Carroll O'Connor

John Carroll O'Connor (August 2, 1924 – June 21, 2001) was an American actor, producer, and director whose television career spanned four decades. A lifelong member of the Actors Studio, O'Connor first attracted attention as Major General Colt in the 1970 film Kelly's Heroes. The following year, he found fame as the bigoted working man Archie Bunker, the main character in the 1970s CBS television sitcoms All in the Family (1971 to 1979) and Archie Bunker's Place (1979 to 1983). O'Connor later starred in the NBC/CBS television crime drama In the Heat of the Night from 1988 to 1995, where he played the role of southern Police Chief William (Bill) Gillespie. At the end of his career in the late 1990s, he played the father of Jamie Buchman (Helen Hunt) on Mad About You.

In 1996, O'Connor was ranked number 38 on TV Guide's 50 Greatest TV Stars of All Time.

Early life
Carroll O'Connor, an Irish American, was the eldest of three sons. He was born on August 2, 1924, in Manhattan, New York City, to Edward Joseph O'Connor, a lawyer, and his wife, Elise Patricia O'Connor. Both of his brothers became doctors: Hugh, who died in a motorcycle accident in 1961, and Robert, a psychiatrist in New York City. O'Connor spent much of his youth in Elmhurst and Forest Hills, Queens, the same borough in which his character Archie Bunker would later live.

In 1941, Carroll O'Connor enrolled at Wake Forest University in North Carolina, but dropped out when the United States entered World War II. During the war, he was rejected by the United States Navy and enrolled in the United States Merchant Marine Academy for a short time. After leaving that institution, he became a merchant seaman and served in the United States Merchant Marine during World War II.

After the war, O'Connor attended the University of Montana-Missoula, where he met Nancy Fields, who later became his wife. He also worked at the Montana Kaimin student newspaper as an editor. At the University of Montana, he joined Sigma Phi Epsilon fraternity. O'Connor did not take any drama courses as an undergraduate at the University of Montana. He later left that university to help his younger brother Hugh get into medical school in Ireland, where Carroll completed his studies at the University College Dublin and began his acting career.

After O'Connor's fiancee, Nancy Fields, graduated from the University of Montana in 1951 with degrees in drama and English, she sailed to Ireland to meet Carroll, who was visiting his brother, Hugh. The couple married in Dublin on July 28, 1951. In 1956, O'Connor returned to Missoula to earn a master's degree in speech. O'Connor said on The Dick Cavett Show (December 1971) that the level of education that he achieved was a master's degree from the University of Montana and that he had completed a bachelor's degree at the University of Dublin.

Prolific character actor
After acting in theatrical productions in Dublin and New York during the 1950s, O'Connor's breakthrough came when he was cast by director Burgess Meredith (assisted by John Astin) in a featured role in the Broadway adaptation of James Joyce's novel Ulysses. O'Connor and Meredith remained close, lifelong friends.

O'Connor made his television acting debut as a character actor on two episodes of Sunday Showcase. These two parts led to other roles on such television series as The Americans, The Eleventh Hour, Gunsmoke, Bonanza, The Fugitive, The Wild Wild West, Armstrong Circle Theatre, Death Valley Days, The Outer Limits, The Great Adventure, The Man from U.N.C.L.E., Dr. Kildare, I Spy, That Girl, Premiere and Voyage to the Bottom of the Sea, among many others. O'Connor starred as an Eastern European villain in the first season of Mission Impossible, season one, episode 18 "The Trial". Late in his career, he appeared on several episodes of Mad About You as the father of Helen Hunt's character.

Considered roles
He was among the actors considered for the roles of the Skipper on Gilligan's Island and Dr. Smith in the TV show Lost in Space, and was the visual template in the creation of Batman foe Rupert Thorne, a character who debuted at the height of All in the Family's success in Detective Comics No. 469 (published May 1976 by DC Comics).

All in the Family
O'Connor was living in Italy in 1968 when producer Norman Lear first asked him to come to New York to star in a pilot he was creating for ABC called Justice For All, with O'Connor playing Archie Justice, a lovable yet controversial bigot. After three pilots done between 1968 and 1970, a network change to CBS, and the last name of the character changed to Bunker, the new sitcom was renamed All in the Family. The show was based on the BBC's Till Death Us Do Part, with Bunker based on Alf Garnett, but somewhat less abrasive than the original. O'Connor's Queens background and New York accent is said to have influenced Lear to set the show in Queens.

