Charles de Batz de Castelmore d'Artagnan

Charles Ogier de Batz de Castelmore, Comte d'Artagnan (c.  1611 – 25 June 1673) served Louis XIV as captain of the Musketeers of the Guard and died at the Siege of Maastricht in the Franco-Dutch War. A fictionalized account of his life by Gatien de Courtilz de Sandras formed the basis for the d'Artagnan Romances of Alexandre Dumas, most famously including The Three Musketeers (1844). The heavily fictionalized version of d'Artagnan featured in Dumas's works and their subsequent screen adaptations is now far more widely known than the real historical figure.

Early life
D'Artagnan was born near Lupiac in south-western France. His father, Bertrand de Batz (de Baatz), was the son of a newly ennobled merchant, Arnaud de Batz, who purchased the castle of Castelmore. Charles de Batz went to Paris in the 1630s, using the name of his mother, daughter of an illustrious family, Françoise de Montesquiou d'Artagnan. D'Artagnan found a way to enter into the Musketeers in 1632 through the support of his uncle, Henri de Montesquiou, Comte d'Artagnan, father of the field marshal Pierre de Montesquiou d'Artagnan, or perhaps thanks to the influence of Henri's friend, Monsieur de Tréville (Jean-Armand du Peyrer, Comte de Troisville). D’Artagnan joined the guards in the mid-1630s and served under Captain des Essarts. The regiment saw much action in the early 1640s, taking part in sieges at Arras, Aire-sur-la-Lys, la Bassée and Bapaume in 1640-41 and Collioure and Perpignan in 1642. Whether or not d’Artagnan was personally involved is unclear, but it is likely he took part in some, if not all, of these sieges. While in the Musketeers, d'Artagnan sought the protection of the influential Cardinal Mazarin, France's principal minister since 1643. In 1646, the Musketeers company was dissolved, but d'Artagnan continued to serve his protector Mazarin.

Career
D'Artagnan had a career in espionage for Cardinal Mazarin, in the years after the first Fronde. Due to d'Artagnan's faithful service during this period, Louis XIV entrusted him with many secret and delicate situations that required complete discretion. He followed Mazarin during his exile in 1651 in the face of the hostility of the aristocracy. In 1652 d'Artagnan was promoted to lieutenant in the Gardes Françaises, and fought at the Battle of Stenay in 1654, as well as in Sieges at Lancrecies and Saint-Ghislaine then to captain in 1655. In 1658, he became a second lieutenant in the newly reformed Musketeers. This was a promotion, as the Musketeers were far more prestigious than the Gardes-Françaises.

D'Artagnan was famous for his connection with the arrest of Nicolas Fouquet. Fouquet was Louis XIV's finance commissioner and aspired to take the place of Mazarin as the King's advisor. Fouquet was also a lover of grand architecture and employed the greatest architects and artisans in the building of his Chateau Vaux-le-Vicomte. He celebrated the completion with a most extravagant feast, at which every guest was given a horse. The king however felt upstaged by the grandeur of the home and event and, suspecting that such magnificence could only be explained through Fouquet's pilfering the royal treasury, three weeks later had d'Artagnan arrest Fouquet. To prevent his escape by bribery, d'Artagnan was assigned to guard him for four years until Fouquet was sentenced to life imprisonment.

In 1667, d'Artagnan was promoted to captain-lieutenant of the Musketeers, the effective commander as the nominal captain was the King. As befitted his rank and position, he could be identified by his striking burgundy, white and black livery—the colours of the commanding officer of the Musketeers. Another of d'Artagnan's assignments was the governorship of Lille, which was won in battle by France in 1667. D'Artagnan was an unpopular governor and longed to return to battle. He found his chance when Louis XIV went to war with the Dutch Republic in the Franco-Dutch War. After being recalled to service, d'Artagnan was subsequently killed in battle on 25 June 1673, when a musket ball tore into his throat at the Siege of Maastricht. The French historian Odile Bordaz believes that he was buried in Saint Peter and Paul Church in Wolder, the Netherlands.

Portrayals in fiction
The real d'Artagnan's life was used as the basis for Gatien de Courtilz de Sandras' novel Les mémoires de M. d'Artagnan. Alexandre Dumas in turn used Sandras' novel as the main source for his d'Artagnan Romances (The Three Musketeers, Twenty Years After and The Vicomte de Bragelonne), which cover d'Artagnan's career from his humble life's beginnings in Gascony to his death at Maastricht. Although Dumas knew that Sandras's version was heavily fictionalised, in the preface to The Three Musketeers he affected to believe that the memoirs were real, in order to make his novel more believable.

D'Artagnan is initially portrayed by Dumas as a hotheaded youth, and tries to engage the Comte de Rochefort and the three musketeers, Athos, Porthos, and Aramis in single combat. He quickly becomes friends with the musketeers, and has a series of adventures which put him at odds with Cardinal Richelieu, then First Minister of France. In the end, Richelieu is impressed by d'Artagnan, and makes him a Lieutenant of the Musketeers. This begins his long career of military service, as detailed in the sequels to Dumas's famous novel. Some scholars believe aspects of D'Artagnan are drawn from the life and character of Dumas's mixed race father, the General Thomas-Alexandre Dumas, as when D'Artagnan challenges Porthos, Athos, and Aramis to duels on the same afternoon or on an incident in General Dumas's youth when he was insulted, or on General Dumas's youthful companionship with fellow soldiers in the Queen's Dragoons.

