Prenk Pervizi

Prenk Pervizi (1897–1977) was an Albanian military figure, General of the Albanian army, and Minister of Defense. High preparation: Kadettenschule in Vienna, Austria 1914–1918, and the War College in Turin, 1930–1933. Great military figure protagonist in the foreground of the history of Albania for the period 1918–1944. Friend and right-hand man of King Zog which solved critical situations and remain faithful from the beginning to the end of the Kingdom of Albania, 1939. He opposed Italians withdrawing the Albanian troops from the Greek-Italian war. He did not allow the Germans to create SS troops in Albania. Bitter opponent of the communists, he is forced to go abroad in Greece and Belgium, as a political refugee, where he died at age 80, on September 6, 1977.

Family roots
The Pervizi family from Skuraj village in present-day Milot, Kurbin, were an important Catholic lineage from north of Albania. The name comes from its founder Pervizi the Great of Skuraj of Kurbini, who lived in the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries. It was said that he had strenuously opposed the Ottoman invasion and had not agreed to bow to their tempting offers, for which he was treacherously killed by the Turks. They had to spend five centuries that the name of Pervizi returned to prominence in the history of Albania. This happened in the period of the National Awakening, when Gjin Pjeter Mark Pervizi from Skuraj distinguished himself as head of the popular uprising of Kurbini-Kruja (1912) against the Turkish domination conducted successfully and raising of the national flag in Milot, regional center, on the same day of the Albanian Declaration of Independence 28 November 1912 in Vlore, by patriots led by Ismail Qemali.

Born May 4, 1897 at Skuraj, Kurbin, Albania, Prenk Pervizi it would be established as a great patriot and military leader. A character of great significance and importance in the modern history of Albania.

Initial engagement
Coming out of Kadettenschule of Vienna in 1918, Pervizi was engaged in the army as commander of the Albanian district of Kruja in 1918, and later at the General Command of the Army, distinguishing himself in the operations for the expulsion of the Serbian armies from the north of the Albania, alongside of great patriots like Bajram Curri, Elez Isufi, and Prenk Jaku during 1920–1921. Pervizi was a friend and collaborator of Ahmet Zogu, known each other since his stay in Vienna, and participating in the Congress of Lushnjë (1920) where Zogu became minister. Pervizi also defended Zogu and the government during the Albanian Revolt of 1922, when guerrillas of Elez Isufi and Zija Dibra they attempted to make a Coup d'État und marched down to Tirana and threatened to get control of the capital by force (March 8, 1922). The intervention of Pervizi and his gendarme units saved Albania from a crisis that could have had disastrous consequences for the very existence of it. This action earned him a promotion to Captain of First Instance for war merits, and the "Gold Medal for Military Valor".

Service to Zogu
Pervizi was not able to hold a subsequent coup d'état, which began June 24, 1924. Zog with his government and the military loyal to him fled to Yugoslavia. This is known as the June Revolution. In December 1924 he took part in the operations that brought to power Ahmet Zogu and overthrew Fan Noli's government. Albania it was divided by Zog ininto four military zones and Pervizi was in charge along with the other three captains (Muharrem Bajraktari to the north, Fiqri Dine for the north-west, and Hysni Dema to the south). In November–December 1926, another rebellion had broken out in the Catholic regions of Dukagjin, Shala, and Shosh, Nord Albania allegedly supported by Yugoslavia to destabilize the country. The rebels were initially successful in blocking the army that had intervened against them, getting the local army commanders as prisoner. The rebels were preparing to attack and occupy Shkodra. At this point, Zogu called Pervizi giving full powers to quell the revolt. In three days the rebellion was quelled and its leaders Ndok Gjeloshi and Dom Loro Caka fled from Albania while others were arrested and prosecuted. This success expanded Pervizi's fame and influence in the army and the population.

Relations with Italy
Pervizi remained in friendly relations with Italian kingdom. In 1929, now completed his duty, Pervizi was sent to the School of War of Torino.He had sent his children to educate themselves in Italy since elementary school, in Lanzo Torinese, in the College of Don Bosco, prestigious institution which enrolled also the children of the House of Savoy, the King and Prince Umberto II of Italy, with whom he followed the same course in the "School of War". They would spend three years in Torino and another two years in Florence. Pervizi was a special guest invited to the wedding of Prince Umberto, whose mother was Elena of Montenegro and who supported the theory that Montenegrins and Albanians were of the same Illyrian origin. Pervizi received the title "Officer of the Order of Chivalry SS Maurice and Lazarus". Colonel, is appointed inspector of Albanian students in Italy, in Florence, where he lives until 1935.The long stay in Italy allowed him to master the Italian language and to make many acquaintances and friendships in Italian society, particularly in the military. Later in 1965, when he would stop by in Italy as a political refugee, he would be asked to enroll as General in the Italian army, with the condition that he acquired Italian citizenship, which he did not accept and shortly after retired in Belgium.

The Italian invasion of Albania
On his return to Albania, he was in the "Commission of Foreign Observers" in the War of Abissinia (1935–1936) where he had the opportunity to meet the General Badoglio, De Bono and Graziani, besides other senior officers including several comrades of the Scholl of War. For this war, Pervizi wrote a very detailed report and held a number of conferences in Albania.

