Harbin Y-12

The Harbin Y-12 is a high wing twin-engine turboprop utility aircraft built by Harbin Aircraft Industry Group (HAIG).

Design and development
The Y-12 started life as a development of the Harbin Y-11 airframe. It was first called Y-11T in 1980. The design featured numerous improvements including a redesigned wing with a new low drag section, a larger fuselage and bonded rather than riveted construction.

The first prototype, followed by about 30 production Y-12 (I) aircraft before a revised version was produced. This was designated the Y-12 (II), which featured more powerful engines and removal of leading edge slats, first flying on 16 August 1984 and receiving Chinese certification in December of the following year. The power plants are two Pratt & Whitney Canada PT6A-27 turboprops with Hartzell propellers. The Y-12 has a maximum payload of 5,700 kg (12,600 lb) with seating for 17 passengers and two crew. The aircraft is operated as a light commuter and transport aircraft.

The latest development is Y-12F, which is almost a new design with many improvements: new wings, new landing gears, new fuselage, with more powerful engine from Pratt & Whitney Canada and extended payload and range. The prototype is still under test and verification.

Variants

 * Y-12 (I) : Twin-engined STOL utility transport aircraft, powered by two 500-shp (373-kW) Pratt & Whitney Canada PT6A-11 turboprop engines. Prototype version.
 * Y-12 (II) : Fitted with more powerful PT6A-27 engines.
 * Y-12 (III) : Planned version to be fitted with WJ-9 turboprop. Evolved to Y-12C because of IV's success when WJ-9 development was completed.
 * Y-12 (IV) : Improved version. Revised wingtips (span increased to 19.2 m (63 ft)) and increased take off weight. 19 passenger seats. This version is the first aircraft ever certified by the FAA in 1995.
 * Y-12C : Basically a (IV) version with WJ-9 turboprop, now used by PLAAF for aerial survey.
 * Y-12E : Variant with 18 passenger seats. PT6A-135A engines of equal horsepower but increased torque driving four-bladed propellers. This version was certified by the FAA in 2006.
 * Y-12F : The latest development with almost everything redesigned: wider fuselage, new wings, retractable landing gear and more powerful engines. The turbine engines are more powerful PT6A-65B. Due to all the improvement, Y-12F has high cruise speed and long range, it can accommodate 19 passenger or carry cargo in 3 LD3 containers. The design started at April 2005 and maiden flight in December 2009. It has been also demonstrated during the 2012 Zhuhai International Aviation Show.
 * Turbo Panda : Export name for (II) version, marketed by England and Japanese companies. No real order due to airworthiness certification.
 * Twin Panda : Originally (II) version for export. Later a modified Y-12(IV) powered by two Pratt & Whitney Canada PT6A-34 turboprop engines and fitted with uprated undercarriage, upgraded avionics and interior. Thirty-five orders reportedly received by 2000 but production not proceeded with.

Military operators

 * Royal Cambodian Air Force
 * People's Liberation Army Air Force
 * Eritrean Air Force
 * Guyana Air Force
 * Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps Air Force
 * Kenya Air Force
 * undefined
 * Mauritanian Air Force
 * Myanmar Air Force (2)
 * Namibian Air Force
 * Pakistan Air Force
 * Pakistan Army
 * Paraguayan Air Force
 * ''Policía Nacional del Perú
 * Peruvian Air Force
 * Sri Lanka Air Force
 * Tanzanian Air Force
 * Ugandan Air Force
 * Zambian Air Force
 * Pakistan Air Force
 * Pakistan Army
 * Paraguayan Air Force
 * ''Policía Nacional del Perú
 * Peruvian Air Force
 * Sri Lanka Air Force
 * Tanzanian Air Force
 * Ugandan Air Force
 * Zambian Air Force
 * Tanzanian Air Force
 * Ugandan Air Force
 * Zambian Air Force
 * Ugandan Air Force
 * Zambian Air Force
 * Zambian Air Force

Governmental operators

 * China Marine Surveillance
 * Ministry of Transport (2)
 * Republic of Seychelles (2)
 * Ministry of Transport (2)
 * Republic of Seychelles (2)
 * Republic of Seychelles (2)

