Bristol F.2 Fighter

The Bristol F.2 Fighter was a British two-seat biplane fighter and reconnaissance aircraft of the First World War flown by the Royal Flying Corps. It is often simply called the Bristol Fighter or popularly the "Brisfit" or "Biff". Despite being a two-seater, the F.2B proved to be an agile aircraft that was able to hold its own against opposing single-seat fighters. Having overcome a disastrous start to its career, the F.2B's solid design ensured that it remained in military service into the 1930s, and surplus aircraft were popular in civil aviation.

Design and development
The Bristol fighter's basic design stemmed from design studies by Frank Barnwell in March 1916 for an aircraft intended, like the R.E.8 and the F.K.8, as possible replacements for the B.E.2c – the Type 9 R.2A with the 160 hp Beardmore engine and the R.2B, powered by the 150 hp Hispano Suiza. Neither type was built, as the new 190 hp (142 kW) Rolls-Royce Falcon inline engine became available, and Barnwell designed a new aircraft around the Rolls-Royce engine. This, the Type 12 F.2A was a more compact design, intended from the outset as a replacement for the F.E.2d and Sopwith 1½ Strutter two-seat fighters: it first flew on 9 September 1916. The F.2A was armed in what had by then become the standard manner for a British two-seater: one synchronised fixed, forward-firing .303 in (7.7 mm) Vickers machine gun, and one flexible .303 in (7.7 mm) Lewis Gun mounted on a Scarff ring in the observer's rear cockpit. This remained the standard armament.

Only 52 F.2As were produced before production switched to what became the definitive Bristol Fighter, the Bristol Type 14 F.2B which had first flown on 25 October 1916. The first 150 or so were powered by the Falcon I or Falcon II engine but the remainder were equipped with the 275 hp (205 kW) Falcon III engine and could reach a maximum speed of 123 mph (198 km/h). The F.2B was over 10 mph (16 km/h) faster than the F.2A and was three minutes faster at reaching 10,000 ft (3,000 m).

F.2Bs often carried a second Lewis gun on the rear cockpit mounting, although observers found the weight of the twin Lewis gun mounting difficult to handle in the high altitudes at which combat increasingly took place in the last year of the war. A number of attempts were made to add forward firing Lewis guns on a Foster mounting or similar on the upper wing - either instead of, or in addition to the Vickers gun. Unfortunately this caused interference with the pilot's compass, which was mounted on the trailing edge of the upper wing. Some F.2Bs were fitted with a Lewis gun offset top starboard to minimise this effect.

The Bristol M.R.1 is often described as an "all-metal version of the F.2b". In fact it was a totally new design – although it shared the characteristic of having the fuselage positioned between the upper and lower wing. Two prototypes were built, the first flying on 23 October 1917, but the M.R.1 never entered mass production.

Alternative engines
Rolls-Royce aero engines of all types were in chronic short supply in this period, and the Falcon was no exception. Plans to make the Bristol Fighter the standard British two-seater, replacing the R.E.8 and F.K.8, stalled against this barrier; there simply would not have been enough Falcons available. Efforts to find an available powerplant that was sufficiently powerful and reliable, ultimately failed.

The Type 15 was fitted with a 200 hp (150 kW) Sunbeam Arab piston engine. This motor suffered from chronic vibration and the "Arab Bristol" was never a viable combination, in spite of prolonged development. A few Arab-engined Bristols were at the front very late in the war – but most British reconnaissance squadrons had to soldier on with the R.E.8 and F.K.8 until the end of hostilities. The Type 16 was fitted with a 200 hp (150 kW) Hispano-Suiza engine. This worked better than the Arab – but the Hispano-Suiza availability was no better than for the Falcon, and the motors that were available were required for the S.E.5a and Sopwith Dolphin. The 300 hp (220 kW) version of the Hispano-Suiza, suggested for the Type 17 was not available in numbers before the end of the war. Other engines tried or suggested for the F.2B were the 200 hp (150 kW) RAF 4d, the 180 hp (130 kW) Wolseley Viper and the 230 hp (170 kW) Siddeley Puma. The Type 22 was a proposed version adapted for a radial or rotary engine; either a 200 hp (150 kW) Salmson radial, a 300 hp (220 kW) ABC Dragonfly radial (Type 22A), or a 230 hp (170 kW) Bentley B.R.2 rotary (Type 22B). The type number was eventually used for the Bristol F.2C Badger, a totally new design.

