CSS Neuse

CSS Neuse was a steam-powered ironclad ram of the Confederate States Navy that served in the latter part the American Civil War and was eventually scuttled to avoid capture by rapidly advancing Union Army forces. In the early 1960s, she produced approximately 15,000 artifacts from her raised lower hull, the largest number ever found on a recovered Confederate vessel. The remains of her lower hull and a selection of her artifacts are on exhibit in Kinston, North Carolina at the CSS Neuse State Historic Site and Governor Caswell Memorial. The ironclad is listed on the National Register of Historic Places.

Construction
A contract for the construction of Neuse was signed on 17 October 1862 between the shipbuilding company of Thomas Howard and Elijah Ellis and the Confederate Navy. Work began in October of that year on the bank across the Neuse River (her namesake) from the small village of Whitehall, North Carolina (present day Seven Springs). The gunboat's design was virtually identical to her sister ironclad CSS Albemarle, but Neuse differed from Albemarle by having four additional gun ports added (for a total of ten) to her eight-sided armored casemate. The hull was 158 ft long by 34 ft wide, and she was constructed mostly of locally abundant pine, with some 4 in of oak used as sturdy backing for her 4 in wrought iron armor. Many delays in construction were incurred by a lack of available materials, mostly the iron plate for her armored casemate and deck; her deck armor was finally left off so the ironclad could be completed and put in service. Due to continuing iron plate shortages, Neuse became the first of several Southern ironclads built with unarmored decks. This situation was compounded by the Confederate Army exercising priority over the Navy in the use of the South's inadequate railroad system for transporting vital war materiel.

Ordnance and projectiles
Neuse was equipped with two 6.4 in Brooke rifled cannon (similar to a Parrott rifle); each double-banded cannon weighed more than 12000 lbs with its pivot carriage and other attached hardware. Both cannons were positioned along the ironclad's center-line in the armored casemate, one forward, the other aft. The field of fire for both pivot rifles was 180-degrees, from port to starboard: Each cannon could fire from one of five gun port positions or could deliver a two cannon broadside. Neuse's projectiles consisted of explosive shells, anti-personnel canister shot, grape shot, and blunt-nosed, solid wrought iron "bolts" for use against Union armored ships; many examples of all four types were recovered from her raised wreck.

Service and post-war history
Launched in November 1863 while still needing fitting out, Neuse finally got up steam in April 1864 for duty on the inland waters of North Carolina as part of the force under Commander R. F. Pinkney, CSN. Shortly thereafter, the ironclad grounded off Kinston due to her mostly inexperienced crew, which had been conscripted from the Confederate Army; she remained fast in the mud for almost a month until finally being refloated. After that, due to a lack of available Confederate Army shore support, she never left the river area around Kinston, serving instead as a floating ironclad fortification. In March 1865, with Kinston under siege by Union forces, gunpowder trails were laid down which led to a cache of explosives placed in her bow; the crew then lit fires astern and amidships, and she was destroyed a short time later by fire, then a bow explosion. Neuse burned to just below her waterline and then sank into the river mud preventing capture by the rapidly advancing Union Army, commanded by Major General William Tecumseh Sherman. At some point following the war, her sunken hulk, lying in shallow river water and mud, was salvaged of its valuable metals: cannon, carriages and their fittings, anchors, iron ram, casemate armor, both propellers and their shafts, and her steam power plant. Whatever bits and pieces remained, including her projectiles, lay undisturbed in and around the wreck until Neuse was raised nearly a century later.

Ironclad recovery
After nearly a century, the remaining lower hull of the ironclad was discovered. She was raised in 1963, and approximately 15,000 shipboard artifacts were recovered and carefully cataloged. Neuse's hull was eventually installed beside the river at the Governor Caswell Memorial in Kinston. The final resting site for Neuse and her artifacts will be in a climate-controlled building in downtown Kinston, opening during the summer or fall of 2013.

There are currently only four recovered Civil War era ironclad wrecks, CSS Neuse, CSS Muscogee (also called CSS Jackson in some texts), USS Monitor, and USS Cairo; Cairo remains the only recovered ironclad wreck left partially exposed outdoors under cover in the sometimes brutal southern climate. Other Union and Confederate ironclad wreck sites are known but remain untouched. The successful Confederate submarine H. L. Hunley, which sank the Union blockading sloop-of-war USS Housatonic (1861), was recovered and is undergoing extensive restoration and conservation.

Neuse II replica
A full-size replica of Neuse, called Neuse II, is on grounds display at a separate site in Kinston and contains a fitted-out interior that shows all shipboard details; it was constructed from 2002 through 2009 by volunteers. Neuse is the only Confederate ironclad that has a historic, full-size replica on display. Since April 2002 Neuse's sister ironclad, CSS Albemarle has had a $3/8$ scale replica, 63 ft long, at anchor near the Port O' Plymouth Museum in Plymouth, North Carolina. This ironclad replica is self-powered and capable of sailing on the river.