Ottoman ironclad Avnillah

Avnillah (Ottoman Turkish: Divine Assistance) was an ironclad warship built for the Ottoman Navy in the late 1860s. The lead ship of the, she was built by the Thames Iron Works in Britain

Design


Avnillah was 68.9 m long between perpendiculars, with a beam of 10.9 m and a draft of 5 m. The hull was constructed with iron, incorporated a partial double bottom, and displaced 2362 MT normally and 1399 MT BOM. She had a crew of 15 officers and 130 enlisted men.

The ship was powered by a single horizontal compound engine which drove one screw propeller. Steam was provided by four coal-fired box boilers that were trunked into a single funnel amidships. The engine was rated at 2200 ihp and produced a top speed of 12 kn, though by 1877 she was only capable of 10 kn. Decades of poor maintenance had reduced the ship's speed to 8 kn by 1892. Avnillah carried 220 MT of coal. A supplementary brigantine rig was also fitted.

The ship was armed with a battery of four 230 mm muzzle loading guns mounted in a central, armored casemate, two guns per side. The guns were positioned so as to allow any two to fire directly ahead, astern, or to either broadside. The ship's armored belt was 5 to 6 in thick, with the thicker portion above the waterline and the thinner below. The belt was capped with 3 in thick transverse bulkheads at either end. The casemate had heavy armor protection, with the gun battery protected by 150 mm of iron plating.

Service history
Avnillah was ordered in 1867 and was laid down at the Thames Iron Works in Blackwall, London the following year. She was launched on 21 April 1869; fitting-out work was completed by 1870, when she conducted sea trials before being commissioned later that year.

Russo-Turkish War
The Ottoman fleet began mobilizing in September 1876 to begun prepare for a conflict with Russia, as tensions with the country had been growing for several years, an insurrection had begun in Ottoman Bosnia in mid-1875, and Serbia had declared war on the Ottoman Empire in July 1876. In December 1876, Avnillah and her sister ship OTTOMAN IRONCLAD Muin-i Zafer were transferred to Batumi owing to the increasingly active Russian naval forces in the area. The Russo-Turkish War began on 24 April 1877 with a Russian declaration of war. Avnillah spent the war in the Black Sea squadron, with the bulk of the Ottoman ironclad fleet. The eight ironclads of the Ottoman fleet in the Black Sea, commanded by Hobart Pasha, was vastly superior to the Russian Black Sea Fleet; the only ironclads the Russians possessed there were RUSSIAN MONITOR Vitse-admiral Popov and RUSSIAN MONITOR Novgorod, circular vessels that had proved to be useless in service.

The presence of the fleet did force the Russians to keep two corps in reserve for coastal defense, but the Ottoman high command failed to make use of its naval superiority in a more meaningful way, particularly to hinder the Russian advance into the Balkans. Hobart Pasha took the fleet to the western Black Sea, where he was able to make a more aggressive use of it to support the Ottoman forces battling the Russians in the Caucasus. The fleet bombarded Poti and assisted in the defense of Batumi. On 14 May 1877, an Ottoman squadron consisting of Avnillah, Muin-i Zafer, OTTOMAN IRONCLAD Necm-i Şevket, OTTOMAN IRONCLAD Feth-i Bülend, OTTOMAN IRONCLAD Mukaddeme-i Hayir, and OTTOMAN IRONCLAD Iclaliye bombarded Russian positions around the Black Sea port of Sokhumi before landing infantry and arming the local populace to start an uprising against the Russians. The Ottomans captured Sokhumi two days later. Over the course of the war, Russian torpedo boats made several attacks on the vessels stationed in Batumi, but Avnillah was not damaged in any of them. The Ottoman fleet continued to support the Ottoman garrison at Batumi, when held out against constant Russian attacks to the end of the war.

Later career


The ship was laid up in Constantinople in 1878; she did not see further activity for the next twenty years. During this period, the ship was modernized slightly. In 1882, a pair of 87 mm breech-loading guns manufactured by Krupp were added. At some point, she also received new Scotch marine boilers, and her brigantine rig was removed, with heavy military masts installed in its place. The Ottomans planned to further strengthen the ship's armament with a pair of 63 mm Krupp guns, two 37 mm Hotchkiss revolver cannon, two 25.4 mm guns, also manufactured by Hotchkiss, and a 450 mm torpedo tube, but the plan came to nothing.

At the start of the Greco-Turkish War in February 1897, the Ottomans inspected the fleet and found that almost all of the vessels, including Avnillah, to be completely unfit for combat against the Greek Navy. Many of the ships have rotted hulls and their crews are poorly trained. Through April and May, the Ottoman fleet made several sorties into the Aegean Sea in an attempt to raise morale among the ships' crews, though the Ottomans had no intention of attacking Greek forces. The condition of the Ottoman fleet could not be concealed from foreign observers, which proved to be an embarrassment for the government and finally forced Sultan Abdul Hamid II to authorize a modernization program, which recommended that the ironclads be modernized in foreign shipyards. German firms, including Krupp, Schichau-Werke, and AG Vulcan, were to rebuild the ships, but after having surveyed the ships, withdrew from the project in December 1897 owing to the impracticality of modernizing the ships and the inability of the Ottoman government to pay for the work. By 1900, the contracts were finally awarded, and Avnillah was not included in the program.

Accordingly, Avnillah was reduced to a stationary ship based in Beirut in 1910, where she was tasked with providing local defense. By this time, she was armed with only four 57 mm quick-firing guns. In September 1911, Italy declared war on the Ottoman Empire, initiating the Italo-Turkish War. The Italian command was concerned that Avnillah or the torpedo boat OTTOMAN TORPEDO BOAT Ankara, which was also in the harbor, would attack Italian troop transports passing through the Suez Canal, and therefore decided to neutralize the vessels. On the morning of 24 January 1912, two Italian armored cruisers, ITALIAN CRUISER Giuseppe Garibaldi and ITALIAN CRUISER Francesco Ferruccio arrived off the port and demanded that the two ships be surrendered. At 09:00, having heard no reply from the Ottoman Vali (Governor), the Italian vessels opened fire at a range of 6000 m. In the ensuing Battle of Beirut, the Italians hit Avnillah and set her on fire; she returned fire against the Italian cruisers but scored no hits. The cruisers then entered the harbor, where Giuseppe Garibaldi fired two torpedoes at Avnillah, the first of which missed and sank six civilian vessels. The second struck her amidships and sank her in the shallow water. Casualty estimates range from two officers and forty-nine enlisted men killed to three officers and fifty-five men killed in the sinking. A further eight officers and a hundred men were injured.