American versions
The United States Army Engineering Division had plans to develop and build an American version of the Bristol Fighter. However, efforts to start production in the United States floundered due to the mistaken decision to power the type with the 400 hp Liberty L-12 engine. The Liberty was a totally unsuitable engine for the Bristol, as it was far too heavy and bulky, the resulting aircraft being nose heavy, and only 27 of the planned 2,000 were built. Efforts to change the powerplant of American Bristol Fighters to the more suitable Liberty 8 or the 300 hp Wright-Hisso came up against political as well as technical problems. Only one each of the Hispano-engined Engineering Division USB-1A and the Liberty L-8-engined Engineering Division USB-1B were built.

When fitted with a new plywood monocoque fuselage designed by the Engineering Division of the US Army Air Service and powered by a Wright-Hispano engine, the US-built Bristol Fighter was known as the XB-1A. Three prototypes were built by the Engineering division at McCook Field, with a further 44 aircraft built by the Dayton-Wright Company.

Postwar developments
Postwar developments of the F.2B included the Type 14 F.2B Mk II, a two-seat army co-operation biplane, fitted with desert equipment and a tropical cooling system, which first flew in December 1919. 435 were built. The Type 96 Fighter Mk III and Type 96A Fighter Mk VI were structurally strengthened aircraft, of which 50 were built in 1926–1927.

Surplus F.2Bs were modified for civilian use. The Bristol Tourer was an F.2B fitted with a Siddeley Puma engine in place of the Falcon and with the cockpits enclosed by canopies. The Tourer had a maximum speed of 128 mph (206 km/h).

Operational history


When initially deployed, aircrews were instructed to maintain formation and use the crossfire of the observers' guns to meet any threat from enemy fighters. This was standard procedure at the time, and worked well for such types as the F.E.2b. For the Bristol, these tactics were flawed and did not withstand the first contact with the enemy. The F.2A arrived on the Western Front in April 1917 as the British launched the Battle of Arras. The very first F.2A patrol of six aircraft from No. 48 Squadron RFC, led by Victoria Cross recipient William Leefe Robinson, ran into five Albatros D.IIIs from Jasta 11 led by Manfred von Richthofen. Four out of the six F.2As were shot down – including Robinson, who was captured – and a fifth was badly damaged.

More flexible, aggressive tactics soon proved that the new Bristol was by no means as ineffective in air-to-air combat as its first encounter with the enemy seemed to indicate. In fact it was eventually realised that the type was fast and manoeuvrable enough to be flown in combat more or less like a single-seat fighter; the pilot's fixed forward-firing gun served as the principal weapon, with the observer's flexible gun serving mainly as an additional "sting in the tail". Flown in this manner the Bristol Fighter was a formidable opponent for any German single-seater.

In September and October 1917, orders for 1,600 F.2Bs were placed and by the end of the First World War, the Royal Air Force had 1,583 F.2Bs in operation. A total of 5,329 aircraft were eventually built, mostly by Bristol but also by Standard Motors, Armstrong Whitworth and even the Cunard Steamship Company. After the war, F.2Bs continued to operate in army cooperation and light bombing roles throughout the British Empire, in particular the Middle East, India and China. The F.2B also served with the New Zealand Permanent Air Force and RAAF as well as with the air forces of Belgium, Canada, Ireland, Greece, Mexico, Norway, Peru, Spain and Sweden. It was not until 1932 that the F.2B was finally withdrawn from RAF service, the last "Brisfit" unit being No. 20 Squadron RAF stationed in India. The type lasted a further three years in New Zealand service.

In 1920 Poland bought 107 Bristol Fighters, thus becoming the second largest user of this type (105 with Hispano-Suiza 300 hp/220 kW engines, two with RR Falcon III). It was most numerous Polish aircraft type at that time. Forty were used during the Polish-Soviet war from July 1920, among others in Battle of Warsaw, for reconnaissance and close air support. The rest became operational only after hostilities. Two were shot down by ground fire, one was captured by the Soviets and several were lost in crashes. The survivors served in Poland for reconnaissance and training until 1932.

