Namibian Defence Force

The Namibian Defence Force was created when South West Africa gained full independence from South Africa in 1990. The constitution of Namibia defines the role of the military as "defending the territory and national interests."

Namibia's military was born from the integration of the formerly belligerent People's Liberation Army of Namibia (PLAN), military wing of the South West African People's Organization, and the South West African Territorial Force (SWATF) - a security arm of the former South African administration. The British formulated the force integration plan and began training the NDF, which consists of five battalions and a small headquarters element. The United Nations Transitional Assistance Group (UNTAG)'s Kenyan infantry battalion remained in Namibia for three months after independence to assist in training the NDF and stabilize the north. Martin Shalli and Charles 'Ho Chi Minh' Namoloh were involved in the negotiations that allowed the Kenyan infantry battalion to remain for that period.

Purpose
The main roles of the Namibian Defence Force are to ensure the sovereignty and territorial integrity of the country by guarding against external aggression, both conventional and unconventional; prevent violation of Namibia’s territorial integrity; and provide assistance to civil authorities in guarding and protecting government buildings and key installations as provided in the Defence Act.

Defence spending and percentage of GDP included $90 million in 1997/98, 2.6% of GDP. The 73.1 million figure in 2002 was 2.4% of GDP. These figures are almost certainly CIA World Factbook estimates.

History
Major General A W Dennis, CB, OBE (rtd), British Army, previously Director of Military Assistance Overseas, made the following comments on the initial phase in Namibia at a conference in Pretoria, South Africa on 6 August 1992:

"You will no doubt recall that the Angola accords were signed in Luanda on 22 December 1988. In November 1989 SWAPO won 57% of the votes in the Namibian General Election and immediately requested the help of a British Military Advisory and Training Team following independence on 21 March 1990. The team, initially 55 strong, was duly deployed on 26 March 1990 and the first leaders cadre, for the 1st and 2nd Battalions, was run from 17 April to 2 June. By 1 July, the 1st Battalion, about 1 000 men strong, accompanied by 5 BMATT Advisors, had deployed to the northern border. By November 1990, only four months later, the 5th Battalion had deployed and in early 1991 the 21st Guards Battalion had also been formed, four staff courses had been run, support weapons and logistics training was well advanced (indeed a logistics battalion deployed as early as July 1990) and an operational test exercise had been conducted. In addition the Ministry of Defence, a mixture of civilian and military personnel, was operating as a department of state. No-one would pretend that everything was working perfectly, nevertheless, a great deal had been achieved in the first year following independence. Most people would probably agree that at some 7 500 strong the Army is unnecessarily large, but sensible plans will need to be made for the employment of any surplus soldiers before they are discharged. Integration has not been easy to achieve, at least in part, because of the need to use several interpreters to cope with the wide variety of languages involved. Battalions are made up of approximately 70% ex-PLAN and 30% ex-SWATF. This mixture could have proved explosive but hounded by their BMATT instructors they united in a common task (or perhaps in the face of a common enemy!) and soon realised that they could work well together. At the higher levels, integration has been more patchy, at least in part because of the departure of most white South African and SWATF officers. But the Government's intentions seem clear in that it decided to split the four MOD directorates evenly, appointing two white and two black (ex PLAN) directors. In all this, BMATT Namibia has played a role remarkably similar to that of BMATT Zimbabwe." In August 1999, a separatist Lozi faction in the Caprivi Strip launched a coup attempt (see Caprivi conflict) which was summarily put down by the Namibian Defence Force. The army has conducted security operations along the northern border with Angola. In the process of these operations, there were allegations in 2001 that the army has tortured people suspected of being UNITA sympathisers. IRIN reported that the Ministry of Defence had admitted that two Namibian soldiers died fighting suspected UNITA rebels in southern Angola in July 2001. The Namibian Defence Force assists in putting out wildfires.

As of 13 October 2010, Sibbinda councillor Felix Mukupi has requested a meeting with the regional army commander in order to request 'the NDF to deploy its troops [on the Namibia/Zambia border area] stretching from Wenela to Kongola' in order to curtail stock thefts by gangs of cattle thieves from Zambia.

