British C-class submarine

The British C class submarines were the last class of petrol engined submarines of the Royal Navy and marked the end of the development of the Holland-class in the Royal Navy. Thirty-eight were constructed between 1905 and 1910 and they served through World War I.

With limited endurance and only a ten percent reserve of buoyancy over their surface displacement, they were poor surface vessels, but their spindle shaped hull made for good underwater performance compared to their contemporaries.

Service history
Three (C36, C37 and C38) had been sent to Hong Kong in 1911 and during the war the remainder were mainly used for coastal defence, based at the east coast ports of Leith, Harwich, Hartlepool, Grimsby and Dover, some operating with Q ships which were decoying U-boats. The technique was for a trawler to tow the submarine and communicate with it by telephone. When a U-boat surfaced to attack the trawler with its deck gun, the British submarine would slip its tow and attempt to torpedo the U-boat.

HMS C3, the first boat commissioned, was employed during the Zeebrugge raid on 23 April 1918. Packed with explosives it was blown up in an attempt to destroy a viaduct, for which her commander Lieutenant Richard Sandford was awarded the Victoria Cross.

Four operated in the Baltic Sea, based at Tallinn as part of the blockade of Germany trying to prevent the import of iron ore from Sweden. They were sent there in September 1915 via a tortuous route &mdash; towed around the North Cape to Archangel and taken by barge to Krondstadt. Three of these boats were destroyed (along with the British E class submarines HMS E1, HMS E8, HMS E9, HMS E19) outside Helsinki in 1918 to prevent capture by German troops of the Baltic Sea Division who had landed nearby.

Ten of the submarines were lost during the war, including HMS C16 which was mistakenly rammed by HMS Melampus (1914). The surviving boats were disposed of at the end of the war with the exception of HMS C4, which was retained for trials until being scrapped in 1922.

Japan also used their own version of the C-class, which they had bought from Vickers, this was the Ha-1 class submarine, two almost-identical designs came from the Ha-1, these were the Ha-3 class submarine and Ha-7 class submarine.