Friedrich Meinecke

Friedrich Meinecke (October 20, 1862 – February 6, 1954) was a German historian, with Liberal and anti-semitic views. As a representative of an older tradition still writing after World War II he criticized the Nazi regime, but continued to express anti-semitic prejudice In 1948, he helped to found the Free University of Berlin, and remained an important figure to the end of his life.

Life
Meinecke was born in Salzwedel in the Province of Saxony. He was educated at the University of Bonn and the University of Berlin. In 1887-1901 he worked as an archivist at the German State Archives. He served as editor of the journal, Historische Zeitschrift between 1896 and 1935, and was the chairman of the Historische Reichskommission from 1928 to 1935. As a nationalist historian Meinecke didn't care very much for  the desires of peoples in Eastern Europer, and went as far as writing about "raw bestiality of the south Slavs", while favoring German expansionism into the East. During the First World War he advocated moving Polish landowners in the Prussian provinces of West Prussia and Posen (which were acquired from Poland in the course of the Partitions of Poland) to Congress Poland; in addition he proposed German colonization of Courland after the expulsion of its Latvian population. Some authors have likened his views with supporting ethnic cleansing. When German Empire formulated the so-called Polish Border Strip plan-which called for annexation of large swathe of land from Congress Poland and removal of millions of Poles and Jew to make room for German settlers-Meinecke welcomed this vision of mass expulsion of Poles with contentment. Meinecke was best known for his work on 18th-19th century German intellectual and cultural history. The book that made his reputation was his 1908 work Weltbürgertum und Nationalstaat (Cosmopolitanism and the National State), which traced the development of national feelings in the 19th century. Starting with Die Idee der Staatsräson (1924), much of his work concerns the conflict between Kratos (power) and Ethos (morality), and how to achieve a balance between the two.

One of his students was Heinrich Brüning, the future Chancellor. Under the Weimar Republic, Meinecke was an Vernunftsrepublikaner (republican by reason), someone who supported the republic as the least bad alternative. In 1918 he had been one of the founders of the German Democratic Party. Under the Third Reich, he had some sympathy for the regime, especially in regard to its early anti-semitic laws. After 1935, Meinecke fell into a state of semi-disgrace, and was removed as editor of the Historische Zeitschrift. Though Meinecke remained in public a supporter of the Nazi regime, in private he became increasingly bothered by what he regarded as the violence and crudeness of the Nazis. Nevertheless he openly described himself as "antisemitic", and while he was willing to have Jewish friends and colleagues, the Nazi persecution of Jews never bothered him much.

After Nazis invaded Poland in 1939 he praised this event in letter to Siegfred August Kaehler stating "You will also have been delighted by this splendid campaign"

Meinecke's best known book, Die Deutsche Katastrophe (The German Catastrophe) of 1946, sees the historian attempting to reconcile his lifelong belief in authoritarian state power with the disastrous events of 1933-45. His explanation for the success of National Socialism points to the legacy of Prussian militarism in Germany, the effects of rapid industrialisation and the weaknesses of the middle classes, though Meinecke also asserts that Hitlerism benefited from a series of unfortunate accidents, which had no connection with the earlier developments in German history. In the book Meinecke interpreted National Socialism as "alien force occupying Germany", while at the same expressing anti-semitic prejudice towards the Jews. Meinecke claimed that Jews were responsible for their own misfortune and blamed them for fall of liberalism; the German Catastrophe represented two classic themes of antisemitism; resentment based on Jewish economic activities and their alleged "character" In 1948, he helped to found the Free University of Berlin.

British historian E. H. Carr cites him as an example of a historian whose views are heavily influenced by the Zeitgeist: liberal during the German Empire, discouraged during the interwar period, and deeply pessimistic after World War II.

Works

 * Das Leben des Generalfeldmarschalls Hermann von Boyen (2 volumes, 1896–1899) (The Life of Field Marshal Hermann von Boyen)
 * Das Zeitalter der deutschen Erhebung, 1795-1815 (1906) (The Coming of Age of Germany)
 * Weltbürgertum und Nationalstaat: Studien zur Genesis des deutschen Nationalstaates (1908) (Cosmopolitanism and the Nationstate: Studies in the Beginning of the German Nationstates)
 * Radowitz und die deutsche Revolution (1913) (Radowitz and the German Revolution)
 * Die Idee der Staatsräson in der neueren Geschichte (1924) (The Idea of Reason of State in Modern History)
 * Geschichte des deutsch-englischen Bündnisproblems, 1890-1901 (1927) (The History of German-English Partnership Problems)
 * Staat und Persönlichkeit (1933) (State and Personality)
 * Die Entstehung des Historismus (2 volumes, 1936) (Historism: The Rise of a New Historical Outlook)
 * Die deutsche Katastrophe: Betrachtungen und Erinnerungen (1946) (The German Catastrophe: Contemplations and Recollections)
 * 1848: Eine Säkularbetrachtung (1948) (1848: The Year in Review)
 * Werke (9 volumes, 1957–1979) (Works)