Farman F.60 Goliath



The Farman F.60 Goliath was an airliner and bomber produced by the Farman Aviation Works from 1919. It was instrumental in the creation of early airlines and commercial routes in Europe after World War I.

Design and development
The Goliath was initially designed in 1918 as a heavy bomber capable of carrying 1000 kg of bombs with a range of 1500 km. It was a fixed-undercarriage three-bay biplane of fabric-covered wood construction, powered by two Salmson Z.9 engines. It had a simple and robust, yet light structure. The wings were rectangular with a constant profile with aerodynamically balanced ailerons fitted to both upper and lower wings.

It was undergoing initial testing when World War I came to an end and Farman realized there would be no orders for his design. Nonetheless he was quick to understand that the big, box-like fuselage of the Goliath could be easily modified to convert the aircraft into an airliner. Commercial aviation was beginning to be developed and was in need of purpose-built aircraft. With the new passenger cabin arrangement, the Goliath could carry up to 12 or 14 passengers. It had large windows to give the passengers a view of the surroundings. The Salmson engines could be replaced by other types (Renault, Lorraine) if a customer desired it. Approximately 60 F.60 Goliaths were built. Between 1927 and 1929, eight Goliaths with various engines were built under licence in Czechoslovakia, four by Avia and four by Letov.

Operational history
Farman was quick to press the Goliath into service and made several publicity flights. On 8 February 1919, the Goliath flew 12 passengers from Toussus-le-Noble to RAF Kenley, near Croydon. Since non-military flying was not permitted at that date, Lucien Bossoutrot and his passengers were all ex-military pilots who wore uniform and carried mission orders for the circumstances. The flight went well, taking 2 hours and 30 minutes. The pilot and passengers were well received in England. The return flight was made the following day and took 2 hours and 10 minutes.

Other flights were made to publicize the Goliath. On 3 April 1919, 14 passengers were flown to an altitude of 6,200 m (20,341 ft). Later, on 11 August 1919, an F.60 flew eight passengers and a ton of supplies from Paris via Casablanca and Mogador to Koufa, 180 km north of Saint-Louis, Senegal, flying more than 4500 km.

Airlines, which were appearing very quickly all over Europe, were quick to acquire the F.60. In 1920, the Compagnie des Grands Express Aériens (CGEA) began scheduling regular flights between Le Bourget and Croydon. The Compagnie des Messageries Aériennes (CMA) soon followed suit. The Société Générale de Transports Aérien (SGTA) opened a Paris-Brussels route in July 1920, flown by the Goliath. In May 1921, this route was extended to Amsterdam. Belgian airline Société Nationale pour l'Etude des Transports Aériens (SNETA) also opened a Brussels-London route in April 1921.

Variants

 * FF.60: Designation of the first three prototypes.


 * F.60: Civil passenger transport version, powered by two 260 hp Salmson CM.9 radial piston engines, sixty built.


 * F.60bis: This designation was given to transport version, powered by two 300 hp Salmson 9Az engines.


 * F.60 Bn.2: Three-seat night bomber evolved from the F.60 Goliath. It was equipped with two 260 hp Salmson 9Zm engines, and 210 were delivered to French naval and army aviation.


 * F.60 Torp: Torpedo-bomber floatplane, powered by two Gnome-Rhône 9A Jupiter radial piston engines.


 * F.60M: Blunt-nose version in 1924, powered by two 310 hp Renault 12Fy engines.


 * F.61: Two aircraft equipped with two 300 hp Renault 12Fe engines.


 * F.62:A record breaking aircraft, derived from the F.60, powered by a single 500 hp Farman 12We. First flown on 7 August 1925, the F.62, piloted by Landry and Drouhin, broke the world record 4400 km closed circuit in 45 hours 11 minutes and 59 seconds.


 * F.62 BN.4: Export version for the Soviet Union, powered by two 450 hp Lorraine-Dietrich V-12 engines.


 * F.62 BN.5: A 5-seat night bomber version, powered by 2x 400 hp Lorraine 12Db engines.


 * F.63 BN.4: Similar to the F.62 BN.4 export version, powered by two 450 hp Gnome-Rhône 9A Jupiter radial piston engines, 42 built for L'Aeronautique Militaire Francais.


