Xépôn

Xépôn, also known as Tchepone and Sepon, was a village in the Sepone administrative district of Savannakhet Province in the country of Laos. It was located approximately 0.65 km east of the intersection of the Sepon River and the Banghiang River. It was the target of Operation Lam Son 719 in 1971, an attempt by the armed forces of South Vietnam and the United States to cut the Ho Chi Minh Trail. The operation failed, and the village was wiped out.

Geography
Xépôn was located on the north bank of the Sepon River at an altitude of 170 m. The countryside was mountainous, broken, and covered in subtropical forest. Average rainfall each year was 189 cm. In the rainy season (July to September), rainfall could be 41 to 51 cm a month.

The Sepon River runs in a trough between two natural, high ridges. The trough itself is only 3.5 to 5 km wide. This geologic feature begins just west of the town of Khe Sanh in Vietnam. The northern ridge ends near Xépôn, while the southern ridge continues for another 80 km. A shallow bowl forms between the ridges (permitting north-south traffic out of the valley) near the Laotian town of Ban Dong. The southern ridge turns southwest (followed by Route 9 on the north side and the Banghiang River on the south side), and ends near the town of Mường Phìn. However, the best break in these ridges occurred at Xépôn, where land traffic could move east, southeast, and southwest.

History
Xépôn was most likely settled in the 1500s by settlers from the Muong Thanh Valley in Vietnam.

During the period when France ruled Laos as a colony, the French constructed Route 9. Opened about 1930, Route 9 ran from the major city of Savannakhet on the Thai-Laotian border in the west across the entire country to the border with Vietnam in the east. It met National Route 9, a major Vietnamese highway, at the border. Just a few meters upriver from where the Sepon and Banghiang rivers met, Route 9 crossed the Banghiang. The bridge here had three spans, and could accommodate much traffic.

Xépôn also played a role in anti-colonial movements in Laos. In the aftermath of World War II, a Laotian independence movement, the Lao Issara, formed to seek national independence. Thao Ō Anourack, a native of Xépôn, was appointed commander of all Lao Issara forces in the district. Initially successful, French forces seized the capital of Vientiane by April 1946. Most of the Lao Issara fled to Thailand. In September 1946, however, several Laotian leaders met in the Vietnamese city of Vinh and, with the sponsorship of the Viet Minh movement, formed the Committee for Lao Resistance in the East to carry on the fight for indepencence. Thao Ō Anurak was one of the founding members of the committee.

Due to its location near the ridge breaks and two major rivers, the village of Xépôn is estimated to have had about 1,500 inhabitants in 1960. Just five years later, half of the residents had fled due to war.

Air base
During the 1950s, the French military built a military airfield near Xépôn. The airfield was located about 1.5 km northwest of the village on the south bank of the Se Nam Kok River. At 1128 m in length, the dirt airstrip was the largest in Savannakhet Province, and the second largest airfield of any in the nearby South Vietnamese provinces. The Royal Lao Army ceased defending the airfield in 1961, and it fell into North Vietnamese hands.

Xépôn proved to be a critical point on the Ho Chi Minh Trail. The trail was a series of supply routes along through Laos which North Vietnam used to supply forces of both the People's Army of Vietnam (PAVN) and the Viet Cong guerrilla forces, both of which were operating in South Vietnam. Route 9 provided a quick way to move supplies east. The light Vietnamese trucks could also cross the Banghiang River at Xépôn which, although 30 m across was just 1 m deep most of the year, and then travel further south. This made Xépôn the chokepoint for almost all motorized traffic passing through Mu Gia Pass, the main Ho Chi Minh Trail entry point into Laos. Only Route 23, which led south from Mường Phìn, provided a good alternative. The North Vietnamese invested Xépôn in December 1958, and built a large, heavily defended military base there to help defend the area.

Operation Lam Son 719
American officials believed that Xépôn was abandoned by 1970.

In 1971, Xépôn was the focus of Operation Lam Son 719. On February 8, I Corps of the Army of the Republic of Vietnam (ARVN)—supported by long-range artillery, bombers, and helicopters provided by the United States armed forces—invaded Laos. The objective was Xépôn, where the air base was to be made operational. The goal was to interdict the Ho Chi Minh Trail for three months. The operation was a complete failure. Instead of attacking at the end of the rainy season (when North Vietnamese troops would be very undersupplied), the attack began three months later (long after their supplies had been improved). I Corps officers (many of whom were suspected of North Vietnamese sympathies) were told of the operation at the last minute. Press reports about the operation leaked almost as soon as the attack began, alerting North Vietnamese and Viet Cong forces. Logistical planning by the South Vietnamese and the U.S. was poor. Nearly 8,000 ARVN troops were lost, and more than 100 U.S. helicopters. Nearly $1 million in military equipment was abandoned as ARVN forces fled Laos in a near-rout on March 24.

It is not even clear that Xépôn was even occupied by the North Vietnamese any longer. American officials reported large quantities of food, ammunition, and other supplies cached in and around Xépôn, and that ARVN troops and American aircraft destroyed them. But other reports indicate that, while supply caches were destroyed, Xépôn had already been abanoned by the North Vietnamese in favor of other routes.

Operation Lam Son 719 destroyed Xépôn and left it deserted.

Modern Xépôn
During the Laotian Civil War, the Pathet Lao captured Xépôn in early May 1975. The Pathet Lao toppled the constitutional monarchy of Laos on December 2, 1975. In the years after the new government took power, a new town using the name Xépôn was built on the site of the old French airfield. By 1998, the new town had a population of about 35,600.

The site of Old Xépôn (Xépôn Kao in Laotian) has few remains. A new temple was constructed on the site of the town wat, and a safe and pile of bricks marks the town's former bank.

Gold was discovered near Xépôn by Conzinc Riotinto of Australia/Rio Tinto Group in 1993. More gold deposits were identified by Oxiana in 2000. Known gold deposits total 110000 kg of gold. Industrial gold mining began in late December 2002.

Extensive copper deposits were discovered 40 km north of Xépôn in 2000. Construction of a large copper mine, the most technologically advanced in Asia, began in 2003. Copper production began in 2005. These mines produced 67561 MT of copper, 3267 kg of gold, and 1031 kg of silver in 2009. The same year, the company Lane Xang Minerals Limited began a US$60.4 million expansion of the copper mine designed to raise yearly production to 85000 MT. As of 2010, the copper and gold mine at Xépôn was Laos' largest private business, and it's largest private employer.