Herbert Adams Gibbons

Herbert Adams Gibbons (April 8, 1880 – August 7, 1934) was an American journalist who wrote about international politics and European colonialism during the early 20th century. He is best known for his books, The New Map of Asia, The New Map of Africa, and The New Map of Europe.

Between 1908 and 1934, Gibbons was a foreign correspondent for several large New York newspapers. He was stationed in Greece, Spain, Turkey, Africa and China. His writings were syndicated in eighty newspapers in the United States.

Both Gibbons and his wife both saw the effects of the pre-World War I Armenian Genocide and Greek genocide events and are credited with saving many lives in 1909. During the course of his career, Gibbons wrote more than two dozen books on international affairs and the shifting borders of the early 20th century. He lectured frequently about international politics, and was widely quoted in the media. Several of Gibbons' books are still in print today.

Career
Gibbons spent his early career in Turkey, which was then part of the Ottoman Empire. He initially visited Turkey as a missionary. However, he was soon hired by the New York Herald Tribune, to serve as a correspondent.

In April 1909, Gibbons personally observed the Turkish attacks on Greeks and Armenians. He wrote a book about the Armenian Genocide entitled The Blackest Page in Modern History. His wife, Helen, also wrote about their experiences in Tarsus and Adana, and published a book, The Red Rugs of Tarsus, in 1917. From 1910 to 1913, while he was in Turkey, Gibbons also served as the Professor of History and Political Economy at Robert College in Istanbul.

Between 1917 and 1918, Gibbons served with the American Expeditionary Forces in France.

Between 1920 and 1931, he was a correspondent for various American magazines, sending dispatches from Europe, Asia, and Africa. In 1930, Gibbons was special correspondent for the New York Times in China and Manchuria.

In 1931, as part of a world tour, Gibbons was the first person to cross the continent of Africa—from the Indian Ocean to the Atlantic Ocean—by means of rail. While in the Belgian Congo, Gibbons learned that a new rail line had just opened through Portuguese Angola. Gibbons was told that he was the first traveler to make the through trip. Gibbons made the complete trip across Africa - 3,500 miles - in nine days.

Gibbons lectured widely during the course of his career. Shortly after World War I, he held a position on the Princeton faculty. During the 1920s, he gave an annual series of lectures at the United States Army War College.

A political progressive in the mold of Woodrow Wilson, he was noted for his opposition to nativism and his belief in cultural assimilation for ethnic minorities, and for his concomitant opposition to Zionism, which he thought would lead to an increase in antisemitism.

Attitude toward World War I
In his book, The New Map of Africa, written in 1916, Gibbons correctly predicted that Germany would fight a second war to regain its colonial empire, if Germany lost the First World War. Gibbons concluded that a second war could be avoided if the Allies were to give Germany a reasonable amount of territory to colonize in Africa. If they did not, he concluded that Germany would dominate Poland and the Balkans, something that ultimately did happen during the first half of the Second World War.

Following World War I, Gibbons opposed the Allies' efforts to blame Germany for the war. In a speech in New York in 1922, Gibbons explained that the war was caused by countries competing for trade interests. If Germany had not existed, the war would still have happened: "human nature," rather than "German nature," had caused the war.

Attitude towards colonialism
Gibbons favored the existing colonial system, under which the European powers and the United States had gained control over large portions of the globe in the late 19th century.

For example, Gibbons opposed the United States giving the Philippines independence. He believed that doing so would undermine the international colonial system, and would threaten the position of the French in Indo China, the Dutch in the East Indies and the British in Malaysia. Gibbons also believed that an American withdrawal from the Philippines would threaten America's commercial interests in the Far East, because the United States would not have a convenient place to keep an army and navy in the area.

In the early 1930s, Gibbons argued that an American withdrawal from the Philippines would be futile, because Japan would immediately colonize the country if the United States were to pull out. In 1931, in a speech in Manila, Gibbons referred to the Philippine calls for independence as "claptrap." He said that if the United States were to withdraw, then it might as well negotiate with the League of Nations to hand the Philippines over to Japan as a mandate. The American business community roundly praised Gibbons' speech. However, Philippine nationalist leaders attacked Gibbons, saying that he was raising the "Japanese bogy" as a hurdle to Philippine independence. (Ultimately, the United States did not grant Philippine independence until 1946, after Japan was no longer a military threat to the former colony.)

