Yang Ye

Yang Ye (楊業) or Yang Jiye (楊繼業) (died 986) was a military general in imperial China. Originally serving the short-lived Northern Han Kingdom during the later years of the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period, he pledged allegiance to Song Dynasty in 979 and in the following years fought against the Khitan-ruled Liao Dynasty on Song's northern border. Nicknamed "Invincible Yang" (楊無敵), he was instrumental in Song's major victory at Yanmenguan in 980. His eventual defeat by Liao and death - a direct result of persecutions by other Song generals - formed the basis of the Generals of the Yang Family legends.

After his death, one of his 7 sons Yang Yanzhao also became an important Song Dynasty general.

Career under Northern Han
Born Yang Chonggui (楊重貴) in a military family, Yang Ye was a very good horse archer and hunter in his youth, always bringing back several times more game than others. He used dogs and falcons to hunt and saw it as a way to prepare for a career commanding soldiers as a military general. In his 20s, he joined warlord Liu Chong, quickly becoming a commanding commissioner of defense (保衛指揮使) after Liu Chong (who changed his name to Liu Min) established the Northern Han Kingdom in Taiyuan in 951. Yang showed enough gallantry in battles, some against the neighboring Khitan-ruled Liao Dynasty, for the new ruler to bestow the youngster the name Liu Jiye (劉繼業) so that they share the same surname.

In 968, Northern Han was attacked by Song Dynasty forces, and its 4th ruler Liu Jiyuan sought help from Liao Dynasty, but Liu Jiye suggested attacking Liao's unsuspecting reinforcement to capture their horses: "The Khitans are greedy and untrustworthy, they will definitely invade our country one day." Liu Jiyuan refused the proposal, and eventually the Song forces withdrew.

Liu Jiye was already a military commissioner when the Song forces invaded again in 979. With Emperor Taizong of Song personally leading the troops, Song forces quickly reached the Northern Han capital of Taiyuan. Liu Jiyuan came out to surrender, but Liu Jiye continued fighting and defending the city. Impressed by his bravery, Emperor Taizong ordered Liu Jiyuan to persuade him to surrender. Having received Liu Jiyuan's message, Liu Jiye cried and bowed to the north, then took off his armor to surrender. A pleased Emperor Taizong rewarded him very well, and he changed his name to Yang Ye.

Career under Song
Knowing Yang Ye's experience in defending the same area from the Liao Dynasty, Emperor Taizong of Song named Yang the director of armed forces (兵馬部署) of Daizhou on the frontier and an adjacent military base. Previously Yang was also named the defense commissioner (防禦使) of Zhengzhou. Yang was illiterate but knew military strategies well. He would join his soldiers in military exercises, enduring the same hardship as his inferiors. Winters were very frigid in the area, but Yang never asked anyone to start a fire for him as he handled military matters outdoors. His soldiers were very loyal to him.

In 980, the Liao invasion started with roughly 100,000 Liao soldiers arriving before Yanmenguan, a pass on the Great Wall in Daizhou and a strategic choke point. After the arrival of Song army commander Pan Mei in Daizhou, Yang and a few hundred cavalrymen took a difficult route on the west, and arrived at the north and back of the enemy. As Pan and Yang attacked from both directions, the Liao army suffered a catastrophic defeat: Liao general Li Chonghui (李重誨) was captured; while Emperor Jingzong of Liao's brother-in-law and military commissioner Xiao Duoli (蕭咄李) was killed. Song forces acquired countless horses, saddles and armor.

Following this battle, the Liao army would "retreat immediately whenever they saw (Yang) Ye's flag", according to History of Song. Not even 2 years after his surrender, Yang was promoted to the nominal post of surveillance commissioner (觀察使) of Yunzhou (雲州, today's Datong, then still under Liao control), while retaining his appointments in Zhengzhou and Daizhou. Several Song generals at the borders became jealous. Some sent letters to Emperor Taizong listing Yang's shortcomings. Emperor Taizong allegedly forwarded the letters to Yang to show his trust.

Death
In 986, the Song armies embarked on a large-scale northern campaign to take the Sixteen Prefectures from Liao. One of the three forces was led by military commissioner Pan Mei, assisted by Yang Ye, along with military supervisors Wang Shen (王侁) and Liu Wenyu (劉文裕). In a little over a month, this force had already conquered 4 of the 16 prefectures, namely Huanzhou (寰州, part of today's Shuozhou), Shuozhou, Yingzhou and Yunzhou, killing thousands of Liao soldiers. Yang Ye's son Yang Yanzhao (then still called Yang Yanlang) was the vanguard general in the attacks of Shuozhou and Yingzhou. Elsewhere, Gao Hua (高化), a capable subordinate general whom Yang Ye valued and promoted, captured Liao general Dapengyi (大鵬翼).

However, another Song force on the east led by Cao Bin was destroyed by a Liao force led by Yelü Xiuge, and tens of thousands of Song soldiers perished. As the Liao force with over 100,000 soldiers marched westward, Pan and Yang Ye were in Daizhou and received orders to help the civilians of the four conquered prefectures retreat back to Song territory. When Huanzhou fell to the Liao army, Yang told Pan, "Liao forces are strong and we must not fight them." He proposed a detailed plan to maximize the safety of the civilians from the 3 remaining prefectures. Per this plan, the Yunzhou civilians would leave first. The main Song force would advance from Daizhou to Yingzhou, drawing the main Liao force, thus allowing the Shuozhou civilians to leave and move to a valley called Shijiegu (石碣谷), which could be defended by a thousand soldiers with arrows. Finally a cavalry reinforcement would help the main Song force retrieve the Yingzhou civilians. The generals defending Shuozhou and Yunzhou would be notified of the plan to coordinate activities.

