Karl Fiehler

Karl Fiehler (31 August 1895 - 8 December 1969) was a German politician of the Nazi Party (NSDAP) and Lord Mayor of Munich from 1933 until 1945. He was born in Braunschweig, German Empire but died in Dießen am Ammersee, Bavaria, West Germany.

Party career until the "Machtergreifung" (English: "Power takeover")
As a child, Karl Fiehler attended a secondary modern school in Munich and afterwards he began a merchant apprenticeship, which he continued in Schleswig-Holstein in 1914. Fiehler took part in World War I and was decorated with the "Eisernes Kreuz" (see "Iron Cross"), second class ("EK II"). In 1919 he entered the local government of the City of Munich as an administration trainee and in 1922 successfully passed the examination for the administrative and clerical grade. By 1920 he had already joined the Nazi-Party with the membership number 37. In 1923, by now a convinced National Socialist, Karl Fiehler became a member of the "Stoßtrupp Hitler" (Raiding Patrol Hitler), that had been established to protect the Nazi-Führer from encroachments of the party-owned "Sturmabteilung" (Stormtroops), and from which the "Schutzstaffel" (Protective Squadron) emerged in 1925. On 8 and 9 November 1923 he participated actively in the failed "Beer Hall Putsch" (German: "Hitlerputsch"). For his participation Fiehler was sentenced to 15 months confinement in Landsberg fortress (German term: "Festungshaft").

From 1924 until 1933 he was an honorary alderman and in 1929 he outlined the principles of Nazi local politics in his 80 page booklet "National Socialist Municipal Policy" (Nationalsozialistische Gemeindepolitik), printed by the Munich publishing house "Franz-Eher-Verlag", which was the central party publisher of the NSDAP. During the 1930s he published on several occasions concerning local politics in Germany from a National Socialist point-of-view.

Fiehler, who — as a Nazi of the first hour — was not only allowed to call himself proudly "Alter Kämpfer" (Old Combatant), which meant members who had joined the Party before the Nazi takeover on 30 January 1933, but could also call himself one of the "Alte Garde" (Old Guard) pre-eminent in the hierarchy as (party members with membership numbers under 100,000) and climbed the party career ladder rapidly. From 1927 until 1930 he was "Ortsgruppenleiter" (Local Chapter Leader) of the Nazi Party in Munich and from 1935 until the end of the "Third Reich" in 1945 he held the rank of a "Reichsleiter" of the NSDAP (Reich Leader), at first as a secretary (Schriftführer) and afterwards as the "Head of the Main Office for Local Politics" (Leiter des Hauptamtes für Kommunalpolitik). He also belonged to the top-level management circle of the Nazi Party and being one of the twenty most intimate co-workers of Adolf Hitler in the NSDAP-organization moved up the ranks quickly: On 31 July 1933 he became "Standartenführer" (SS Colonel), on 24 December 1933 "Oberführer" (SS Brigadier) and finally on 27 January 1934 "SS-Gruppenführer" (SS Lieutenant General) with the exact rank designation "Ehrenführer Oberabschnitt Süd" (Leader of Honour for the Upper Sector South). On 30 January 1942 he was promoted to "SS-Obergruppenführer" (SS General) and was immediately assigned to the "Stab Reichsführer SS (RFSS)" (Staff of the SS Field Marshal) Heinrich Himmler where he remained until 9 November 1944.

From 1933 until 1945 Karl Fiehler was also a member of the Nazi Reichstag which existed after the Enabling Act and the so-called Gleichschaltung.

Munich under the "Hakenkreuz": Fiehler as Lord Mayor
On 9 March 1933 the SA occupied the Munich town hall and unfurled the swastika flag. Despite the then First Mayor Karl Scharnagl, who belonged to the conservative Bavarian People's Party (BVP) and who defied the new rulers for eleven days on the top of the old city administration, eventually however, on 20 March 1933 he "had to yield to force". On this day Adolf Wagner, Nazi Home Secretary of the Free State of Bavaria and "Gauleiter" of Munich and Upper Bavaria, appointed Karl Fiehler Provisional First Mayor and on 20 May 1933 Fiehler got the title "Oberbürgermeister" (Lord Mayor), a title that did not exist in Munich at that time.

All parties and organizations opposing the political "Gleichschaltung" (enforced conformity) were forbidden as a result of the National Socialist takeover, in Munich as well as throughout Germany. The "Book burning" (Bücherverbrennung) on the "Königsplatz" Square in front of the "Staatliche Antikensammlung" (Antiquity Collection) on 10 May 1933, the persecution of "non-folkish" (German: "nicht-völkisch") writers, artists and scientists caused an exodus of Munich's intellectual elite. Thomas Mann and his family did not return from a journey abroad. On 22 March 1933 the Provisional Chief Constable of Munich, Heinrich Himmler, inaugurated the Dachau concentration camp.

