Improvised artillery in the Syrian Civil War

Improvised artillery in the Syrian Civil War are improvised firearms created and used by Opposition forces during the Syrian Civil War. The weapons include the Hell Cannon and its variants, the Thunder Cannon and the Mortar Cannon. The weapons have been criticized for being inaccurate.

Hell cannon
The hell cannon (Arabic: مدفع جهنم) is a general name used to describe a class of mortar-like improvised firearms in-use by insurgent forces during the Syrian Civil War, mainly in the Aleppo area. It was first noted in 2013 and a number of home-made cannon variants have appeared in Syria since.

History
The Jahannam (Hell) Cannon was first manufactured in 2012 in the Idlib countryside, by the insurgent group Ahrar al-Shamal Brigade. It was specifically designed for shelling the town of al-Foua. It was manufactured at a plant owned by Abu Adnan al-Idlibi in the town of Binnish. Manufacture of the cannon moved to Aleppo after Khaled al-Hayani – leader of the Martyrs of Badr Battalions – appropriated the design. It was first noted by the press in May 2013, by Brown Moses.

The Hell Cannon and its variants (see below) were manufactured by elements of the FSA in and around Aleppo in re-purposed manufacturing businesses that had the tools and materials available. As ISIL became more powerful in the region, it negotiated with the local arms makers for making the projectiles and a grassroots weapons industry began to emerge. Some of the arms makers moved to al-Bab and Manbij after ISIL was expelled from Aleppo. The most famous was Abdo al-Hiriatany, nicknamed 'Karo the Armenian'.

According to journalist Basel Dayoub in Al Akhbar:
 * In Aleppo, the Hell Cannon is associated with one of the most famous fighters in Anadan, named Jamil Kadour, who had close ties with Khaled Hayani. Kadour went from being an auto mechanic to booby-trapping vehicles and repairing weapons, then to manufacturing bombs and cannons. He was killed by ISIS members and his body was found in a mass grave at the Institute of Electricity near Haritan. An opposition source said Kadour was killed because he refused to work with ISIS outside Anadan, demanded exorbitant prices for repairing weapons and equipping the Hell Cannon and preferred to manufacture arms for their arch-enemy, Khaled Hayani.

Although invented in the Idlib countryside, the hell cannon is primarily used in the Aleppo area for urban warfare. The cannons medium range (about 1.5 kilometers) requires the enemy to be nearby, but also for the cannon to remain hidden from counter fire due to it being unarmored. Thus the Hell Canon is vulnerable in the open countryside but in cities a combination of close quarter fighting and the ability to hide behind walls and buildings give it an advantage.

Jahannam (Hell) Cannon
The cannon barrel is about 3 feet long, mounted on wheels and towed. It is muzzle loaded. Explosive powder such as ammonium nitrate is first dropped into the muzzle and ramrodded with a wooden stick.

The projectile is a re-purposed gas cylinder filled with explosives and shrapnel (the payload). Welded to the payload is about a 2 foot metal tube (the tail) about the same circumference as the cannon's muzzle. The full length of the tail is inserted into the muzzle, forming a tight seal inside the cannon. The payload remains outside the muzzle but still attached to the tail now inside the cannon. When the cannon is fired, the force of the explosion takes the path of least resistance pushing the projectile towards the target at high velocity. Flight stabilizing fins which are part of the tail ensemble ensure the cylinder doesn't tumble.

The projectile weighs up to about 88 pounds with three quarters of the weight as explosives. The projectile reportedly has a range of 1.5 kilometers.

There are believed to be 20 such cannons as of December 2014.

Unnamed variation #1
An (as yet) unnamed variation uses a projectile similar to the hell cannon (a blue gas cylinder) but the tail fins form a flat base. The entire projectile is inserted into a larger diameter cannon, which is the maximum diameter of the projectile. [see image].

Jahim (Hellfire) Cannon
The Hell Cannon was followed by the Jahim (Hellfire) Cannon in 2013. This model can fire large ordinance such as water heaters or oxygen cylinders weighing as much as 661 pounds. It was first used in Aleppo's Ashrafieh neighborhood and was also used to attack the Citadel of Aleppo.

Quad Hell Cannon
A quad hell cannon fired four Hell Cannons at once. However, the model was reportedly no longer manufactured after it was bombed by a military helicopter during the battle of Ard al-Hamra. However, an April 2015 video showed a quad hell cannon being used by the Levant Front in the province of Aleppo, in the village of ar. It was mounted on a front-loading earth mover. [see video]

Bureij Hell Cannon
In March 2015, a 7 barrel hell cannon appeared. It is named the Bureij after a Palestinian refugee camp in Gaza.

Thunder cannon
In April 2015, pictorial evidence of the Thunder Cannon became available. The projectile is an empty 100mm shell casing from a T-55 tank that has been re-purposed.

Mortar cannon
In April 2015, video of Division 16 in Aleppo showed them using an improvised cannon that fired a mortar round. A metal tube with one end closed is the cannon barrel. The projectile is a factory-made mortar round. The round is placed into the barrel and it is laid horizontally such as out the opening of a window. On launch, the otherwise unattached barrel flies backwards from the recoil of the mortar.

Compressed air cannon
In June 2015, video was posted showing a large compressed air cannon in Deraa operated by Ahrar al-Sham.

Improvised rocket
In June 2015, a group in Darra launched a large homemade rocket onto SAA positions.

Critics
According to the Britain-based Syrian Observatory for Human Rights, as of December 2014, hell cannons are "wildly inaccurate" and have killed over 300 civilians, most of them in Aleppo.