On 24 May 2010, Chen Bingde, Chief of the General Staff Department of the People's Liberation Army and member of the Central Military Commission, met Charles Namoloh and Peter Nambundunga, acting commander of the Namibian Defence Forces, in Windhoek. At their meeting, the two sides had in-depth discussions on further strengthening exchanges and cooperation between the two armed forces. Chen was accompanied by the chief of staff of the Second Artillery Corps and two PLA Military Region chiefs of staff. Chen also met President Pohamba that day. In 2012, NDF officials announced the suspension of its recruitment campaign due to a lack of "accommodation facilities" for new personnel for a two-year period. The suspension how ever did not include the recruitment of specialist personnel as the Namibian Navy in 2013 had a recruitment exercise for sailors(officers and men) and marines. In 2014 recruitment resumed after accommodation issues were resolved.

Organization and structure
The Chief Of Defence Force is the highest-ranking officer and exercises overall executive command of the force. Service Chiefs are two star General Officers, Air Officers and Flag Officers in command of their respective arms of service. NDF directorates are led by one star General Officers, Air Officers and Flag Officers.The exception however is the Joint Operations Directorate whose head is a Major General, who also doubles up as the GOC Special Forces.The Joint Operations Directorate is responsible for Force deployment in the Military.


 * Chief of Defence Force: Lieutenant-General John Mutwa
 * Army Commander: Major-General Tomas Hamunyela
 * Air Force Commander: Air Vice Marshal Martin Pinehas
 * Navy Commander: Rear Admiral Peter Vilho
 * Chief of Staff; Joint Operations: Maj Gen B. Kadhila
 * Chief of Staff; Human Resources: Rear Admrl (JG) S.S. Hangula
 * Chief of Staff; Defence Intelligence: Brig Gen M. Alueendo
 * Chief of Staff; Defence Medical Health Services: Brig Gen Dr. S.S. Ndeitunga
 * Chief of Staff; Information & Communication Technology: Brig Gen S.N. Haihambo
 * Chief of Staff; Logistics: Brig Gen S.C. Amunyela
 * Defence Inspector General: Brig Gen A.N. Nambahu

Chief of Defence Force
The Chief of Defence Force is always a commissioned three star General/Air/Flag Officer from the officer corps.The first chief of the NDF was Lieutenant-General Dimo Hamaambo. He was previously the leader of PLAN, and a survivor of the Battle of Cassinga. Lieutenant-General Hamaambo was the first to be laid to rest at the Heroes' Acre memorial outside Windhoek, a few days after its official opening in 2002. Lieutenant-General Solomon Huwala replaced Hamaambo as Chief of the NDF on Hamaambo's retirement. After Lieutenant-General Huwala retired in October 2006, Lieutenant General Martin Shalli headed the NDF.

President Hifikepunye Pohamba suspended Lieutenant-General Shalli from his post as Chief of Defence Force in 2009 over corruption allegations, dating back to the time when Shalli served as Namibia’s High Commissioner to Zambia. During the time of the suspension, Army Commander Major General Peter Nambundunga acted as Chief. Shalli was eventually forced to retire in January 2011; the post of Chief of the NDF was given to Epaphras Denga Ndaitwah. Ndaitwah served until 31 December 2013 when the NDF Chief's position was given to Maj Gen John Mutwa.

As of February 2012, it was reported that a Chinese company paid US $499,950 into Shalli's account in Zambia while he was the NDF chief. Poly Technologies was supplying equipment to the NDF at the time.
 * 1990 – 2000 Lieutenant-General Dimo Hamaambo
 * 2000 – 2006 Lieutenant-General Solomon Huwala
 * 2006 – 2009 Lieutenant-General Martin Shalli
 * 2009 – 2011 Acting CDF Major-General Peter Nambundunga
 * 2011 – 2013 Lieutenant-General Epaphras Denga Ndaitwah
 * 2013 - present Lieutenant-General John Mutwa

NDF Sergeant Major
NDF Sergeant Major is the highest appointment a Non Commission Officer may receive. Duties of the NDF Sergeant Major includes making sure that discipline, drills, dressing code, performance standards and morale of the non commissioned officers are maintained. The current NDF Sergeant Major is Warrant Officer Class 1(WO1) Albert Siyaya. He took over from retired Namibian Navy WO1 Isak Nankela.