Wanting a well-known actor to play the role, Lear had approached Jackie Gleason and Mickey Rooney to play Archie; both declined. O'Connor accepted, not expecting the show to be a success and believing he would be able to move back to Europe. In her book Archie & Edith, Mike & Gloria : the Tumultuous History of All in the Family, Donna McCrohan noted that O'Connor requested that Lear provide him with a return airplane ticket to Rome as a condition of his accepting the role, so he could return to Italy when the show failed. Instead, the show became the highest-rated television show on American television for five consecutive seasons until the 1976–77 season (the sixth season).

O'Connor's own politics were liberal. He understood the Bunker character and played him not only with bombast and humor, but also with touches of vulnerability. The writing on the show was consistently left of center, but O'Connor often deftly skewered the liberal pieties of the day. Although Bunker was famous for his malapropisms of the English language, O'Connor was highly educated and cultured and was an English professor before he turned to acting.

The show also starred a Broadway actress, also from New York City, Jean Stapleton, in the role of Bunker's long-suffering wife, Edith Bunker, whom Lear remembered from seeing in the play and film Damn Yankees. The producer sent the show over to ABC twice, but it did not get picked up. They then approached CBS with more success, and accordingly, All in the Family was retooled and debuted early in 1971. The show also starred unknown character actors, such as Rob Reiner as Archie's liberal son-in-law, Michael "Meathead" Stivic, and Sally Struthers as Archie and Edith's only child and Mike's wife, Gloria. The cast had a unique on- and off-camera chemistry, especially Reiner, who became O'Connor's best friend and favorite actor.

CBS was unsure whether the controversial subject matter of All in the Family would fit well into a sitcom. Racial issues, ethnicities, religions, class, education, women's equality, gun control, politics, inflation, the Vietnam war, energy crisis, Watergate and other timely topics of the 1970s were addressed. Like its British predecessor Till Death Us Do Part, the show lent dramatic social substance to the traditional sitcom format. Archie Bunker's popularity made O'Connor a top-billing star of the 1970s. O'Connor was afraid of being typecast for playing the role, but at the same time, he was protective of not just his character, but of the entire show, too.

A contract dispute between O'Connor and Lear marred the beginning of the show's fifth season. Eventually, O'Connor got a raise and appeared in the series until it ended. For his work as Archie Bunker, he was nominated for eight Emmy Awards as Outstanding Lead Actor in a Comedy Series; he won the award four times (1972, 1977, 1978 and 1979).

At the end of the eighth season in 1978, Reiner and Struthers left the series to pursue other projects, but O'Connor and Stapleton still had one year left on their contracts.

Rob Reiner said in a 2014 interview about his on- and off-screen chemistry with O'Connor, "We did over 200 shows in front of a live audience. So I learned a lot about what audiences like, what they don't like, how stories are structured. I would spend a lot of time in the writing room and I actually wrote some scripts. And from Carroll O'Connor I learned a lot about how you perform and how important the script and story are for the actors. So the actor doesn't have to push things. You can let the story and the dialogue support you if it's good. I had great people around me and I took from all the people who were around." He also stated, when he compared Carroll O'Connor's character to his acting mentor's real-life persona: "Carroll O'Connor brought his humanity to the character even though he had these abhorrent views. He's still a feeling, human being. He loved his wife even though he acted the way he did, and he loved his daughter. Those things come out. I don't think anybody's all good or all bad."

Archie Bunker's Place
When All in the Family ended after nine seasons, Archie Bunker's Place continued in its place and ran for four more years. Longtime friend and original series star Jean Stapleton kept her role as Edith Bunker, but was limited to about a half dozen guest appearances in season one. In the second-season premiere, her character died of a stroke, leaving Archie to cope with the loss. The show was cancelled in 1983. O'Connor was angered about the show's cancellation, maintaining that the show ended with an inappropriate finale. He vowed never to work in any type of show with CBS again, although he starred in In the Heat of the Night, which aired on CBS in that show's last three seasons.

