Yeprem Khan

Yefrem Khan (Եփրեմ Խան; 1868 – 1912), born Yeprem Davidian (Եփրեմ Դավթյան, ), was an Iranian Armenian revolutionary leader and a leading figure in the Constitutional Revolution of Iran. He is considered a national hero in Iran.

Early life
Yeprem Khan was born to an Armenian family in the village of Barsum (Բարսում), located in Elisabethpol (Ganja) Governorate of the Russian Empire (located in present-day Azerbaijan).

As a youth, Yeprem participated in Armenian nationalist groups and partisan activities against the Ottoman Empire. In September 1890, Yeprem was arrested by the Russian Cossacks and exiled to Siberia by 1892, from where he managed to escape to Tabriz in 1896. While in Tabriz, he began working for the Armenian Revolutionary Federation (ARF Dashnaktsutiun), whose activity in Persia was primarily directed against the Ottoman Empire, and established its local branches in Tabriz and Rasht.

Revolutionary
Yeprem was highly instrumental in the Iranian Constitutional Revolution, and, by 1907, convinced ARF to participate in it. After the Persian national parliament was shelled by the Russian Colonel Vladimir Liakhov, Yeprem Khan joined up with Sattar Khan and other revolutionary leaders in the Constitutional Revolution of Iran against Mohammad Ali Shah Qajar.

In October 1908, during Tabriz resistance, Yeprem Khan formed a secret Sattar Committee (in honor of Sattar Khan ) in Rasht, and established contacts with Social Democrats, Social Revolutionaries, and the ARF in the Caucasus. Reinforced by 35 Georgians and twenty Armenians from Baku, Yeprem captured Rasht and then implanted his red flag on the town hall of Anzali. Further reinforced by Mohammad Vali Sepahdar, the main landed magnate of the Caspian provinces and former Qajar commander, Yeprem Khan marched his forces of Caucasian guerillas and Mazandarani peasants towards Tehran, which he entered in July 1909. After the capture of Tehran, Mohammad Ali Shah Qajar fled from his palace to the Russian Embassy. On the same day, the Iranian Parliament set in an extraordinary meeting to replace Mohammad Ali Shah Qajar in favor of his son Ahmad Shah Qajar. On 10 September 1909, Mohammad Ali Shah Qajar left the Russian Embassy and went into exile in Odessa in Russia (today part of Ukraine).

Police chief in Iran
On 30 July 1909, the Second National Assembly (Parliament) of Iran, appointed Yeprem Khan as the police chief of Tehran. After becoming the police chief of Tehran he restored order in the city and made various reforms to the police force. In 1910 he became chief police of all Iran. He further split from revolutionaries, when in 1910, Sattar Khan, a hero of the civil war, refused to obey the government order to disarm. After a brief but violent confrontation at Atabek Park in Tehran, Yeprem Khan, using Shah's army and police forces, disarmed Sattar Khan. In 1911 Mohammad Ali Shah Qajar plotted his return to power from Odessa. He later landed at Astarabad, Iran, but his forces were defeated by Yeprem. Mohammad Ali Shah then fled to Russia, then in 1920 to Constantinople and later to San Remo, Italy, where he died five years later on April 1925 (he was buried in Karbala, Iraq).

Yeprem Khan was killed on 19 May 1912 while he was trying to rescue one of his comrades in a battle in the Kermanshah Province. He was killed by some of Mohammad Ali Shah Qajar's loyal troops who remained in Iran.

Legacy
Yeprem Khan is today along with many important figures like Sattar Khan considered a national hero of Iran. He is also praised by Iranian historians such as Ahmad Kasravi. There exists a popular Armenian patriotic song dedicated to the memory and deeds of Yeprem Khan.