headquarters (Supermarina) to occupy a weakly defended Malta. This proved a crucial mistake. At the time, the British Army and Air Force did not think Malta could be defended due to the close proximity of Italian air bases in Italy, Sicily and Libya. Due to this, hardly any effort was made to bolster Malta's defences until it was too late. Thus, at the outset of the war there were only 42 antiaircraft guns on all of the island, and three aircraft (Gloster Sea Gladiators) sitting in crates at the wharf.

Entering the war, the Regia Marina was operating under a number of limitations. Though significant assets were available to challenge the Royal Navy for control of the Mediterranean, there had been a lack of emphasis on the incorporation of technological advances such as radar and sonar. This meant that in night engagements or foul weather, the Italian ships were unable to detect the approach of their British adversaries. When engaged, they lacked the ability to range their guns if they were unable to visually locate their targets.

The Regia Marina had six battleships with which to contend for control of the Mediterranean, the four most modern of which were being re-fit at the time of the outbreak of the war. In addition to the six capital ships, the Italians had 19 cruisers, 59 destroyers, 67 torpedo boats, and 116 submarines. Though the Regia Marina had a number of new cruisers built to be faster ships with good range in their gunnery, they were lightly built and had inadequate defensive armoring. Numerically the Italian fleet was formidable, but there were a large number of older vessels, and the service suffered in general from insufficient time at sea for crew training.

Italy's lack of raw materials meant that they would have great difficulty building new ships over the course of the war. Thus, the assets they did have were handled with caution by the Italian Naval Headquarters. Whereas Allied commanders at sea had a fair degree of autonomy and discretion to fight their vessels as circumstance allowed, the Italian commanders were required to confer with the headquarters before committing their forces in an engagement that might result in their loss. This led to delays in arriving at decisions and actions being avoided, even when the Italian forces had a clear advantage. An example occurred during "Operation Hats", where the Regia Marina had superior forces but failed to commit them to take advantage of the opportunity.

A further key disadvantage in the convoy support and interception battles that dominated the Battle of the Mediterranean was the intelligence advantage the British held in their Ultra intercept system. Ultra decrypts provided the Royal Navy with key information on convoy routes, times of departure, routing, time of arrival and make up of the convoy.

The warships of the Regia Marina had a general reputation as being well-designed. Italian small attack craft lived up to expectations and were responsible for many brave and successful actions in the Mediterranean. But some Italian cruiser classes were rather deficient in armour. Though Italian warships lacked radar, this was partly offset in fair weather by Italian optical rangefinder and fire-control systems.

In addition the Italian Navy lacked a fleet air arm. The high command had reasoned that since the Italian navy would be operating solely in the Mediterranean, their vessels would never be far from an airfield, thus the time and resources needed to develop a naval air arm could be directed elsewhere. This proved problematic on a number of occasions. Though the Italians did have the aircraft carriers ITALIAN AIRCRAFT CARRIER Aquila and ITALIAN AIRCRAFT CARRIER Sparviero under construction at the start of the war, neither one was ever completed. Lastly, the lack of natural oil reserves and subsequent shortage of oil precluded extensive fleet operations.

Mediterranean


The Regia Marina and the Royal Navy engaged in a two and a half year struggle for control of the Mediterranean. The Regia Marina's primary goal was to support the Axis forces in North Africa while obstructing the supply route to Alexandria and cutting off supplies to Malta. The Royal Navy's major effort was to maintain supply to the military forces and people of Malta, and secondarily to interdict convoy shipments to North Africa. The first major action occurred on 11 November 1940 when the British aircraft carrier HMS Illustrious (87) launched two waves of Swordfish torpedo-bombers in a surprise raid against the Italian Fleet moored at the naval base of Taranto. The raid came in undetected, and three battleships were sunk. Another major defeat was inflicted on the Regia Marina at Cape Matapan, where the British Royal Navy and the Royal Australian Navy intercepted and destroyed three heavy cruisers (ITALIAN CRUISER Zara, ITALIAN CRUISER Pola and ITALIAN CRUISER Fiume; all of the same class) and two s in a night ambush, with the loss of over 2300 seamen. The Allies had Ultra intercepts, which uncovered the Italian movements, and radar, which enabled them to locate the ships and range their weapons at distance and at night. The better air reconnaissance skills of the British Royal Navy's Fleet Air Arm and their close collaboration with surface units were other major causes of the Italian debacle.

On 19 December 1941, the battleships HMS Queen Elizabeth (1913) and HMS Valiant (1914) were sunk in shallow water by limpet mines planted by Italian manned torpedoes, knocking both out of the conflict for almost two years. This action, coming on the heels of the loss of the Prince of Wales and Repulse in the South China Sea, significantly weakened the surface strength of the Royal Navy, making it difficult for them to challenge control of the eastern Mediterranean.

On the night of 19 December, Force K, comprising three cruisers and four destroyers based at Malta, ran into an Italian minefield off Tripoli. Three cruisers struck mines, with the cruiser HMS Neptune (20) lost, along with the destroyer HMS Kandahar (F28). In addition, another destroyer was seriously damaged. All told 800 seamen were lost, and Force K, which had been effectively interdicting Axis convoys, was put out of action.

This series of successes allowed the Regia Marina to achieve naval supremacy in the central Mediterranean. Coupled with an intensive bombing campaign against Malta, the Axis supply routes from southern Europe to North Africa were almost untouched by the British Royal Navy or its allies for the next several months. The Italian fleet went on the offensive, blocking or decimating three large Allied convoys bound for Malta. This led to a number of naval engagements, including the Second Battle of Sirte, the Battle of Mid-June, Operation Harpoon, Operation Vigorous, and Operation Pedestal. All of these engagements were favourable to the Axis. Despite this activity, the only real success of the Italian Fleet was the aerial and surface attacks on the Harpoon convoy. These attacks sank several Allied warships and damaged others. Only two transports of the original six in the convoy reached Malta. This was an undisputed squadron-sized victory for Italian surface forces in World War II.

