Guardia di Finanza

The Guardia di Finanza (GdF) (Financial Guard) is an Italian law enforcement agency under the authority of the Minister of Economy and Finance. It is a militarized police force, forming a part of the Ministry of Economy and Finance, not the Ministry of Defence. Guardia di Finanza is essentially responsible for dealing with financial crime and smuggling; it has also evolved into Italy's primary agency for suppressing the drugs trade. It maintains over 600 boats and ships and more than 100 aircraft to serve in its mission of patrolling Italy's territorial waters.

Mission
The mission and institutional tasks of Guardia di Finanza are stated in the law 189 of April 23, 1959 and 68/2001 and are subdivided into priority ones (preventing, investigating and reporting financial evasions and violations, overseeing the compliance with the provisions of politico-economic interest and surveillance at sea for financial police purposes) and contribution ones (maintaining public order and safety and political-military defense of the borders).

The primary goal of the Guardia di Finanza is to protect the legal economy and the businesses operating in compliance with the law, while ensuring that the Republic, the European Union, the regions, and the local governments can rely on a regular inflow and appropriate use of the resources meant for the community, and for supporting policies for economic and social revival and development.

Its activities are connected with financial, economic, judiciary and public safety: tax evasion, financial crimes, smuggling, money laundering, international illegal drug trafficking, illegal immigration, customs and borders checks, copyright violations, anti-Mafia operations, credit card fraud, cybercrime, counterfeiting, terrorist financing, maintaining public order, and safety, political and military defense of the Italian borders.

Light Troops Legion (1774)


The origins of the Guardia di Finanza date back to October 5, 1774, when the "Light Troops Legion" (Legione truppe leggere) was set up under the King of Sardinia, Victor Amadeus III. This was the first example in Italy of a special corps established and organized for financial surveillance duties along the borders, as well as for military defense.

Customs Guards Corps (1862)
Once the unification of Italy was completed in 1862, the "Customs Guards Corps" (Corpo delle Guardie doganali) was set up. Its main task was Customs surveillance and co-participation in the Country's defense during wartime.

Corpo della Regia Guardia di Finanza (1881)
By Law no. 141 dated April 8, 1881, the Customs Guards Corps became the "Corps of the Royal Finance Guard" (Corpo della Regia Guardia di Finanza) whose task was to "impede, suppress and report smuggling activities and any other violation and transgression of financial laws and regulations", and to safeguard the interests of the tax administration, as well as to co-participate in enforcing law and order and public security.

Twentieth century
By Royal Decree dated July 14, 1907, the Corps was issued 5-point star uniforms to mark its military status, even though the Army's military discipline regulation was extended to the Financial Guard by Law dated July 12, 1908. The Corps served in the two World Wars and in the War of National Liberation, deserving 18 awards to its War Flag, which had been granted in 1914 to decree the total integration among the Italian Armed Forces.

Subsequently, the Corps took part in numerous rescue operations during serious natural disasters; for this commitment the Corps was decorated with 13 additional civil valor awards.

The re-organization of the police forces in 1919 also affected the Royal Guardia di Finanza. The responsibilities were divided between the Inspector General, who was an Army Officer with the rank of Lieutenant General responsible for military preparation, and the Commanding General, who was a Financial Guard Officer subordinate to the former, but authorized to maintain direct relations with the Minister for ordinary institutional duties and for personnel management. In 1923, the "Investigative Tax Police" was set up as a specialized branch of the Royal Financial Guard. Within a few years, its naval fleet, motor-vehicles and telecommunication structure underwent a complete change; the Statistical Service equipped with a data processing centre, the Air Service and the Canine Service (for anti-drugs checks) were set up. During the same years, the Corps’ general organization was defined pursuant to Law no. 189 dated April 23, 1959, which laid down its institutional tasks, subsequently amended by specific sector provisions assigning certain responsibilities.

