Osami Nagano

Osami Nagano (永野 修身) was a Japanese career naval officer and fleet admiral in the Imperial Japanese Navy from 1934. He was more of an administrative officer than a sea commander. From April 1941 to February 1944, he was chief of the Imperial Japanese Navy General Staff.

Biography
Nagano was born in Kōchi to an ex-samurai family. In 1900, he graduated from the 28th class of the Imperial Japanese Naval Academy, ranked second in his class of 105 cadets. After midshipman service on the cruiser JAPANESE CRUISER Hashidate and battleship JAPANESE BATTLESHIP Asahi, he was commissioned an ensign and assigned to the cruiser JAPANESE CRUISER Asama. During the Russo-Japanese War, he served in a number of staff positions. The closest he came to combat was as commander of a land-based heavy naval gun unit during the siege of Port Arthur.

After his promotion to lieutenant in 1905, Nagano served on the battleship JAPANESE BATTLESHIP Shikishima. From 1905 to 1906, he studied naval artillery and navigation. From 1906 to 1908, he was chief gunnery officer on the cruiser JAPANESE CRUISER Itsukushima. In 1909, he graduated from the Japanese Naval War College.

In 1910, Nagano was promoted to lieutenant commander and assigned as chief gunnery officer on the battleship JAPANESE BATTLESHIP Katori. From January 1913 to April 1915, he was a language officer in the United States, during which time he studied at Harvard Law School.

During World War I, Nagano was executive officer on the cruisers JAPANESE CRUISER Nisshin and cruiser JAPANESE CRUISER Iwate. In 1918, he was promoted to captain. In 1919, he received his first (and only) ship command, the cruiser JAPANESE CRUISER Hirado.

From December 1920, Nagano was a military attaché to the United States, in which capacity he attended the Washington Naval Conference. In November 1923, he returned home, although he returned to the United States on official visits in 1927 and 1933. In December 1923, he was promoted to rear admiral.

In February 1924, Nagano was chief of the Imperial Japanese Navy General Staff Third Section (Intelligence). From December 1924, he commanded the 3rd Battleship Division. From April 1925, he commanded the 1st China Expeditionary Fleet. In December 1927, he was promoted to vice admiral. From 1928 to 1929, Nagano was commandant of the Imperial Japanese Naval Academy. From 1930 to 1931, he was vice chief of the Navy General Staff, in which capacity he attended the Geneva Naval Conference. In 1930, he attended the London Naval Conference. From 1933 to 1934, he was commander in chief of the Yokosuka Naval District. On 1 March 1934, he was promoted to admiral and appointed to the Supreme War Council. Nagano was the chief naval delegate to the London Naval Conference of 1935. Japan withdrew in protest from the 1935 London Conference after it was denied naval parity with the United States and Great Britain.

In 1936, Nagano was appointed Navy Minister under Prime Minister Kōki Hirota. In 1937, he was appointed Combined Fleet commander-in-chief.

From 1941, Nagano was chief of the Imperial Japanese Naval General Staff, serving as the most senior officer in the Japanese navy during most of World War II. However, he did not provide strong leadership and entrusted too much strategic planning to hard-line subordinates. Although he was a proponent of the Nanshin-ron, he was against war with the United States. He concluded that if Japan were able to take over British and Dutch colonies in Asia without directly attacking the United States, the isolationist factions with the American government would prevent the United States from declaring war against Japan. He was against Admiral Isoroku Yamamoto's planned attack on Pearl Harbor, but reluctantly gave his approval after Yamamoto threatened to resign as Combined Fleet commander.

In 1943, Nagano was promoted to fleet admiral. By 1944, however, Japan had suffered serious military setbacks and Nagano had lost the confidence of Emperor Hirohito. With the emperor's approval, Prime Minister Hideki Tōjō and Navy Minister Shigetarō Shimada removed Nagano from his post and replaced him with Shimada. Nagano spent the remainder of the war as an advisor to the government.

In 1945, the American Occupation forces arrested Nagano. He was charged with “Class A” war criminal charges before the International Military Tribunal for the Far East. When US naval officers interrogated him, he was described as "thoroughly cooperative," "keenly alert," "intelligent," and "anxious to develop American friendship". He died of a heart attack due to complications arising from pneumonia in Sugamo Prison in Tokyo before the conclusion of his trial.

Naval career

 * Midshipman - 13 December 1900
 * Ensign - 18 January 1902
 * Sublieutenant - 26 September 1903
 * Lieutenant - 12 January 1905
 * Lieutenant Commander - 1 December 1910
 * Commander - 1 December 1914
 * Captain - 1 December 1918
 * Rear Admiral - 1 December 1923
 * Vice Admiral - 1 December 1927
 * Admiral - 1 March 1934
 * Fleet Admiral - 21 June 1943