Despite the heavy losses suffered by the merchantmen and escorting forces of convoy Pedestal, the oil and supplies brought through allowed the near starving island of Malta to continue. With Allied landings in North Africa, Operation Torch, in November, the fortunes of war turned against the Italians. Their sea convoys were harassed day after day by the aerial and naval supremacy of the Allies. The maritime lane between Sicily and Tunisia became known as the "route of death". After years of back and forth, the Axis forces were forced to surrender in Tunisia, bringing the campaign for North Africa to a close.

The Regia Marina performed well and bravely in its North African convoy duties, but remained at a technical disadvantage. The Italian ships relied on a speed advantage, but could easily be damaged by shell or torpedo, due to their relatively thin armour. The fatal and final blow to the Italian Navy was a shortage of fuel, which forced its main units to remain at anchor for most of the last year of the Italian alliance with Germany.

Atlantic
From 10 June 1940, submarines of the Regia Marina took part in the Battle of the Atlantic alongside the U-Boats of the German Navy (Kriegsmarine). The Italian submarines were based in Bordeaux, France at the BETASOM base. While more suited for the Mediterranean Sea than the Atlantic Ocean, the thirty-two Italian submarines that operated in the Atlantic sank 109 Allied ships for a total of 593,864 tons.

The Regia Marina even planned an attack on New York harbour for December 1942, but this plan was delayed for many reasons and was never carried out.

Red Sea
From 10 June 1940, the Regia Marina Red Sea Flotilla, based in Massawa, Eritrea, posed a potential threat to Allied shipping crossing the Red Sea between the Indian Ocean and the Mediterranean Sea. Initially, the East African Campaign went well for Italy. In August 1940, the threat to Allied passage of the Red Sea was increased after the Italian conquest of British Somaliland. This allowed the Italians the use of the port of Berbera in what had been British Somaliland. In January 1941, British and Commonwealth forces launched a counterattack in East Africa and the threat posed by the Red Sea Flotilla disappeared when Italian East Africa fell.

Much of the Red Sea Flotilla was destroyed by hostile action during the first months of war or when the port of Massawa fell in April 1941. However, there were a few survivors. In February 1941, prior to the fall of Massawa, the colonial ship ITALIAN COLONIAL SHIP Eritrea and the auxiliary cruisers ITALIAN SHIP Ramb I and ITALIAN SHIP Ramb II broke out and sailed to Kobe, Japan. While Ramb I was sunk by the New Zealand cruiser HMNZS Leander off the Maldives, Eritrea and Ramb II made it to Kobe. As the port of Massawa was falling, four submarines—Guglielmo, Gauleo Ferraras, ITALIAN SUBMARINE Perla, and ITALIAN SUBMARINE Archimede—sailed south from Massawa, rounded the Cape of Good Hope and ultimately sailed to German occupied Bordeaux, France. One or two Italian merchant ships from the Red Sea Flotilla made it to Vichy French-controlled Madagascar.

On 10 June 1941, the British launched Operation Chronometer and a battalion from the British Indian army was landed at Assab, the last Italian-held harbour on the Red Sea. By 11 June, Assab had fallen. On 13 June, two days after the fall, the Indian trawler Parvati became the last naval casualty of the East African Campaign when it struck a moored mine near Assab.

Black Sea
In May 1942, at German request, the Regia Marina deployed four 24 ton anti-submarine motorboats (Motoscafo Anti Sommergibile, MAS), six s, five torpedo motorboats, and five explosive motorboats to the Black Sea. The vessels were transported overland to the Danube River at Vienna, Austria, and then transported by water to Constanca, Romania. The flotilla had an active and successful campaign, based at Yalta and Feodosia.

After Italy quit the war, most of the Italian vessels on the Black Sea were transferred to the German Navy (Kriegsmarine). By August 1944, they were ultimately captured by Soviet forces when Constanca was captured. The six submarines were transferred to the Royal Romanian Navy.

Lake Ladoga
The Regia Marina operated four MAS boats on Lake Ladoga during the Continuation War (1941–1944). As part of Naval Detachment K, German, Italian, and Finnish vessels operated against Soviet gunboats, escorts and supply vessels during the Siege of Leningrad between 21 June and 21 October 1942. The Italian vessels were ultimately turned over to Finland.

Far East
The Regia Marina had a naval base in the concession territory of Tiensin in China. The primary Italian vessels based in China were the mine-layer Lepanto and the gunboat ITALIAN GUNBOAT Carlotto. During World War II, Italian supply ships, auxiliary cruisers and submarines operated throughout the waters of the Far East, often in disguise. The Italians also utilized Japanese-controlled port facilities such as Shanghai, China, and Kobe, Japan.

Seven Italian submarines operating from France were converted by the Italians into "transport submarines" in order to exchange rare or irreplaceable trade goods with Japan. The ITALIAN SUBMARINE Bagnolin, the ITALIAN SUBMARINE Barbarigo, the ITALIAN SUBMARINE Comandante Cappellini, the ITALIAN SUBMARINE Giuseppe Finzi, the ITALIAN SUBMARINE Reginaldo Giuliani, the ITALIAN SUBMARINE Enrico Tazzoli, and the ITALIAN SUBMARINE Luigi Torelli were converted for service with the Monsun Gruppe ("Monsoon Group"). The name of the Comandante Cappellini was changed to ITALIAN SUBMARINE Aquila III.