In the Heat of the Night
While coping with his son's drug problem, O'Connor starred as Sparta, Mississippi, Police Chief Bill Gillespie, a tough veteran cop on In the Heat of the Night. Based on the 1967 movie of the same name, the series debuted on NBC in March 1988 and performed well. He cast his son Hugh O'Connor as Officer Lonnie Jamison. The headquarters of the Sparta Police Department was actually the library in Covington, Georgia.

Much like O'Connor himself, Gillespie was racially progressive and politically liberal, but the character of Bill Gillespie was also a smart and tough police officer who was not afraid to use his gun when the occasion called for it.

In 1989, while working on the set, O'Connor was hospitalized and had to undergo open heart surgery, which caused him to miss four episodes at the end of the second season (actor Joe Don Baker took his place in those episodes as an acting police chief.) The series was transferred from NBC to CBS in 1992 and cancelled two years later after its seventh season. O'Connor reprised his role the following year for four two-hour In the Heat of the Night television films to critical acclaim.

While on the series, O'Connor recorded "Bring a Torch, Jeanette Isabella" for the 1991 In the Heat of the Night Christmas CD Christmas Time's A Comin'. He was joined by Grand Ole Opry star mandolinist Jesse McReynolds, Nashville accordionist Abe Manuel, Jr., and Nashville fiddlers Buddy Spicher and Randall Franks. CD Producer and series co-star Randall Franks created the arrangement which was co-produced by series co-star Alan Autry. He joined other members of the cast for a recording of "Jingle Bells" with vocals by Country Music Hall of Fame members Little Jimmy Dickens, Kitty Wells, Pee Wee King, the Marksmen Quartet, Bobby Wright, Johnnie Wright and Ken Holloway.

Career honors

 * Golden Globe Award for Best Actor – Television Series Musical or Comedy, 1972, All in the Family
 * Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actor in a Comedy Series, 1971, 1976, 1977, and 1978, All in the Family
 * George Foster Peabody Broadcasting Award, 1980, for Archie Alone episode, Archie Bunker's Place
 * Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actor in a Drama Series, 1989, ''In the Heat of the Night'
 * Golden Globe Award for Best Actor – Television Series Drama, 1989, In the Heat of the Night
 * Golden Globe Award for Best Actor – Television Series Drama nomination 1990, ''In the Heat of the Night' '
 * Television Academy Hall of Fame, inducted 1990 for contributions to the television industry
 * NAACP Image Award, 1992, In the Heat of the Night Best Dramatic Series
 * NAACP Image Award, 1993, In the Heat of the Night Best Dramatic Series

Other honors
In 1973, his fraternity conferred its highest honor, the Sigma Phi Epsilon Citation, on him.

Carroll O'Connor and Edie Falco are the only actors to have won the lead acting Emmy Awards in both the comedy and drama series categories.

In July 1991, O'Connor, Jean Stapleton, Reiner, and Sally Struthers were reunited to celebrate the 20th anniversary of All in the Family. Due to reruns which aired in syndication, TV Land, Antenna TV, and CBS, the show continued to be popular.

In March 2000, he received a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame and was given a St. Patrick's Day tribute by MGM.

His caricature figures prominently in Sardi's restaurant, in New York City's Theater District.

Personal life
In 1962, while he was in Rome filming Cleopatra, O'Connor and his wife adopted a six-day-old boy, naming him Hugh after O'Connor's brother who had died a year earlier. At age 17, Hugh worked as a courier on the set of Archie Bunker's Place. O'Connor eventually created the role of Officer Lonnie Jamison on In the Heat of the Night for his son.

In 1989, Carroll was admitted to the hospital for heart bypass surgery.

On March 28, 1995, O'Connor's adopted son Hugh committed suicide after a long battle with drug addiction. Following his son's death, O'Connor appeared in public service announcements for Partnership for a Drug Free America and spent the rest of his life working to raise awareness about drug addiction. O'Connor also successfully lobbied to get the state of California to pass legislation allowing family members of an addicted person or anyone injured by a drug dealer's actions, including employers, to sue for reimbursement for medical treatment and rehabilitation costs and other economic and noneconomic damages. The law, known as the Drug Dealer Civil Liability Act in California, went into effect in 1997. It is also referred to as the Hugh O'Connor Memorial Law. The act is based on the Model Drug Dealer Liability Act authored in 1992 by then Hawaii U.S. Attorney Daniel Bent. The Model Drug Dealer Liability Act has been passed in 17 states and the Virgin Islands. A website devoted to the Act can be found at: www.ModelDDLA.com. Cases have been brought under the Act in California, Illinois, Utah, and other states.

