Carlisle Castle

Carlisle Castle is situated in Carlisle, in the English county of Cumbria, near the ruins of Hadrian's Wall. The castle is over 900 years old and has been the scene of many historical episodes in British history. Given the proximity of Carlisle to the border between England and Scotland, it has been the centre of many wars and invasions. Today the castle is managed by English Heritage and is open to the public. The castle until recently was the administrative headquarters of the former King's Own Royal Border Regiment now county headquarters to the Duke of Lancaster's Regiment and a museum to the regiment is within the castle walls.

History
Carlisle Castle was first built during the reign of William II of England, the son of William the Conqueror who invaded England in 1066. At that time, Cumberland (the original name for north and west Cumbria) was still considered a part of Scotland. William II arrived and drove the Scots out of Cumberland to claim the area for England. He ordered the construction of a Norman style motte and bailey castle in Carlisle on the site of an old Roman fort, with construction beginning in 1093. The need for a castle in Carlisle was to keep the northern border of England secured against the threat of invasion from Scotland. In 1122, Henry I of England ordered a stone castle to be constructed on the site. Thus a keep and city walls were constructed. The existing Keep dates from somewhere between 1122 and 1135.

The act of driving out the Scots from Cumberland led to many attempts to retake the lands. The result of this was that Carlisle and its castle would change hands many times for the next 700 years. The first attempt began during the troubled reign of Stephen of England. The Scottish King, David captured the city, exploiting the domestic troubles of England. It was he who completed the walls and stone keep. However the English seized back the city and castle several years later.

On the 26 March 1296 John 'The Red' Comyn, and for a few months Lord of Annandale, led a Scottish host across the Solway to attack Carlisle. The then governor of the castle, one Robert de Brus, deposed Lord of Annandale, successfully withstood the attack, before forcing the raiders to retreat back through Annandale to Sweetheart Abbey.

From the mid-13th century until the unification of England and Scotland in 1603, Carlisle castle was the vital headquarters of the Western March, a buffer zone to protect the western portion of the Anglo-Scottish border.

Henry VIII converted the castle for artillery, employing the engineer Stefan von Haschenperg. For a few months in 1568, Mary, Queen of Scots was imprisoned within the castle, in the southeast corner which has since been demolished. Later, the castle was besieged by the Parliamentary forces for eight months in 1644, during the English Civil War.

The most important battles for the city of Carlisle and its castle were during the second Jacobite rising against George II of Great Britain in 1745. The forces of Prince Charles Edward Stuart travelled south from Scotland into England reaching as far south as Derby. Carlisle and the castle were seized and fortified by the Jacobites. However they were driven north by the forces of William Augustus, Duke of Cumberland, the son of George II. Carlisle was recaptured, and the Jacobites were jailed and executed. That battle marked the end of the castle's fighting life, as defending the border between England and Scotland was not necessary with both countries again one in Great Britain.

Some parts of the castle were then demolished for use as raw materials in the 19th century to create more or less what is visible to the visitor today. The Army moved in to take hold of the castle, which was the regimental depot of the Border Regiment until 1959, with control for maintenance passing to the Department of Environment later English Heritage.

List of Governors
Governors appointed by:
 * Henry II:
 * Robert de Vaux, Baron of Gillesland
 * John:
 * William de Stuteville, Baron of Lyddal
 * Henry III:
 * Robert de Vaux
 * Robert de Veteripont
 * William de Dacre
 * Thomas de Multon
 * John Baliol (later King of Scotland)
 * Robert de Brus, 5th Lord of Annandale (-1255 & 1267-)
 * William III de Forz, 4th Earl of Albemarle
 * Eustace de Baliol
 * Roger de Leiburne
 * Edward I:
 * Robert de Hampton
 * Richard de Holebrok
 * John de Swinburn
 * Gilbert de Curwen of Workington
 * William de Boyville
 * Robert de Brus, 6th Lord of Annandale (1295-))
 * Michael de Harela
 * John de Halton, Bishop of Carlisle
 * Alexander de Bassenthwaite
 * Edward II:
 * John de Castre
 * Andrew de Harcla, 1st Earl of Carlisle
 * Piers Gaveston, 1st Earl of Cornwall
 * Ralph Fitz William, baron of Greystoke
 * John de Halton, Bishop of Carlisle (2nd time)
 * Edward III:
 * Ralph Dacre, 1st Baron Dacre
 * Anthony Lord Lucy of Cockermouth
 * John de Glanton
 * John Kirby, Bishop of Carlisle
 * Sir Hugh de Moresby
 * Thomas, Lord Lucy
 * Roland de Vaux
 * Sir Richard de Denton
 * Sir Hugh de Lowther
 * Richard II:
 * Henry Percy, 1st Earl of Northumberland
 * Ralph Lord Neville de Raby
 * John Lord Moss of Hamlake
 * John Halland, Earl of Huntington
 * Sir Lewis Clifford
 * Henry IV;
 * Henry Lord Percy, surnamed Hotspur, Governor and General of the Marches
 * Edward IV;
 * Richard Duke of Gloucester (latter Richard III of England)
 * Richard III:
 * Sir Richard Salkeld of Corby
 * Henry VII;
 * Sir Richard Salkeld of Corby
 * Henry VIII;
 * Thomas Lord Warton
 * William Lord Dacre of Gillesland
 * Edward VI:
 * William Lord Dacre of Gillesland
 * Mary I:
 * William Lord Dacre of Gillesland
 * Elizabeth I:
 * Henry Lord Scrope of Bolton
 * William Lord Dacre of Gillesland
 * Charles I:
 * Sir Nicholas Byron
 * Sir Henry Stradling
 * Sir John Brown
 * Sir William Douglas
 * Sir William Levingston
 * Sir Philip Musgrave Bart.
 * Jeremiah Tolhurst Esq.
 * Colonel Thomas Fitch
 * Charles II:
 * Sir Philip Musgrave Bart.
 * Sir Christopher Musgrave Bart.
 * James II:
 * Francis Howard of Corby, Esq
 * William III:
 * Francis Howard of Corby Esq.
 * Charles Howard, 3rd Earl or Carlisle
 * Jeremiah Bubb Esq.
 * George I:
 * Charles Howard, Earl or Carlisle
 * George II:
 * Colonel Durand
 * Gen. John Stanwix
 * George III:
 * Henry Vane, Earl of Darlington
 * Lt Gen. Montgomery Agnew
 * Lt Gen. Robert Burne
 * George IV:
 * Sir George Adam Wood K.C.B
 * William IV:
 * Lt Gen. the hon J. Ramsay, son of the Earl of Dalhousie
 * Victoria: