Minenwerfer

Minenwerfer ("mine launcher") is the German name for a class of short range mortars used extensively during the First World War by the German Army. The weapons were intended to be used by engineers to clear obstacles including bunkers and barbed wire, that longer range artillery would not be able to accurately target.

Development
The Germans studied the Siege of Port Arthur, where heavy artillery had been unable to destroy defensive structures like barbed wire and bunkers. The German Military Ingenieurkomitee ("Engineer committee") began working with Rheinmetall to study the problem in 1907. The solution they developed was short-barreled rifled muzzle-loading mortar, built in three sizes. The largest of these was introduced first, in 1910 as the 25 cm schwerer Minenwerfer (abbreviated "sMW"; English: "25 cm heavy mine launcher"). Despite weighing only 955 kg (2,193 pounds) it had the same effect on targets as the 28 cm and 30.5 cm mortars, which weighed ten times as much. At the outbreak of the First World War 44 had been delivered. They were used successfully in Belgium at Liege and Namur, and against the French fortress of Maubeuge.

The medium version of the German shell, the 17 cm mittlerer Minenwerfer (mMW; "17cm mid-sized mine launcher") was introduced in 1913, and at the outbreak of war 116 were fielded.

The light version of the weapon, the 7.58 cm leichter Minenwerfer (LMW; "light mine launcher") was still at the prototype stage when the war started, but rapidly entered production. The weapon was far more efficient than its artillery counterpart. In comparison the 7.7 cm FK 96 n/A needed to be towed by a team of six horses, compared with a single horse for the LMW, additionally the LMW could be moved around the battlefield by four men. The minenwerfer was cheaper, costing only one seventh as much as the artillery gun, and the ammunition was cheaper.

Since the muzzle velocity, and thus firing shock of the minenwerfer was low, a variety of explosives that would usually be unsuitable for use in artillery were used to fill the shells. In any case, TNT explosive was reserved for use in artillery shells. Typically the explosives used in the minenwerfer were ammonium nitrate-carbon explosives. However the sensitivity of the explosives occasionally made them detonate in the tube. There were a large number of these incidents, one of which claimed the life of Karl Völler, head designer of Rheinmetall, in 1916. These problems, however, were eventually overcome.

Recognizing the numerous advantages of the minenwerfer in trench warfare production was stepped up and by 1918 the numbers had increased dramatically to 1,234 heavy, 2,361 medium and 12,329 light minenwerfer. A 38 cm calibre sehr schwerer Minenwerfer (ssMW; English: "very heavy mine launcher") was also developed.