Type 99 cannon

The Type 99-1 cannon and Type 99-2 cannon were Japanese versions of the Oerlikon FF and Oerlikon FFL. They were adopted by the Imperial Japanese Navy in 1939 and served as their standard aircraft autocannon during World War II.

Adoption
In 1935, officers in the Imperial Japanese Navy began to investigate 20-mm automatic cannon as armament for future fighter aircraft. Their attention was drawn to the family of aircraft autocannon manufactured by Oerlikon, the FF, FFL and FFS. These all shared the same operating principle, the advanced primer ignition blowback mechanism pioneered by the Becker cannon, but fired different ammunition: 20x72RB, 20x100RB and 20x110RB, respectively.

Following the import and evaluation of sample guns, the Imperial Japanese Navy decided in 1937 to adopt these weapons. To produce the Oerlikon guns, a group of retired Navy admirals created a new arms manufacturing company, the Dai Nihon Heiki KK. In 1939 this started producing a Japanese version of the FF, initially known as the Type E (because the Japanese transliteration of Oerlikon was Erikon) but from late 1939 onwards formally known as the Type 99-1. A Japanese version of the FFL was produced as the Type 99-2. The FFS was tested, but not put in production.

The 99 in the designation derived from the Japanese imperial calendar year, 1939 corresponding to the Japanese year 2599. The formal designations were Type 99-1 machine gun and Type 99-2 machine gun. (Japanese: Kyū-Kyū Shiki Ichigō Kizyū, Kanji: 九九式一号機銃) and Kyū-Kyū Shiki Nigō Kizyū, Kanji: 九九式二号機銃) The Japanese Navy classified 20-mm weapons as machine guns rather than cannon. These weapons were never used by the Japanese Army—There was almost no commonality in gun types or ammunition between Army and Navy.

The Type 99-1 and 99-2 were not models of the same gun, instead they had parallel lines of development into several different models. Because of the close technical similarity, several modifications were adopted to both guns simultaneously.

Because it fired a bigger cartridge than the Type 99-1, the Type 99-2 had a higher muzzle velocity but a lower rate of fire, and was heavier. In the first years of the war the IJN preferred the Type 99-1, and it did not operationally use the Type 99-2 until 1942. Towards the end of the war it developed a preference for installing the Type 99-2, presumably to counter the improving performance and ruggedness of US combat aircraft. Compared to rival gun designs, the Type 99 cannon suffered from relatively low muzzle velocity and rate of fire, but the close economic and political ties between the IJN and Dai Nihon Heiki KK ensured that the latter had little competition.

Type 99-1
The Type 99-1 was adopted by the Japanese for both fixed and flexible installations. The fixed installation was developed first, as a fighter gun fed by a 60-round drum magazine, mounted in the wings of the famous Mitsubishi A6M Zeke or Zero. A flexible version, initially developed for the Mitsubishi G3M bomber, was inverted to put the ammunition drum below the line of sight of the gunner. Smaller drums (45, 30 or 15 rounds) were used on flexible installations where space was limited.

The limited ammunition capacity was an important disadvantage. The Type 99-1 Fixed Model 3 could be equipped with a 100-round drum, but the size of the drum was itself a problem in fighter installations, although the Model 3 guns were installed on the initial production versions of the A6M3. A more practical solution was provided by the Type 99-1 Fixed Model 4, which featured a Kawamura-developed belt feed mechanism.

Specifications

 * Caliber: 20 mm
 * Ammunition: 20x72RB
 * Length: 133 cm (53 in)
 * Weight: 23 kg (51 lb)
 * Rate of fire: 520 rounds/min
 * Muzzle velocity: 600 m/s (1970 ft/s)

Installations

 * Kawanishi H6K
 * Kawanishi H8K
 * Kawanishi N1K
 * Mitsubishi A6M
 * Mitsubishi G3M
 * Mitsubishi G4M
 * Mitsubishi J2M
 * Nakajima J1N

Type 99-2
The Type 99-2 was a heavier weapon with a stronger recoil, and was not put in use by the IJN before 1942. It was used exclusively in fixed installations, i.e., either in fighters or in power-operated turrets. The Type 99-2 was carried by later models of the A6M, starting with the A6M3 model 22a, and on later Navy fighters such as the Kawanishi N1K-J.

The Model 4 of this weapon adopted the same belt-feed mechanism as the Type 99-1 Model 4. The Type 99-2 Model 5 resulted from attempts to increase the rate of fire. By modifications that included the addition of strong buffer springs, the rate of fire was raised to between 670 and 750 rpm. But the Model 5 was formally adopted only in May 1945 and may not have seen combat.

Specifications

 * Caliber: 20 mm
 * Ammunition: 20x101RB
 * Length: 189 cm (74 in)
 * Weight: 34 kg (75 lb)
 * Rate of fire: 480 rounds/min
 * Muzzle velocity: 750 m/s (2460 ft/s)

Installations

 * Aichi B7A
 * Aichi E16A
 * Kawanishi N1K-J
 * Mitsubishi A6M
 * Mitsubishi G4M
 * Mitsubishi J2M
 * Nakajima J1N