Chimurenga

Chimurenga is a word in the Shona language, roughly meaning "revolutionary struggle". The word's modern interpretation broadly denotes a struggle for human rights, political dignity and social justice. In specific historical terms, it also refers to the Ndebele and Shona insurrections against administration by the British South Africa Company during the late 1890s—the Second Matabele War, or First Chimurenga—and the war fought between black nationalist guerrillas and the predominantly white Rhodesian government during the 1960s and 1970s—the Rhodesian Bush War, or Second Chimurenga.

The concept is also occasionally used in reference to the land reform programme undertaken by the Government of Zimbabwe since 2000, which some call a Third Chimurenga. Proponents of land reform regard it as the final phase in what they hold to be the liberation of Zimbabwe through economic and agrarian reforms intended to empower indigenous people.

The expression is also used in context with modern Zimbabwean music, Chimurenga music.

First Chimurenga
The First Chimurenga is now celebrated in Zimbabwe as the First War of Independence. It is also known in the English speaking world as the Second Matabele War. This conflict refers to the 1896–1897 Ndebele-Shona revolt against the British South Africa Company's administration of the territory.

Mlimo, the Matabele spiritual/religious leader, is credited with fomenting much of the anger that led to this confrontation. He convinced the Ndebele and Shona that the white settlers (almost 4,000 strong by then) were responsible for the drought, locust plagues and the cattle disease rinderpest ravaging the country at the time. Mlimo's call to battle was well timed. Only a few months earlier, the British South Africa Company's Administrator General for Matabeleland, Leander Starr Jameson, had sent most of his troops and armaments to fight the Transvaal Republic in the ill-fated Jameson Raid. This left the country's defences in disarray. The Ndebele began their revolt in March 1896.

In June 1896, Mashaykuma led the uprising of the Zezuru Shona people located to the South West of the capital Salisbury. Mashayamombe worked with the local spiritual leader Kagubi,and during this period a British farmer Norton and his wife were killed at Porta Farm in Norton.

The third phase of the First Chimurenga was joined by the Hwata Dynasty of Mazoe. They succeeded in driving away the British settlers from their lands on 20 June 1896. Three months later,the British South Africa Police regrouped and establish control over the Hwata people after their Mambo (King) Hwata surrendered together with his spirit medium, Nehanda Nyakasikana. Hwata and Nehanda Nyakasikana were sentenced to death and executed.

Mlimo was eventually assassinated in his temple in Matobo Hills by the American scout Frederick Russell Burnham. Upon learning of the death of Mlimo, Cecil Rhodes boldly walked unarmed into the native's stronghold and persuaded the Impi to lay down their arms. The First Chimurenga thus ended on October 1897. Matabeleland and Mashonaland were unified under company rule and named Southern Rhodesia.

Second Chimurenga (1966–1979)
The Second Chimurenga, also known as the Rhodesian Bush War or the Zimbabwe Liberation War, refers to the guerrilla war of 1966–1979 which led to the end of white-minority rule in Rhodesia and to the de jure independence of Zimbabwe. Black nationalist politicians have always regarded Rhodesia as a British colony that paid allegiance to the British crown with British courts having appellate jurisdiction over Rhodesia. Its physical manifestation was, however, as a conflict between the predominantly white minority government, headed by Ian Smith, and the black nationalist movememnts of ZANU (mainly Shona) and ZAPU (mainly Ndebele), respectively led by Robert Mugabe and Joshua Nkomo.

Black nationalist perspective
This conflict is seen by the majority of Zimbabwean citizens, the present day Zimbabwean Government and the official Movement for Democratic Change opposition as a war of national liberation from colonialism and racism. At the time of the conflict, the Zimbabwe African National Union (ZANU) and the Zimbabwe African People's Union (ZAPU) held this view, as well as the British government, the Organisation for African Unity, the United Nations, the People's Republic of China, the Warsaw Pact, and many members of the Commonwealth of Nations such as Canada, India, Ghana and New Zealand.

Rhodesian government perspective
At the time, however, the Rhodesian government saw the conflict as a fight between one part of the country's population (the minority whites) on behalf of the whole country, including the blacks against another, externally financed party, made up of what it saw as black radicals and communists, in defence of the country and of claimed Western ideals. While the nationalists claimed to represent the majority black Shona and Ndebele population, the Rhodesian administration saw the traditional chiefs as the legitimate voice of the Shona and Ndebele peoples and the nationalists as dangerous usurpers.

In music
Chimurenga also refers to a style of music first branded by Thomas Mapfumo, who mixed indigenous African rhythmic patterns and instruments such as Mbira (thumb piano), drums, gourd rattles with Western styles (electric guitar) in songs that achieved wide popularity among the protest movement against white minority rule. Today the term Chimurenga music refers to popular Shona music from Zimbabwe.