Russian cruiser Bayan (1907)

Bayan (Russian: Баянь) was the third of the four armoured cruisers built for the Imperial Russian Navy in the early 1900s. The ship was assigned to the Baltic Fleet. She was modified to lay mines shortly after World War I began. Bayan laid mines herself and provided cover for other ships laying minefields. The ship fought several inconclusive battles with German ships during the war, including the Battle of Åland Islands in mid-1915. She also participated in the Battle of Moon Sound during the German invasion of the Estonian islands in late 1917, where she was damaged. Bayan was decommissioned in 1918 and sold for scrap in 1922.

Design and description
Bayan was 449.6 ft long overall. She had a maximum beam of 57.5 ft, a draught of 26 ft and displaced 7750 LT. The ship had a crew of 568 officers and men. Bayan was named in honor of the earlier Russian cruiser captured by the Japanese during the Russo-Japanese War. Both ships were named for the legendary bard, Boyan.

The ship had two vertical triple-expansion steam engines with a designed total of 16500 ihp, but they developed 19320 ihp on sea trials and drove the ship to a maximum speed of 22.55 kn. Steam for the engines was provided by 26 Belleville boilers. She could carry a maximum of 1100 LT of coal, although her range is unknown.

Bayan's main armament consisted of two 8 in 45-calibre guns in single turrets fore and aft. Her eight 6 in guns were mounted in casemates on the sides of the ship's hull. Anti-torpedo boat defense was provided by twenty two 75 mm 50-calibre guns; eight of these were mounted in casemates on the side of the hull and in the superstructure. Two guns were astern, in admiral's apartments, and the remaining twelve guns were located on upper deck amidships (eight above the six-inch gun casemates), in pivot mounts with gun shields. There were no 47 mm guns, unlike on the prototype ship. The ship also had two submerged 450 mm torpedo tubes, one mounted on each broadside.

In early 1916, eight of the ship's 75 mm guns in the central casemate were removed, and in early 1917, the rest were removed as well. By early 1917, an additional eight-inch gun was fitted on the centreline forward of the mainmast (it was supposed to be protected with a gun shield, but the photos do not confirm this). In addition, four more six-inch guns were added on an upper deck, two on each broadside. In early 1917 the Bayan was also fitted with two anti-aircraft 76 mm Lender guns, mounted to the sides of the after turret.

The ship used Krupp armour throughout. Her waterline belt was 175 mm thick over her machinery spaces, reducing to 90 mm towards lower edge. Fore and aft, it reduced to 100 mm. The upper belt and the casemates were 60 mm thick. The armour deck was 50 mm thick; over the central battery it was a single plate, but elsewhere it consisted of a 30 mm plate over two 10 mm plates. The gun turrets were protected by 132 mm of armour and the conning tower had walls 136 mm thick.

Service
Bayan was built by the Admiralty Shipyard in Saint Petersburg. Construction began on 15 August 1905, although she was ceremonially laid down only on the day of her launching 15 August 1907. Bayan was completed in early 1911 and commissioned on 14 July 1911. She spent her entire career with the Baltic Fleet.

When World War I began, Bayan was assigned to the First Cruiser Brigade. Shortly after the start of the war, in December 1914 Bayan was modified to carry up to 110 mines. She laid her first mines in early December when she was one of a group of ships that mined the northern and western entrances to the Gulf of Danzig. The following month, she provided cover as other cruisers laid minefields in the western Baltic Sea, near Bornholm and Rügen Islands on the night of 12 January 1915. Together with her sister RUSSIAN CRUISER Admiral Makarov and two protected cruisers, she fought a brief and inconclusive action with the light cruiser SMS München during the night of 6/7 May while covering a minelaying sortie off Libau.

On 2 July, the ship participated in the Battle of Åland Islands when intercepted and decoded wireless signals informed the Russians that a small German force was at sea to lay a minefield off the Åland Islands. Rear Admiral Mikhail Bakhirev was already at sea with Admiral Makarov, Bayan, RUSSIAN CRUISER Rurik, the protected cruisers RUSSIAN CRUISER Bogatyr and RUSSIAN CRUISER Oleg, and the destroyer RUSSIAN DESTROYER Novik en route to bombard Memel. Rurik and Novik got separated from the others in fog, but the rest of the force encountered the light cruiser SMS Augsburg and a number of destroyers escorting the minelayer SMS Albatross (1907). The Russians concentrated on Albatross, which was forced to run aground in Swedish territorial waters, while the faster Augsburg escaped to the south. The Russian cruisers were low on ammunition when they encountered two more German cruisers and broke off the action after Bayan and the armoured cruiser SMS Roon exchanged hits. The Bayan fired forty 8-in rounds and was hit with one 210 mm round amidships, which caused superficial damage and wounds to two crewmen. The Roon lost her wireless aerial due to a near miss; the Russians reported more hits, but not confirmed.

Battle of Moon Sound
In 1917, Bayan was the flagship of Vice Admiral Bakhirev, who now commanded the naval forces defending the Gulf of Riga. During Operation Albion, the invasion of the Estonian islands of Saaremaa (Ösel), Hiiumaa (Dagö) and Muhu (Moon), in October 1917, the ship defended the southern entrance to Moon Sound on 17 October. When the German minesweepers began clearing the minefields guarding the entrance, they were attacked by Bayan and the predreadnought SOVIET BATTLESHIP Grazhdanin, while the predreadnought RUSSIAN BATTLESHIP Slava engaged the dreadnoughts SMS König and SMS Kronprinz defending the minesweepers. Slava was hit multiple times by the German ships and Bakirev ordered his forces to withdraw. Bayan was the last ship to withdraw, but she was hit once by a 30.5 cm shell from König before she moved out of range. The shell penetrated the deck near the forward turret and started a fire among the flammable material in the cable compartment that was not extinguished until the next day. Fragments from the shell destroyed a bulkhead and loosened some plates of the ship's bottom. The location of the fire near the forward magazine forced it to be flooded as a precaution. Between the leaky plates and the flooded magazine, the ship took about 1000 LT aboard and her draught forward increased to 26 ft. The shell killed five men and wounded three more. Despite her increased draught, Bayan was able to pass through the dredged channel connecting the northern and southern parts of Moon Sound later that day. When the general withdrawal was ordered the following day, the ship sailed for Finland.

She was paid off in 1918 and did not participate in the Russian Civil War. Bayan was sold for scrap in 1922 and broken up in Stettin.