Type 052 destroyer

The Type 052 Luhu-class was one of the first modern multi-role guided missile destroyers built by China. There are currently two units in active service with the People's Liberation Army Navy (PLAN) with no plans of further construction of additional units. Instead these will be followed by the stealthier 052D class.

History
Designed by the China Warship Design Institute (formerly the Seventh Academy of the Ministry of National Defense), the ships were built at Jiangnan Shipyard. No.112 Harbin was the first Luhu destroyer followed by No.113 Qingdao. The chief designer is academician Mr. Pan Jingfu (潘镜芙). The class is said to be the first indigenous Chinese warship design approaching modern standards, a significant improvement over the earlier Luda class. The Luhu made extensive use of foreign technologies that were accessible to the PRC prior to the Tiananmen Square incident of 1989. These included French-made radars and fire-control systems and the General Electric LM2500 gas turbine engines from the US, two of which power each ship.

Even with incorporation of Western technology, the chronic lack of adequate ship-borne air defense system have had great impact on the PLAN operations. Equipped with a small number of surface-to-air missiles with visual-range only, and guns with limited range and performance, Chinese warships had historically limited their operations within the area covered by their land-based aircraft due to a lack of fleet defense capability. To rectify this trend, the Luhu destroyers (and the smaller Jiangwei class frigate) were fitted with the HQ-7 SAM that gives it much better air defense capability than any other previous Chinese design, though still limited to within visual range (WVR).

The HQ-7 SAM system is reported to be equipped with 8 ready to fire missiles, plus 16 stored in a semi-automatic reloader system. The same system is also used on the upgraded 051G Luda Destroyer.

In spite of the advances, the 052 Luhu Destroyer still suffers in some areas such as electronic warfare and electronic counter-measures.

The operational capability of the Luhu-class Destroyers has been called into question by naval analysts. Ship visits in 1997 allowed US Naval officers to board and inspect Luhu Destroyer No.112 Harbin and to take numerous photographs. Analysis of these photographs and reporting by officers present strongly suggested that the Luhu Destroyers were mainly intended as technology demonstration vessels rather than serious naval combatants. For example, the large amount of foreign-supplied equipment on-board was still labeled in the language of the country of origin; this was also the case with most of the on-board manuals and other documentation, calling into question the ability of the crew to operate efficiently under stressful circumstances when called upon to deal with equipment labeled in English, French, and Italian, as well as Chinese. Further, the various European systems installed were not originally designed to operate together and as a result were not well integrated; a problem the Chinese could not overcome owing to their lack of familiarity with the underlying technology. The Chinese attempted to address these problems with the introduction of an improved Luhu design, the Luhai-class. This follow-on, essentially an enlarged Luhu, features some improved electronics from foreign suppliers as well as more advanced weapons. However, in some cases, the designers appear to have opted for less capable indigenous designs to ease the system integration issues suffered by the Luhu-class Destroyers. However, the PLAN was reportedly unhappy with the design of the Luhai-class Destroyers, and production ceased after a single unit was completed.

According to Chinese media and internet sources, Luhu class is mainly used a technological demonstrator to compare and evaluate different foreign systems, and the two ships initially did not have identical equipment. The first unit, had an Italian licensed production of Raytheon AN/SQS-56 sonar, Italian DE-1164 integrated sonar system, which is consisted of DE-1160 hull mounted sonar (HMS) and DE-1163 variable depth sonar (VDS), and these were later replaced by domestic copy, SJD-7 sonar system. The second unit had French Thomson-CSF DUBV 23/43 HMS/VDS, which were subsequently replaced by domestic copy SJD-9 sonar system. The combat data systems for the first unit was ZKJ-3 (ZKJ-III), the Chinese equivalent of Italian IPN-10 combat data system, and ZKJ-3 is developed from the export version of IPN-10, SADOC 2, (SADOC = systema dirizione della Operazioni di combattimento). SADOC 2 was sold to China in 1985 and it differs from IPN-10 in that it lacks the data link the latter has. Incorporation of a domestic data link is the main improvement of Chinese ZKJ-3, making it the Chinese equivalent of IPN-10. The combat data system of the second unit is ZKJ-4, which is the Chinese version of French Thomson-CSF TAVITAC combat data system, two of which sold to China in 1985 and delivered 2 –3 years later. These combat data systems were later replaced by more advanced follow-on such as ZKJ-4A/B series during upgrades. Experience gained in handling these foreign systems has helped the development of similar Chinese systems later on.