Twelve additional R-class blockade running transport submarines were specifically designed for trade with the Far East, but only two of these vessels were completed before Italy quit the war. Both of these submarines were destroyed by Allied action almost as soon as they were launched.

The Armistice of 1943
In 1943, Italian dictator Benito Mussolini was deposed and the new Italian government agreed to an armistice with the Allies. Under the terms of this armistice, the Regia Marina had to sail its ships to an Allied port. Most sailed to Malta, but a flotilla from La Spezia headed towards Sardinia. This was intercepted and attacked by German aircraft and the ITALIAN BATTLESHIP Roma was sunk by two hits from Fritz X guided glide-bombs. Among the 1600 sailors killed on board the Roma was the Italian Naval Commander-in-Chief, Admiral Carlo Bergamini.

As vessels became available to the new Italian government, the Italian Co-Belligerent Navy was formed to fight on the side of the Allies. Other ships were captured in port by the Germans or scuttled by their crews. Few Regia Marina crews chose to fight for Mussolini's new fascist regime in northern Italy, the Italian Social Republic (Repubblica Sociale Italiana, RSI). Mussolini's pro-German National Republican Navy (Marina Nazionale Repubblicana) hardly reached a twentieth the size attained by the co-belligerent Italian fleet. In the Far East, the Japanese occupied the Italian concession territory of Tiensin.

There was little use for the surrendered Italian battleships and there was doubt about the loyalties of the crews, so these ships were interned in Egypt. In June 1944, the less powerful battleships (Andrea Doria, Caio Duilio and Giulio Cesare) were allowed to return to Augusta harbour in Sicily for training. The others, ITALIAN BATTLESHIP Vittorio Veneto and Italia (ex-ITALIAN BATTLESHIP Littorio), remained at Ismaïlia in the Suez Canal until 1947. After the war, the Giulio Cesare was passed to the Soviet Union.

In the Co-belligerency period, until "VE" (Victory in Europe) Day, Italian light cruisers participated in the naval war in the Atlantic Ocean with patrols against German raiders. Smaller naval units (mainly submarines and torpedo boats) served in the Mediterranean Sea. In the last days of war, the issue of whether Italian battleships and cruisers should participate in the Pacific War was debated by the Allied leaders.

There were also Italian naval units in the Far East in 1943 when the new Italian government agreed to an armistice with the Allies. The reactions of their crews varied greatly. In general, surface units, mainly supply ships and auxiliary cruisers, either surrendered at Allied ports (Eritrea at Colombo, Ceylon) or, if in Japanese controlled ports, they were scuttled by their own crew (Conte Verde, Lepanto, and Carlotto at Shanghai). Ramb II was taken over by the Japanese in Kobe and renamed Calitea II. Four Italian submarines were in the Far East at the time of the armistice, transporting rare goods to Japan and Singapore: ITALIAN SUBMARINE Ammiraglio Cagni, ITALIAN SUBMARINE Comandante Cappellini (ITALIAN SUBMARINE Aquilla III), ITALIAN SUBMARINE Reginaldo Giuliani, and ITALIAN SUBMARINE Luigi Torelli. The crew of the Ammiraglio Cagni heard of the armistice and surrendered to the Royal Navy off Durban, South Africa. The Comandante Cappellini, Reginaldo Giuliani, and Luigi Torelli and their crews were temporarily interned by the Japanese. The boats passed to German U-boat command and, with mixed German and Italian crews, they continued to fight against the Allies. The German Navy assigned new officers to the three submarines. The three were renamed GS UIT-23, GS UIT-24 and GS UIT-25 and took part in German war operations in the Pacific. The Reginaldo Giuliani was sunk by the British submarine HMS Tally-Ho (P317) in February 1944. In May 1945, the other two vessels were taken over by the Japanese Imperial Navy when Germany surrendered. About twenty Italian sailors continued to fight with the Japanese. The Luigi Torelli remained active until 30 August 1945, when, in Japanese waters, this last Fascist Italian submarine shot down a North American B-25 Mitchell bomber of the United States Army Air Forces.

After World War II
After the end of hostilities, the Regia Marina started a long and complex rebuilding process. At the beginning of the war, the Regia Marina was the fourth largest navy in the world with a mix of modernised and new battleships. The important combat contributions of the Italian naval forces after the signing of the armistice with the Allies on 8 September 1943 and the subsequent cooperation agreement on 23 September 1943 left the Regia Marina in a poor condition. Much of its infrastructure and bases were unusable and its ports mined and blocked by sunken ships. However, a large number of its naval units had survived the war, albeit in a low efficiency state. This was due to the conflict and the age of many vessels.

The vessels that remained were:
 * 2 incomplete and damaged aircraft carriers
 * 5 battleships
 * 9 cruisers
 * 11 destroyers
 * 22 frigates
 * 19 corvettes
 * 44 fast coastal patrol units
 * 50 minesweepers
 * 16 amphibious operations vessels
 * 2 school ships
 * 1 support ship and plane transport
 * various submarine units

On 2 June 1946, the Italian monarchy was abolished by a popular referendum. The Kingdom of Italy (Regno d'Italia) ended and was replaced by the Italian Republic (Repubblica Italiana). The Regia Marina became the Navy of the Italian Republic (Marina Militare).

