Admiralty Underwater Weapons Establishment, Portland

The Admiralty Underwater Weapons Establishment, (AUWE), was an admiralty research establishment on the Isle of Portland, Dorset, England. It was built across Barrow Hill in Portland's southern-most village Southwell, in 1949-52, working alongside the HMS Osprey establishment at East Weares, and remains infamous for espionage infiltration. The establishment closed in 1995, along with Portland's naval base, and then became the Southwell Business Park.

Opening of the Admiralty Gunnery Establishment (1949-52)
Portland Harbour has been an important site for research into underwater defence equipment since Robert Whitehead established his Torpedo factory at Ferrybridge in 1891. During World War I, the Admiralty established a chain of Royal Naval Air Service seaplane bases around the coast of Britain, for anti-submarine research. The harbour at Portland was an obvious choice, and Portland's first shore establishment HMS Serepta became established in 1917. The ASDIC (submarine detection system) research unit became known as HMS Osprey in 1927 to 1998. A shore establishment located at East Weares was constructed, close to the harbour. Having moved to Scotland during the Second World War, HMS Osprey and their Underwater Detection Unit were re-established in 1946, now known as HM Underwater Detection Establishment.

During the war Barrow Hill at Southwell had been used as a camp, and as such the Admiralty saw the site's potential. The decision was made to turn the hill into a base for a new establishment to work alongside the naval base and HMS Osprey. The Admiralty Gunnery Establishment, as it was initially known, was built between 1949 and 1952, and was Portland's largest building project since the construction of the Victorian Verne Citadel. Working with the East Weares establishment, the two Portland establishments were designed to be a single centre, under the command of a Captain Superintendent, responsible for the design, development and testing of underwater weapon and detection systems.

During the excavations for the foundations of the establishment, evidence was found of pre-Roman and Roman occupation. To celebrate its opening a mural was painted above the main entrance doors and this still exists as an encapsulation of mid-1950s technology associated with gunnery and anti-aircraft missiles. By the mid 20th century, the Admiralty was now the area's largest single employer. In 1959 the development of underwater systems was amalgamated when the various establishments working on torpedoes, underwater launching systems and underwater countermeasures were formed into the Admiralty Underwater Weapons Establishment (AUWE). This meant that all the research into underwater weapons was moved to Portland, including work with the highest security classification at the height of the Cold War.

Portland Spy Ring case (1961) and Falklands War (1982)
In 1961 Portland's two establishments at Southwell and East Weare were the centre of worldwide attention, following the discovery of espionage infiltration. This became infamously known as the Portland Spy Ring, a Soviet spy ring that operated in England from the late 1950s till 1961 when the core of the network were arrested by the British security services. It is one of the most famous examples of the use of illegal residents — spies who operate in a foreign country but without the cover of their embassy. The two local civilians operating within this ring was Harry Houghton of the neighbouring Weymouth borough of Wyke Regis, and Ethel Gee who lived on the island, at Hambro Road in Fortuneswell. Both locals worked for the Admiralty; Houghton was a clerk at East Weares, and Gee worked within the drawing office at Southwell. In their positions they were able to obtain classified material, which they would take to London to hand the information to the Soviet intelligence officer Gordon Lonsdale. Lonsdale, whose real name was Konon Molody, would then send the data to the USSR by the use of a high powered radio transmitter with 74-ft internal house aerial. This was located at the home of Peter and Helen Kroger, a pair of Soviet agents with false identities.

The discovery of such a network caused the NATO to introduce a stronger security regime against possible espionage. This meant local civilians were no longer able to freely access any Admiralty land whatsoever. An eight-day trial commenced at the Old Bailey, where Gee revealed her actions were led by her love for Houghton. He was her first lover following a lifetime of spinsterhood. She also noted that she had no idea that the information was actually going to the Russians. Houghton claimed that he had been the subject of threats by mystery men and beatings by thugs if he failed to pass on information. These men had also made threats concerning Gee and Houghton's ex-wife. He too, he claimed, had only known Lonsdale as Alex Johnson and he tried desperately to minimise Gee's involvement.

