Kara Mustafa Pasha



Merzifonlu Kara Mustafa Pasha (1634/1635 – 25 December 1683) was an Ottoman military leader and grand vizier who was a central character in the Ottoman Empire's last attempts at expansion into both Central and Eastern Europe.

Born to Turkish parents in Merzifon, he married into the powerful Köprülü family and served as a messenger to Damascus for his brother-in-law, the grand vizier Köprülü Fazıl Ahmed Pasha. He directed in the name of Köprülü family's mukata or tımar fields in Merzifon. After distinguishing himself, Mustafa became a vizier in his own right, and by 1663 or 1666 became the Kapudan Pasha (Grand Admiral of the Ottoman Navy).

Official life
He served as a commander of ground troops in a war against Poland in 1672, negotiating a settlement that added the province of Podolia to the empire. The victory enabled the Ottomans to transform the Cossack regions of the southern Ukraine into a protectorate. In 1676, when his brother-in-law Köprülü Fazıl Ahmed Pasha died, Mustafa succeeded him as grand vizier.

He was less successful in combating a Cossack rebellion that began in 1678. After some initial victories, intervention by Russia turned the tide and forced the Turks to conclude peace in 1681, effectively returning the Cossack lands to Russian rule with the exception of a few forts on the Dnieper and Southern Bug rivers.

Battle of Vienna
In 1683, he launched a campaign northward into Austria in a last effort to expand the Ottoman empire after more than 150 years of war. By mid-July, his 100,000-man army had besieged Vienna (guarded by 10,000 Habsburg soldiers), following in the footsteps of Suleiman the Magnificent in 1529. By September, he had taken a portion of the walls and appeared to be on his way to victory.

But on 12 September 1683, Polish army under King Jan Sobieski took advantage of dissent within the Turkish military command and poor disposition of his troops, winning the Battle of Vienna with a devastating flank attack led by Sobieski's Polish cavalry (Polish Hussars). The Turks retreated into Hungary, leaving the kingdom for retaking by the Austrians in 1686.

The defeat cost Mustafa his position, and ultimately, his life. On 25 December 1683, Kara Mustafa was executed in Belgrade at the order of Mehmed IV. He suffered death by strangulation with a silk cord, which was the capital punishment inflicted on high-ranking persons in the Ottoman Empire. His last words were, in effect, "Make sure you tie the knot right." Mustafa's head was presented to Mehmed IV in a velvet bag.

Legacy
The Austrian government announced the discovery of a skull thought to belong to Mustafa Pasha and also announced they would bury the skull unless Turkish authorities raised a claim. His headstone was originally in Belgrade, Serbia but was moved to Edirne, Turkey.

The Foundation of Merzifonlu Kara Mustafa Pasha was one of the largest foundations ever founded both in Ottoman Empire and Turkey. According to the official records, it was last managed by the descendants of Kara Mustafa Pasha. The last few managers of the foundation were Mustafa Pasha's descendant Ahmed Asım Bey (born 1844), his son Mehmed Nebil Bey (born 1888), and his son, the Turkish painter Yılmaz Merzifonlu (born 1928) until 1976. Kara Mustafa Pasha's family and descendant tree can be found via Turkey's Directorate General of Foundations.

Coffee legend
As Mustafa Pasha's army retreated from Vienna after the siege, it left several large bags of green beans behind in Vienna. These sacks contained unroasted coffee beans which, as legend has it, formed the nucleus from which the Viennese coffee trade began.

In media
In the 2012 Polish and Italian fictional historical drama film September Eleven 1683 about the Battle of Vienna, Kara Mustafa Pasha is portrayed by Italian actor Enrico Lo Verso.