December 14, 1998 Albanian–Yugoslav border clashes

On December 14, 1998 the Yugoslav Army (VJ) ambushed a group of 140 Kosovo Liberation Army (KLA) militants attempting to smuggle weapons and supplies from their bases in Albania into the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia. A five-hour battle ensued, ending with the deaths of 36 militants and the capture of a further nine. Dozens more fled back into Albania, abandoning large quantities of weapons and supplies, which were subsequently seized by the Yugoslav authorities. The ambush was the most serious war-related incident in Kosovo since a U.S.-negotiated truce between the VJ and the KLA had taken effect two months before.

Within hours of the ambush, suspected KLA gunmen attacked a Serb-owned café in Peć, killing six unarmed Serb youths. Western diplomats suspected the attack was carried out in retaliation for the ambush, though the KLA denied responsibility. Several days after, Yugoslav authorities handed over the bodies of all but three of the fallen militants, following mediation by the International Committee of the Red Cross. The 33 militants were given hero's funerals in a rebel-held area, in a joint funeral ceremony attended by thousands of ethnic Albanians, including other KLA fighters. In January 1999, the KLA abducted eight VJ personnel, who were later exchanged for the nine militants captured in the ambush.

Background
In 1989, Belgrade abolished self-rule in Serbia's two autonomous provinces, Vojvodina and Kosovo. Kosovo, a province inhabited predominantly by ethnic Albanians, was of great historical and cultural significance to Serbs, who had formed a majority there before the mid-19th century, but by 1990 represented only about 10 percent of the population. Alarmed by their dwindling numbers, the province's Serbs began to fear that they were being "squeezed out" by the Albanians, and ethnic tensions worsened. As soon as Kosovo's autonomy was abolished, a minority government run by Serbs and Montenegrins was appointed by Serbian President Slobodan Milošević to oversee the province, enforced by thousands of heavily armed paramilitaries from Serbia-proper. Albanian-language newspapers, television and radio stations were shut down, as were Albanian-language schools and colleges. All of the Albanian professors at the University of Pristina lost their jobs, as did hundreds of thousands of other Albanians working in state-owned companies.

In 1996, a ragtag group of Albanian nationalists calling themselves the Kosovo Liberation Army (KLA) began attacking the Yugoslav Army (Vojska Jugoslavije; VJ) and the Serbian Ministry of Internal Affairs (Ministarstvo unutrašnjih poslova; MUP) in Kosovo, with the goal of separating the province from the rest of Yugoslavia, which by then was just a rump federation consisting of Serbia and Montenegro. At first, the KLA carried out hit-and-run attacks—31 in 1996, 55 in 1997, and 66 in January and February 1998 alone. It quickly gained popularity among young Kosovo Albanians, many of whom rejected the non-violent resistance to Yugoslav authorities advocated by the politician Ibrahim Rugova and favoured a more aggressive approach. The organization received a significant boost in 1997, when an armed uprising in neighbouring Albania led to thousands of weapons from the Albanian Army's depots being looted. Many of these weapons ended up in the hands of the KLA, which already had substantial resources due its involvement in the trafficking of drugs, weapons and people, as well as through donations from the Albanian diaspora. The group's popularity skyrocketed after the VJ and MUP attacked the compound of KLA leader Adem Jashari in March 1998, killing him, his closest associates and most of his family. The attack motivated thousands of young Kosovo Albanians to join the ranks of the KLA, fueling the Kosovar uprising that eventually erupted in the spring of 1998.

The Kosovo conflict escalated over the summer of 1998. The KLA increasingly took to smuggling weapons and supplies from Albania across the border into Kosovo. In September, Yugoslav officials stated that 90 militants had been killed while attempting to illegally cross the border since January of that year. The Yugoslav Defense Ministry reported that 947 rifles, 161 light machine guns, 33 mortars, 55 mines, 3,295 hand grenades, and almost 350,000 rounds of ammunition had been confiscated by the VJ and Yugoslav border guards in the same period. In October, Milošević and U.S. envoy Richard Holbrooke reached an agreement to temporarily end the fighting. The agreement came after Holbrooke convinced the KLA to consider negotiations with Belgrade while making it clear to Milošević that failing to find a peaceful solution to the conflict would lead to a NATO bombing campaign against Serbia. By December, over 1,000 people had been killed and more than 300,000 displaced.

