Closed bolt

A semi or full-automatic firearm which is said to fire from a closed bolt is one where, when ready to fire, a round is in the chamber and the bolt and working parts are forward. When the trigger is pulled the firing pin or striker fires the round, the action is cycled by the energy of the shot sending the bolt to the rear which extracts and ejects the empty cartridge case, the bolt then goes forward feeding a fresh round from the magazine into the chamber, ready for the next shot.

When World War I era machine guns were being tried for use on aircraft, the Lewis gun was found not to be usable with a gun synchronizer for forward firing through the propeller, due to its firing cycle starting with an open bolt. The Maxim style arms used by both the Allies, as the Vickers machine gun and Central Powers, as both the LMG 08 and LMG 08/15 Spandau gun, and Parabellum LMG 14 gun, all fired with a cycle starting with a closed bolt, and since the bullet firing from the gun started the firing cycle, it was much easier to set the synchronizer to only trigger the gun when the propeller's blade was not in front of the gun.

Advantages

 * More accurate for the first round and for semi automatic fire:
 * No movement of working parts to inhibit accuracy.
 * Round sits consistently in the chamber.
 * The action remaining closed the majority of the time prevents foreign debris from entering the gun.
 * Potentially shorter delay between operator pulling the trigger and round being fired (also known as lock time).
 * Action can be locked forward to further reduce noise in a suppressed weapon.
 * Can carry an additional round in the chamber, increasing ammunition capacity beyond the magazine's limit.

Disadvantages

 * More complicated and expensive to manufacture.
 * Less heat dissipation from closed chamber. (Increased danger of cooking off)

Closed-bolt firearms

 * MP5
 * M2 Browning Machine Gun
 * Vickers Machine Gun
 * M16 Rifle
 * Steyr AUG
 * FN F2000
 * Mendoza HM-3

Mixed mode firearms

 * FG42
 * FN SCAR - Heat Adaptive Modular Rifle
 * LWRC Infantry Automatic Rifle - M6A4
 * M1941 Johnson machine gun