Japanese battleship Mutsu

Mutsu (陸奥), named after Mutsu Province, was a dreadnought battleship built for the Imperial Japanese Navy (IJN) during the 1910s and the second ship of her class. She carried supplies for the survivors of the Great Kantō earthquake in 1923. The ship was modernized in 1934–36 with improvements to her armor and machinery and a rebuilt superstructure in the pagoda mast style.

Other than participating in the Battle of Midway and the Battle of the Eastern Solomons in 1942, where she did not see any significant combat, the ship spent most of the first year of the Pacific War training. Mutsu returned to Japan in early 1943 and one of her aft magazines detonated in June while she was at anchor with the loss of 1,121 crew and visitors. The IJN conducted a perfunctory investigation into the cause of her loss and concluded that it was the work of a disgruntled crewmember. They dispersed the survivors in an attempt to conceal the sinking to keep up morale in Japan. Much of the wreck was salvaged after the war and many artifacts and relics are on display in Japan.

Description
The ship had a length of 201.17 m between perpendiculars and 215.8 m overall. She had a beam of 28.96 m and a draft of 9 m. Mutsu displaced 32720 t at standard load and 39116 t at full load. Her crew consisted of 1,333 officers and enlisted men as built and 1,368 in 1935. During World War II, the crew totaled around 1,475 men in 1942.

In 1927, Mutsu's bow was remodeled to reduce the amount of spray produced when steaming into a head sea. This increased her overall length by 1.59 m to 217.39 m. During her 1934–36 reconstruction, the ship's stern was lengthened by 7.55 m to improve her speed and her forward superstructure was rebuilt into a pagoda mast. She was given torpedo bulges to improve her underwater protection and to compensate for the weight of the additional armor and equipment. These changes increased her overall length to 224.94 m, her beam to 34.6 m and her draft to 9.49 m. Her displacement increased over 7000 t to 46690 t at deep load.

Propulsion
Mutsu was equipped with four Gihon geared steam turbines, each of which drove one propeller shaft. The turbines were designed to produce a total of 80000 shp, using steam provided by 21 Kampon water-tube boilers; 15 of these were oil-fired while the remaining half-dozen consumed a mixture of coal and oil. The ship had a stowage capacity of 1600 LT of coal and 3400 LT of fuel oil, giving her a range of 5500 nmi at a speed of 16 kn. The ship exceeded her designed speed of 26.5 knots during her sea trials, reaching 26.7 kn at 85500 shp.

During a refit in 1924 the fore funnel was rebuilt in a serpentine shape in an unsuccessful effort to prevent smoke interference with the bridge and fire-control systems. That funnel was eliminated during the ship's 1930s reconstruction when her boilers were replaced by ten oil-fired Kampon boilers, which had a working pressure of 22 kg/cm2 and temperature of 300 °C. In addition her turbines were replaced by lighter, more modern, units. When Mutsu conducted her post-reconstruction trials, she reached a speed of 24.98 kn with 82300 shp. Additional fuel oil was stored in the bottoms of the newly added torpedo bulges, which increased her capacity to 5560 LT and thus her range to 8560 nmi at 16 knots.

Armament
Mutsu's eight 45-caliber 41-centimeter guns were mounted in two pairs of twin-gun, superfiring turrets fore and aft. Numbered one through four from front to rear, the hydraulically powered turrets gave the guns an elevation range of &minus;2 to +35 degrees. The rate of fire for the guns was around two rounds per minute. A special Type 3 Sankaidan incendiary shrapnel shell was developed in the 1930s for anti-aircraft use. The turrets aboard the Nagato-class ships were replaced in the mid-1930s using the turrets stored from the unfinished s. While in storage the turrets were modified to increase their range of elevation to –3 degrees to +43 degrees, which increased the guns maximum range from 30200 to 37900 m.

The ship's secondary armament of twenty 50-caliber 14-centimeter guns was mounted in casemates on the upper sides of the hull and in the superstructure. The manually operated guns had a maximum range of 20500 m and fired at a rate of six to 10 rounds per minute. Anti-aircraft defense was provided by four 40-caliber 8-centimeter 3rd Year Type AA guns in single mounts. The 3 in high-angle guns had a maximum elevation of +75 degrees, and had a rate of 13 to 20 rounds per minute. The ship was also fitted with eight 533 mm torpedo tubes, four on each broadside, two above water and two submerged.