Recent history
Besides the review of its organizational structure, laid out by the issuance of Presidential Decree Law no. 34 dated January 29, 1999, the updating of the Corps’ institutional tasks was completed. Law Decree no. 68, dated March 19, 2001, whilst confirming the Corps’ configuration as a military structure, enhanced its role as a police force having general competence on all economic, financial and judicial matters for the safeguard of the public budget and that of the regions, of the local authorities and of the European Union.

The Guardia di Finanza Historical Museum is custodian of the traditions of the Corps. It preserves artifacts of relevance to the Guardia di Finanza and promotes historical research, to aid researchers, scholars and military history enthusiasts.

Anti-drug operations
From the statistic data of the anti-drug service central Direction, of the Department of the Interior,the 60% of the drug seized in Italy by all the strengths of law enforcement is found by the Guardia di Finanza. In 2005, the Financial Guard was responsible for 77% of the Heroin seizures, 69% of Cocaine seizures and 54% of cannabis (including Hashish) seizures.

The Chiasso financial smuggling case
On June 3, 2009 near Chiasso, Switzerland (near the Swiss/Italian border), officers of the Corps detained two Japanese nationals in their 50s who had attempted to enter Switzerland and had in their possession a suitcase with a false bottom containing U.S. Treasury Bonds worth $134.5 billion. These later turned out to be counterfeit.

Organization
Guardia di Finanza is a militarized police force, corpo di polizia ad ordinamento militare, just as the Carabinieri, but forming a part of the Ministry of Economy and Finance, not the Ministry of Defence. Under the minister of finance and economy, the corps is commanded by a general commander and a second-in-command.

Commands
Under the general command are the following commands: Source:
 * Comando dei Reparti Speciali (Special Forces Command)
 * Special Unit of the Currency Police
 * Central Service for the Investigation of Organized Crime
 * Special Unit for Revenue and Public Expenditure
 * Unit for the Prevention of Community Frauds
 * Special Units Command, which cooperates directly with other government agencies, parliamentary commissions, and other central authorities.
 * Comando Aeronavale Central (Central Aeronaval Command)
 * ´Aeronaval Operations Command, with one aeromaritime exploration group, and three aeronaval groups.
 * Aviation Center
 * Naval Center

Territorial organization
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 * Territorial commands
 * Six interregional commands
 * Regional commands, one for each of the 20 Italian regions.
 * Provincial commands, one for each of Italy's provinces.
 * Territorial units
 * 74 Groups (of which five are Counter-terrorism Rapid Response Groups)
 * 104 Revenue Police Units
 * 198 Companies
 * 202 Lieutenant Units (Stations)
 * 48 Brigades
 * 26 Mountain Rescue Stations
 * Aeronaval units
 * 15 Aeronaval Opersational Units
 * 16 Naval Stations
 * 41 Operational Naval Sections
 * 13 Aviation Sections

Special departments

 * Gruppo di Investigazione Criminalità Organizzata (GICO): Organized Crime Investigation Group.
 * Gruppo Operativo Antidroga (GOA): Counter-narcotics Group
 * Gruppo Anticrimine Tecnologico (GAT): Counter-cybercrime Group
 * Gruppo Tutela Patrimonio Archeologico: Stolen Art Recovery Group
 * Antiterrorismo Pronto Impiego (ATPI): Antiterrorism and Rapid Response Service
 * Servizio Cinofili: Police Dog Division (K9).

Personnel
The Guardia di Finanza utilises a rank structure similar to that of other state police forces in Italy, but with ranks similar to the Italian Army. The Guardia di Finanza has around 68,000 members (revenue officers, superintendents, inspectors, and officers). Its personnel are in service in the Europol and OLAF (European Agency of Fight against Fraud). Its Latin motto since 1933 has been Nec recisa recedit (Neanche spezzata retrocede, Does not retreat even if broken).