In 1933 the "German Association of Cities" (German: "Deutscher Städtetag") was forced to merge with other municipal umbrella organizations to form the "Deutscher Gemeindetag" (German Local Authorities Association). Karl Fiehler, the influential Lord Mayor of Munich, was appointed chairman of this unity organization. The administrative office was situated on Alsenstraße in Berlin district "Tiergarten". On 2 August 1935 a memorable conversation took place between Adolf Hitler and Karl Fiehler in the course of which Munich got a strange new epithet: "Hauptstadt der Bewegung" (Capital of the Movement). This "title" was given to remind the Germans of the NSDAP origins in Bavaria's metropolis.

During the 1930s a number of model buildings, prime examples of grandiose Nazi architecture, had been erected by Paul Ludwig Troost, the predecessor of Albert Speer as Hitler's "Court Master Builder", in Munich. A radical remodelling of Munich was intended, which Karl Fiehler wanted to illustrate as editor of the pictorial book "München baut auf. Ein Tatsachen- und Bildbericht über den nationalsozialistischen Aufbau in der Hauptstadt der Bewegung" (English: "Munich establishes. A factual and pictorial report about the National Socialist reconstruction in the Capital of the Movement"). By amalgamations on a grand scale, particularly in the west ("Pasing" district), the Munich population figure increased considerably from 746,000 (1936) to 889,000 (1943). Nevertheless, major projects like the relocation of the Munich Central Station to "Laim" district, did not get beyond the planning stage.

The Anti-Semite: persecution of the Jews in Munich
Munich under Karl Fiehler became the vanguard wherever it concerned actions against Jews. In the spring of 1933 the first systematic boycott against Jewish shops was very zealously carried out by Fiehler. On 30 March he decreed this racist sanction with anticipatory obedience, as the "official" date was actually 1 April. SA- and SS-gangs had been terrorising Jewish businessmen since the very beginning of March and had been taking them into "Schutzhaft" (protective custody). Fiehler proscribed - without any legal basis - municipal contracts with so called "non-German" companies. SA sentries bedaubed the fronts of Jewish shops with inscriptions like "Jew", the Star of David or "On vacation in Dachau!". Shop windows were smashed in and their clients were intimidated, being mobbed by SA men who molested, registered and even photographed them. Later on the City of Munich hurried, in a quite exceptional manner, with the demolition of Jewish places of worship. The Minister of propaganda, Joseph Goebbels, had already commenced the destruction of Munich's main synagogue in June 1938, just to find out, whether the "Aryan" public's reaction would be shock or indifference. The apathetic behaviour of the population would encourage the Nazis to further new outrages.

On 9 November 1938 almost the whole Nazi Party elite convened for a social evening at the invitation of the Lord Mayor Karl Fiehler in the Great Hall of Munich's "Old Guildhall". A vicious anti-Semitic diatribe by Joseph Goebbels was, for the attendant SA- and party-leaders, the signal for a general hunt on Jews. Numerous men and women were killed, tortured and injured in this night of pogrom, which was euphemistically referred to as "Reichskristallnacht" (Night of Broken Glass) in Germany afterwards. Many Jewish institutions, synagogues and shops fell prey to this devastation.

Munich's Municipal Cemeteries Department under Karl Fiehler behaved in an absurd, strictly anti-Semitic, manner. It adamantly refused even deceased Christians of Jewish descent cremation or burials. Moreover so called "Jewish Christians" were no longer allowed to be buried in their own family graves, which had been in existence for generations. The Department referred bureaucratically to surviving dependants as the "Israelite Community". Amongst other things it was no longer allowed to wear Protestant vestments at a funeral in a Jewish-orthodox graveyard. Johannes Zwanzger, who was appointed head of the "Munich aid office for non-Aryan Christians", formulated a letter of complaint to Lord Mayor Fiehler on behalf of the Bavarian Lutheran Regional Consistory in December 1938, without any success.

During World War II genocide followed the disfranchisement of Jews. On November 20, 1941 the first transport of 1,000 Jewish men and women departed from Munich for Riga. The fictitious reason given to the scared people was that it was a matter of "evacuation". The transport was re-routed to Kaunas in Lithuania, because the Riga ghetto was overcrowded at this time. Just after their arrival there, the deportees were murdered in a mass shooting by members of the "Einsatzgruppe A" (Mission Squad A) under the command of SS Major General (German: "SS-Brigadeführer") Dr. Walter Stahlecker in Fort IX of Kaunas. Up to February 1945 a total of 42 transports left Munich at irregular intervals: to exterminations in Kaunas, Piaski, (near Lublin), Auschwitz and also at the so-called "Ghetto for old and prominent people" Theresienstadt.

Fiehler's End: Munich in ruins
In the early afternoon of 30 April 1945, the first American soldiers, 27-year-old Lieutenant Wolfgang F. Robinow and his men approached Munich's central square "Marienplatz". With the surrender of the town hall the National Socialist dictatorship had definitely ended in Munich. Fiehler had already left the guildhall a long time before the occupation of Munich took place, without a struggle. On 4 May 1945, four days before the official end of World War II in Europe, the victorious American Forces reinstated Karl Scharnagl as Lord Mayor of the Bavarian capital.

