Hawker Siddeley P.139B

The Hawker Siddeley P.139B was a proposed airborne early warning aircraft intended to operate from aircraft carriers of the Royal Navy. The P.139B formed part of the a major equipment procurement plan for the RN in the 1960s intended to give the service a force of new, modern carriers capable of operating air groups consisting of equally modern aircraft. However, cuts in defence spending by the British Government in the mid-1960s meant that these proposals never came to fruition.

Background
The early 1960s was the zenith of carrier operation for the Royal Navy, as it operated a total of five aircraft carriers, all with air groups consisting of what were then the most modern carrier aircraft available. However, despite significant modernisation programmes to try and ensure that the Royal Navy could keep pace, the speed of aircraft development, which led to carrier based aircraft increasing in size. Owing to the relatively small size of the Royal Navy's aircraft carriers, with HMS Eagle (R05) the largest at 55,000 tons, it became necessary for the RN to consider a new generation of aircraft carriers capable of operating new modern aircraft in sufficient numbers to be viable as capable units.

To go with the proposed new aircraft carriers, the Fleet Air Arm planned the procurement of new aircraft to go with them. In terms of fixed wing aviation, the plan involved three separate areas:


 * Air Defence
 * Strike
 * Airborne Early Warning

Airborne Early Warning requirement
In 1959, the FAA had begun to replace the obsolete Skyraider AEW.1 with a version of the Fairey Gannet antisubmarine aircraft that had been heavily modified to serve in the AEW role. However, this was intended only as a stop-gap, as it saw the AN/APS-20 S-Band radar and associated equipment transplanted from the Skyraider to the Gannet. By the time the Gannet was entering service, the AN/APS-20 had been in use for 15 years, having first been developed during the Second World War. As a consequence, by the start of the 1960s it had begun to be superseded by more advanced systems, with the US Navy by then operating the E-1 Tracer with the AN/APS-82 radar, a development of the APS-20 that was ground stabilised and, through its moveable antenna, could determine target height. Even this though was seen as an interim solution, as a new, purpose built aircraft with an advanced pulse doppler radar was already in development.

As the Gannet was intended to have a similarly "interim" status to the E-1 Tracer, the Fleet Air Arm entered into a planned procurement process for an "AEW (Replacement)" platform to eventually supersede the Gannet. The development of the E-2 Hawkeye was a spur to the Royal Navy to begin the development of an equivalent British system that was as capable as the Hawkeye was expected to be. As a consequence, British aerospace and electronics companies were ordered to begin work on a new, purpose built, British AEW platform in 1962.

Design
The P.139B was the result of design work from the former Blackburn Aircraft design team. In 1962, when they set out on the AEW project, they looked primarily at three scanner configurations - a ventral radome, as with the Skyraider and Gannet; a dorsal radome like the E-1 Tracer; and a Fore Aft Scanner System (FASS) that used a pair of radar scanners mounted at the front and rear of the airframe. Having studied all three in detail, it was determined that the FASS was the one that gave the best performance. This led, in 1963, to the P.139 proposal. The P.139 design was not dissimilar to the Lockheed S-3 Viking in being a relatively short, high wing monoplane with a pair of high-bypass turbofan engines under the wings; the wings were planned to be hinged so that they would fold next to the engines. To accommodate the FASS system, the design had a tailplane initially planned as cruciform, before eventually graduating to a full t-tail plan. The plan was for the Frequency Modulated Interrupted Continuous Wave (FMICW) radar system to be installed with a scanner in the nose and one in the tail, giving it a bulbous appearance, which ended up being suspect in wind tunnel tests. The aircraft was also considered for the Carrier Onboard Delivery role, which would have seen the scanners removed, and the nose faired in, while the tail scanner was removed and replaced with a cone shaped freight door to give access to the internal space for freight or passengers.

Cancellation
Owing to the cuts in defence spending that took place during the mid-1960s, it was eventually determined that the development of an entirely British AEW platform for aircraft carriers from scratch was too expensive, and the P.139 project was cancelled in 1964 while the aircraft was still on the drawing board, with the intention of using an existing aircraft design. One proposal was to use the HS.125 with a fixed dorsal radome, similar to that of the E-1 Tracer, while another was to update the Gannet with a new radar system involving a similar configuration to the E-2 Hawkeye. However, the eventual cancellation of the CVA-01 aircraft carrier also led to the cancellation of any kind of new AEW aircraft, leaving the Gannet as the only AEW platform available to the Fleet Air Arm until the final withdrawal of conventional aircraft carriers in 1978.

Following the cancellation of the P.139 project, development of the Fore Aft Scanner System and FMICW radar system was continued to provide the RAF with an AEW capability, as the system was proposed to be installed on the new Nimrod maritime patrol aircraft. Airborne Early Warning capability in the Royal Navy eventually had to pass to helicopters following the final decommissioning of HMS Ark Royal (R09) in 1978, as the subsequent Invincible class was incapable of operating conventional fixed wing aircraft.