Lonsdale was given the most lengthy sentence of 25 years, and the Krogers were each given 20 years. Houghton and Gee were sentenced to 15 years. It is believed that the ring numbered more than the five who were arrested, but these would have included staff at the Russian and Polish embassies who would have been immune to prosecution anyway. Lord Chief Justice Parker remarked that the entire ordeal "had all the characteristics of a thriller." Lonsdale would later be exchanged in Berlin, during April 1964, for the British spy Greville Wynne. The Krogers would be exchanged for the British citizen Gerald Brooke in 1969, where they confirmed that they were spies as part of the process. Houghton and Gee would only serve 10 years of their sentences, and upon being released in 1971 the pair married and changed names. Houghton later wrote memoirs.

In the 1970s another wing was added to the establishment, and this was for carrying out research on torpedoes. In 1982, the navy saw its largest operation since World War II with the outbreak of the Falklands War. Both Portland establishments, and the naval base, played important roles in the ordeal, preparing both ships and equipment. In 1984 the AUWE became part of the Admiralty Research Agency (ARE) when all naval research came under the same direction and this in turn became part of the joint service Defence Research Agency (DRA) in 1991.

Closure of the establishment (1995)
In 1984, work began on the construction of accommodation buildings and a sports centre at Castletown. There was assurance that the Portland naval base was to continue functioning into the future, however only ten years later an announcement was made that both the navy base and the research establishments were to close – a direct consequence of the ending of the Cold War. In 1995 the Royal Navy closed their Portland base, and the most obvious evidence of their departure was the absence of warships. However what was less obvious, but just as devastating to Portland, was the huge range of buildings of the Admiralty Underwater Weapons Establishment, which had employed over 2000 people (at its peak 3000 scientists and administrators worked on the site). The buildings were left empty, with an uncertain future. In 2005, the HMS Osprey shore establishment buildings at East Weares were all demolished. The research carried out at Portland, now under the Defence Evaluation and Research Agency (DERA) since 1995, was relocated to the Atomic Energy Agency's business park at Winfrith, leaving Bincleaves as the sole establishment in the Portland Harbour area.

Transformation into Southwell Business Park (1998-)
After the Admiralty left, the buildings stood empty for three years, and did not receive a single bid during that time. Due to this lack of interest the Ministry of Defence made plans to demolish the buildings, and then seek permission for either building or mineral extraction. However Roy Haywood and Ray Bulpit, whose business was the acquisition and development of former military sites, then purchased the site. The forty acres and 350,000 square feet of buildings included two miles of corridors, and various challenges in transforming the site were such things as walls built to withstand explosions from inside, huge compression tanks with rails running through them for test-firing torpedoes, and underwater acoustic tanks. Even the building nearest the sea still had evidence of a huge door, from which the largest naval guns could test-fire their shells across Lyme Bay.

Haywood and Bulpit took the decision early on to adapt the buildings as necessary but to keep new build to a minimum, and in 1996 they started to look for tenants. The former office complex, some of it rooms of only 150 square feet, had a natural appeal to small businesses, and the Southwell Business Park soon became well-established. A wide array of businesses remain at the park to date, providing employment for almost 500 people and being home to over 100 businesses, ranging from professional services, research and development, design and publishing. This includes a host of manufacturing and light engineering businesses, based in what were the laboratories and workshops of AUWE, where systems were actually built and tested. By 2005, when all the most adaptable space had been let, there was still a large area standing empty, namely the 1970s wing, and so the Portland Spa was constructed. Around 2008 work also began on constructing The Venue Hotel. Since 2013 this premier hotel, along with the Portland Spa, merged to become the Ocean Spa and Hotel. The hotel includes a premier luxury day spa, health club, and restaurant. In 2010, the park itself became under new ownership, where Compass Point Estates bought the park from KPMG after going into administrative receivership.

Scheduled for September 2015, part of the site will be home to the Isle of Portland Aldridge Community Academy's £14 million campus, after an appeal overturned the decision of Weymouth and Portland Borough Council's planning committee to refuse permission for the build at Maritime House.