Officers
There are 3,250 officers in the Guardia di Finanza. Officer cadets for the general and aeronaval branches are recruited through competitive examinations open to Italian citizens, not over 22 years of age, with a high school diploma giving access to university studies. Officer cadets for the technical and logistic branches need a bachelor or master's degree, and to be under the age of 32. Officer cadets for the general and aeronaval branches are trained during three years undergraduate studies at the Accademia della Guardia di Finanza at the campus in Bergamo, followed by two years graduate studies at the campus in Rome. The successful cadets graduate as First Lieutenats with a Master's degree in Economic and Financial Security Sciences. Ranks and rank insignia of general officers

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Inspectors
There are 24,000 inspectors in the Guardia di Finanza. Participation in the competition for the recruitment of inspectors in the general and naval branches is open to Italian citizens aged between 18 and 26 years, having a diploma of secondary school giving access to university studies. Inspector cadets attend the Scuola ispettori e sovrintendenti della Guardia di Finanza in L'Aquila for three years, at the same time studying at the local university, finally graduating with a bachelor's degree in business law and appointment as warrant officers. Inspectors in the naval branch continues with a year at the nautical school in Gaeta. Ranks and rank insignia of inspectors Inspectors are formally classified as senior non-commissioned officers, but are according to training and job description more akin to U.S. warrant officers.

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Superintendents
There are 13,500 superintendents in the Guardia di Finanza. Superintendents are recruited through promotion from the ranks of the appointees. They are trained at a three-months course at the Scuola ispettori e sovrintendenti della Guardia di Finanza in L'Aquila. Ranks and rank insignia of superintendents

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Appointees and Revenue officers
There are 28,000 appointees and revenue officers in the Guardia di Finanza. Competition for appointments as revenue officer trainee is open for Italian citizens with one year's enlistment in the Italian defence forces. Recruits are given basic training at either the Recruit School in Bari or the Alpine School in Predazzo. Ranks and rank insignia of appointees and revenue officers

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Weapons

 * Pistols: Beretta 92, and Beretta 84 BB
 * Submachine gun: Beretta PM 12 S2
 * Assault rifle: Beretta SC70/90
 * Combat shotgun: SPAS-12
 * Sniper rifle: Sako TRG-22/42

Cars

 * Fiat Grande Punto
 * Fiat Nuova Panda
 * Land Rover Range Rover
 * Fiat Croma
 * Alfa Romeo Giulia
 * Alfa Romeo 156
 * Alfa Romeo 159
 * Fiat Bravo
 * Fiat Stilo 1.9 JTD
 * Land Rover Freelander
 * Land Rover Defender
 * Iveco Massif
 * Iveco Daily
 * Isuzu D-Max
 * Fiat Scudo
 * Land Rover Discovery
 * Nissan Navara

Patrol boats
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Motorboats
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Inland motorboats
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Sailing vessels
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Training ships
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Unit awards
The unit awards, as depicted on the unit coat-of-arms, are:
 * 3 blue and gold ribbons for 3 Gold Medals of Military Valour
 * 4 white and gold ribbons for 4 Silver Medals of Military Valour
 * 1 blue ribbon with VI for six Bronze Medals of Military Valour
 * 1 blue and white ribbon with II for two Crosses of Military Valour
 * 1 green-white-red ribbon with IX for nine Gold Medals of Civil Valour
 * 1 blue and red ribbon, with a cross, for 5 Knight's Crosses of the Military Order of Italy

Awards not included in the coat of arms but are included in its State Color are:


 * 1 Gold Medal of Valor of the Finance Guard (2011)
 * 1 Silver Medal of Civil Valor
 * 9 Gold Medals of Civil Merit
 * 2 separate Medals of Merited Service in Earthquake Relief (1908 and 1915, respectively)
 * 2 Medals of Benemerited Financial Service
 * 6 Gold Medals of Benemerited Service to Education, Culture and the Arts
 * 2 Gold Medals of Benemerited Service to Public Health
 * 2 Gold Medals of Benemerited Service to the Environment
 * 1 Gold Medal of Merit of the Department of Civil Defense
 * 3 Gold Medals of Merit of the Italian Red Cross
 * UN Peacekeeping Medal (for service as part of UNMIK Kosovo 1995-2004)
 * Gold Medal of the Eagle of the Republic of Albania (1997-2005)
 * Military Double Gold Star of Sports Merit (2007)