Around 1926, the four above-water torpedo tubes were removed and the ship received three additional 76 mm AA guns that were situated around the base of the foremast. The 76 mm AA guns were replaced by eight 40-caliber 127-millimeter dual-purpose guns in 1932, fitted on both sides of the fore and aft superstructures in four twin-gun mounts. When firing at surface targets, the guns had a range of 14700 m; they had a maximum ceiling of 9440 m at their maximum elevation of +90 degrees. Their maximum rate of fire was 14 rounds a minute, but their sustained rate of fire was around eight rounds per minute. Two twin-gun mounts for license-built Vickers two-pounder light AA guns were also added to the ship that same year. These guns had a maximum elevation of +80 degrees which gave them a ceiling of 4000 m. They had a maximum rate of fire of 200 rounds per minute.

The unsatisfactory two-pounders were replaced by 1941 by twenty license-built Hotchkiss 25 mm Type 96 light AA guns in five twin-gun mounts. This was the standard Japanese light AA gun during World War II, but it suffered from severe design shortcomings that rendered it a largely ineffective weapon. According to historian Mark Stille, the twin and triple mounts "lacked sufficient speed in train or elevation; the gun sights were unable to handle fast targets; the gun exhibited excessive vibration; the magazine was too small, and, finally, the gun produced excessive muzzle blast". These 25 mm guns had an effective range of 1500 - 3000 m, and an effective ceiling of 5500 m at an elevation of 85 degrees. The maximum effective rate of fire was only between 110 and 120 rounds per minute because of the frequent need to change the fifteen-round magazines.

Armor
The ship's waterline armor belt was 305 mm thick and tapered to a thickness of 100 mm at its bottom edge; above it was a strake of 229 mm armor. The main deck armor was 69 mm while the lower deck was 75 mm thick. The turrets were protected with an armor thickness of 305 mm on the face, 230 - 190 mm on the sides, and 152 - 127 mm on the roof. The barbettes of the turrets were protected by armor 305 mm thick, while the casemates of the 140 mm guns were protected by 25 mm armor plates. The sides of the conning tower were 369 mm thick.

The new 41 cm turrets installed during Mutsu's reconstruction were more heavily armored than the original ones. Face armor was increased to 460 mm, the sides to 280 mm, and the roof to 250 - 230 mm. The armor over the machinery and magazines was increased by 38 mm on the upper deck and 25 mm on the upper armored deck. These additions increased the weight of the ship's armor to 13032 t, 32.6 percent of her displacement. In early 1941, in preparation for war, Mutsu's barbette armor was reinforced with 100 mm armor plates above the main deck and 215 mm plates below it.

Aircraft
Mutsu had an additional boom added to the mainmast in 1926 to handle the Yokosuka E1Y floatplane recently assigned to the ship. In 1933 a catapult was fitted between the mainmast and Turret No. 3, and a collapsible crane was installed in a portside sponson the following year; the ship was equipped to operate two or three floatplanes, although no hangar was provided. The ship was operating Nakajima E4N2 biplanes until they were replaced by Nakajima E8N2 biplanes in 1938. A more powerful catapult was installed in November 1938 to handle heavier aircraft like the single Kawanishi E7K, added in 1939–40. Mitsubishi F1M biplanes replaced the E8Ns on 11 February 1943.

Fire control and sensors
The ship was fitted with a 10 m rangefinder in the forward superstructure. Additional and  anti-aircraft rangefinders were also fitted, although the date is unknown. The rangefinders in No. 2 and 3 Turrets were replaced by 10-meter units in 1932–33.

Mutsu was initially fitted with a Type 13 fire-control system derived from Vickers equipment received during World War I, but this was replaced by an improved Type 14 system around 1925. It controlled the main and secondary guns; no provision was made for anti-aircraft fire until the Type 31 fire-control director was introduced in 1932. A modified Type 14 fire-control system was tested aboard Nagato in 1935 and later approved for service as the Type 94. A new anti-aircraft director, the Type 94 used to control the 127 mm AA guns, was introduced in 1937, although when Mutsu received hers is unknown. The 25 mm AA guns were controlled by a Type 95 director that was also introduced in 1937.