The Peace Treaty
On 10 February 1947, a Peace Treaty was signed in Paris between the Italian Republic and the victorious powers of World War II. The treaty was onerous for the Italian Navy. Apart from territorial and material losses, the following restrictions were imposed:


 * A ban on owning, building or experimenting with atomic weapons, self-propulsion projectiles or related launchers
 * A ban on owning battleships, aircraft carriers, submarines and amphibious assault units.
 * A ban on operating military installations on the islands of Pantelleria and Pianosa; and the Pelagie Islands.
 * The total displacement, battleships excluded, of the future navy was not allowed to be greater than 67,500 tons, while the staff was capped at 25,000 men.

The treaty also ordered Italy to put the following ships at the disposals of the victorious nations United States, Soviet Union, Great Britain, France, Greece, Yugoslavia, and Albania as war compensation:


 * 3 Battleships: ITALIAN BATTLESHIP Giulio Cesare, ITALIAN BATTLESHIP Italia, ITALIAN BATTLESHIP Vittorio Veneto;
 * 5 Cruisers: ITALIAN CRUISER Emanuele Filiberto Duca d'Aosta, ITALIAN CRUISER Attilio Regolo, ITALIAN CRUISER Scipione Africano, ITALIAN SUBMARINE Eugenio di Savoia and ITALIAN CRUISER Eritrea;
 * 7 Destroyers; 5 of the, ITALIAN DESTROYER Augusto Riboty and ITALIAN DESTOYER Alfredo Oriani;
 * 6 Minesweepers;
 * 8 Submarines, including three of the ;
 * 1 Sailing School ship: ITALIAN TRAINING SHIP Cristoforo Colombo.

The convoy escort ITALIAN SHIP Ramb III ultimately became the Yugoslav Navy yacht Galeb. The Galeb was used by the late President of the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia Marshal Josip Broz Tito on his numerous foreign trips and to entertain heads of state.

Battleships



 * ITALIAN IRONCLAD Enrico Dandolo
 * GR104 (ex-Andrea Doria)
 * ITALIAN BATTLESHIP Sardegna
 * ITALIAN BATTLESHIP Ammiraglio di Saint Bon
 * ITALIAN BATTLESHIP Emanuele Filiberto
 * ITALIAN BATTLESHIP Regina Margherita
 * ITALIAN BATTLESHIP Benedetto Brin
 * ITALIAN BATTLESHIP Regina Elena
 * ITALIAN BATTLESHIP Vittorio Emanuele
 * ITALIAN BATTLESHIP Napoli
 * ITALIAN BATTLESHIP Roma
 * ITALIAN BATTLESHIP Dante Alighieri
 * ITALIAN BATTLESHIP Conte di Cavour
 * ITALIAN BATTLESHIP Giulio Cesare
 * ITALIAN BATTLESHIP Leonardo da Vinci
 * ITALIAN BATTLESHIP Andrea Doria
 * ITALIAN BATTLESHIP Caio Duilio
 * ITALIAN BATTLESHIP Dante Alighieri
 * ITALIAN BATTLESHIP Conte di Cavour
 * ITALIAN BATTLESHIP Giulio Cesare
 * ITALIAN BATTLESHIP Leonardo da Vinci
 * ITALIAN BATTLESHIP Andrea Doria
 * ITALIAN BATTLESHIP Caio Duilio
 * ITALIAN BATTLESHIP Andrea Doria
 * ITALIAN BATTLESHIP Caio Duilio

Cruisers

 * ITALIAN CRUISER Giuseppe Garibaldi
 * ITALIAN CRUISER Varese
 * ITALIAN CRUISER Francesco Ferruccio
 * ITALIAN CRUISER Vettor Pisani
 * ITALIAN CRUISER Carlo Alberto
 * ITALIAN CRUISER Pisa
 * ITALIAN ARMORED CRUISER Amalfi
 * ITALIAN CRUISER Marco Polo
 * San Giorgio class:
 * ITALIAN CRUISER San Giorgio
 * ITALIAN CRUISER San Marco
 * ITALIAN CRUISER Piemonte
 * Lombardia class:
 * ITALIAN CRUISER Lombardia
 * ITALIAN CRUISER Liguria
 * ITALIAN CRUISER Elba
 * ITALIAN CRUISER Puglia
 * ITALIAN CRUISER Etruria
 * ITALIAN CRUISER Libia
 * ITALIAN CRUISER Calabria
 * ITALIAN CRUISER Campania
 * ITALIAN CRUISER Basilicata
 * ITALIAN CRUISER Etruria
 * ITALIAN CRUISER Libia
 * ITALIAN CRUISER Calabria
 * ITALIAN CRUISER Campania
 * ITALIAN CRUISER Basilicata
 * ITALIAN CRUISER Campania
 * ITALIAN CRUISER Basilicata
 * ITALIAN CRUISER Basilicata

