Vehicular assault as a terrorist tactic

Vehicle ramming as a terrorism tactic is a form of suicide attack in which a terrorist deliberately rams a motor vehicle into a building or crowd of people.

21st century increase
The use of a motor vehicle as a murder weapon has long been known both in reality and in crime fiction, and there have been vehicle rampages in which an angry or disturbed individual used a car to attack an institution or attack a group of pedestrians, the 21st century has seen a rise in ramming attacks carried out as acts of terrorism by individuals committed to an ideology. Canadian columnist Andrew Coyne describes the phenomenon as a form of "micro-terrorism," and argues that Canadians "had better get used to... the baffling phenomenon of the homegrown terrorist... who for whatever reason takes it into his head to kill any number of his fellow citizens in the service of his cause."

Causes propelling rise of tactic
According to the American Federal Bureau of Investigation, the tactic has gained popularity  because, "Vehicle ramming offers terrorists with limited access to explosives or weapons an opportunity to conduct a Homeland attack with minimal prior training or experience." Counterterrorism researcher Daveed Gartenstein-Ross of the Foundation for the Defense of Democracies told Slate that the tactic has been on the rise in Israel because, "the security barrier is fairly effective, which makes it hard to get bombs into the country." In 2010 Inspire, the online, English-language magazine produced by al-Qaida in the Arabian Peninsula urged jihadis to choose "pedestrian only" locations and make sure to gain speed before ramming their vehicles into the crowd in order to "achieve maximum carnage". Similarly, in 2014, ISIS called on Muslims to kill non-Muslims and Westerners, "The best thing you can do is to strive to your best and kill any disbeliever, whether he be French, American or from any of their allies."

Vehicle attacks can be carried out by Lone wolf terrorists who are inspired by an ideology, but who are not actually working within a specific political movement or group. Writing in The Daily Beast, Jacob Siegel suggests that Couture-Rouleau may be "the kind of terrorist the West could be seeing a lot more of in the future," a kind that he describes, following Brian Jenkins of the Rand Corporation, as "stray dogs," rather than lone wolves, characterizing them as "misfits" who are "who are moved from seething anger to spontaneous deadly action" by exposure to Islamist propaganda.

According to Clint Watts, of the Foreign Policy Research Institute where he is a senior fellow and expert on terrorism, the older model where members of groups like Al Qaeda would “plan and train together before going to carry out an attack, became defunct around 2005," due to increased surveillance by Western security agencies. Watts says that Anwar al-Awlaki, the American born al Qaeda imam, as a key figure in this shift, addressing English-speakers in their own language and urging them to "Do your own terrorism and stay in place."

Jamie Bartlett, who heads of "Violence and Extremism Program" at Demos, a British think tank, explains that “the internet in the last few years has both increased the possibilities and the likelihood of lone-wolf terrorism," supplying isolated individuals with ideological motivation and technique. For authorities in Western countries, the difficulty is that even in a case line that of the perpetrator of the 2014 Saint-Jean-sur-Richelieu ramming attack, where Canadian police had identified the attacker, taken away his passport, and were working with his family and community to steer him away from jihad, vehicle attacks can be hard to prevent because, “it’s very difficult to know exactly what an individual is planning to do before a crime is committed. We cannot arrest someone for thinking radical thoughts; it’s not a crime in Canada.” According to Stratfor, the American global intelligence firm, "while not thus far as deadly as suicide bombing", this tactic could prove more difficult to prevent. No single group has claimed responsibility for the incidents. Experts see a sort of saving grace in the ignorance and incompetence of most lone wolf terrorists, who often manage to murder very few people.

Protective measures
On October 23, 2014 the National Institute of Building Sciences updated it Building Design Guideline on Crash-and Attack-Resistant Models of bollards, a guideline written to help professionals design bollards to protect facilities form vehicle operators, "who plan or carry out acts of property destruction, incite terrorism, or cause the deaths of civilian, industrial or military populations" The American Bar Association recommends bollards to protect against vehicle ramming attacks.

Security bollards are credited with minimizing damage and casualties in the 2007 Glasgow International Airport attack. Security bollards are credited with preventing ramming in the 2014 Alon Shvut stabbing attack, leading the terrorist to abandon his car and attack pedestrians waiting at a bus stop with a knife, instead of running them over.

List of vehicle ramming terrorist attacks

 * Mohammed Reza Taheri-azar SUV attack 2006, University of North Carolina
 * Omeed Aziz Popal SUV rampage 2006, California
 * 2007 Glasgow International Airport attack Scotland
 * 2008 Jerusalem vehicular attack Israel
 * 2008 Jerusalem bulldozer attack Israel
 * 2009 attack on the Dutch Royal Family The Netherlands
 * 2011 Tel Aviv nightclub attack
 * 2014 Jerusalem tractor attack Israel
 * 2014 Saint-Jean-sur-Richelieu ramming attack Canada
 * October 2014 Jerusalem vehicular attack Israel
 * November 2014 Jerusalem vehicular attack Israel