PSO-1



The Soviet PSO-1 (Pritsel Snaipersky Optichesky, "Optical Sniper Sight") telescopic sight was at the time of its introduction (around 1964), the most technically advanced telescopic sight ever designed for a mass-production designated marksman or sniper rifle. The PSO-1 telescopic sight is manufactured in Russia by the Novosibirsk instrument-making factory (NPZ Optics State Plant) and is issued with the Russian military Dragunov sniper rifle.

Design details
The PSO-1 was specifically designed for the SVD as a telescopic sight for military designated marksman activities. The current version of the sight is the PSO-1M2. This telescopic sight is different from the original PSO-1 only in that it lacks the now obsolete Infra-Red detector. The metal body of the PSO-1 is made from a magnesium alloy. The PSO-1 features a battery powered red illuminated reticle with light provided by a simple diode bulb. It features professionally ground, fully multi-coated optical elements, a baked enamel finish for scratch protection, and an attached, quick-deployable, extendable sunshade. The scope body is sealed and filled with nitrogen, which prevents fogging of optics and was designed to function within a -50 °C to 50 °C temperature range. For zeroing the telescopic sight the reticle can be adjusted by manipulating the elevation and windage turrets in 5 cm at 100 meters (0.5 mil or 1.72 MOA) increments. Considered the higher end of Soviet military side mount telescopic sights, the quality of the PSO-1 is higher than most other PSO-style telescopic sights. The PSO-1 has neither a focus adjustment nor a parallax compensation control. Most modern military tactical scopes with lower power fixed magnification such as the ACOG, C79 optical sight or SUSAT (intended for rapid close-intermediate range shots rather than long-range sniping) lack such features as well. Modern fixed magnification military high end grade sniper telescopic sights scopes intended for long-range shooting usually offer one or both of these features. The positioning of the scope’s body to the left of the bore’s center line may not be comfortable to all shooters.

Bullet Drop Compensation elevation turret
The PSO-1 elevation turret features bullet drop compensation (BDC) in 50 m or 100 m increments for engaging point and area targets at ranges from 100 m up to 1,000 m. At longer distances the shooter must use the chevrons that would shift the trajectory by 100 m per each chevron. The BDC feature must be tuned at the factory for the particular ballistic trajectory of a particular combination of rifle and cartridge at a predefined air density. Inevitable BDC induced errors will occur if the environmental and meteorological circumstances deviate from the circumstances the BDC was calibrated for. Marksmen can be trained to compensate for these errors.

Besides the BDC elevation or vertical adjustment control of the reticle, the windage or horizontal adjustment control of the reticle can also be easily dialed in by the user without having to remove turret caps etc.

PSO-1 reticle


The PSO-1 features a reticle with "floating" elements designed for use in range estimation and bullet drop and drift compensation (see external ballistics).

The top center "chevron" (^) is used as the main aiming mark. The horizontal hash marks are for windage and lead corrections and can be used for ranging purposes as well.

The picture to the left is a stadiametric rangefinder that can be used to determine the distance from a 1.7 m tall object/person from 200 m (2) to 1000 m (10). For this the lowest part of the target is lined up on the bottom horizontal line. Where the top of the target touches the top curved line the distance can be determined. This reticle lay out is also used in several other telescopic sights produced and used by other former Warsaw Pact member states.

The three lower chevrons in the center are used as hold over points for engaging area targets beyond 1,000 meters (the maximum BDC range setting on the elevation drum). The user has to set the elevation turret to 1,000 meters and then apply the chevrons for 1,100, 1,200 or 1,300 meters respectively.

The 10 reticle hashmarks in the horizontal plane can be used to compensate for wind or moving targets and can also be used for additional stadiametric rangefinding purposes, since they are spaced at 1 milliradian intervals, meaning if an object is 5 m wide it will appear 10 hashmarks wide at 500 m.

The reticule can be illuminated by a small battery-powered lamp.

Mounting system


The telescopic sight propriety mount is adjustable for tension on the SVD rifle's side rail. This side rail is a Warsaw Pact mounting dovetail. The side rail mount is an offset mounting that positions the PSO-1 telescopic sight axis to the left side in relation to the receiver center axis. The mount has a castle nut that screws into the bottom of the locking lever. The spring-loaded portion of the clamp has to be pressed down to tighten or loosen the castle nut as needed.

The telescopic sight is factory matched to the rifle by engraving the scope's serial number on to the butt stock of the SVD rifle. Commercial Russian Tigr rifles (based on the SVD military rifle) have the serial number of the rifle engraved in to the PSO-1M2 scope's side mount.

Optical specifications and dimensions



 * Magnification: 4x
 * Objective diameter: 24 mm
 * Field of view: 6°
 * Exit pupil: 6 mm
 * Eye relief: 80 mm
 * Limiting optical resolution: 12 SOA
 * Power supply for reticle illumination: 1 AA battery
 * Weight: 0.6 kg
 * Overall dimensions: (L x W x H): 375 x 70 x 132 mm

Accessories
The PSO-1 is issued with a lens hood that can be attached to the ocular to reduce/eliminate image quality impairing stray light and a carrying case to protect the sight during transport and storage.

Similar telescopic sights

 * 🇧🇾 Belarus: POSP telescopic sight
 * Bosnia: ZRAK M-76 4x 5°10’ / ZRAK ON-M76 telescopic sight
 * 🇨🇳 China: Type JJJ telescopic sight
 * East Germany: PSO telescopic sight
 * 🇰🇵 North Korea: Type 78 telescopic sight
 * 🇷🇴 Romania: LPS 4x6° TIP2 telescopic sight made by I.O.R.
 * 🇷🇺 Russia: PSO 4x24M, PSO 6x24M, PSO 6x42, PSO 8x42, PSO 8x42D, PSO 4-8x42D, 1P21 (PO 3-9x42M)