Previous Sergeant Major are:
 * 1990 – 1997 WO1 retired K. Lossen, Namibian Army
 * 1997 – 2000 Late WO1 retired A.H.Vatileni, Namibian Army
 * 2000 – 2007 WO1 retired E.K. Mutota, Namibian Army
 * 2007 – 2011 WO1 retired D.J. Angolo, Namibian Navy
 * 2011 - 2017 WO1 retired Isak Nankela, Namibian Air Force
 * 2017 - Current WO1 Albert Siyaya, Namibian Air Force

Defence Health Services
The Force's Medical Service provides medical services to service personnel, it operates sick bays at all bases and units as well the Grootfontein Military Hospital and the Peter Mweshihange Military Health Center in Windhoek. The Medical Health Services also operate a Mobile Field Hospital received as a donation from Germany. The Mobile hospital is rated as a United Nations Level II hospital.Plans are underway to construct another military hospital in Windhoek.

Chief of Defence Force direct command
There are some units that report directly to the Chief of Defence Force. These are the:
 * Military School
 * Composite Depot,
 * Military Police Battalion
 * Signal Regiment.

Namibian Special Forces
The Namibian military's unconventional warfare specialists are part of this command. Specialist training, tough training courses and some of the best soldiers are found in the Namibian Special Forces.

Namibian Defence Force ranks
NDF ranks are based on the Commonwealth rank structure. There is no approved four star General rank in the NDF. The Chief of Defence Force is a singular appointment comes with an elevation to the rank of Lieutenant General for an Army officer, Air Marshal for an Air Force officer and Vice Admiral for a Navy officer. Arms of Services Commanders i.e. Army, Air Force and Navy Commanders have a rank of Major General, Air Vice Marshal and Rear Admiral. The rank of Brigadier has also been transformed into Brigadier General. Directorate heads are always Brigadier Generals, i.e. the Chief of Staff for Defence Intelligence.

Warrant Officer Class 1 Appointments

Any warrant officer class 1 could be posted to substantive posts, including

Army
The landward arm of service for the Defence force is the Namibian Army, it is also the largest of the NDF's service branches.

Air Force
The aerial warfare branch is small, but was bolstered with deliveries of some fighter jets in 2006 and 2008.

Navy
Development of the maritime warfare branch has been slow, and the force was only formally established in 2004, 14 years after independence. Today, it numbers over 1100 personnel and deploys a small number of lightly armed patrol vessels. Extensive Brazilian aid assisted in its development.

Joint Headquarters
The Joint Headquarters is an Arm of Service level institution in the Defence Force and is created by the Minister of Defence in terms of section 13 of the Defence Act.

Military School
The Namibian Military School is the main training and academic unit of the Namibian Defence Force.It offers Officer Cadets and NDF officers an opportunity to get a military oriented academic qualification.Training and teaching in the institution ranges from Basic Military Training, to technical mechanical training.

School of Military Science
The School of Military Science run in conjunction with the University of Namibia the School offers officers in the Defence force qualification's ranging from  bachelor of Science Honors degrees in the field of nautical, Army and Aeronautical. A post graduate diploma in Security and strategics studies and a Master of Arts in Security and Strategic Studies (MA-SSS) are also offered.

Namibian Command and Staff College
The Namibian Command and Staff College offers the Junior Staff Course (JSC) and the Senior Command and Staff Course (SCSC). It provides staff training to prepare students for staff appointments. The NCSC's commandant is Brigadier General Simon Titus.

Parachute Training School
The force's parachute airborne school is based at the Grootfontein Air Force Base. Here students from all service branches are training to qualify as Parachute specialists. The school was set up with help by the South African private military parachute training company Chute Systems who are training Namibia's airborne forces and associated staff e.g. parachute riggers.