In August 1936, he represented Albania in a session of the Great Maneuvers of Italy in Irpinia, where he exchanged a few words with Benito Mussolini, who gave him to understand his intention to intervene in Albania. Pervizi went back and warned the King Zogu on intentions of Benito Mussolini. His avertiment fell into deaf ear. Ahmet Zogu was skeptical and did not give importance to the warning. On the occasion of the twenty-fifth anniversary of Albanian independence (1937), Pervizi advanced to the rank of colonel and received the "Order of Besa", becoming also "Great Officer of the Order of the Crown of Italy". Strangely Colonel is transferred from Tirana to Korca city in the far south.A measure that awake 'much wonder in a time that Albania was in danger of military attack by Italian fascism of Mussolini.

When April 1, 1939, Francisco Franco proclaimed victory and the end of Spanish Civil War, six days after Mussolini ordered the attack and invasion of Albania. In this situation Pervizi asked to King Zogu, while fleeing the country, to proclaim the resistance army over the mountains, but the King refused this proposal moving himself to Greece and sanctioning de facto the end of the Kingdom of Albania.Pervizi was forced to defend the King and to follow him in Greece.Il King begs him to talk to Albanians who had followed him and ordered him to return too. He apologizes for not having him gratified to higher grades, which at this juncture recognizes him. Now that it was over Zog tried to repair the serious mistakes, that one was just to not have lent to the advice of his loyal friend and great military figure whose abilities were known to all.

Returned in Albania, Pervizi was convened by the Generals Alberto Pariani and Alfredo Guzzoni, asking him to adapt to the situation and explaining that they were not interested in losing the existing Albanian army. Pervizi showed himself available and requested that the Albanian army did not participate in any action against population alongside the Italian army. His request was accepted. He was formally given the rank Colonel, as Italians were aware of her figure and patriotic influence and sympathy that he enjoyed in the army and the population, and they were afraid to give an excuse a discontent that could deteriorate into an armed rebellion.

The Italo-Greek War
On October 28, 1940 the Italian campaign in Greece began. Some battalions of Albanian army were staged into the divisions "Venezia" and "Julia" with Pervizi representing the Albanian army at the high command of the operations.

Hi come conflict with Italian generals who were making fun of the "poor quality of Albanian soldiers", based on the fact that an Albanian unit had been decimated by the Greeks. Pervizi immediately returned to the headquarters and protested in the face of two generals Visconti Frasca und Ubaldo Soddu,  and all the Italian commando, that Albanians  soldiers are not to be used as cannon fodder.He did not allow this to happen again. In this endeavor he orders the Albanian troops to leave the front of combat and shelter in safe position. This abandonment of the battlefield by the Albanians, caused the occupation ofcity of Korca by the Greeks. Italians, angered by this act, asked to bring those responsible before a military tribunal, but in the end, fearing the worst consequences, the only proceeding was the transfer of Albanian soldiers in the mountains of the north while Pervizi got dislocated and isolated in the area of Puka. In the meantime, however, he was promoted to General, to calm the situation and the people.It loomed the unstoppable takeoff of Italy.Pjeter Hidri: Gjeneral Prenk Pervizi" Toena, Tirana, 2002.

Pervizi is informed of the Conference of MukjeConference of Mukje, in August 1943, where he was proposed as commander in chief of the Albanian army (acting as Minister of Defence), after the surrender of Italy on September 8, 1943.

German occupation
Pervizi moved to Shkodër as a simple counselor. On September 8, 1943, he resumed his old powers, taking over the command of General Dalmazzo. On October 23, he was elected Minister of Defense and promoted to the rank of General of Division, thus endeavoring to reform the Albanian army and strengthening the northern border to prevent attempts on re-annexation of Kosovo by Serbia. He also hindered the Germans in their recruiting for the Waffen-SS, which led him, along with the rest of the government, to abandon Tirana in favor of the mountains, where it joins the British mission in Albania (August 1944) in its region of Kurbini (Skuraj) in an attempt to organize the struggle against the Communists.

Exile
Pervizi making the acquaintance of Colonel Neil McLean, and other officers as Julian Amery and David Smiley,it proposes to the British to form a commando with them and organize militarily nationalist forces to oppose the Communists who were about to take power without meeting any resistance.The British did not accept and they go away in October 1944. Pervizi was an anti-communist. He took refuge in the mountains of Skuraj during 1944–1946 and in September 1946 secretly reached Greece, where he acquired the status of a political refugee. After 19 years in Greece,in 1965 he passes in Italy, then in 1966 in Belgium, where he lives 11 years and where he died on Sept. 6, 1977, at the age of 80 after 31 years of political exile. During all this time his family, mother, wife and three children were locked up in prisons and concentration camps of Albanian Communist dictatorship. Mother, wife and second son, died in these conditions of condemnation.

Battles and wars

 * expulsion of Serbs 1921
 * uprising of Mirdita 1921
 * Golp State mars 1922
 * June Revolution 1924
 * uprising of Dukagjin 1926
 * Italo-Greek War 1941

Distinctions and decorations

 * Promoted for merits of war. -
 * Medal of Military Valor. -
 * Grand Officer of the Order of Scanderbeg. -
 * Medal "Triumph of Legality". -
 * Knight of the Order SS. Maurice and Lazarus. -
 * Grand Officer of the Order of the Crown of Italy
 * Medal of Albanian Order of "Besa". -
 * Honor’s Badge of the War College in Turin. -
 * Honor’s Badge of War in Abyssinia. -
 * Honor’s Badge of Great Maneuvers in Italy. -