Sefer Halilović

Sefer Halilović (born 6 January 1952) is a former general and commanding officer of the Army of the Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina during the 1992–95 war in Bosnia and Herzegovina. In 2001, he was indicted for war crimes by the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia and acquitted in 2005. Today he is a prominent politician in Bosnia and Herzegovina.

Pre-war life
Halilović was born in Taševo, a hamlet in the Prijepolje municipality in the Sandžak geographical region of Serbia, then Yugoslavia. He attended the military academy in Belgrade in 1971 for three years and in 1975 he attended the military school in Zadar where he became an Officer in the Yugoslav People's Army (JNA). From 1980 until the war he served in Vinkovci as Army security officer. On 31 August 1990 he went to Belgrade and attended a two-year course at the school for commanders.

When he left the People's Army in September 1991 he was a professional military officer and held the rank of Major. He returned to Bosnia and Herzegovina, created the Patriotic League and planned the defense of the country.

War years
On 25 May 1992 he was appointed by the Presidency of Bosnia and Herzegovina (RBiH) as Commander of the Territorial Defence (TO) Staff of the RBiH, replacing Hasan Efendić, becoming the most senior Military Commander of the armed forces of the RBiH.

From his appointment in May to early July, while the TO evolved into an Army, Halilović also acted as a member of the War Presidency. After July 1992, he functioned as the Chief of the General Staff of the Army of the Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina. On 18 August 1992, the Presidency formed five corps of the ABiH with Halilović as Chief of the Supreme Command Staff / Chief of the Main Staff. On 8 June 1993, a new position was created, Commander of the Supreme Command Staff. Rasim Delić filled this post. Between 18 July 1993 to 1 November 1993, he held the post of Deputy Commander of the Supreme Command Staff of the ARBiH as well as Chief of the Supreme Command Staff.

After a meeting in Zenica on 20-21 August 1993, Rasim Delić appointed him Head of an Inspection Team. At that same meeting he urged his fellow officers to prioritize the disciplining of BH soldiers. He was quoted as saying; "When are we going to start shooting people for not following orders"?

Assassination attempt
During the war Halilović ran afoul of the political leaders of Bosnia who in turn were likely responsible for the failed attempt on Halilović's life. On 7 July 1993 at 14:10h Halilović's flat was bombed using a remote detonated explosive device. While Halilović, his son and daughter were not killed, his wife Mediha and her brother Edin Rondić died. Rondić appeared on the balcony in a military uniform at the same time that Halilović came home for lunch with his family. The assassins likely mistook Rondić for Halilović and detonated the device.

The assassin was a member of the State Security Service or SDB-s secret group for liquidation and their commander was Nedzad Ugljen, also the director of SDB.

War crimes indictment
Before his indictment Halilović was a government minister in the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina and the leader of his own political party, the Bosnian-Herzegovinian Patriotic Party-Sefer Halilović and was known for his vocal criticism of Bosnian president Alija Izetbegović. He was indicted by the International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia on 30 July 2001. He voluntarily surrendered on 25 September 2001 and plead not guilty two days later. Halilović was on a provisional release from 13 December 2001 until the beginning of the trial and from 5 September 2005 until 14 November 2005.

Charge
Halilović was indicted on the basis of superior criminal responsibility (Article 7(3) of the Statute of the Tribunal) and charged with one count of violation of the laws and customs of war (Article 3 – murder). The massacre he was accused of being responsible for took place in villages of Grabovica and Uzdol in September 1993. The ICTY prosecutors claimed that he was leader of Operation Neretva '93 which was conducted by the ARBiH in the area.

Trial
The trial against Sefer Halilović began on 31 January 2005. The Prosecution completed its case on 2 June. There were 39 prosecution witnesses and two witness statements. The Trial Chamber admitted 287 exhibits tendered into evidence by the prosecution. The defence case commenced on June 27 and lasted until 14 July 2005. There were three defence witnesses and twelve witness statements. The parties made their closing arguments on 30 and 31 August 2005. The Trial Chamber admitted 207 exhibits tendered into evidence by the defence. Halilović's defence claimed at the time of the murders that he had been removed from command time and no longer a commander with the relevant responsibility, but a notional inspector without proper authority.

Sefer's lawyer, Faruk Balijagić, claims that Rasim Delić, along with Fikret Muslimović, and Bakir Alispahić ordered Sefer's failed assassination which was attempted by two members of the secret state security group known as "Seve", and their commander Nedzad Ugljen, also the director of the state security service or SDB. While Sefer was not killed, his wife Mediha and her brother Edin Rondić were murdered.

Faruk further alleges that Alija Izetbegović, the former president of Bosnia-Herezegovina and Delić's boss, attempted to discredit Halilović by framing him for the Neretva 93 massacre through mostly false documents provided by the security service bosses and directors: Munir Alibabić (SBD boss), Fikret Muslimović (SVB boss), Nedžad Ugljen (commander of "Seve" and director of SDB), Jusuf Jasarević (SVB boss), Enver Mujezinović (SDB in Sarajevo boss) and Bakir Alispahić(minister of MUP). Faruk tried to prove that the secret service agents bribed numerous witnesses for false account of what actually took place and that Halilović is simply a scapegoat. Halilović's recently published book "Cunning Strategy" details his side of the story.

Verdict and appeals
On 16 November 2005, Halilović was acquitted on all charges and released. The Court found that, while murders considered war crimes did occur at those places, Halilović did not have command authority, being only an inspector, and that he cannot be considered responsible for them. The prosecution appealed the verdict. On 16 October 2007 the appeals chamber ruled against the prosecution appeal and confirmed the acquittal verdict rendered almost two years earlier by the trial chamber.

Other
In 1996 Halilović founded his own political party the Bosnian-Herzegovinian Patriotic Party-Sefer Halilović. In 1997 Halilović published his memoir Lukava Strategija (Cunning Strategy). He served as the Minister of Refugees and Displaced Persons in the government of the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina between 1998 and 2001. In 2005 Halilović's son, Semir, published a book Državna Tajna which described some of the events which shaped wartime Bosnia. In April 2006 Semir Halilović was accosted and threatened with death by one of the people whom the book cast in a bad light, Ramiz Delalić (now deceased), who was also a prosecution witness during his father's trial. On 1 October 2006 Sefer Halilović was elected to a four year term in the Parliamentary Assembly of Bosnia and Herzegovina. He is reportedly fluent in Russian.