2011 Upgrade
Both of the destroyers were upgraded in 2011. The four Type 76A guns were replaced by two Type 730 CIWS on top of the helicopter hangar. The Crotale/HHQ-7 short-range SAM may have been replaced by the newer model (FM-90?) which provides better interception against sea-skimming AShMs. Two Type 726-4 decoy launchers were installed on both sides of the forward bridge for better self-protection. Various onboard systems were integrated together (to a certain degree) by a Thomson-CSF TAVITAC combat data system which is thought to have been replaced by a new indigenous C3I system (ZJK-4B or a newer model). The Thomson-CSF Sea Tiger air/surface search radar was first replaced by an indigenous Type 518 Hai Ying radar, and now replaced by a Type 517M long-range air search radar. The Type 362 air/surface radar installed on top of the aft mast has been replaced by a Type 364. A pair of SATCOM antennas have been installed on top of the helicopter hangar as well.

Operational history
On 27 February 2012, Type 052 class guided missile destroyer Qingdao (113), along with Type 054A class frigate Yantai (538) and comprehensive supply ship Weishanhu (887) formed the 11th Chinese naval escort flotilla, departed from the city of Qingdao to conduct anti-piracy and escort missions in the Gulf of Aden and Somali waters. On 16 February 2013, Type 052 class guided missile destroyer Harbin (112), along with Type 053H3 class frigate Mianyang (528) and comprehensive supply ship Weishanhu (887) formed the 14th Chinese naval escort flotilla, departed from the city of Qingdao to conduct anti-piracy and escort missions in the Gulf of Aden and Somali waters.

In October 2013 Qingdao (113) participated in the International Fleet Review 2013 in Sydney, Australia.

Specifications (second-refit only)

 * Unit cost - > 1 billion renminbi yuan per ship by 1980's price
 * Propulsion CODOG config
 * 112 Harbin - 2 General Electric LM2500 gas-turbines, 55,000 hp (41 MW) + MTU Friedrichshafen 12V 1163TB83 diesel, 8,840 hp (6.5 MW)
 * 113 Qingdao - 2 General Electric LM2500 gas-turbines, 55,000 hp (35.7 MW) + MTU Friedrichshafen 12V 1163TB83 diesel, 8,840 hp (6.5 MW)
 * Length - 467.8 feet / 142.6 meter
 * Beam - 49.5 feet / 15.3 meters
 * Draft - 16.7 feet / 5 meters
 * Displacement - 4,200 tons (standard), 4,800 tons (full load)
 * Speed - 31 knots
 * Endurance - 4,000 nm at 15 kt
 * Crew - 260 (40 officers)
 * C3I
 * ZKJ-4B (development of Thomson-CSF TAVITAC information processing system, with reported speed of > 1 MPBS)
 * 2 x Type 630 (GDG-775) optronic directors
 * Data link: HN-900 (Chinese equivalent of Link 11A/B, to be upgraded)
 * Communication: SNTI-240 SATCOM
 *  Radar/Sonar
 * Pre-2011:
 * Type 518 (REL-1/2) Hai Ying long-range 3D air search radar, L-band
 * Type 362 (ESR-1) low-altitude air/surface search radar, I-band
 * Post-2011:
 * Type 517M long-range air search radar
 * Type 364 air/surface search radar (for CIWS)
 * Thomson-CSF TSR 3004 (DRBV-15) Sea Tiger air/surface radar, E/F band (112 Harbin)
 * Type 360S (SR60) air/surface radar, E/F band (113 Qingdao)
 * Type 345 (MR35) fire-control radar for HQ-7 Surface-to-air missile system, J-band
 * Type 344 (MR34) fire-control for YJ-8x SSM and 100 mm gun, I/J band
 * 2 x Type 347G (EFR-1) Rice Lamp fire-control radar for 37 mm AA guns, I-band
 * 2 x Racal RM-1290 navigation radar, I-band
 * DUBV-23 (SJD-8/9) medium-frequency hull-mounted radar
 * DUBV-43 (ESS-1) towed medium-frequency VDS
 * Armament
 * 4 x quad YJ-83 (C-803) AShM box launchers
 * 1 x 8-cell HQ-7 SAM with 8 ready to fire missiles + 16 spare missiles
 * 1 x Type H/PJ33A dual 100 mm/56 caliber gun
 * 2 x Type 7424 324 mm Yu-7 ASW torpedo tubes
 * Pre-2011:
 * 4 x Type H/PJ76A dual 37 mm AA guns.
 * 2 x Type 75 (RBU-1200) 240 mm 12-tube ASW rocket launchers.
 * Post-2011:
 * 2 x H/PJ12 (Type 730) 7-barrel 30 mm CIWS
 * 2 x Type 87 6-tube ASW rocket launchers
 * Electronic Warfare and Countermeasures
 * 1 x Type 984-1 ECM 'X' band jammer (transmitter)
 * 1 x Type 984-4 ECM 'X' band jammer (receiver)
 * 1 x Type 928A ESM
 * 2 x Type 946 15-barrel chaff/decoy launcher
 *  Helicopter
 * 2 x Kamov Ka-27 'Helix' or Harbin Z-9C (licensed copy of the Eurocopter Dauphin)