His son's suicide inspired O'Connor to start a crusade against the man who sold the drugs to Hugh. He called Harry Perzigian "a partner in murder" and a "sleazeball". Perzigian filed a defamation lawsuit against the actor. In 1997, a California jury threw out the case. In an interview on CNN's Larry King Live soon after the verdict, O'Connor said he would never be able to put his son's death behind him. "I can't forget it. There isn't a day that I don't think of him and want him back and miss him, and I'll feel that way until I'm not here any more," he said.

During the late 1990s, O'Connor established a small automotive restoration shop in Newbury Park, California. Called "Carroll O'Connor Classics", the shop contained many of O'Connor's personal vehicles and the cars once owned by his late son. Among the cars O'Connor owned were a Rolls-Royce Silver Shadow sold to him by William Harrah, a Maserati 3500 GT, and a Dodge Challenger equipped with the 440-cubic inch V-8 that was the car he drove during production of All in the Family.

In 1997, the O'Connors donated US$1 million (worth $0 today) to their alma mater to help match a challenge grant to the University of Montana from the National Endowment for the Humanities. The university named a regional studies and public policy institute the O'Connor Center for the Rocky Mountain West. Afterward, O'Connor taught screenwriting at the university.

In 1998, O'Connor underwent a second surgery to clear the blockage in a cardiac artery, to reduce his risk of stroke.

Death
O'Connor died on June 21, 2001, in Culver City, California, from a heart attack brought on by complications from diabetes. He was 76 years old. His funeral Mass was celebrated at St. Paul the Apostle Catholic Church in Westwood, Los Angeles, California, and was attended by All in the Family cast members Rob Reiner, Sally Struthers, and Danielle Brisebois, as well as producer Norman Lear. Jean Stapleton, who had been a close friend of O'Connor's since the early 1960s, did not attend the service due to a commitment for a stage performance.

O'Connor's best friend Larry Hagman and his family were also there, alongside the surviving cast of In the Heat of the Night, including Alan Autry and Denise Nicholas, who also attended the Mass. Actor Martin Sheen, then starring on The West Wing, delivered the eulogy. O'Connor is buried at Westwood Village Memorial Park Cemetery with his son Hugh's cenotaph placed on his grave stone.

In honor of O'Connor's career, TV Land moved an entire weekend of programming to the next week and showed a continuous marathon of All in the Family. During the commercial breaks, TV Land also showed interview footage of O'Connor and various All in the Family actors, producers with whom he had worked, and other associates.

Personal quotes
"Nothing will give me any peace. I've lost a son. And I'll go to my grave without any peace over that."

"It was a lack of system that made the '30s Depression as inevitable as all others previously suffered."

"Get between your kid and drugs, any way you can, if you want to save the kid's life".

"I thought that the public would kick us off the air because of this egregious guy. No. They loved ... they knew him."

On his son: "I should have spied on him. I should've taken away all his civil rights, spied on him, opened his mail, listened to telephone calls, everything."

"I never heard Archie's kind of talk in my own family. My father was a lawyer and was in partnership with two Jews, who with their families were close to us. There were black families in our circle of friends. My father disliked talk like Archie's—he called it lowbrow."

"The biggest part of my life was the acquiring and the loss of a son. I mean, nothing else was as important as that."

"Conventional show-biz savvy held that Americans hated to be the objects of satire."

