Battle of Peshawar (1001)

Battle of Peshawar, was fought on 27 November 1001 between the Ghaznavid army of Sultan Mahmud bin Sebuktigin (Mahmud of Ghazni) and the Hindu Shahi army of Jayapala, near Peshawar. Jayapala was defeated, captured, and returned to his capital city Lahore after he agreed to pay a tribute to Mahmud, which remains a disputed fact among historians. This is the first of many major battles in the expansion of the Ghaznavid Empire into the Indian subcontinent by Mahmud of Ghazni.

Background
In 962, Alp Tigin, a Turkish ghulam or slave soldier, who rose to be the commander of the army in Khorasan in the service of the Samanids, seized Ghazna and set himself up as a ruler there. A successor Sebuk Tigin started to expand vigorously his domain, first capturing Kandahar, then began a struggle with the Hindu Shahi kingdom. The Hindu Shahi ruler Jayapala attacked Sebuk Tigin, but was defeated, then again later when his army of a reported size of over 100,000 was beaten. Lamghan was plundered, and Kabul and Jalalabad were annexed by the Ghaznavids. In 997, Mahmud ascended the throne at Ghazni, and vowed to invade India every year until the northern lands were his. In 1001 he arrived at Peshawar with a select group of 15,000 cavalry, and a large corps of ghazis and Afghans.

Battle
An account of the battle between the invading Turkic Ghaznavid dynasty and the Shahi kingdom defending their homeland was given by Al-Utbi in Tarikh Yamini. According to Al-Utbi, Mahmud pitched his tent outside the city upon reaching Peshawar. Jayapala avoided action for some time waiting for reinforcements, and Mahmud took the decision to attack with swords, arrows, spears. Jayapala moved his cavalry and elephants to engage his opponent, but his army was decisively defeated.

According to the sources, Jayapala along with members of his family were captured, and valuable personal adornments were take off the prisoners, including a necklace of great value from Jayapala. The figures of Hindu death ranged from 5,000 to 15,000, and five hundred thousands were said to have been taken captives. Judging from the personal adornments taken off captured Hindus, Jayapala's army was not prepared for battle and thousands of children were taken captive as well.

Aftermath
Jayapala was bound and paraded, and a large ransom were paid for the release of members of his family. Jayapala felt the defeat to be a great humiliation, and later he built himself a funeral pyre, lit it and threw himself into the fire.

Mahmud later conquered the upper Indus region, and then in 1009, defeated Jayapala's son Anandapala in a battle at Chhachh. He then captured Lahore and Multan, giving him control of the Punjab region.