Red Spear Society

The Red Spear Society (Hongqiang Hui) began as a rural self-defense movement in Henan, Hebei, and Shandong in northern China during the Warlord Era in the 1920s. These were local groups of small-holders and tenant farmers organized to defend villages against roaming bandits, warlords, tax collectors or later Chinese communists or Japanese. For most of the Republic of China period in China the Red Spear Society posed a challenge to government control in North China. They were similar in nature to the Big Swords Society

Because of a large immigration to places like Northeast China to escape the chaos in North China they were also active in Manchuria forming part of the Anti-Japanese Volunteer Armies resisting the Japanese establishment of Manchukuo in 1932.

In Manchuria members of the brotherhood were described as, as "primitive-minded people" that placed their faith in rustic magics and belief in the righteous character's Heavenly reward. Red Spear bodies formed in the countryside round Harbin, were in many cases led by Buddhist monks as they went into battle, with themselves and their weapons decorated with magic inscriptions similar to the earlier Boxer rebels. The color red was used as it was believed to offer them protection against disaster.

Some Society members were won over and absorbed by the Chinese Red Army during the Second Sino-Japanese War or by the People's Liberation Army in the Chinese Civil War. In 1953 the Communist Party of China government launched a suppression campaign against Hui-Dao-Men ("Societies-Ways-Brotherhoods"), eradicating them from the Chinese mainland. Some of their offshoots have reappeared, reintroduced by Chinese adherents who live overseas.