Starring roles

 * All in the Family (1971–1979) as Archie Bunker (salary $200,000 per episode)
 * Archie Bunker's Place (1979–1983) as Archie Bunker (salary $250,000 per episode)
 * In the Heat of the Night (1988–1994) as Chief/Sheriff Bill Gillespie
 * Mad About You (1996–1999) Gus Stemple #3

Films (feature and made-for-TV)

 * Shakespeare's 'Julius Caesar' (1956) as Crassus
 * The Defiant Ones (1958) as Truck driver (uncredited)
 * The Sacco-Vanzetti Story (TV mini-series) (1960) as Frederick Katzman
 * A Fever in the Blood (1961) as Matt Keenan
 * Parrish (1961) as Fire fighter (uncredited)
 * By Love Possessed (1961) as Bernie Breck
 * Lad A Dog (1962) as Hamilcar Q. Glure
 * Belle Sommers (TV) (1962) as Mr. Griffith
 * Lonely Are the Brave (1962) as Hinton the Truck Driver
 * Cleopatra (1963) as Casca
 * The Silver Burro (TV) (1963)
 * Nightmare in Chicago aka Once Upon a Savage Night (TV) (1964)
 * In Harm's Way (1965) as *Cmdr./Capt. Burke (USS Swayback)
 * The Last Patrol episode of The Time Tunnel (1966) as British General Southall and Colonel Southall, his 1815 ancestor
 * The Time Tunnel (1966)
 * What Did You Do in the War, Daddy? (1966) as Gen. Bolt
 * Hawaii (1966) as Charles Bromley
 * Not with My Wife, You Don't! (1966) as Gen. Maynard C. Parker
 * Warning Shot (1967) as Paul Jerez
 * Point Blank (1967) as Brewster
 * Waterhole #3 (1967) as Sheriff John H. Copperud
 * The Devil's Brigade (1968) as Maj. Gen. Maxwell Hunter
 * For Love of Ivy (1968) as Frank Austin
 * Death of a Gunfighter (1969) as Lester Locke
 * Marlowe (1969) as Lt. Christy French
 * Ride a Northbound Horse (TV)(1969)
 * Fear No Evil (TV) (1969) as Myles Donovan
 * Kelly's Heroes (1970) as Gen. Colt
 * Doctors' Wives (1971) Dr. Joe Gray
 * Of Thee I Sing (TV) (1972) as President Wintergreen
 * Law and Disorder (1974) as Willie
 * The Last Hurrah (TV) (1977) as Frank Skeffington
 * A Different Approach (1978)
 * Brass aka Police Brass (TV) (1985) as Frank Nolan
 * Convicted (1986) (TV) as Lewis May
 * The GLO Friends Save Christmas (1986) as Santa
 * The Father Clements Story (1987) (TV) as Cardinal Cody
 * Gideon (1998) as Leo Barnes
 * 36 Hours to Die (TV) (1999) Jack 'Balls' O'Malley
 * Return to Me (2000) as Marty O'Reilly (final film role)

Writer

 * Bronk (TV) (1975) Series creator
 * The Last Hurrah (TV) (1977)
 * Archie Bunker's Place (1979) TV series (writer)
 * Brass aka Police Brass (TV) (1985) (credited as Matt Harris)
 * In the Heat of the Night (1988–1995) Numerous episodes (credited as Matt Harris)

Producer

 * Bronk (TV) (1975) Series (executive producer)
 * The Last Hurrah (TV) (1977) (executive producer)
 * In the Heat of the Night (TV) (1988–1995) (executive producer)

Director

 * Archie Bunker's Place (TV) (1979) Series
 * In the Heat of the Night (TV) (1988) Series

Crew

 * In the Heat of the Night (TV) (1988) Series (executive story editor credited as Matt Harris)

Composer/Lyricist

 * All in the Family (TV) (1971) Archie Bunker's Place (TV) (1979) Both series "Remembering You" (Lyrics by O'Connor, Music by Roger Kellaway)
 * In the Heat of the Night (TV) (1988–1995) "Sweet, Sweet Blues" (Music and Lyrics by O'Connor) Episode aired November 26, 1991 S0508 (season 5, ep 8) performed by Bobby Short

Series music

 * All in the Family (TV) (1971) sang title song with Jean Stapleton (Music by Charles Strouse, Lyrics by Lee Adams)

