Brakemine

Brakemine was an early surface-to-air missile (SAM) development project carried out in the United Kingdom during World War II. Brakemine used a beam riding guidance system developed at A.C. Cossor, while REME designed the testbed airframes. Trial launches were carried out between 1944 and 1945, and the effort wound down as the war ended. Although Brakemine would never be used in its original form, its use of the "twist-and-steer" guidance method would later be used on the much more capable Bristol Bloodhound. A single Brakemine survives in the REME Museum.

History
Brakemine was the result of two independently developed versions of the beam riding guidance system concept. In 1942, Captain Sedgfield of the Royal Electrical and Mechanical Engineers (REME) wrote a technical paper on the concept. In 1943, L. H. Bedford, director of research at A.C. Cossor, independently developed the same idea while on a long train ride.

The filing of two similar concepts led to a conference at the headquarters of Anti-Aircraft Command, attended by Sir Frederick Pile and Brigadier J.A.E. Burls, Chief Mechanical Engineer of AA Command (and inventor of the Pile Platform). A follow-up meeting started planning for a number of committees to study development of the concept, but worried that this would lead to lengthy delays, Burls decided to allow Cossor a free hand to develop the guidance system while (now) Major Sedgfield would handle rocket development at the AA Command's workshops at Park Royal. Development began in February 1944.

The Brakemine missile developed as a simple cylindrical airframe with an ogive nosecone, small elliptical wings mounted near the center of gravity, and four small fins at the rear. The missile was powered by eight solid rockets taken from the existing Unrotated Projectile anti-aircraft rocket (also used on the RP-3). Later models used six rockets. Its flight was controlled using the "twist-and-steer" method where the main wings would first rotate in opposite directions to rotate in the direction of the maneuver, and then in the same direction to provide lift and change its course.

A launcher consisting of a rail mounted to an QF 3.7 inch AA gun traversal mechanism was built at Walton-on-the-Naze and test firings started in September 1944. This pre-dates the Fairey Stooge, and is the first launch of an anti-aircraft missile of British design. Early tests resulted in numerous failures, but as the missiles fell into the ocean they could be retrieved for study and the flaws corrected. As the missile aerodynamics improved and the failure rate dropped, further launches were fit with the guidance system, although they were not turned on. A total of 20 of these early designs were built and flown, shots 11 through 20 with the guidance system installed.

At this point an improved missile body was introduced, and launches of the fully operational system took place. This was guided using the Radar, A.A. No. 3 Mk. 7 "Blue Cedar", a version of the A.A. No. 3 with a lock-on function. A proximity fuse was ready for use, but a warhead was never tested. When the war in Europe ended in the midst of testing, the Army lost interest in the project. It was, at this time, the best-developed missile system in Britain.

Further development was taken up by the Ministry of Supply (MoS), who also took over development of the competing Stooge. The MoS moved the project to their rocket testing facilities at RAF Aberporth in Wales, but no further launches took place. The dozen existing Stooge test airframes were fired from Aberporth before that program also ended. Further development on both projects ended in favour of the much more powerful English Electric Thunderbird, which had little in common with either project.

Brakemine would have one lasting influence on British missile development, however. The MoS was interested in a much more capable design with altitude performance to 40,000 feet (12,000 m) and selected Brakemine's twist-and-steer maneuvering system as the basis for this greatly improved LOPGAP design developed, ironically, by Fairey. Over time these early developments culminated in the Bristol Bloodhound, which competed with the Thunderbird.

Description
The surviving Brakemine missile at the REME museum is about 8 feet long, 2 feet in diameter. Two wide-chord elliptical wings are mounted on either side just below the center of the missile. Much smaller rectangular fins are at the extreme rear of the airframe. The launcher consisted of a bridgework placed on the gun mounting, with two rails on top of the bridgework. The missile fuselage rode in the gap between the rails, with the rockets wrapped around the fuselage and falling away after launch.