Gibbons, however, had no objection to other countries engaging in colonialism for national gain. In the early 1930s, he defended the Japanese invasion of mainland China, finding that Japan's actions were no different than American colonization of Mexico, or European colonization of other parts of the world. Gibbons thought that Japan could bring peace and commercial order to China. In a front page article for the New York Times, written in 1932, Gibbons expressed frustration with the constant warfare that characterized China in the 1920s. Gibbons felt that such warfare interfered with the United States' efforts to do business in China. He noted that Americans had to be evacuated from Nanking "seven or eight times" due to the civil war. Gibbons' preference was for Europe and the United States to bring peace to China. However, if such powers were unwilling or unable to do so, then Gibbons was willing to allow the Japanese to impose order on the country.

Gibbons recognized the calls for independence that affected the colonial world during his time. In 1932, shortly before his death, Gibbons wrote in the New York Times, "There is vast unrest in the East. It affects directly more than half of the human race." Gibbons attributed this unrest to unfair economic policies imposed on the east by the European colonial powers. He predicted that by the end of the 1930s that there would be a "radical curtailment of the special privileges in Asia that we Occidentals have spent a century in acquiring." However, he nevertheless refused to advocate withdrawal of western armies from the region.

Awards and legacy
During his lifetime, Gibbons received numerous awards and honors. In 1920, he received an honorary degree from the University of Pennsylvania. In 1927, he was awarded the Silver Medal of the city of Paris, and was made an honorary citizen of Le Touquet, France. He also received the Cross of the Legion of Honor from the French government for his efforts during World War I.

Gibbons was an early member of the Ends of the Earth Club, a group of artists and explorers founded in 1903. Its members included Mark Twain, General John Pershing, Admiral Robert Peary, and Gutzon Borglum (the sculptor of Mt. Rushmore). Gibbons attended the 17th annual dinner of the group in 1920.

According to the New York Times, "the career of Dr. Gibbons was one of high adventure. He traveled to remote corners of the world to gain first hand information on the life, religions and political conditions in Asiatic and African territories." As such, he was a true-to-life inspiration for academic adventurers portrayed in films such as Indiana Jones.

In 1923, Gibbons donated to Princeton University over 1,100 books, pamphlets, manuscripts, personal notes and photographs relating to World War I. These and other papers of Dr. Gibbons have been preserved at the Seeley G. Mudd Manuscript Library at Princeton University.

Personal life
Gibbons was born in Annapolis, Maryland. He attended the William Penn Charter School and the University of Pennsylvania in Philadelphia. In 1907 and 1913, he earned M.A. and Ph. D. degrees at Princeton University. In 1908, he received a Bachelor of Divinity degree from the Princeton Theological Seminary.

Gibbons died on August 7, 1934, in Grundslee, Austria, at the age of 54.

He married author Helen Davenport Gibbons in 1908; she survived him and died in 1960.

Books
His books include:


 * The New Map of Europe: 1911-1914 (1914)
 * Paris Reborn (1915)
 * The Blackest Page of Modern History: Events in Armenia in 1915 (1916)
 * The New Map of Africa 1900-1916: A History of European Colonial Expansion and Colonial Diplomacy (1916)
 * The Little Children of Luxembourg (1916)
 * The Foundation of the Ottoman Empire: A History of the Osmanlis Up To the Death of Bayezid I: 1300-1403 (1916)
 * Reconstruction of Poland and the Near East: Problems of Peace (1917)
 * Songs from the Trenches: The Soul of the A.E.F. (1918)
 * The question of Alsace-Lorraine in 1918 as Viewed by an American (1918)
 * The New Map Of Asia: 1900-1919 (1919)
 * France and Ourselves: Interpretative Studies: 1917-1919 (1920)
 * Riviera Towns (1920)
 * Great Britain in Egypt (1920)
 * Venizelos (1920)
 * Bases of Anglo-Saxon Solidarity (1921)
 * Lithuania Recognition (with W.G. McAdoo) (1921)
 * An Introduction to World Politics (1922)
 * Anglo-Saxon Solidarity (1923)
 * Europe Since 1918 (1923)
 * America's Place in the World (1924)
 * A Selected Bibliography of the World War (1924)
 * John Wanamaker (1926)
 * Ports of France (1926)
 * Europe of Today (1927)
 * The New Map of South America (1929)
 * Nationalism and Internationalism (1929)
 * Wider Horizons: The New Map of the World (1930)
 * Contemporary World History (1932)