 * F.63bis: A single airliner, powered by 2x 365 hp Armstrong Siddeley Jaguar IIIA engines. Ten more were built powered by 2x 380 hp Gnome-Rhône 9Aa Jupiter engines.


 * F.63ter: Three airliners, powered by 2x 380 hp Gnome-Rhône 9Aa Jupiter engines.


 * F.65: Sixty floatplane torpedo-bombers built for the l'Aéronautique Navale, fitted with interchangeable float or landing gear and powered by 2x 380 hp Gnome-Rhône 9Aa Jupiter engines.


 * F.66: Two torpedo-bombers built for the l'Aéronautique Navale, powered by 2x 260 hp Salmson CM.9 engines.


 * F.66 BN.3: One Gnome-Rhône 9A Jupiter-powered aircraft was built, intended to be exported to Romania.


 * F.68 BN.4: Thirty-two bomber aircraft, powered by 2x 420 hp Gnome-Rhône 9Ab Jupiter, exported to Poland.


 * F.140 Super Goliath: Super-heavy bomber prototype, powered by four 500 hp Farman 12We W-12 engines in tandem pairs.

Military operators

 * French Air Force
 * French Navy
 * Belgian Air Force
 * Czechoslovakia
 * Czechoslovak Air Force
 * 🇮🇹 Italy
 * Peruvian Air Force
 * Peruvian Navy
 * Polish Air Force
 * Soviet Air Force
 * Aeronáutica Militar, used in air raids over Morocco.
 * Peruvian Navy
 * Polish Air Force
 * Soviet Air Force
 * Aeronáutica Militar, used in air raids over Morocco.
 * Soviet Air Force
 * Aeronáutica Militar, used in air raids over Morocco.
 * Aeronáutica Militar, used in air raids over Morocco.