Destroyers

 * ITALIAN DESTROYER Ostro
 * ITALIAN DESTROYER Lampo
 * ITALIAN DESTROYER Euro
 * ITALIAN DESTROYER Strale
 * ITALIAN DESTROYER Dardo
 * ITALIAN DESTROYER Nembo
 * ITALIAN DESTROYER Turbine
 * ITALIAN DESTROYER Espero
 * ITALIAN DESTROYER Borea
 * ITALIAN DESTROYER Aquilone
 * ITALIAN DESTROYER Zeffiro
 * ITALIAN DESTROYER Granatiere
 * ITALIAN DESTROYER Bersagliere
 * ITALIAN DESTROYER Garibaldino
 * ITALIAN DESTROYER Corazziere
 * ITALIAN DESTROYER Lanciere
 * ITALIAN DESTROYER Artigliere
 * ITALIAN DESTROYER Alpino
 * ITALIAN DESTROYER Fuciliere
 * ITALIAN DESTROYER Pontiere
 * ITALIAN DESTROYER Ascaro
 * ITALIAN DESTROYER Impetuoso
 * ITALIAN DESTROYER Impavido
 * ITALIAN DESTROYER Insidioso
 * ITALIAN DESTROYER Irrequieto
 * ITALIAN DESTROYER Ardito
 * ITALIAN DESTROYER Ardente
 * ITALIAN DESTROYER Audace
 * ITALIAN DESTROYER Animoso
 * ITALIAN DESTROYER Rosolino Pilo
 * ITALIAN DESTROYER Giuseppe Cesare Abba
 * ITALIAN DESTROYER Pilade Bronzetti
 * ITALIAN DESTROYER Giuseppe Missori
 * ITALIAN DESTROYER Antonio Mosto
 * ITALIAN DESTROYER Ippolito Nievo
 * ITALIAN DESTROYER Francesco Nullo
 * ITALIAN DESTROYER Simone Schiaffino
 * ITALIAN DESTROYER Giuseppe Cesare Abba
 * ITALIAN DESTROYER Pilade Bronzetti
 * ITALIAN DESTROYER Giuseppe Missori
 * ITALIAN DESTROYER Antonio Mosto
 * ITALIAN DESTROYER Ippolito Nievo
 * ITALIAN DESTROYER Francesco Nullo
 * ITALIAN DESTROYER Simone Schiaffino

Aircraft carriers

 * ITALIAN AIRCRAFT CARRIER Aquila (modification of the liner Roma, built but never used)
 * ITALIAN AIRCRAFT CARRIER Sparviero (modification of the liner Augustus, never completed)

Seaplane carriers

 * ITALIAN SEAPLANE CARRIER Giuseppe Miraglia (extensively converted merchant ship Citta de Messina for the seaplane carrier role, commissioned as a seaplane transport by 1940)

Battleships



 * (modernised World War I battleships):
 * ITALIAN BATTLESHIP Conte di Cavour
 * ITALIAN BATTLESHIP Giulio Cesare
 * (modernised World War I battleships):
 * ITALIAN BATTLESHIP Andrea Doria
 * ITALIAN BATTLESHIP Caio Duilio
 * ITALIAN BATTLESHIP Littorio/ITALIAN BATTLESHIP Italia
 * ITALIAN BATTLESHIP Vittorio Veneto
 * ITALIAN BATTLESHIP Roma
 * ITALIAN BATTLESHIP Impero (not completed)
 * ITALIAN BATTLESHIP Impero (not completed)

Heavy cruisers

 * ITALIAN CRUISER Trento
 * ITALIAN CRUISER Trieste
 * ITALIAN CRUISER Bolzano
 * ITALIAN CRUISER Zara
 * ITALIAN CRUISER Fiume
 * ITALIAN CRUISER Pola
 * ITALIAN CRUISER Gorizia
 * ITALIAN CRUISER San Giorgio
 * ITALIAN CRUISER Gorizia
 * ITALIAN CRUISER San Giorgio
 * ITALIAN CRUISER San Giorgio

Light cruisers

 * es:
 * ITALIAN CRUISER Alberto da Giussano
 * ITALIAN CRUISER Alberico da Barbiano
 * ITALIAN CRUISER Bartolomeo Colleoni
 * ITALIAN CRUISER Giovanni dalle Bande Nere
 * ITALIAN CRUISER Luigi Cadorna
 * ITALIAN CRUISER Armando Diaz
 * ITALIAN CRUISER Emanuele Filiberto Duca d'Aosta
 * ITALIAN CRUISER Eugenio di Savoia
 * ITALIAN CRUISER Duca degli Abruzzi
 * ITALIAN CRUISER Giuseppe Garibaldi
 * ITALIAN CRUISER Raimondo Montecuccoli
 * ITALIAN CRUISER Muzio Attendolo
 * ITALIAN CRUISER Attilio Regolo
 * ITALIAN CRUISER Giulio Germanico
 * ITALIAN CRUISER Pompeo Magno
 * ITALIAN CRUISER Scipione Africano
 * ITALIAN CRUISER Ulpio Traiano
 * ITALIAN CRUISER Taranto
 * ITALIAN CRUISER Bari
 * ITALIAN CRUISER Giulio Germanico
 * ITALIAN CRUISER Pompeo Magno
 * ITALIAN CRUISER Scipione Africano
 * ITALIAN CRUISER Ulpio Traiano
 * ITALIAN CRUISER Taranto
 * ITALIAN CRUISER Bari
 * ITALIAN CRUISER Bari

Aviation and Transport Cruisers

 * Bolzano class: ITALIAN CRUISER Bolzano aviation & transport cruiser (as regular heavy cruiser, extensively damaged by submarine torpedoes and proposed for reconstruction to a hybrid carrier/transport design)

Destroyers

 * : 3 vessels – 2283 t
 * ITALIAN DESTROYER Leone
 * ITALIAN DESTROYER Pantera
 * ITALIAN DESTROYER Tigre
 * : 12 vessels – 2010 t
 * ITALIAN DESTROYER Alvise da Mosto
 * ITALIAN DESTROYER Antonio da Noli
 * ITALIAN DESTROYER Antonio Pigafetta
 * ITALIAN DESTROYER Antoniotto Usodimare
 * ITALIAN DESTROYER Emmanuele Pessagno
 * ITALIAN DESTROYER Giovanni da Verazzano
 * ITALIAN DESTROYER Lancerotto Malocello
 * ITALIAN DESTROYER Leone Pancaldo
 * ITALIAN DESTROYER Luca Tarigo
 * ITALIAN DESTROYER Nicoloso da Recco
 * ITALIAN DESTROYER Nicolo Zeno
 * ITALIAN DESTROYER Ugolino Vivaldi
 * or Poeti class: 4 vessels – 1950 t
 * ITALIAN DESTROYER Vittorio Alfieri
 * ITALIAN DESTROYER Giosué Carducci
 * ITALIAN DESTROYER Vincenzo Gioberti
 * ITALIAN DESTROYER Alfredo Oriani