Construction and service
Mutsu, named for Mutsu Province, and for the Meiji Emperor's personal name, Mutsuhito, was laid down at the Yokosuka Naval Arsenal on 1 June 1918 and launched on 31 May 1920. Funding for the ship had partly come from donations from schoolchildren. She was commissioned on 24 October 1921 with Captain Shizen Komaki in command. The ship was assigned to the 1st Battleship Division on 1 December after Captain Seiichi Kurose assumed command on 18 November. Mutsu hosted Edward, Prince of Wales, and his aide-de-camp Lieutenant Louis Mountbatten on 12 April 1922 during the prince's visit to Japan.

After the 1923 Great Kantō earthquake, Mutsu loaded supplies at Uchinoura Bay, Kyushu for the victims on 4 September. Together with her sister ship JAPANESE BATTLESHIP Nagato, she sank the hulk of the obsolete battleship JAPANESE BATTLESHIP Satsuma on 7 September 1924 during gunnery practice in Tokyo Bay in accordance with the Washington Naval Treaty. Captain Mitsumasa Yonai, later Prime Minister of Japan, assumed command on 10 November. The ship was transferred to the reserve on 1 December 1925. Mutsu served as flagship of Emperor Hirohito during the 1927 naval maneuvers and fleet review. On 10 December 1928, Captain Zengo Yoshida relieved Captain Teikichi Hori. On 29 March 1929, the ship was assigned to Battleship Division 3, together with three light cruisers. Mutsu's anti-aircraft armament was upgraded during 1932. Upon completion, she was assigned to Battleship Division 1 of the 1st Fleet and again served as the Emperor's flagship during the annual maneuvers and fleet review in 1933. The ship was placed in reserve on 15 November and began her lengthy reconstruction. This was completed on 30 September 1936 and Mutsu rejoined the 1st Battleship Division on 1 December 1936. In August 1937, she transported 2,000 men of the 11th Infantry Division to Shanghai during the Second Sino-Japanese War. Her floatplanes bombed targets in Shanghai on 24 August before she returned to Sasebo the following day. On 15 November 1938, Captain Aritomo Gotō assumed command of the ship. The ship was placed in reserve 15 December 1938 – 15 November 1939. She was refitted in early 1941 in preparation for war, which included fitting of external degaussing coils and additional armor for her barbettes.

World War II
During the war Mutsu saw limited action, spending much of her time in home waters. When the war started for Japan on 8 December, she sortied for the Bonin Islands, along with Nagato, the battleships JAPANESE BATTLESHIP Hyūga, JAPANESE BATTLESHIP Yamashiro, JAPANESE BATTLESHIP Fusō, JAPANESE BATTLESHIP Ise of Battleship Division 2, and the light carrier JAPANESE AIRCRAFT CARRIER Hōshō as distant support for the fleet attacking Pearl Harbor, and returned six days later. On 18 January 1942, Mutsu towed the obsolete armored cruiser JAPANESE CRUISER Nisshin as a target for the new battleship JAPANESE BATTLESHIP Yamato, which promptly sank her.

In June 1942 Mutsu, commanded by Rear Admiral Gunji Kogure, was assigned to the Main Body of the 1st Fleet during the Battle of Midway, together with Yamato, Nagato, Hosho, the light cruiser Sendai, nine destroyers and four auxiliary ships. Following the loss of all four carriers on 4 June, Yamamoto attempted to lure the American forces west to within range of the Japanese air groups at Wake Island, and into a night engagement with his surface forces, but the American forces withdrew and Mutsu saw no action. After rendezvousing with the remnants of the Striking Force on 6 June, about half of the survivors from the sunken aircraft carriers of the 1st Air Fleet were transferred to Mutsu. She arrived at Hashirajima on 14 June.

On 14 July Mutsu was transferred to Battleship Division 2 and then to the Advance Force of the 2nd Fleet on 9 August. Two days later, the ship departed Yokosuka accompanied by the cruisers JAPANESE CRUISER Atago, JAPANESE CRUISER Takao, JAPANESE CRUISER Maya, JAPANESE CRUISER Haguro, JAPANESE CRUISER Yura, JAPANESE CRUISER Myōkō, the seaplane tender JAPANESE AIRCRAFT CARRIER Chitose and escorting destroyers to support operations during the Guadalcanal Campaign. They arrived at Truk on 17 August. On 20 August, while sailing from Truk to rendezvous with the main body of Vice Admiral Chūichi Nagumo's 3rd Fleet, Mutsu, the heavy cruiser Atago, and escorting destroyers unsuccessfully attempted to locate the escort carrier USS Long Island (CVE-1) in response to a flying boat detecting the American ship.

