Battle of Hartville

The Battle of Hartville was fought January 9–11, 1863, in Wright County, Missouri, as part of John S. Marmaduke's first expedition into Missouri, during the American Civil War.

Background
Marmaduke led a Confederate raid into Missouri in early January 1863. This movement was two-pronged. Col. Joseph C. Porter led one column, comprising his Missouri Cavalry Brigade, out of Pocahontas, Arkansas, to assault Union posts around Hartville, Missouri. When he neared Hartville on January 9, he sent a detachment forward to reconnoiter. It succeeded in capturing the small militia garrison. The same day, Porter moved toward Marshfield. On January 10, some of Porter's men raided other Union installations in the area before making contact with Marmaduke's column east of Marshfield. Marmaduke had received reports of Union troops approaching to surround him and prepared for a confrontation.

On January 10, Col. Samuel Merrill commanded an approaching Union relief column from Houston, Missouri. He and his command arrived in Hartville that morning, discovered that the small garrison had already surrendered, and set out toward Springfield. His force went into camp on Wood's Fork of the Gasconade River. Early on the morning of January 11 the approaching Confederates under Porter made contact with Merrill's scouts and skirmishing commenced.

Battle
Marmaduke believed he was being pressed by several forces, so he diverted Porter and Shelby's columns along another road to Hartville. Meanwhile, observing this movement, Merrill marched his force directly to Hartville where it took a strong defensive position on covered, high ground west of the courthouse. Shelby and Porter's brigades attempted to dislodge Merrill's force, but it was too strongly positioned. Over a four-hour period several Confederate assaults were made, each being repulsed in turn. Eventually Merrill withdrew most of his force, although a third of the men under Lt. Col Dunlap never received the order and remained on the field until nightfall.

Aftermath
Elements of both sides observed the other withdrawing from the field as night approached, and both claimed victory as a result. The real results were mixed. From the Union command's perspective they had repulsed Marmaduke's assaults inflicting heavy casualties, but the Federals had been forced to leave the field. From the Confederate perspective Marmaduke had united his force and secured his line of withdrawal. He set up a field hospital in town and could claim to control the field briefly. However, he was compelled to make a rapid retreat into Arkansas and then an arduous trek to winter camp. Additionally, the frontal assaults had resulted in the death or mortal wounding of several senior CSA officers including: brigade commander Col. Joseph C. Porter, Col. Emmett MacDonald, Lt. Col. John Wimer, and Major George R. Kirtley.

The raid itself caused great disruption of Federal forces in the region and a number of small outposts had been overrun, destroyed, or abandoned. However, the other major objective, the depot at Springfield, remained in Union hands. The successful escape of the raiding party did foreshadow the vulnerability of Federal Missouri to fast-moving expeditions.

Order of battle
Union: Colonel S. Merrill
 * 99th Illinois Infantry - Lt. Col. Lemuel Parke
 * 21st Iowa Infantry - Lt. Col. C.W. Dunlap (w)
 * 3rd Iowa Cavalry (detachment)- Maj. George Duffield
 * 3rd Missouri Cavalry (detachment) - Capt. Thomas G. Black
 * 2nd Missouri Artillery, Battery L (section) - Lt. William Waldschmidt

Confederate: Brig. Gen. John S. Marmaduke
 * Shelby's Brigade - Col. J.O. Shelby
 * 1st Missouri Cavalry - Lt. Col. B.F. Gordon - Maj. George R. Kirtley (k)
 * 2nd Missouri Cavalry - Lt. Col. C.A. Gilkey
 * 3rd Missouri Cavalry - Col. G.W. Thompson (k)
 * 1st Battn. Missouri Cavalry - Maj. Ben Elliott
 * Quantrill's Partisan Rangers - Lt. William H. Gregg


 * Porter's Brigade - Col. Joseph C. Porter (mw)
 * Burbridges' Regt. - Lt. Col. John M. Wimer (k)
 * Green's Regt. - Lt. Col. L.C. Campbell
 * Jeffers' Regt. - Col. William M. Jeffers


 * Not Brigaded
 * MacDonald's Missouri Regt. - Col. Emmett MacDonald (k)


 * Artillery
 * Capt. Brown's Arkansas Battery - Capt. Louis T. Brown
 * Lt. Collins' Section of Bledsoe's Battery (later Collins' Battery) - Lt. Richard A. Collins

Based on Frederick Goman's order of battle, except where noted.