D'Artagnan's role among the Musketeers is one of leadership (his skills and brains impress the musketeers greatly), but he is also regarded as a sort of protégé given his youth and inexperience. Athos sees him not only as a best friend and fellow musketeer but nearly as a son.

Towards the end of the story, his death at the siege of Maastricht is given an extra tragic twist - he is mortally wounded whilst reading the notice of his promotion to the highest rank.

In other works

 * French poet Edmond Rostand wrote the play Cyrano de Bergerac in 1897. After one of the play's famous scenes, in which Cyrano defeats Valvert in a duel while completing a poem, d'Artagnan approaches Cyrano and congratulates him on his fine swordsmanship.
 * In Neal Stephenson's Quicksilver a story of d'Artagnan's death is related by one of the characters, Half-Cocked Jack.
 * Musician Citizen Cope included a song titled "d'Artagnan's Theme" on his 2004 album The Clarence Greenwood Recordings.
 * D'Artagnan is mentioned in Chapter 16 of Eric Flint's alternate history novel 1632, and in stories by Bradley Sinor in the 163x anthologies Ring of Fire III and Grantville Gazette V.
 * In the game Pokémon Black and White, a Pokémon is introduced named Keldeo. Keldeo belongs to a group of Swordsman Pokémon called The Swords of Justice, who are inspired by the Three Musketeers. Keldeo is inspired by d'Artagnan.
 * In the video game Metro: Last Light, one of the characters repeatedly refers to the protagonist as D'Artagnan, comparing the duo to "two of the three musketeers" and himself to Athos.
 * In the video game Monster Hunter Generations, one of the feline-type non-playable characters is named 'd'Artanyan', wearing a wide-brimmed hat and cape similar to many depictions of d'Artagnan.
 * Athletic teams at Xavier University in Cincinnati, Ohio are called the Musketeers, and their mascot is named D'Artagnan after the character.
 * In the Netflix Original show Stranger Things, the second season features a creature who is named d'Artagnan by Dustin Henderson, one of the protagonists

Film and television
Actors who have played d'Artagnan on screen include:

Note: Cornel Wilde, in addition to his role listed above, played the same-named son of d'Artagnan as the main hero in At Sword's Point (1952); Tobias Mehler was similarly cast in the Young Blades series, while the indicated performance there by Shaughnessy was a single guest appearance as his famous father. Andrew Rannells voiced d'Artagnan in the Japanese manga series Dinosaur King.
 * Sydney Booth in The Three Musketeers: Parts I and II (1911)
 * Orrin Johnson in The Three Musketeers  (1916)
 * Aimé Simon-Girard in Les Trois Mousquetaires (1921)
 * Douglas Fairbanks in The Three Musketeers (1921), and The Iron Mask (1929)
 * Walter Abel in The Three Musketeers (1935)
 * Don Ameche in ''The Three Musketeers' (1939; musical comedy version)
 * Warren William in The Man in the Iron Mask (1939)
 * Gene Kelly in The Three Musketeers (1948)
 * Louis Hayward in Lady in the Iron Mask (1952)
 * Georges Marchal in Les Trois Mousquetaires  (1953, French)
 * Laurence Payne in The Three Musketeers (TV serial) (1954)
 * Maximilian Schell in The Three Musketeers (TV movie) (1960)
 * Gérard Barray in Les Trois Mousquetaires  (1961, French)
 * Jean Marais in Le Masque de fer (French film of The Man in the Iron Mask) (1962)
 * George Nader in Il colpo segreto di d'Artagnan (1962, Italian)
 * Jean-Pierre Cassel in Cyrano and d'Artagnan  (1964, French)
 * Jim Backus in "The Three Musketeers," (an animated TV adaptation shown as a two-part episode of The Famous Adventures of Mr. Magoo) (1964)
 * Jeremy Brett in The Three Musketeers (TV serial) (1966)
 * Kenneth Welsh in The Three Musketeers (Canadian TV movie) (1969)
 * Sancho Gracia Los Tres Mosqueteros (TV series) (1971)
 * Michael York in The Three Musketeers (1973), The Four Musketeers (1974), The Return of the Musketeers (1989), and La Femme Musketeer (TV miniseries) (2003)
 * Mikhail Boyarsky in d'Artagnan and Three Musketeers (1978) and its sequels (1992, 1993, 2009)
 * Louis Jourdan in The Man in the Iron Mask (TV movie) (1977)
 * Cornel Wilde in The Fifth Musketeer (1979)
 * Nikolai Karachentsov in Dog in Boots (1981)
 * Chris O'Donnell in The Three Musketeers (1993)
 * Philippe Noiret in La fille de d'Artagnan (The Daughter of D'Artagnan aka Revenge of the Musketeers) (1994)
 * Dennis Hayden in an early 1998 film of The Man in the Iron Mask
 * Gabriel Byrne in The Man in the Iron Mask (1998)
 * Justin Chambers in The Musketeer (2001)
 * Hugh Dancy in Young Blades (unaired TV series pilot) (2001)
 * Charles Shaughnessy in Young Blades (TV series) (2005)
 * Logan Lerman in The Three Musketeers (2011)
 * Luke Pasqualino in The Musketeers (TV series) (2014–2016)