Clashes
At around 02:00 on the morning of Monday, December 14, 140 KLA militants tried to illegally cross the Albanian–Yugoslav border between the outposts of Gorožup and Liken, about 70 km west of Pristina. They were coming from a base inside Albania, where they had been training, and the subsequent ambush occurred near the village of Kušnin, just west of Prizren. The militants had been trying to illegally smuggle weapons, ammunition and supplies to be used by KLA fighters in Kosovo. A member of the Kosovo Verification Mission (KVM) told reporters that the militants encountered a Yugoslav sentry post and were attacked by the guards. One of the militants was killed instantly, and the column started retreating back into Albania. As the militants turned back, they were ambushed and another 25 were killed. The bodies of five other militants were soon discovered not far from the site of the ambush, raising the KLA casualty figure to 31. Fighting between the militants and the border guards continued for about five hours. Gunfire and explosions could reportedly be heard in three nearby villages. By the end of the day, a total of 36 militants had been killed, twelve were wounded and a further nine were captured. The militants who were not killed or captured either managed to flee back to Albania or were hiding along the border, according to a KVM monitor. The Yugoslavs reported that they had suffered no casualties, and stated that large quantities of "modern weapons", ammunition and supplies had been seized.

Once the fighting had ended, the VJ took a team of KVM observers to view the bodies and photograph and document the names of the prisoners. Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe (OSCE) observers were also escorted to the site, and reported seeing 31 bodies in KLA uniforms. They identified one woman among the dead, and the KVM stated that another woman was among those that had been captured. A KVM monitor told reporters: "Our initial feelings are that this was a normal military operation ... [and] not a set-up." The reported figure of 36 dead made the ambush the single deadliest war-related incident in Kosovo since the truce took affect two months earlier.

Aftermath
According to Albanian journalists, villages near the site of the ambush remained sealed off by Yugoslav forces for the remainder of the day. That evening, suspected KLA gunmen entered a Serb-owned café in Peć and opened fire on the patrons, killing six Serb youths. Western diplomats suspected that the attack was carried out by the KLA in retribution for the ambush. The KLA denied they were responsible, and the journalist Tim Judah suggests that the attack may have been carried out by a rogue unit. The killings appalled foreign emissaries, and Holbrooke condemned it as an act of terrorism following a five-hour meeting with Milošević the following day. Holbrooke also described the situation in Kosovo as "very grave". Milošević issued a separate statement accusing the international community of failing to prevent attacks on Serb civilians, stating: "The terrorist gangs have not ceased attacking the army, the police, and inhabitants of Kosovo."

The VJ continued pursuing remnants of the rebel group for most of December 15, and foreign reporters noted shelling near the site of the ambush through much of the day. After mediation by the International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC), Yugoslav authorities handed the bodies of 33 militants over to the KLA for burial. The militants were given hero's funerals in the rebel-held village of Poljance, on a field dubbed the "Tomb of Heroes", about 61 km northwest of Pristina. The funerals were attended by several thousand Albanians, including about 500 militants.

The KLA militants captured in the ambush were initially taken to a jail in Prizren, and later transported to a military prison in Niš. On January 8, 1999, the KLA ambushed a convoy carrying rations to VJ personnel stationed in Kosovska Mitrovica, and took eight Yugoslav soldiers hostage. The soldiers were freed in a U.S.-negotiated prisoner exchange five days later. In return, on January 23, Yugoslav authorities freed the nine militants that had been captured in the ambush. Almost simultaneously, the KLA released five elderly Serb civilians that it had taken hostage two days earlier. Yugoslav officials insisted that the two events were not linked. Earlier, the taking of civilian hostages had drawn condemnation from Western diplomats, including the head of the KVM, William Walker, who told reporters: "...I think it was a very unwise and uncivilized thing for them to do to kidnap civilians." Upon being released, the militants alleged that they were mistreated and beaten while in custody, and vowed to avenge the deaths of their fellow fighters.