USS Eagle Boat 56 (PE-56)

USS Eagle 56 (PE-56) was a United States Navy World War I-era patrol boat that remained in service through World War II. On 23 April 1945, while towing targets for US Navy bomber exercises off the coast of Maine, Eagle 56 was sunk by the German submarine GERMAN SUBMARINE U-853. Only 13 of the 67 crew survived. The loss was classified as a boiler explosion until 2001 when historical evidence convinced the US Navy to reclassify the sinking as a combat loss due to enemy action.

Service history
Eagle 56 was one of 60 Eagle-class patrol craft built by Henry Ford late in World War I as submarine chasers, none of which saw action. Unpopular due to their poor sea handling, only eight remained in service at the time of World War II. Eagle 56 was patrolling off the Delaware Capes in January 1942. Eagle 56 remained almost constantly at sea during the Second Happy Time of the Battle of the Atlantic, during which Axis submarines attacked merchant shipping along the east coast of North America. When her depth charges were expended, a small ship from Cape May, New Jersey would bring out a new supply. Eagle 56 rescued survivors of USS Jacob Jones (DD-130) off Cape May in February. Eagle 56 was damaged by collision with the submerged wreck of Gypsum Prince while rescuing survivors from the British freighter which had collided with the British tanker Voco on 4 March at the entrance to Delaware Bay. Eagle 56 was repaired using parts from another Eagle boat, and then assigned to the Key West SONAR school in May 1942.

Sinking and Investigation
Eagle 56 was assigned to Naval Air Station Brunswick from 28 June 1944. At noon on 23 April 1945, Eagle 56 exploded amidships, and broke into two pieces 3 mi off Cape Elizabeth, Maine. The destroyer USS Selfridge (DD-357) was operating near Eagle 56 and arrived 30 minutes after the explosion to rescue 13 survivors from the crew of 62. Selfridge obtained a sharp, well-defined SONAR contact during the rescue and dropped nine Mark IX Mod 2 depth charges without obvious result. According to a classified Navy report, U-853 had been operating in the waters off Maine. At a Naval Board of Inquiry in Portland the following week, five of the 13 survivors claimed to have seen a submarine. Several spotted a red and yellow emblem on the submarine's sail. These insignia match the markings of U-853: a red horse on a yellow shield. Eagle 56's boiler was overhauled just two weeks before the sinking, and none of the boilers on the other 59 Eagle Boats had failed. Nevertheless, the official Navy inquiry concluded that Eagle 56 had suffered a boiler explosion.

On 5 May 1945, U-853 sank the collier Black Point off the coast of Point Judith, Rhode Island causing the loss of twelve lives. During the ensuing Battle of Point Judith U-853 was chased and sunk by Navy and Coast Guard ships.

On 1 June 1945, Rear Admiral Felix X. Gygax wrote, "at least equal evidence to support the conclusion that the explosion was that of a device outside the ship, the exact nature of which is undetermined. It might have been an enemy mine or an enemy torpedo." Ultimately, though, he endorsed the court's findings.

Because the Allies had cracked Germany's codes, United States intelligence knew in 1945 that U-boats had been sent across the North Atlantic to disrupt shipping in hopes of obtaining better surrender terms. However, only general warnings rather than specific information about this plan were passed to commanders.

Reclassification
In 2001, the Naval Historical Center reviewed the case and reclassified the sinking as a combat loss. In June 2001, Purple Heart medals were awarded to three survivors and the next of kin of those killed. As of 2007, this is the only time that the US Navy has overruled its own Court of Inquiry.