Lloyd Alexander

Lloyd Chudley Alexander (January 30, 1924 – May 17, 2007) was an American author of more than forty books, primarily fantasy novels for children and young adults. His most famous work is The Chronicles of Prydain, a series of five high fantasy novels whose conclusion, The High King, was awarded the 1969 Newbery Medal for excellence in American children's literature. He won U.S. National Book Awards in 1971 and 1982.

Alexander was one creator of the children's literary magazine Cricket.

Personal life
Alexander was born in Philadelphia in 1924 and grew up in Drexel Hill, a western suburb. His father was a stockbroker and the family was much affected by the Great Depression. His parents read only newspapers but they did buy books "at the Salvation Army to fill up empty shelves." Lloyd was a reader of books: "Shakespeare, Dickens, Mark Twain and so many other were my dearest friends and greatest teachers. I loved all the world's mythologies; King Arthur was one of my heroes".

By fifteen he had determined to be a writer. His parents found him a practical job as bank messenger, which inspired a satire that would become his first book published fifteen years later, And Let the Credit Go (1955). He graduated at age sixteen in 1940 from Upper Darby High School, where he was inducted into the school's Wall of Fame in 1995.

His parents placed him at Haverford College just down the road from home (although he left after one term). Years later he observed, "My parents never read a book. I never in all my life saw them sit down and read a book. So it was always a mystery to them—where do these books come from, and who actually writes them? And our son wants to go into a business like that?!!" He ignored their warnings and "lived to regret not listening", acknowledging that he hadn't realized how hard a writing career would be.

Alexander judged that adventure, not college, was the best school for a writer, and that US Army participation in World War II was an opportunity. The army shipped him to Texas where he played the cymbals in band and the organ in chapel. He received combat intelligence training in Maryland, then in Wales, before late wartime deployment in western and southern borderlands of Germany that had been conquered. He rose to be a staff sergeant in intelligence and counterintelligence.

After the war Alexander attended the University of Paris, where he met Janine Denni. They were married in 1946 and soon moved back home (for Lloyd) to Philadelphia.

Alexander died on May 17, 2007, two weeks after the death of his wife of sixty-one years. He is buried at Arlington Cemetery in Drexel Hill. His daughter, Madeleine Khalil, died in 1990.

Writer
For about fifteen years in Philadelphia, Alexander wrote primarily fiction, non-fiction, and translations for adults. He wrote "novel after novel" for seven years before his first book was published (1955). That was "the story of a young person going out into the world for the first time and finding the world a very difficult place indeed. That's the story that all of us have to tell." During that time he wrote two non-fiction books for children, biographies for August Bondi and Aaron Lopez.

Alexander succeeded on his first try writing fantasy for children, which he later called "the most creative and liberating experience of my life". The book was Time Cat (1963), a fantasy inspired by one of his pet cats, Solomon. Solomon would visit the office while Alexander was working, but the author would never see him come or go.

Almost forty, he then specialized in children's fantasy, the genre of his best-known works. His wartime tenure in Wales introduced him to castles and scenery that would inspire settings for many of his books and to Welsh language whose medieval literature—Welsh mythology, especially the Mabinogion—was a source for The Chronicles of Prydain in particular. Those five novels detail the adventures of a young man named Taran, who dreams of being a sword-bearing hero but has only the title Assistant Pig-Keeper. He progresses from youth to maturity and must finally choose whether to be High King of Prydain. Twenty years later, a Disney animated film, The Black Cauldron (1985) was based on the first two books, telling a combined Disney story.

After the success of Prydain, Alexander was chosen to be author-in-residence at Temple University from 1970 to 1974. He once described it as being educational for him and as "rather like being a visiting uncle, who has a marvelous time with his nephews and nieces, then goes off leaving the parents to cope with attacks of whooping cough, mending socks and blackmailing the kids to straighten up the mess in their rooms."

Alexander's other fiction series are Westmark (1981 to 1984) and Vesper Holly (1987 to 1990 and 2005). Westmark features a former printer's apprentice involved in rebellion and civil war in a fictional European kingdom around 1800. Vesper Holly is a wealthy and brilliant Philadelphia orphan who has adventures in various fictional countries during the 1870s.

There was some controversy about The Fortune-Tellers (1992), a picture book illustrated by Trina Schart Hyman. Some felt that the story was European in origin and therefore inappropriate for its African setting. But Alexander early on established his interest in the intersection of African and European history (as well as his political leanings) with his 1958 profile of August Bondi (August Bondi: Border Hawk), the Jewish radical abolitionist who rode with John Brown in Kansas attacking pro-slavery militants.

Alexander's last novel, The Golden Dream of Carlo Chuchio, was published in August 2007. "I have finished my life work", he said about the book before he died.

According to Dictionary of Literary Biography, Alexander's books had "the special depth and insight provided by characters who not only act, but think, feel and struggle with the same kinds of problems that confuse and trouble people in the twentieth century."

In describing the influences on his writing, Alexander once said, "Shakespeare, Dickens, Mark Twain and so many others were my dearest friends and greatest teachers. I loved all the world's mythologies: King Arthur was one of my heroes."

Honors
For his contribution as a children's writer, Alexander was U.S. nominee in 1996 and again in 2008 for the biennial, international Hans Christian Andersen Award, the highest recognition available to creators of children's books.

