Battle of Zanzibar



The Battle of Zanzibar was fought between the Kaiserliche Marine and the Royal Navy during the First World War. The German cruiser SMS Konigsberg (1905) had been taking on coal in the delta of the Rufiji River when her crew were told that a British cruiser—HMS Pegasus (1897), which had been part of the Royal Navy's Cape Squadron sent to counter Koningsberg—had put in at Zanzibar for repairs. Konigsberg′s captain—Commander Max Looff—decided to attack Pegasus while she was in port.

On 20 September 1914, Konigsberg sailed past the picket ship HMS Helmuth at the entrance to Zanzibar harbour. Helmuth was unable to warn Pegasus of Konigsberg′s approach, with the result that when Koningsberg opened fire she took Pegasus entirely by surprise. As a result, Pegasus suffered heavy damage before she was even able to return fire.

Konigsberg′s guns out-ranged those on Pegasus, which was consequently unable to damage her opponent. The one-sided battle ended in a German victory, Pegasus sank later that day, having lost 38 crew dead.

Background
Shortly after the outbreak of the First World War, on 19 September 1914, Commander Max Looff of the light cruiser SMS Konigsberg was coaling in the Rufuji Delta, when he learned from coast watchers that a British warship had entered Zanzibar harbour. Looff assumed the cruiser at Zanzibar was either HMS Astraea (1893) or HMS Pegasus and ordered an immediate attack. As Konigsberg had been recently resupplied, she was prepared for battle. Konigsberg left on the afternoon tide for her run to Zanzibar.

The protected cruiser Pegasus, under the command of Captain John Ingles, had just left the company of HMS Astraea and HMS Hyacinth (1898) for repairs at Zanzibar to her boilers and engines. Also at Zanzibar, the British had armed the captured German tug HMS Helmuth with a 3-pounder gun and posted her as a picket ship at the entrance of the harbor.

Konigsberg had been built in 1905 and was armed with ten 4.1 in guns, ten 2 in pieces and two 18 in torpedo tubes. Pegasus—a Pelorus-class protected cruiser built in 1897—was armed with eight 4 in guns, eight 3-pounders and two 18-inch torpedo tubes. Her complement consisted of 234 officers and men.

Battle
At dawn on 20 September, Königsberg entered the southern end of the Zanzibar approaches and sailed past the picket ship Helmuth, firing a few warning shots as she passed. Helmuth could neither stop the Königsberg from entering the harbour nor even warn Pegasus of the German cruiser′s approach.

Once Koningsberg came within 9000 yd of Pegasus, she began firing salvos. Pegasus sat at anchor in Zanzibar Harbour, preparing steam and at that moment, was helpless. For about 20 minutes while Königsberg fired, Pegasus remained stationary. Pegasus did raise the White Ensign and began firing, but her shells splashed into the water well short of Koningsberg. The light cruiser slowly continued forward and fired until the range had closed to within 7000 yd. One of the first British sailors wounded was gunnery officer Lieutenant Richard Turner, who suffered both of his legs being mangled by shrapnel. Despite his injuries, Turner rallied his men, telling them; "Keep it up, lads, we’re outclassed and done for; but damn them, and keep it up!"

The British continued their futile fight for around 20 minutes more, taking additional hits from Konigsberg, the majority landing on Pegasus′ deck. Her ensign was shot away during the fight. Also, because the Germans were always at least 2000 yd beyond the range of Pegasus′ guns, no British rounds struck Königsberg.

Pegasus became holed near her waterline and began taking on water. All hope of defeating the Germans having gone, Ingles struck his colors and gave the order to abandon ship. Pegasus later sank.

After Konigsberg had finished with Pegasus, she fired a few parting shots at Helmuth, whose crew managed to abandon ship before one of the German cruiser's salvos struck the tug. With a clear German victory, Königsberg turned around and headed back for the Rufiji Delta.

Aftermath
The Royal Navy′s losses were Pegasus sunk and Helmuth damaged. Thirty-eight British sailors on Pegasus had died; another 55 sailors were wounded, most of whom had been top-side when hit. Staff Surgeon Alfred J. Hewitt was on the deck of Pegasus from the beginning to the end of the battle, aiding wounded sailors and marines. Captain Ingles later recognized Hewitt′s courageous behavior in a report on the action. Although Helmuth had taken a hit from Konigsberg, the damage to the tug was relatively minor and her crew managed to reboard her after Konigsberg had sailed off. Only one man on board Helmuth died, a non-enlisted native working in the engine room.

The hospital ship HMS Gascon and the Scottish ship SS Clan Macrae rescued the survivors of Pegasus. Twenty-four of the British sailors that died in the battle were buried in a mass grave in the naval cemetery on Grave island, Zanzibar, while 14 others were laid to rest at the town's cemetery before being moved in 1971 to the Dar es Salaam war cemetery. The British salvaged six of Pegasus′ guns from the wreck and later used them in the East African land campaign.

Although Konigsberg had suffered no hits or casualties, Looff′s plans to continue the offensive were soon cut short. One of her main engines failed. The British were watching the port of Dar es Salaam so she had to return to the Rufiji River delta to await the overland transport of spare parts. The British soon discovered Koningsberg′s location and blockaded her. They damaged her beyond repair in the Battle of Rufiji Delta when they were able to bring up the monitors HMS Mersey (1914) and HMS Severn (1914).