 * : 12 vessels (divided into First Soldati or Camicia Nera and Second Soldati class) – 1620 t
 * ITALIAN DESTROYER Alpino
 * ITALIAN DESTROYER Artigliere
 * ITALIAN DESTROYER Ascari
 * ITALIAN DESTROYER Aviere
 * ITALIAN DESTROYER Bersagliere
 * ITALIAN DESTROYER Carabiniere
 * ITALIAN DESTROYER Corazziere
 * ITALIAN DESTROYER Fuciliere
 * ITALIAN DESTROYER Geniere
 * ITALIAN DESTROYER Granatiere
 * ITALIAN DESTROYER Lanciere
 * : 4 vessels – 1449 t
 * ITALIAN DESTROYER Grecale
 * ITALIAN DESTROYER Libeccio
 * ITALIAN DESTROYER Maestrale
 * ITALIAN DESTROYER Scirocco
 * : 4 vessels – 1450 t
 * ITALIAN DESTROYER Dardo
 * ITALIAN DESTROYER Freccia
 * ITALIAN DESTROYER Saetta
 * ITALIAN DESTROYER Strale
 * : 2 vessels – 1383 t
 * ITALIAN DESTROYER Carlo Mirabello
 * ITALIAN DESTROYER Augusto Riboti
 * : 4 vessels – 1220 t
 * ITALIAN DESTROYER Baleno
 * ITALIAN DESTROYER Folgore
 * ITALIAN DESTROYER Fulmine
 * ITALIAN DESTROYER Lampo
 * : 8 vessels – 1092 t
 * ITALIAN DESTROYER Aquilone
 * ITALIAN DESTROYER Borea
 * ITALIAN DESTROYER Espero
 * ITALIAN DESTROYER Euro
 * ITALIAN DESTROYER Nembo
 * ITALIAN DESTROYER Ostro
 * ITALIAN DESTROYER Turbine
 * ITALIAN DESTROYER Zeffiro
 * : 4 vessels – 1058 t
 * ITALIAN DESTROYER Cesare Battisti
 * ITALIAN DESTROYER Daniele Manin
 * ITALIAN DESTROYER Francesco Nullo
 * ITALIAN DESTROYER Nazario Sauro
 * : 2 vessels – 935 t
 * ITALIAN DESTROYER Quintino Sella
 * ITALIAN DESTROYER Francesco Crispi

Torpedo boats

 * : 30 vessels
 * ITALIAN TORPEDO BOAT Airone
 * ITALIAN TORPEDO BOAT Alcione
 * ITALIAN TORPEDO BOAT Aldebaran
 * ITALIAN TORPEDO BOAT Altair
 * ITALIAN TORPEDO BOAT Andromeda
 * ITALIAN TORPEDO BOAT Antares
 * ITALIAN TORPEDO BOAT Aretusa
 * ITALIAN TORPEDO BOAT Ariel
 * ITALIAN TORPEDO BOAT Astore
 * ITALIAN TORPEDO BOAT Calipso
 * ITALIAN TORPEDO BOAT Calliope
 * ITALIAN TORPEDO BOAT Canopo
 * ITALIAN TORPEDO BOAT Cassiopea
 * ITALIAN TORPEDO BOAT Castore
 * ITALIAN TORPEDO BOAT Centauro
 * ITALIAN TORPEDO BOAT Cigno
 * ITALIAN TORPEDO BOAT Circe
 * ITALIAN TORPEDO BOAT Climene
 * ITALIAN TORPEDO BOAT Clio
 * ITALIAN TORPEDO BOAT Libra
 * ITALIAN TORPEDO BOAT Lince
 * ITALIAN TORPEDO BOAT Lira
 * ITALIAN TORPEDO BOAT Lupo
 * ITALIAN TORPEDO BOAT Pallade
 * ITALIAN TORPEDO BOAT Partenope
 * ITALIAN TORPEDO BOAT Perseo
 * ITALIAN TORPEDO BOAT Pleiadi
 * ITALIAN TORPEDO BOAT Polluce
 * ITALIAN TORPEDO BOAT Sagittario
 * ITALIAN TORPEDO BOAT Sirio
 * ITALIAN TORPEDO BOAT Spica
 * ITALIAN TORPEDO BOAT Vega
 * : 7 vessels
 * : 1 vessel
 * ITALIAN TORPEDO BOAT Audace
 * G. Sirtori class: 4 vessels
 * G. La Masa class: 7 vessels
 * : 4 vessels
 * ITALIAN TORPEDO BOAT Palestro
 * ITALIAN TORPEDO BOAT Confienza
 * ITALIAN TORPEDO BOAT San Martino
 * ITALIAN TORPEDO BOAT Solferino
 * : 6 vessels
 * ITALIAN DESTROYER Generale Antonio Cantore
 * ITALIAN DESTROYER Generale Antonio Cascino
 * ITALIAN DESTROYER Generale Antonio Chinotto
 * ITALIAN DESTROYER Generale Carlo Montanari
 * ITALIAN DESTROYER Generale Marcello Prestinari
 * ITALIAN DESTROYER Generale Achille Papa
 * : 4 vessels
 * ITALIAN DESTROYER Calatafimi
 * ITALIAN DESTROYER Castelfidardo
 * ITALIAN DESTROYER Curtatone
 * ITALIAN DESTROYER Monzambano
 * : 4 vessels
 * ITALIAN TORPEDO BOAT Pegaso
 * ITALIAN TORPEDO BOAT Procione
 * ITALIAN TORPEDO BOAT Orione
 * ITALIAN TORPEDO BOAT Orsa
 * : 16 vessels
 * ITALIAN TORPEDO BOAT Aliseo
 * ITALIAN TORPEDO BOAT Animoso
 * ITALIAN TORPEDO BOAT Ardente
 * ITALIAN TORPEDO BOAT Ardimentoso
 * ITALIAN TORPEDO BOAT Ardito
 * ITALIAN TORPEDO BOAT Ciclone
 * ITALIAN TORPEDO BOAT Fortunale
 * ITALIAN TORPEDO BOAT Ghibli
 * ITALIAN TORPEDO BOAT Groppo
 * ITALIAN TORPEDO BOAT Impavido
 * ITALIAN TORPEDO BOAT Impetouso
 * ITALIAN TORPEDO BOAT Indomito
 * ITALIAN TORPEDO BOAT Intrepido
 * ITALIAN TORPEDO BOAT Monsone
 * ITALIAN TORPEDO BOAT Tifone
 * ITALIAN TORPEDO BOAT Uragano
 * : 16 vessels
 * ITALIAN TORPEDO BOAT Alabard
 * ITALIAN TORPEDO BOAT Ariete
 * ITALIAN TORPEDO BOAT Arturo
 * ITALIAN TORPEDO BOAT Auriga
 * ITALIAN TORPEDO BOAT Balestra
 * ITALIAN TORPEDO BOAT Daga
 * ITALIAN TORPEDO BOAT Dragone
 * ITALIAN TORPEDO BOAT Eridano
 * ITALIAN TORPEDO BOAT Fionda
 * ITALIAN TORPEDO BOAT Gladio
 * ITALIAN TORPEDO BOAT Lancia
 * ITALIAN TORPEDO BOAT Pugnale
 * ITALIAN TORPEDO BOAT Rigel
 * ITALIAN TORPEDO BOAT Spada
 * ITALIAN TORPEDO BOAT Spica
 * ITALIAN TORPEDO BOAT Stella Polare