He first garnered significant critical acclaim with his The Chronicles of Prydain series. The second volume (The Black Cauldron) was a runner-up for the 1966 Newbery Medal; the fourth (Taran Wanderer) was a School Library Journal Best Book of the Year; the fifth and concluding volume (The High King) won the 1969 Newbery. The Newbery Medal from the American Library Association annually recognizes one book as the "most distinguished contribution to American literature for children".

Many of Alexander's later books were praised. The Marvelous Misadventures of Sebastian won the 1971 National Book Award in category Children's Books and in 1982 Westmark also won a National Book Award. The Fortune-Tellers, illustrated by Trina Schart Hyman, won the 1992 Boston Globe–Horn Book Award in the Picture Book category.

Alexander was included in the 1972 third volume of the HW Wilson reference series, Book of Junior Authors and Illustrators —early in his career as a children's writer, but after Prydain was complete. He received at least three lifetime achievement awards. In 1991 the Free Library of Philadelphia and the Pennsylvania Center for the Book bestowed upon him the Pennbook Lifetime Achievement Award. In 2001 he received the inaugural Parents' Choice Foundation Lifetime Achievement Award. In 2003 Alexander received the World Fantasy Award for Life Achievement.

On January 28, 2010 an exhibit opened at the Harold B. Lee Library on the campus of Brigham Young University, displaying several items from Alexander's home office, which he referred to as "the Box." Items include manuscripts, editions of all his books, his violin, typewriter, and desk.

On October 19, 2012 a documentary chronicling the life and writings of Alexander was released. The film is titled "Lloyd Alexander".

On September 23, 2014 to mark the fiftieth anniversary of the series, Henry Holt published a special "50th Anniversary Edition" of The Book of Three. Other anniversary editions of the books are forthcoming, including The Black Cauldron (September 1, 2015).

Prydain series

 * The Chronicles of Prydain
 * The Book of Three (1964)
 * The Black Cauldron (1965), winner of the 1966 Newbery Honor
 * The Castle of Llyr (1966)
 * Taran Wanderer (1967)
 * The High King (1968), winner of the 1969 Newbery Medal


 * Supplementary
 * Coll and His White Pig (1965), picture book
 * The Truthful Harp (1967), picture book
 * The Foundling and Other Tales of Prydain (1973, expanded 1999)

Westmark trilogy

 * Westmark (1981) —National Book Award
 * The Kestrel (1982)
 * The Beggar Queen (1984)

Vesper Holly series

 * The Illyrian Adventure (1986)
 * The El Dorado Adventure (1987)
 * The Drackenberg Adventure (1988)
 * The Jedera Adventure (1989)
 * The Philadelphia Adventure (1990)
 * The Xanadu Adventure (2005)

Other

 * And Let the Credit Go (1955) — first novel published
 * My Five Tigers (1956)
 * Border Hawk: August Bondi (1958) — biography of August Bondi for children
 * Janine (my wife, that is) is French (1960) — Alexander also collaborated to write a stage adaptation of his work
 * My Love Affair with Music (1960)
 * The Flagship Hope: Aaron Lopez (1960) — biography of Aaron Lopez for children

Two of the first six books are historical biographies, four are autobiographical, according to the Internet Speculative Fiction Database.
 * Park Avenue Vet (1962), by Alexander and Dr. Louis J. Camuti, New York City cat veterinarian
 * Fifty Years in the Doghouse (1963); originally Send for Ryan!, retitled in 1964 — non-fiction "concerning William Michael Ryan and the American SPCA"
 * Time Cat: The Remarkable Journeys of Jason and Gareth (1963) — first children's fantasy
 * The Marvelous Misadventures of Sebastian (1970) —National Book Award
 * The King's Fountain (1971)
 * The Four Donkeys (1972)
 * The Cat Who Wished to Be a Man (1973)
 * The Wizard in the Tree (1974)
 * The Town Cats and Other Tales (1977)
 * The First Two Lives of Lukas-Kasha (1978)
 * The Big Book for Peace (Illustrated by Dirk Zimmer) (1990)
 * The Remarkable Journey of Prince Jen (1991)
 * The Fortune-Tellers (Illustrated by Trina Schart Hyman) (1992)
 * The Arkadians (1995)
 * The House Gobbaleen (1995)
 * The Iron Ring (1997)
 * Gypsy Rizka (1999)
 * How the Cat Swallowed Thunder (2000)
 * The Gawgon and the Boy (2001); UK title, The Fantastical Adventures of the Invisible Boy
 * The Rope Trick (2002)
 * Dream-of-Jade: The Emperor's Cat (2005)
 * The Golden Dream of Carlo Chuchio (2007) —last book published

Translations

 * The Diary of Antoine Roquentin (London: John Lehmann, 1949), first English translation of Jean-Paul Sartre, La Nausée (Éditions Gallimard, 1938). The celebrated existentialist, epistolary novel is better known by the direct translation of its title, Nausea.
 * Intimacy (London: Neville Spearman Ltd., 1949), translation of Le Mur by Jean-Paul Sartre (Éditions Gallimard, 1939).
 * Selected Writings (London: Routledge & Kegan, 1952), by Paul Eluard