Naval Aircraft Factory TS

The Naval Aircraft Factory TS-1 was an early biplane fighter aircraft of the United States Navy, serving from 1922-1929.

Development
While the Vought VE-7s were serving the Navy well in the early 1920s, they were not originally designed as fighters. The Naval Aircraft Factory came up with a simple design driven by a 200 hp Lawrance J-1 air-cooled radial engine. Its boxy fuselage was suspended between the upper and lower wings, with the center area of the lower wing enlarged to accommodate a fuel tank.

The NAF gave the plans over to Curtiss to build, and the result, designated TS-1, arrived at Anacostia on May 9, 1922. The TS-1 from Curtiss was delivered with wheels, so the NAF also designed wooden floats to enable their use on vessels other than aircraft carriers. Testing went well, and in late 1922 the Navy ordered 34 planes from Curtiss, with the first arriving on board USS Langley (CV-1) in December. The NAF built another five themselves, as a test of relative costs, as well as four more used to experiment with water-cooled inline engines.

The two F4C-1s were an all-metal version developed by Curtiss. It made its first flight on September 4, 1924. The wings had tubular spars and stamped dural ribs, the fuselage was constructed of dural tubing in a Warren truss form. Compared to the TS-1, the lower wing was raised to the base of the fuselage. The F4C-1 was armed with two .30 in machine guns and was powered by a 200-hp nine-cylinder Wright J-3 radial.

Operational history
In addition to operating from the carrier deck, the TS-1s served for several years in floatplane configuration aboard destroyers, cruisers, and battleships. The aircraft were slung over the side by crane. Squadron VO-1 operated this way from 1922, and VF-1 flew its float-equipped TS-1s from battleships in 1925 and 1926.

The TS-1 was not universally liked by its crews. Positioning of the lower wing below the fuselage resulted in short wheel struts. This, and the wheel's placement close to each other caused considerable problems with ground looping.

Variants

 * NAF TS-1: five built
 * Curtiss TS-1: 34 built
 * NAF TS-2: two built, 240 hp Aeromarine engine
 * NAF TS-3: two built, 180 hp Wright-Hispano E engine


 * NAF TR-2: one built, TS-3 modified by changing the airfoil section on the wings for the 1922 Curtiss Marine Trophy race
 * Curtiss-Hall F4C-1: two built all metal versions for comparison to the original wood and wire construction

Operators

 * 🇺🇸 United States
 * United States Navy

Survivors

 * Curtiss TS-1 SN: A6446 is on display at the National Naval Aviation Museum in Pensacola, Florida