Accidents and incidents

 * On 8 October 1921, A Farman Goliath of Compagnie des Grands Express Aériens (CGEA) made an emergency landing at Saint-Inglevert, Pas-de-Calais due to problems with a propeller shortly after the aircraft had crossed the French coast. The aircraft was operating an international scheduled passenger flight from Le Bourget Airport, Paris to Croydon Airport, Surrey, United Kingdom. Another aircraft was despatched from Paris to take the six passengers on to Croydon.
 * On 30 November 1921, Goliath F-GEAD of CGEA was damaged in a forced landing at Smeeth, Kent. The aircraft was repaired and returned to service.
 * On 11 February 1922, Goliath F-GEAI of CGEA was damaged in a forced landing at Farnborough, Kent. The aircraft was repaired and returned to service.
 * On 7 April 1922, Goliath F-GEAD of CGEA was in a mid-air collision with de Havilland DH.18A G-EAWO of Daimler Airway over Thieuloy-Saint-Antoine, Oise, France. All seven people on board both aircraft were killed.
 * On 1 September 1922, A Farman F.60 Goliath on a flight from Croydon Airport to Paris, suffered a severely damaged propeller after flying through torrential rain whilst crossing the English Channel. The engine was shut down and a precautionary landing was made at Saint-Inglevert where the propeller was changed in 15 minutes. The aircraft then departed for Le Bourget, where arrival was only 12 minutes later than scheduled.
 * On 15 March 1923, Goliath F-AEIE of Compagnie des Messageries Aériennes (CMA) overran the runway on landing at Croydon and collided with a building. The aircraft was later repaired and returned to service.
 * On 7 May 1923, Goliath F-AEGP Flandre of Air Union was damaged in a forced landing at Lympne, Kent. The aircraft was repaired and returned to service.
 * On 13 May 1923, Goliath F-AEBY of Air Union crashed at Monsures, Somme, following structural failure of a wing. All six people on board were killed. The aircraft was on a scheduled international passenger flight from Paris to Croydon
 * On 15 July 1923, Goliath F-AEEE of Farman crashed near Valenciennes, France.
 * On 27 August 1923, Goliath F-AECB of Air Union crashed at East Malling, Kent. The aircraft was operating an international scheduled passenger flight from Paris to Croydon. A precautionary landing was made at Lympne due to weather, following which the flight was resumed. One engine later failed and the aircraft crashed following misunderstanding of an instruction for a number of passengers to move towards the rear of the aircraft, affecting the centre of gravity and causing the aircraft to enter a spin.
 * On 3 December 1923, Goliath F-AEIF, possibly operated by CMA, crashed at Littlestone, Kent.
 * On 22 January 1924, Goliath F-GEAO of Air Union was destroyed by fire following an accident when landing at Croydon.
 * On 6 August 1924, Goliath F-ADDT Languedoc of Air Union was on a scheduled international passenger flight from Paris to Croydon when the port engine failed. A forced landing was made at Golden Green, Kent. One person amongst the pilot and five passengers on board was injured. The aircraft was dismantled to allow removal. It was later repaired and returned to service.
 * On 8 February 1925, Goliath F-GEAB of Air Union crashed whilst attempting to land at Lympne. The aircraft was on a cargo flight from Paris to Croydon when an engine failed over the Channel. The aircraft was later repaired and returned to service.
 * On 16 October 1925, Goliath F-HMFU Île de France of Air Union crashed at Wadhurst, East Sussex. Three passengers were killed and two were injured. The aircraft may have been repaired and returned to service as its registration was not cancelled until 1 June 1932. Its fuselage is preserved.
 * On 14 November 1925, Goliath F-FHMY Picardie of Air Union ditched in the English Channel 12 km off Boulogne, France. The aircraft was salvaged and rebuilt.
 * On 10 March 1927, Goliath F-AEGP of Air Union made a forced landing near Tonbridge, Kent following an engine failure.
 * On 5 May 1927, Goliath F-ADFN of Société Générale des Transports Aériens was lost in the Atlantic Ocean on a flight from Saint-Louis Senegal to Pernambuco, Brazil. Both crew were killed.
 * On 24 November 1927, Goliath F-GEAB of Air Union was severely damaged in a forced landing at Yaldham Manor, Wrotham, Kent. The aircraft was later repaired and returned to service.
 * On 6 March 1928, Goliath F-AECU Normandie of Air Union crashed at Hythe, Kent. The aircraft may have been repaired and returned to service as its registration was not cancelled until 1 June 1932.
 * On 11 March 1928, Goliath F-AEFC of Air Union crashed into the English Channel 9 mi off Folkestone whilst operating an international scheduled passenger flight from Paris to Croydon. The aircraft had landed at Saint-Inglevert to await an improvement in the weather before continuing its journey. and the passenger (or passengers ) had decided to continue the journey by boat. The aircraft broadcast a Mayday before it crashed into the sea killing both crew. The bodies of the victims were picked up the Southern Railway's ferry SS Maid of Orleans.
 * On 23 May 1928, Goliath F-AEIE of Société Générale des Transports Aériens (SGEA) crashed on take-off from Cologne, Germany and was destroyed by fire. Three people were killed.
 * On 19 May 1929 Goliath F-GEAI of Air Union, on a flight from Croydon to Paris crashed at Keylands Sidings near Paddock Wood railway station, it stopped yards from the signal box and was destroyed by fire, the pilot and mechanic escaped with minor injuries.
 * On 31 July 1929, Goliath F-GEAB of Air Union, on a flight from London to Paris carrying gold bullion was damaged in a forced landing near Smarden in Kent, bushes on the riverbank stopped the aircraft entering the River Beult although some of the gold bullion it was carrying ended up in the river, the bullion was recovered by spectators and transferred by lorry to Lympne for onward transport to Paris. The aircraft may have been repaired and returned to service as its registration was not cancelled until 1 June 1932.
 * In October 1929, Goliath F-FARI of SGEA was destroyed in an accident.
 * On 10 February 1930, Goliath F-FHMY of Air Union crashed at Marden Airfield, Kent following failure of the starboard tailplane. Two passengers killed of the six people on board.
 * On 2 May 1930, Goliath F-ADCA of Air Union crashed at Penshurst, Kent after encountering a heavy squall whilst on a flight from Le Bourget, Paris to Croydon.
 * On 23 April 1931, Goliath F-ADDT Languedoc of Air Union crashed at Widehurst Farm, Marden after taking off from Marden. The aircraft was carrying mail.

Survivors
No complete airframe survives. The forward fuselage of F-HMFU is exhibited at the Musée de l'Air et de l'Espace, Le Bourget, France.