During the Battle of the Eastern Solomons on 27 August, Mutsu, assigned to the Support Force, fired four shells at enemy reconnaissance aircraft during what was her first and only action of the war. Following her return to Truk on 2 September, a group of skilled AA gunnery officers and men were detached to serve as instructors to ground-based naval anti-aircraft gunners stationed in Rabaul. During October Mutsu off-loaded surplus fuel oil to the fleet oil tanker Kenyo Maru which allowed the tanker to refuel other ships involved in Guadalcanal operations. On 7 January 1943, Mutsu steamed from Truk via Saipan to return to Japan together with the carrier JAPANESE AIRCRAFT CARRIER Zuikaku, the heavy cruiser JAPANESE CRUISER Suzuya and four destroyers. The ship left Hashirajima for Kure on 13 April, where she prepared to sortie to reinforce the Japanese garrisons in the Aleutian Islands in response to the Battle of the Komandorski Islands. The operation was cancelled the next day and Mutsu resumed training.

Loss
On 8 June 1943, Mutsu was moored in the Hashirajima fleet anchorage, with 113 flying cadets and 40 instructors from the Tsuchiura Naval Air Group aboard for familiarization. At 12:13 the magazine of her No. 3 turret exploded, destroying the adjacent structure of the ship and cutting her in half. A massive influx of water into the machinery spaces caused the 150 m forward section of the ship to capsize to starboard and sink almost immediately. The 45 m stern section upended and remained floating until about 02:00 hours on 9 June before sinking, coming to rest a few hundred feet south of the main wreck at coordinates 33.96667°N, 132.4°W.

The nearby Fusō immediately launched two boats which, together with the destroyers JAPANESE DESTROYER Tamanami and JAPANESE DESTROYER Wakatsuki and the cruisers JAPANESE CRUISER Tatsuta and JAPANESE CRUISER Mogami, were able to rescue 353 survivors from the 1,474 crew members and visitors aboard Mutsu; 1,121 men were killed in the explosion. Only 13 of the visiting aviators were among the survivors.

After the explosion, as the rescue operations commenced, the fleet was alerted and the area was searched for Allied submarines, but no traces were found. To avert the potential damage to morale from the loss of a battleship coming so soon after the string of recent setbacks in the war effort, Mutsu's loss was declared a state secret. Mass cremations of recovered bodies began almost immediately after the sinking. Captain Teruhiko Miyoshi's body was recovered by divers on 17 June, but his wife was not officially notified until 6 January 1944. Both he and his second in command, Captain Ono Koro, were posthumously promoted to Rear Admiral, as was normal practice. To further prevent rumors from spreading, healthy and recovered survivors were re-assigned to various garrisons in the Pacific Ocean. Some of the survivors were sent to Truk in the Caroline Islands and assigned to the 41st Guard Force. Another 150 were sent to Saipan in the Mariana Islands where most were killed in 1944 during the battle for the island.

At the time of the explosion Mutsu's magazine contained a number of 16-inch Type 3 "Sanshikidan" incendiary shrapnel shells, which had caused a fire at the Sagami arsenal several years earlier due to improper storage. Because they might have been the cause of the explosion, the Minister of the Navy, Admiral Shimada Shigetaro, immediately ordered the removal of Type 3 shells from all IJN ships carrying them, until the conclusion of the investigation into the loss.

Investigation into the loss
A commission led by Admiral Kōichi Shiozawa was convened three days after the sinking to investigate the loss. The commission considered a number of possible causes:


 * Sabotage by enemy secret agents. Given the heavy security at the anchorage and lack of claims of responsibility by the Allies, this could be discounted.


 * Sabotage by a disgruntled crewman. While no individual was named in the commission's final report, its conclusion was that the cause of the explosion was most likely a suicidal crewman in No. 3 turret who had recently been accused of theft.


 * A midget or fleet submarine attack. Extensive searches immediately following the sinking had failed to detect any enemy submarine and the Allies had made no attempt at claiming the enormous propaganda value of sinking a capital ship in her home anchorage; consequently, this possibility was quickly discounted. Eyewitnesses also spoke of a reddish-brown fireball which indicated a magazine explosion and was confirmed during exploration of the wreck by divers.


