Peterson Air Force Base

Peterson Air Force Base is a U.S. Air Force Base that shares an airfield with the adjacent Colorado Springs Municipal Airport and which has the North American Aerospace Defense Command (NORAD) and United States Northern Command (USNORTHCOM) headquarters. Developed as a World War II air support base for Camp Carson, the facility conducted Army Air Forces training and supported Cold War air defense centers at the nearby Ent Air Force Base, Chidlaw Building, and Cheyenne Mountain. The base has been the location of the Air Force Space Command headquarters since 1987 and has had NORAD/NORTHCOM command center operations since the 2006 Cheyenne Mountain Realignment placed the nearby Cheyenne Mountain nuclear bunker centers on standby.

Operations
Peterson AFB has flight operations by the 302d Airlift Wing. Current units at the base are: The base's Retiree Activities Office has the representative for the Air Force Retiree Council Area IV (Colorado, Nevada, Utah, and Wyoming).
 * 21st Space Wing (host unit) with 3 local groups
 * 302d Airlift Wing (Air Force Reserve Command) with 3 local groups
 * 544th Information Operations Group headquarters
 * 561st Network Operations Squadron
 * Air Force Operational Test and Evaluation Center (AFOTEC), Detachment 4.
 * Colorado Wing, Civil Air Patrol
 * NORAD/USNORTHCOM headquarters and operations centers
 * United States Army Space and Missile Defense Command - U.S. Army Strategic Command (Forward): headquarters and U.S. Army (SMDC) 1st Space Brigade
 * USAF Academy Band
 * Space Logistics Directorate (SMC)

History
Colorado military construction during the buildup of US training installations prior to the bombing of Pearl Harbor included the 1940 Lowry bombardier school at Denver and Camp Carson south of Colorado Springs (HQ completed January 31, 1942). Sites "in the vicinity of Colorado Springs" were assessed in the summer of 1941 for a USAAF airfield, and during April 1942 the Photographic Reconnaissance Operational Training Unit (PROTU) was activated in a leased facility at Colorado Springs. On May 6, 1942, the site adjacent to the airfield of the 1926 Colorado Springs Municipal Airport was selected, and the airport's airfield was subsequently leased as an "air support field"* for Camp Carson under the "air support base development program". In May 1942, units such as the 5th Mapping Squadron (from Bradley Field) arrived and used city facilities. The "Second Photographic Group Reconnaissance" (activated 7 May 1942 at Will Rogers Field) transferred to Colorado Springs, and the "2nd Group … headquarters was situated in a former garage across the street from the Post Office, barracks were in the city auditorium…and the mess hall was located at the busy horseshoe counter of the Sante Fe R.R. station." Land at the Broadmoor was used for maneuvers, and the 2nd Group initially operated without aircraft. Personnel were also "housed temporarily at Colorado College" and a youth camp near the Woodmen sanitorium. (the 14th Photographic Reconnaissance Squadron was located at the Kaufman Building on Tejon St.)

Army Air Base, Colorado Springs
"Army Air Base, Colorado Springs",* construction began after May 10, 1942, on "nothing more than a large patch of Colorado plain", and the installation was placed under the Headquarters, United States "AAF [on] 11 Jun 1942". The 373d Base HQ and Air Base Sq was activated as the base operating unit on 20 Jun 1942 (replaced by the 214th AAF Base Unit in 1944), and the base was assigned to the 2nd Air Force on 22 June. On July 7, 1942, "HQ PROTU" was on the "Army Air Base, Colorado Springs" and was ordered to provide "four to five months of training to each individual." During air base construction, the 20th Combat Mapping Squadron was activated on July 23, 1942, and used the Alamo Garage on Tejon Street. Runways were completed in August 1942, and eponym 1st Lt Edward J. Peterson crashed 8 August 1942 on take off (1st Coloradoan killed at the airfield.)

Peterson Field
Peterson Field was the airfield named on December 13, 1942, and included the runway used by both the municipal airport and the military installation: "Army Air Base, Peterson Field", which had begun publishing the Wingspread base newspaper by July 11, 1942. The "18 Dep Rpr Sq" was assigned to the military installation from 19 January-29 April 1943, and the installation was assigned to the Third Air Force (5 March-1 October 1943) and by the end of the 1943 summer had tar paper barracks, an officer's club, and a theater in a Quonset. After the base transferred to Second Air Force on 1 October 1943,  in June 1944 Peterson Field began fighter pilot training with P-40N Warhawks  "In March 1943 the Third Air Force took over the photographic reconnaissance Operational Training Unit which had been operating at Peterson Field…under the direct control of the Director of Photography since April 1942."

Bomber Commands
The 4th Heavy Bombardment Processing Headquarters ("4 H Bomb Processing HQ") was activated on 10 Jun 43 (the 1st B-29 landed at Peterson Field in the summerof 1943), and bomber training by the 214th AAF Base Unit (Combat Crew Training School, Heavy) B-24 Liberator) began after the 383rd Bombardment Group relocated from Geiger Field, Washington on 26 October 1943.   In 1944 (11 June - 20 October), the XXI Bomber Command was assigned to Peterson; and the "HQ and HQ Sq" of XXII Bomber Command was assigned 14 October 1944-13 February 1945, and by 17 August 1944, 4 bomb wings (313th through 316th) were assigned to the base—the last left on 7 June 1945.   The 263rd AAF Base Unit became the Peterson "base operating unit" on 8 March 1945 (transferred to Andrews Field on 17 March 1946).    The Army Air Forces Instructor School opened at Peterson Field in April 1945, and the base was one of several that transferred to Continental Air Forces on 16 April  (VIII Bomber Command arrived 17 August 1945.)

