Tiberius Claudius Pompeianus

Tiberius Claudius Pompeianus (c. 125 – aft. 193) was a politician and military commander during the Roman Empire. A general under the Emperor Marcus Aurelius, Pompeianus distinguished himself during Rome's Parthian and Marcomannic Wars. A member the imperial family due to his marriage to Lucilla, a daughter of Marcus Aurelius, he was a key figure during the Emperor's reign. Though offered the imperial throne three times, he refused to claim the title for himself.

Early life
A native of Antioch in Syria, Pompeianus was from relatively humble origins. His father, Tiberius Claudius Quintianus, was a member of the Equestrian Order, the merchant and banking class of Roman citizens. His family first received their Roman citizenship during the reign of Emperor Claudius. Pompeianus was a new man ("novus homo") as he was the first member of his family to be appointed as a Senator.

Much of Pompeianus' early life has been lost to history. He participated in the Roman–Parthian War of 161–166 under the commander of Emperor Lucius Verus, likely as a Legionary Commander. Sometime prior to the Parthian campaign, he was elevated to the rank of a Senator. He served with distinction during the war, earning him appointment as Suffect Consul for the remainder of the year 162 AD.

Marcommani War
Following the completion the Parthian campaign, the Emperor Marcus Aurelius appointed him military governor of Lower Pannonia on the Empire's northern frontier along the Danube River. He likely served from 164 until 168. In late 166 or early 167, a force of 6,000 Lombards invaded Pannonia. Pompeianus defeated the invasion with relative ease, but it marked the beginning of a larger barbarian invasion.

Late in 167 the Marcomanni tribe invaded the Empire by crossing in Pannonia. Marcus Aurelius and Lucius Verus planned a punitive expeidition to drive the barbarians back across the Danube River, but due to the effects of the Antonine Plague, the expedition was postponed until early 168. Aided by Pompianius, the two Emperors were able force the Marcomanni to retreat. Pompeianus' military skills earned him the confidence of Emperor Marcus Aurelius and he quickly became one of the Emperor's closest advisors.

As the Emperors returned to their winter quarters in Aquileia, Lucius Verus fell ill and died in January 169. Following the death of Lucius Verus, Marcus Aurelius arranged for his daughter Lucilla, Verus' widow, to marry Pompeianus. As son-in-law to the Emperor, Pompeianus became a member of the Nerva–Antonine dynasty. The Emperor even offered to name Pompeianus as Caesar and his heir, but Pompeianus refused to accept the title. Instead, Pompeianus was promoted and served as the Emperor's chief general during the Marcommanic War. Under his guidance, the exiled Senator and fellow Parthian war veteran Pertinax was recalled and joined Pompeianus on his military staff.

Pompeianus' successes during the Marcommanic War further distinguished him, with the Emperor awarding him a second Consulship in 173.

Under Commodus
Marcus Aurelius died in 180 AD, and his 18-year-old son Commodus, Pompeianus' brother-in-law, was proclaimed Emperor. Pompeianus tried to persuade Commodus to remain on the Danubian frontier to complete the conquest of the Marcommani, but Commodus refused and returned to Rome in the autumn of 180.

The relationship between the young emperor and experienced officer quickly deteriorated. In 182, Lucilla, Pompeianus' wife and Commodus' sister, organized a failed assassination attempt against the Emperor. Though Commodus executed Lucilla and other members of her family, Pompeianus had not participated in the conspiracy and was spared. Following the conspiracy, Pompeianus, citing old age, withdrew from public life and retired to his estates in Italy. He spent most of his time in the country away from Rome, claiming age and an ailment of the eyes as an excuse.

Later life
Commodus was assassinated in 192 AD by members of the Praetorian Guard. Pompeianus returned to Rome once the plot against Commodus succeeded, resuming his seat in the Senate.

Pertinax, who was the Urban Prefect at the time, offered the throne to Pompeianus, but he declined the offer. The Praetorian Guard then proclaimed Pertinax as Emperor, but he was assassinated by the Praetorians after only 87 days for attempting to impose strict discipline upon the unit. Senator Didius Julianus, after becoming Emperor by bribing the Praetorian Guard to proclaim him, experienced difficulty in garnering support within the ranks of his own troops. In a desperate attempt to save himself, Julianus asked Pompeianus to become Co-Emperor with him. Pompeianus again declined the offer, claiming old age and ailments in his eyes. Julianus was executed by on the orders of Septimius Severus after ruling for only 66 days.

Pompeianus appeares to have died sometime in 193.

Popular culture

 * Russell Crowe's character Maximus Decimus Meridius in the 2000 movie Gladiator is loosely based on Pompeinus (among others)