Wang Shen refuted his suggestion, jeering, "Such cowardice despite having tens of thousands of strong soldiers!" With the support of Liu Wenyu, he insisted that Yang immediately take his troops to take the enemy head-on. Yang reiterated his belief that such a move would bring defeat, which was met by Wang's rebuttal of "You sir have been called 'invincible', but today you are so hesitant in face of the enemy and reluctant to fight. Is your loyalty elsewhere?" Yang had no choice but to reply, "I am not evading death, but this is a bad situation which would make soldiers die and injure in vain. However, since you accuse me for fearing death, I will be the first (to die) before you all." He pointed at the end of a valley called Chenjiagu (陳家谷, in today's Shuozhou): "Gentlemen, please put infantrymen with arrows on both sides of that place, so that they could attack from both directions and provide assistance in case I retreat there. Otherwise, the situation could be dire." Pan and Wang agreed, and led their men to the place.

Liao general Yelü Xiezhen heard of Yang's arrival and set up an ambush. Yang engaged the Liao force in a bloody battle and fought from noon to dusk until he indeed retreated to the end of Chenjiagu, but no Song soldier was there, as Pan and Wang had already left. As the enemy closed in, Yang Ye's son Yang Yanyu (楊延玉) was killed, as was a 72-year-old subordinate Wang Gui (王貴) who continued fighting with his fists after exhausting all arrows. Seeing only around a hundred soldiers around him, Yang Ye told them, "You all have fathers, mothers, wives and children, no point in dying together with me. Return home and serve the emperor later." His men all cried, but nobody left.

Liao soldiers were instructed to capture Yang alive. Even with several dozen wounds on him, Yang fought on, killing about a hundred enemy soldiers by himself. He was captured when his horse was gravely wounded by an arrow from Liao general Yelü Xidi. Yelü Xiezhen yelled, "You have been fighting with our country for over 30 years. What do you have to say today!" To which Yang replied, "I deserve the death sentence." He allegedly sighed and said, "The emperor has treated me so kindly, expecting me to conquer the enemy and defend the borders in return. However, due to persecutions from treacherous officials, the royal troops have been defeated. How can I live on?" He starved himself and died 3 days later of infections.

As expected Yunzhou, Yingzhou and other prefectures were recaptured by the Liao army, but according to History of Liao, it was because Song generals "abandoned the cities and fled when they heard of (Yang) Jiye's death".

Aftermath
Yang Ye's severed head was presented to the young Emperor Shengzong of Liao and his mother Xiao Chuo. This was such a great victory for the Liao Dynasty, where Buddhism is the state religion, that Kailong Temple (開龍寺) in the capital Shangjing (上京, in today's Baarin Left Banner) conducted religious activities for a month and provided food for over 10,000 monks.

In the Song Dynasty, the Yang family was initially compensated only 100 rolls of silk, 100 rolls of textile and 10 stones of rice for Yang Ye's death. In comparison, the family of a lesser general He Huaipu (賀懷浦) who also died in the same battle was compensated 100 rolls of silk, 100 strings of coins, 20 bottles of wine, and 15 sheep. What exactly happened afterwards is unclear, but a few months later Emperor Taizong of Song proclaimed the following edict: "... Yang Ye, the surveillance commissioner of Yunzhou, has a heart strong like gold and stone and a character intrepid like wind and clouds. A great talent from Shanxi in the west, he had many victories since his commission. He was given an army of brave soldiers and served at the borders. But all other commanders broke their promises and did not send reinforcement. Left in the desert, he and his lone army fought heroically until death and will not return. Who in history could match that! A special ceremony shall be held to commemorate his loyalty. His soul in heaven will understand my deep condolences. He shall be honored as a grand commandant (太尉) and the military commissioner of the Datong army, and his family awarded 1,000 rolls of textile and silk and 1,000 stones of rice. Grand general Pan Mei shall be demoted by three ranks; military supervisor Wang Shen shall be stripped of all positions and exiled to Jinzhou (金州, today's Ankang); and Liu Wenyu shall be stripped of all positions and exiled to Dengzhou (登州, today's Weihai)."

Yang Ye's 6 surviving sons were also given official appointments.

Invincible Yang Temple
Liao Dynasty had built an "Invincible Yang Temple" in Gubeikou shortly after his death. Its earliest mention was a 1055 poem "Passing Gubeikou's Invincible Yang Temple" (過古北口楊無敵廟) by Song politician Liu Chang (劉敞), who went to Liao on a mission that year. In a 1089 poem, "Gubeikou's Invincible Yang Temple" (古北口楊無敵廟), Su Zhe who was also visiting Liao, compared Yang to the Jin Dynasty (265–420) general Zhou Chu who was similarly persecuted by his superior.

This temple is still at the location today in Gubeikou, Miyun County, Beijing.

In fiction
In the popular Generals of the Yang Family legends, Yang Ye married She Saihua, a woman skilled in martial arts and archery. In most versions, his weapon is a poled golden sword. The older Yang Ye is usually called Yang Linggong (楊令公, literally "Commander Lord Yang").

During the battle of Mount Twin Wolves, he was surrounded by enemies. His eldest three sons had already died and his fourth and fifth sons were missing. His sixth son Yang Yanzhao asked the seventh son to seek aid while he tried to fight a way out for the father. Hopeless, Yang Ye saw in a distance a headstone on the ground. The name on it was Li Ling, a famous Han Dynasty general who in 99BC was forced to lead an army of 5,000 to attack the 80,000-men strong Xiongnu army from the north. Fighting valiantly for over 10 days and killing over 10,000 Xiongnu soldiers, Li received no reinforcement and defected to his enemy in the end, resulting in the execution of his entire family back home. Refusing to become another Li Ling, Yang Ye decided to commit suicide by ramming his head on the stele.