 * Accidental explosion within a magazine. While the Mutsu carried a large number of projectiles, immediate suspicion focused on the Type 3 anti-aircraft shell as it had been believed to have caused a fire before the war at the Sagami arsenal. Known as a "sanshiki-dan" or "sankaidan" these were fired by the main armament and contained 900 to 1,200 25 mm diameter steel tubes (depending upon sources), each containing an incendiary charge. Tests were conducted at Kamegakubi Naval Proving Ground on several shells salvaged from No. 3 turret and on shells from the previous and succeeding manufacturing batches. Using a specially built model of the Mutsu's No. 3 turret, the experiments were unable to induce the shells to explode under normal conditions.

The commission issued its preliminary conclusions on 25 June, well before the divers had completed their investigation of the wreck, and concluded that the explosion was the result of a disgruntled seaman. Historian Mike Williams put forward an alternative theory:


 * Fire. "A number of observers noted smoke coming from the vicinity of No. 3 turret and the aircraft area just forward of it, just before the explosion. Compared with other nations' warships in wartime service, Japanese battleships contained a large amount of flammable materials including wooden decking, furniture, and insulation, as well as cotton and wool bedding. Although she had been modernized in the 1930s, some of the Mutsu's original electrical wiring may have remained in use. While fire in the secure magazines was a very remote possibility, a fire in an area adjacent to the No. 3 magazine could have raised the temperature to a level sufficient to ignite the highly sensitive black-powder primers stored in the magazine and thus cause the explosion."

Salvage operations
Divers were brought into the area to retrieve bodies and to assess the damage to the ship. Prior to diving on the wreck they were allowed to familiarize themselves on board Mutsu's sister ship, Nagato. The Navy leadership initially gave serious consideration to raising the wreck and rebuilding her, although these plans were dropped after the divers completed their survey of the ship on 22 July. Thus Mutsu was struck from the Navy List on 1 September. As part of the investigation, Dive-boat No. 3746, a small Nishimura-class search and rescue submarine, dove on the wreck on 17 June with a crew of seven officers. While crawling on the harbor bottom, it became snagged on the wreckage and its crew nearly suffocated before they managed to free themselves and surface. In July 1944, the oil-starved IJN recovered 580 t of fuel from the wreck.

In the early 1950s, the US occupation administration returned the wreck to the Japanese government. The 1.2 m diameter chrysanthemum crest, symbol of the Imperial Throne, was raised in 1953, and one of the 140 mm casemate guns was raised in 1963 and donated to the Yasukuni Shrine. In 1970, the Fukada Salvage Company began salvage operations that lasted until 1978 and recovered about 75% of the ship. The two aft turrets were raised in 1970 and 1971. The salvagers recovered 849 bodies of crewmen lost during the explosion. In 1995, the Mutsu Memorial Museum declared that no further salvage operations were planned.

The only significant portion of the ship that remains is a 35 m long section running from the bridge structure forward to the vicinity of No. 1 turret. The highest portion of the ship is 12 m below the surface.

Surviving artifacts
Pieces recovered over the years can be viewed at various museums and memorials in Japan:


 * Many artifacts are displayed at the Mutsu Memorial Museum in Tōwa-Cho. This is a successor to a local museum funded by the town of Suō-Ōshima which opened in July 1970. To make room for a new road, this museum was moved in April 1994 to a new building. Since 1963, a memorial service has been held here every year on 8 June in honor of the crew.
 * The fully restored No. 4 turret is on display on the grounds of the former Imperial Japanese Naval Academy at Etajima. This is the ship's original turret, removed during her refit in the 1930s.
 * The left-side 410 mm gun from No. 3 turret is displayed outside the Yamato Museum in Kure in Daiwa Park. This park also contains one of Mutsu's 3.5 m diameter propellers, a rudder and an anchor.
 * One 410 mm gun from No. 3 turret is on display at the Museum of Maritime Science, Shinagawa, in Tokyo.
 * One of the 140 mm secondary guns is displayed at Yasukuni Museum in Tokyo.
 * A rudder and a section of propeller shaft were on display at the Arashiyama Art Museum until it closed circa 1991. Their current whereabouts are now unknown.