Following the Holocaust Munich's Jewish life was almost extinct. Of the 12,000 Munich Jews before the Holocaust, 7,500 would flee from the Nazis just in time. Approximately 3,000 had been deported to concentration camps, almost half of these to Theresienstadt. Only 430 surviving Munich Jews returned to their home town in 1945.

In May 1945 the City of Munich counted the cost of the war, with 22,346 prisoners of war, 6,632 bomb war fatalities, approximately 15,000 wounded and about 300,000 homeless persons. By death, evacuation and exodus from the city the population had declined from 824,000 in 1939 to 479,000 in 1945. Ninety percent of Munich's historic Old Town had been destroyed and taking the city as a whole, fifty percent had been destroyed.

In January 1949 Karl Fiehler, who was married and had three daughters, was sentenced to two years in a labour camp, the confiscation of one-fifth of his property and a twelve-year employment ban after "Spruchkammerverfahren" (English: "proceedings before denazification tribunals"). However he did not have to serve the sentence because the previous three and a half years of his detention were credited to the term of his imprisonment. Fiehler died on 8 December 1969 in the village of Dießen on the idyllic Lake Ammersee in the foothills of the Bavarian Alps.

Decorations

 * Iron Cross (1914), 2nd class
 * Wound Badge (1918) in Black
 * Honour Cross of the World War 1914/1918 (1935)
 * War Merit Cross, 1st and 2nd class
 * Golden Party Badge of the NSDAP
 * Blood Order
 * Anschluss Medal
 * Sudetenland Medal
 * NSDAP Long Service Award in Bronze, Silver and Gold
 * SS Honour Ring (Totenkopfring)
 * Sword of honor of the Reichsführer-SS

Literature

 * Literature by Karl Fieler in the catalogue of the "Deutsche Bibliothek" (the German National Library in Frankfurt on the river Main and Leipzig)
 * Albert Anton Feiber, research associate of the Munich "Institut für Zeitgeschichte" (Engl.: "Institute of Contemporary History") and curator of the "Dokumentation Obersalzberg" (a permanent exhibition at Obersalzberg near Berchtesgaden on Hitler's favourite holiday resort), writes presently within the scope of a research project his dissertation on the topic: "Karl Fiehler. Eine politische Biographie" (Engl.: "Karl Fiehler. A political biography").
 * Klee, Ernst: Das Personenlexikon zum Dritten Reich : Wer war was vor und nach 1945. - 3. ed. - Frankfurt a.M.: S. Fischer, 2005. - pbk, 736 p. - (Fischer-Taschenbücher ; 16048). - ISBN 3-596-16048-0. - EUR 16,95
 * Large, David C.: Where ghosts walked : Munich's road to the Third Reich. - New York ; London : W.W. Norton, 1997. - xxv, 406 p : ill ; 25 cm. - Hardcover. - ISBN 0-393-03836-X. -$ 32.50, £ 23.00 (list prices) (see English Review by Raffael Scheck and German Review by Dr. Claus-Christian W. Szejnmann)
 * München - "Hauptstadt der Bewegung" : Bayerns Metropole und der Nationalsozialismus / Münchner Stadtmuseum. Ed. by Richard Bauer ... 2. ed. - Wolfratshausen : Ed. Minerva, 2002. - 488 p. - ISBN 3-932353-63-3. - EUR 28,00
 * Pfoertner, Helga: Mahnmale, Gedenkstätten, Erinnerungsorte für die Opfer des Nationalsozialismus in München 1933-1945. - München : Literareon im Utz-Verl. - 3 volumes, bound in boards:
 * Vol. 1: A to H. - 2001. - vii, 225 p. - ISBN 3-89675-859-4. - EUR 19,80
 * Vol. 2: I to P. - 2003. - 309 p. - ISBN 3-8316-1025-8. - EUR 19,80
 * Vol. 3: Q to Z. - 2005. - 199 p. - ISBN 3-8316-1026-6. - EUR 19,80
 * Rosenfeld, Gavriel D.: Munich and memory : architecture, monuments, and the legacy of the Third Reich . - Berkeley ; London : University of California Press, 2000. - Hardcover. - xxiii, 433 p. - (Weimar and now ; 22). - ISBN 0-520-21910-4. - $ 50.00, £ 27.50 (list price)
 * Vieregg, Hildegard: Wächst Gras darüber? : München: Hochburg des Nationalsozialismus und Zentrum des Widerstands / Museumspädagogisches Zentrum München (MPZ). - München : MPZ, 1993.- 240 p. - (MPZ-Themenhefte zur Zeitgeschichte). - ISBN 3-929862-25-5. - EUR 5,11
 * Wistrich, Robert S.: Who's who in Nazi Germany. - London ; New York : Routledge, 1995. - x, 296p. - (Rev. ed. Previous ed. published London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 1982). - ISBN 0-415-12723-8 (Hardcover, £ 35,00 list price) ; ISBN 0-415-11888-3 (pbk, $ 26,95 list price)