Civil operators

 * Aero Bengal
 * China Flying Dragon Aviation
 * China Heilongjiang Longken General Aviation
 * Donghua General Aviation
 * Jiangnan General Aviation
 * Ordos General Aviation Co. Ltd.
 * Shuangyang General Aviation
 * Xinjiang General Aviation
 * YingAn Airlines
 * Zhong Fei General Aviation Company
 * SATENA (2, 1 on order)
 * Democratic Republic of the Congo
 * LAC
 * Republic of the Congo
 * Trans Air Congo (10 on order)
 * Sabang Merauke Raya Air Charter (SMAC)
 * Dirgantara Air Service (DAS)
 * Air Kiribati
 * Lao Airlines
 * Lao Aviation
 * Berjaya Air
 * MIAT Mongolian Airlines- After 2 planes crashing remaining 3 planes returned to the manufacturer.
 * Blue Airways (3 on Order)
 * Flight Care Aviation
 * Nepal Airlines (6)
 * PADC (10 on order)
 * Real Tonga (2)
 * Airlines Tonga
 * Uganda Air Cargo (2)
 * Air Vanuatu (3)
 * Blue Airways (3 on Order)
 * Flight Care Aviation
 * Nepal Airlines (6)
 * PADC (10 on order)
 * Real Tonga (2)
 * Airlines Tonga
 * Uganda Air Cargo (2)
 * Air Vanuatu (3)
 * Airlines Tonga
 * Uganda Air Cargo (2)
 * Air Vanuatu (3)
 * Air Vanuatu (3)
 * Air Vanuatu (3)

Accidents and incidents

 * On 13 December 1993, a Lao Aviation Y-12-II, registration RDPL-34117, clipped trees in fog and crashed at Phonesavanh, Laos, killing all 18 on board.
 * On 4 April 1995, a TANS Y-12-II, registration 333/OB-1498, crashed shortly after takeoff from Iquitos Airport, Peru, killing all three on board.
 * On 21 June 1996, a China Flying Dragon Aviation Y-12-II, registration B-3822, crashed into a 100 m mountain near Changhai Airport after the crew began the final approach too early and deviated from the intended course, killing two of 12 on board.
 * On 20 January 1997, a Sri Lanka Air Force Y-12-II, CR851, crashed off Pataly Air Base while on a surveillance mission, killing all four on board.
 * On 10 June 1997, a MIAT Mongolian Airlines Y-12-II, registration JU-1020, crashed at Mandalgobi Airport due to windshear, killing seven of 12 on board.
 * On 26 May 1998, a MIAT Mongolian Airlines Y-12-II, registration JU-1017, crashed into a 10800 ft mountain near Galt Som in heavy icing condition, Mongolia en route to Tosontsengel due to heavy icing, wing de-ice system fault and overloading, killing all 28 on board; this crash is the worst ever accident involving the Y-12.
 * On 19 October 2000, a Lao Aviation (now Lao Airlines) Y-12-II, registration RDPL-34130 and operating as Flight 703, crashed in a mountainous area in bad weather while on approach to Sam Neua, killing eight of 15 passengers; both pilots survived.
 * On 18 May 2005, a Zambia Air Force Y-12-II, AF-216, crashed shortly after takeoff from Mongu Airport, killing all 13 on board.
 * On 10 April 2006, a Kenya Air Force (KAF) Y-12-II, 132, struck the side of Mount Marsabit, killing 14 of 17 on board.
 * On 15 June 2008, a China Flying Dragon Aviation Y-12-II, registration B-3841, struck a small hill during a survey flight for a new aluminum mine, killing three of four on board.
 * On 12 July 2012, a Y-12 of the Mauritanian Air Force crashed while transporting gold, killing all 7 occupants.
 * On 12 May 2014, a Y-12-II of the Kenyan Air Force crashed in El Wak, Kenya. The airplane operated on a flight from Mandera to Nairobi with stops at El Wak and Garissa. Preliminary information suggests that one pilot was killed and the remaining eleven occupants were injured.