During planning for the new United States Air Force, Colorado's Arlington Auxiliary Army Airfield became a detached installation of the surplus base (1 January -c. 10 October 1947), and the "468th Construction Co (15th AF)" became the inactive base's operating unit in February 1947. The base with new construction was activated 29 September 1947-15 January 1948, then was "surplus" until after the notice in November 1950 to reactivate Air Defense Command. The "23 Photo Sq  19 May 43-9 Aug 48" remained throughout both inactive/surplus periods, and the "4600 Maint & Sup Sq" was established at the surplus base on 1 December 1950).
 * Post-war surplus: The base was inactivated 31 December 1945 after the 13th Bombardment Wing (17 October) and VIII Bomber Command (c. 15 December) departed, and site management by the base operating unit ended on 17 December.  In 1946, Peterson's last AAF Base Units were discontinued: 260th AAF Base Unit (Fighter Wing) in January, the 202nd AAF Base Unit (Special) in February, and the 268th AAF Base Unit (Instrument Instructor Unit) in March and the 201st (Headquarters Base Unit) in April (the  72nd Fighter Wing was at the base from "4 Jan 46-9 Apr 46".)  The 703rd AAF Base Unit (Hq, 53d AACS Group) moved to Kelly Field in February.  Designated surplus on 29 July 1946,  "the U.S. Government returned control of the [air]field to the City of Colorado Springs").  Many of the base buildings were torn down—WWII buildings remaining in 1996 were "the terminal, now the Peterson Air and Space Museum, the Broadmoor hangar, and the Spanish House" next to the museum, along with Building 391, Building 365, supply warehouses and office buildings, and aircraft hangars and maintenance shops.  In 1946, Tonopah AAF (Nevada, on 1 October), Clovis AAF (New Mexico, 16 October), and Casper AAF (Wyoming, on 15 December) became detached installations of the inactive base for a short period.

USAF installation
The military base at the municipal field reactivated as an "off-base installation of Ent AFB, 1 Jan 1951" and was operated by Ent's 4600 Air Base Group. After being assigned to Peterson on 1 March 1952, the 4602d Air Intelligence Service Squadron had subordinate organizations at the "Defense Force Headquarters [on] Hamilton Air Force Base, California, at Kansas City, Missouri, and at Stewart Air Force Base" New York The 4600th Group became a wing on 8 April 1958 (moved to Peterson on 18 October 1972, and the 4600th had a flight training squadron "14 Oct 74-15 Mar 75".  The 4600th was replaced by the 46th Aerospace Defense Wing on 1 April 1975 and in January 1968, Air Training Command's 3253d Pilot Training Squadron at Peterson Field began light aircraft indoctrination for cadets (moved to USAFA on 21 March 1974).  The military base at Peterson Field gained its own base commander on 28 February 1975.

Primary installation
Designated Peterson Air Force Base on March 1, 1975, when Ent AFB was being closed, Peterson was the last of the April 1945 Continental Air Forces airbases to be named an air force base. Also on March 1, Peterson assumed several functions from Ent AFB, which became the "Ent Annex" of Peterson, 18 July 1975-7 February 1978 (Peterson's off-base "Temporary Military Facility" was opened for space training by 1986.)  During the first part of the reorganization that broke up ADCOM, the base "transferred to the Strategic Air Command" on October 1, 1979  (units transferred included the 47th Comm Sq to AFCS and the 46th Wing & 4602nd Computer Services Sq to SAC.)  ADCOM HQ offices at the Chidlaw Building became the Aerospace Defense Center at Peterson on December 1, 1979 (space surveillance stations transferred to Stategic Air Command).

The 1st Space Wing replaced the 46th Aerospace Defense Wing on 1 April 1983, then the 1SW transferred host unit responsibility to the 3d Space Support Wing activated on 15 October 1986 (on 15 May 1992, the personnel and equipment of both the 1st SW and 3d SSW merged to become the 21st Space Wing.) Army and other units transferred from the former Ent AFB Federal Building to Peterson Building 2 (renamed the Eberhart-Findley Building on October 2012). Peterson's Space Analysis Center was at the corner of Academy & Fountain Blvds by 2004 before moving on base to bldg 1470, and in 2004 the Space Operations School used a building along I-25 at Woodmen Drive.

The Cheyenne Mountain Realignment moved NORAD/USNORTHCOM operations to Peterson AFB in 2006 (Peterson's NORAD COC Backup Facility was operational on 16 November 1982) from the Cheyenne Mountain nuclear bunker which was placed on warm standby, and in 2006 the 76th Space Control Facility was constructed at Peterson (the squadron activated 22 January 2008.) Peterson was the base of operations for the MAFFS aircraft that fought the 2012 Waldo Canyon fire and 2013 Black Forest fire at Colorado Springs.