Catepanate of Italy

The Catepanate (or Catapanate) of Italy (κατεπανίκιον Ἰταλίας Katepaníkion Italías) was a province of the Byzantine Empire, comprising mainland Italy south of a line drawn from Monte Gargano to the Gulf of Salerno. Amalfi and Naples, although north of that line, maintained allegiance to Constantinople through the catepan. The Italian region of Capitanata derives its name from the Catepanate.

History
In 873, the Byzantines retook Bari from the Saracens. Along with the already existing theme of Calabria, the region of Apulia, around Bari, formed a new theme, that of Longobardia. In ca. 965, a new theme, that of Lucania, was established, and the stratēgos (military governor) of Bari was raised to the title of katepanō of Italy, usually with the rank of patrikios. The title of katepanō meant "the uppermost" in Greek. This elevation was deemed militarily necessary after the final loss of nearby Sicily, a previously Byzantine possession, to the Arabs.

Some Norman adventurers, on pilgrimage to Monte Sant'Angelo sul Gargano, lent their swords in 1017 to the Lombard cities of Apulia against the Byzantines. From 1016 to 1030 the Normans were pure mercenaries, serving either Byzantine or Lombard, and then Duke Sergius IV of Naples, by installing their leader Ranulf Drengot in the fortress of Aversa in 1030, gave them their first foot hold and they began an organized conquest of the land. In 1030 there arrived William and Drogo, the two eldest sons of Tancred of Hauteville, a petty noble of Coutances in Normandy. The two joined in the organized attempt to wrest Apulia from the Byzantines, who had lost most of that province by 1040. Bari was captured by the Normans in April 1071, and Byzantine authority was finally terminated in Italy, five centuries after the conquests of Justinian I. The Byzantines returned briefly to besiege Bari in 1156.

The title Catapan of Apulia and Campania was revived briefly in 1166 for Gilbert, Count of Gravina, the cousin of the queen regent Margaret of Navarre. In 1167, with his authority as catapan, Gilbert forced German troops out of the Campania and compelled Frederick Barbarossa to raise the siege of Ancona.

Catepans

 * 970 – 975 Michael Abidelas
 * before 982 Romanos
 * 982 – 985 Kalokyros Delphinas
 * 985 – 988 Romanos
 * 988 – 998 John Ammiropoulos
 * 999 – 1006 Gregory Tarchaneiotes
 * 1006 – 1008 Alexius Xiphias
 * 1008 – 1010 Ioannes Curcuas
 * 1010 – 1016 Basil Mesardonites
 * May 1017 – December 1017 Leo Tornikios Kontoleon
 * December 1017 – 1027 Basil Boioannes
 * c. 1027 – 1029 Christophoros Burgaris
 * July 1029 – June 1032 Pothos Argyros
 * 1032 – May 1033 Michael Protospatharios
 * May 1033 – 1038 Constantine Opos
 * 1038 – 1039 Michael Spondyles
 * February 1039 – January 1040 Nicephorus Doukeianos
 * November 1040 – Summer of 1041 Michael Doukeianos
 * Summer of 1041 – 1042 Exaugustus Boioannes
 * February 1042 – April 1042 Synodianos
 * April 1042 – September 1042 George Maniakes
 * Autumn 1042 Pardos
 * February 1043 – April 1043 Basil Theodorokanos
 * Autumn of 1045 – September 1046 Eustathios Palatinos
 * September 1046 – December 1046 John Raphael
 * 1050 – 1058 Argyrus
 * 1060 Miriarch
 * 1060 – 1061 Maruli
 * 1062 Sirianus
 * 1064 Perenus
 * 1066 – 1069 Michael Maurex
 * 1069 – 1071 Avartuteles
 * 1071 Stephen Pateran