Submarines

 * : 13 vessels – 715 t
 * ITALIAN SUBMARINE Acciaio
 * ITALIAN SUBMARINE Alabastro
 * ITALIAN SUBMARINE Argento
 * ITALIAN SUBMARINE Asterio
 * ITALIAN SUBMARINE Avorio
 * ITALIAN SUBMARINE Bronzo
 * ITALIAN SUBMARINE Cobalto
 * ITALIAN SUBMARINE Giada
 * ITALIAN SUBMARINE Granito
 * ITALIAN SUBMARINE Nichelio
 * ITALIAN SUBMARINE Platino
 * ITALIAN SUBMARINE Porfide
 * ITALIAN SUBMARINE Volframio (ex-ITALIAN SUBMARINE Stronzio)
 * : 17 vessels – 698 t, coastal submarines
 * ITALIAN SUBMARINE Alagi
 * ITALIAN SUBMARINE Ascianghi
 * ITALIAN SUBMARINE Axum
 * ITALIAN SUBMARINE Dagabur
 * ITALIAN SUBMARINE Dessiè
 * ITALIAN SUBMARINE Sciré
 * ITALIAN SUBMARINE Adua
 * ITALIAN SUBMARINE Aradam
 * ITALIAN SUBMARINE Beilul
 * ITALIAN SUBMARINE Durbo
 * ITALIAN SUBMARINE Gondar
 * ITALIAN SUBMARINE Lafolè
 * ITALIAN SUBMARINE Macallé
 * ITALIAN SUBMARINE Neghelli
 * ITALIAN SUBMARINE Tembien
 * ITALIAN SUBMARINE Uarsciek
 * ITALIAN SUBMARINE Uebi Scebeli
 * : 7 vessels – 665 t
 * ITALIAN SUBMARINE Argonauta
 * ITALIAN SUBMARINE Salpa
 * : 10 vessels – 700 t
 * ITALIAN SUBMARINE Ambra
 * ITALIAN SUBMARINE Berillo
 * ITALIAN SUBMARINE Corallo
 * ITALIAN SUBMARINE Diaspro
 * ITALIAN SUBMARINE Gemma
 * ITALIAN SUBMARINE Iride
 * ITALIAN SUBMARINE Malachite
 * ITALIAN SUBMARINE Onice
 * ITALIAN SUBMARINE Perla
 * ITALIAN SUBMARINE Turchese
 * : 12 vessels – 701 t
 * : 4 vessels – 985 t
 * ITALIAN SUBMARINE Galileo Ferraris
 * ITALIAN SUBMARINE Galileo Galilei
 * ITALIAN SUBMARINE Archimede
 * ITALIAN SUBMARINE Torricelli
 * : 2 vessels – 794 t
 * ITALIAN SUBMARINE Argo
 * ITALIAN SUBMARINE Velella
 * : 4 vessels – 1450 t
 * ITALIAN SUBMARINE Balilla
 * ITALIAN SUBMARINE Dominico Millelire
 * ITALIAN SUBMARINE Antonio Sciesa
 * ITALIAN SUBMARINE Enrico Toti
 * Bandiera class: 4 vessels – 941 t
 * ITALIAN SUBMARINE Fratelli Bandiera
 * ITALIAN SUBMARINE Luciano Manara
 * ITALIAN SUBMARINE Ciro Menotti
 * ITALIAN SUBMARINE Santore Santarossa,
 * Bragadin class: 2 vessels – 981 t
 * ITALIAN SUBMARINE Marcantonio Bragadin
 * ITALIAN SUBMARINE Filippo Corridoni
 * : 5 vessels – 1016 t
 * ITALIAN SUBMARINE Brin
 * ITALIAN SUBMARINE Galvani
 * ITALIAN SUBMARINE Guglielmotti
 * ITALIAN SUBMARINE Archimede
 * ITALIAN SUBMARINE Torricelli
 * : 4 vessels – 1708 t
 * ITALIAN SUBMARINE Ammiraglio Cagni
 * ITALIAN SUBMARINE Ammiraglio Saint-Bon
 * ITALIAN SUBMARINE Ammiraglio Caracciolo
 * ITALIAN SUBMARINE Ammiraglio Millo
 * : 5 vessels – 1550 t
 * ITALIAN SUBMARINE Pietro Calvi
 * ITALIAN SUBMARINE Giuseppe Finzi