Author

 * I Think I'm Outta Here (ISBN 0-671-01760-8) (1999) Autobiography

Guest starring

 * The Untouchables
 * "Star Witness" playing "William Norman" January 21, 1960
 * Shirley Temple's Storybook playing "Appleyard" November 27, 1960
 * "The Black Arrow"
 * The Americans playing "Captain Garbor" May 8, 1961
 * "The Coward"
 * The Untouchables playing "Arnie Kurtz aka Albert Krim" (2 episodes, 1961–1962)
 * "Bird in the Hand"
 * The Dick Powell Show playing "Leonard Barsevick" "Pericles on 31st Street" April 12, 1962
 * Naked City June 20, 1962
 * "Goodbye Mama, Hello Auntie Maud"
 * Naked City playing "Tony Corran" December 19, 1962
 * "Spectre of the Rose Street Gang"
 * Stoney Burke
 * Harry Clark in "Webb of Fear" (1963)
 * The Defenders (2 episodes, 1962–1963)
 * Ben Casey (2 episodes, 1962–1965)
 * Dr. Kildare (2 episodes, 1962–1965)
 * Death Valley Days playing "Senator Dave Broderick" February 8, 1963
 * "A Gun Is Not a Gentleman"
 * The Dick Powell Show playing "Dr. Lyman Savage" February 12, 1963
 * "Luxury Liner"
 * Bonanza playing "Tom Slayden" May 19, 1963
 * "The Boss"
 * The Outer Limits playing "Deimos" January 13, 1964
 * "Controlled Experiment"
 * The Fugitive playing "Sheriff Bray" March 10, 1964
 * "Flight from the Final Demon"
 * The Man from U.N.C.L.E. playing "Walter Brach" October 27, 1964
 * "The Green Opal Affair"
 * Voyage to the Bottom of the Sea playing "Old John" December 21, 1964
 * "Long Live the King"
 * I Spy playing "Dr. Karolyi" April 13, 1966
 * "It's *All Done with Mirrors"
 * The Time Tunnel playing "General Southall/Colonel Southall" October 7, 1966
 * "The Last Patrol"
 * The Wild Wild West playing "Fabian Lavendor" November 25, 1966
 * "The Night of the Ready-Made Corpse"
 * Mission: Impossible playing "Josef Varsh" January 28, 1967
 * "The Trial"
 * That Girl playing "Giuseppe Casanetti" February 23, 1967
 * "A Tenor's Loving Care"
 * Gunsmoke playing "Major Glenn Vanscoy" October 30, 1967
 * "Major Glory"
 * Dundee and the Culhane
 * "The Duelist Brief" (1967)
 * Insight (1970)
 * "The Day God Died"
 * Rowan & Martin's Laugh-In as "Guest Performer" December 13, 1971
 * The Sonny and Cher Comedy Hour as himself (2 episodes, 1971–1972)
 * This Is Your Life as himself "Don Rickles" January 12, 1972
 * The Tonight Show Starring Johnny Carson as himself (5 episodes, 1972–1975)
 * The Dean Martin Show as himself "Celebrity Roast: Carroll O'Connor" December 7, 1973
 * The Dick Cavett Show as himself "London – New York" September 8, 1976
 * Saturday Night Live as himself (uncredited) September 25, 1976
 * Bill Moyers' Journal as himself May 16, 1981
 * Gloria playing "Archie Bunker" in episode: "Gloria, the First Day (un-aired pilot)" 1982
 * The Redd Foxx Show "Old Buddies"  March 1, 1986
 * Party of Five (six episodes) as "Jake Gordon"
 * The Rosie O'Donnell Show as himself March 4, 1998
 * Biography: Carroll O'Connor June 22, 2001 as himself

Misc

 * Remembering You (1972) An LP of classic songs Himself
 * An All-Star Tribute to Elizabeth Taylor (1977) Himself
 * CBS: On the Air (1978) mini-series part VII co-host
 * The 30th Annual Primetime Emmy Awards (1978) Himself Winner
 * All in the Family: 20th Anniversary Special (1991) Himself
 * All in the Family: The E! True Hollywood Story (2000) Himself
 * Intimate Portrait: Minnie Driver (2000) Narrator
 * A&E Biography: Carroll O'Connor – All in a Lifetime (2001) Himself

Archive footage featuring Carroll O'Connor

 * Bruce Lee: A Warrior's Journey (2000) (V)
 * The 53rd Annual Primetime Emmy Awards (2001) Memorial tribute
 * Inside TV Land: African Americans in Television (2002)
 * The 74th Annual Academy Awards (2002) Memorial tribute