Operators

 * 🇦🇫 Afghanistan
 * Afghan Air Force operated three aircraft from 1919 and retired them by 1929.
 * Argentine Air Force
 * Australian Flying Corps operated the Bristol Fighter from 1917 to 1918.
 * No. 1 Squadron in Palestine
 * No. 6 (Training) Squadron in the United Kingdom
 * Belgian Air Force
 * Bolivian Air Force
 * 🇨🇦 Canada
 * Canadian Air Board
 * Royal Canadian Air Force
 * Honduran Air Force
 * Irish Air Service
 * Irish Air Corps
 * 🇬🇷 Greece
 * Hellenic Air Force
 * Hellenic Navy
 * Mexican Air Force
 * New Zealand Permanent Air Force operated seven Bristol F.2B Fighters from 1919 to 1936. During its 16 years of service with the NZPAF, it was used as an Army Co-operation, aerial-survey and advanced training aircraft.
 * Norwegian Army Air Service
 * Peruvian Air Force
 * Polish Air Force operated 107 Bristol F.2B Fighters in 1920–1932.
 * Soviet Air Force - Two aircraft.
 * 🇪🇸 Kingdom of Spain
 * Spanish Air Force
 * Royal Swedish Air Force
 * Kingdom of Yugoslavia
 * Royal Yugoslav Air Force – One aircraft only.
 * Royal Flying Corps / Royal Air Force
 * Peruvian Air Force
 * Polish Air Force operated 107 Bristol F.2B Fighters in 1920–1932.
 * Soviet Air Force - Two aircraft.
 * 🇪🇸 Kingdom of Spain
 * Spanish Air Force
 * Royal Swedish Air Force
 * Kingdom of Yugoslavia
 * Royal Yugoslav Air Force – One aircraft only.
 * Royal Flying Corps / Royal Air Force
 * Royal Swedish Air Force
 * Kingdom of Yugoslavia
 * Royal Yugoslav Air Force – One aircraft only.
 * Royal Flying Corps / Royal Air Force
 * Royal Flying Corps / Royal Air Force


 * No. 2 Squadron RAF
 * No. 4 Squadron RAF
 * No. 5 Squadron RAF
 * No. 6 Squadron RAF
 * No. 8 Squadron RAF
 * No. 9 Squadron RAF
 * No. 10 Squadron RAF
 * No. 11 Squadron RAF
 * No. 12 Squadron RAF
 * No. 13 Squadron RAF
 * No. 14 Squadron RAF
 * No. 16 Squadron RAF
 * No. 20 Squadron RAF


 * No. 22 Squadron RAF
 * No. 24 Squadron RAF
 * No. 28 Squadron RAF
 * No. 31 Squadron RAF
 * No. 33 Squadron RAF
 * No. 34 Squadron RAF
 * No. 35 Squadron RAF
 * No. 36 Squadron RAF
 * No. 39 Squadron RAF
 * No. 48 Squadron RAF
 * No. 62 Squadron RAF
 * No. 67 Squadron RAF
 * No. 75 Squadron RAF


 * No. 76 Squadron RAF
 * No. 81 Squadron RAF
 * No. 88 Squadron RAF
 * No. 100 Squadron RAF
 * No. 105 Squadron RAF
 * No. 111 Squadron RAF
 * No. 114 Squadron RAF
 * No. 138 Squadron RAF
 * No. 139 Squadron RAF
 * No. 140 Squadron RAF
 * No. 141 Squadron RAF
 * No. 186 Squadron RAF
 * No. 208 Squadron RAF

Survivors
Airworthy- There are three airworthy Bristol Fighters in 2007, (and several replicas):
 * The Shuttleworth Collection contains one airworthy F.2B Fighter, identity D8096, that still flies during the English summer.
 * The Canada Aviation and Space Museum, in Rockcliffe, Ontario, owns a second example, D-7889.
 * The New Zealand film director Peter Jackson owns D-8084, which flies from the Hood Aerodrome, In Masterton, New Zealand. The Aviation Heritage Centre, In Omaka, N.Z., holds a second, original fuselage.

On Static Display- Substantially original aircraft are on static display at the: Engineers at Rolls-Royce, Airbus and GKN Aerospace-Filton have also built a full-scale replica F.2B in celebration of 100 years of aircraft manufacture at Filton Bristol, where the original fighters were designed and built.
 * Royal Air Force Museum London
 * Imperial War Museum Duxford
 * Museo del Aire, Madrid
 * VAF, Old Kingsbury, Texas
 * Musée Royal de l'Armée, Brussels.