 * ITALIAN SUBMARINE Enrico Tazzoli
 * R class: 2 vessels – 2210 t
 * ITALIAN SUBMARINE Remo
 * ITALIAN SUBMARINE Romolo
 * : 1 vessel – 1556 t
 * ITALIAN SUBMARINE Ettore Fieramosca
 * 1st series: 8 vessels – 958 t
 * ITALIAN SUBMARINE Cernia
 * ITALIAN SUBMARINE Dentice
 * ITALIAN SUBMARINE Flutto
 * ITALIAN SUBMARINE Gorgo
 * ITALIAN SUBMARINE Grongo
 * ITALIAN SUBMARINE Marea
 * ITALIAN SUBMARINE Murena
 * ITALIAN SUBMARINE Nautilo
 * ITALIAN SUBMARINE Sparide
 * ITALIAN SUBMARINE Spigola
 * ITALIAN SUBMARINE Tritone
 * ITALIAN SUBMARINE Vortice
 * 2nd series: 8 vessels – 958 t
 * ITALIAN SUBMARINE Bario
 * ITALIAN SUBMARINE Ferro
 * ITALIAN SUBMARINE Litio
 * ITALIAN SUBMARINE Piombo
 * ITALIAN SUBMARINE Potassio
 * ITALIAN SUBMARINE Rame
 * ITALIAN SUBMARINE Sodio
 * ITALIAN SUBMARINE Zinco
 * : 3 vessels – 1333 t
 * ITALIAN SUBMARINE Foca
 * ITALIAN SUBMARINE Zoea
 * ITALIAN SUBMARINE Atropo
 * : 2 vessels – 1055 t
 * ITALIAN SUBMARINE Glauco
 * ITALIAN SUBMARINE Otaria
 * : 4 vessels – 1187 t
 * ITALIAN SUBMARINE Reginaldo Giuliani
 * ITALIAN SUBMARINE Console Generale Liuzzi
 * ITALIAN SUBMARINE Alpino Bagnolini
 * ITALIAN SUBMARINE Capitano Tarantini
 * : 3 vessels – 830 t
 * ITALIAN SUBMARINE Goffredo Mameli
 * ITALIAN SUBMARINE Pier Capponi
 * ITALIAN SUBMARINE Giovanni da Procida
 * ITALIAN SUBMARINE Tito Speri
 * : 11 vessels – 1063 t
 * ITALIAN SUBMARINE Mocenigo
 * ITALIAN SUBMARINE Dandolo
 * ITALIAN SUBMARINE Veniero
 * ITALIAN SUBMARINE Provana
 * ITALIAN SUBMARINE Marcello
 * ITALIAN SUBMARINE Nani
 * ITALIAN SUBMARINE Barbarigo
 * ITALIAN SUBMARINE Emo
 * ITALIAN SUBMARINE Morosini
 * ITALIAN SUBMARINE Comandante Cappellini
 * ITALIAN SUBMARINE Comandante Faà di Bruno
 * : 6 vessels – 1195 t
 * ITALIAN SUBMARINE Maggiore Baracca
 * ITALIAN SUBMARINE Michele Bianchi
 * ITALIAN SUBMARINE Alessandro Malaspina
 * ITALIAN SUBMARINE Guglielmo Marconi
 * ITALIAN SUBMARINE Leonardo da Vinci
 * ITALIAN SUBMARINE Luigi Torelli
 * : 1 vessel – 1570 t
 * ITALIAN SUBMARINE Pietro Micca
 * : 4 vessels – 880 t
 * ITALIAN SUBMARINE Vettor Pisani
 * ITALIAN SUBMARINE Colonna
 * ITALIAN SUBMARINE Bausan
 * ITALIAN SUBMARINE Des Geneys
 * : 2 vessels – 953 t
 * ITALIAN SUBMARINE Luigi Settembrini
 * ITALIAN SUBMARINE Ruggiero Settimo
 * : 4 vessels – 933 t
 * ITALIAN SUBMARINE Squalo
 * ITALIAN SUBMARINE Delfino
 * ITALIAN SUBMARINE Tricheco
 * ITALIAN SUBMARINE Narvalo
 * ITALIAN SUBMARINE Narvalo

Auxiliary cruisers

 * : 4 vessels (only 2 converted to auxiliary cruisers) – 3,667 t
 * ITALIAN SHIP Ramb I
 * ITALIAN SHIP Ramb II