Edgar Sengier

Edgar Sengier KBE (19 October 1879– 26 July 1963) was the director of the Belgian Union Minière du Haut Katanga during World War II. Sengier is credited with giving the American government access to much of the uranium necessary for the Manhattan Project. He was the first non-American civilian to be awarded the Medal for Merit by the United States government. After World War II an American report revealed that Sengier not only sold uranium to America and Great Britain but also to Nazi Germany. 

The Union Minière du Haut Katanga
Born in Kortrijk, Sengier graduated in 1903 as a mining engineer from the University of Leuven and joined the Belgian Union Minière du Haut Katanga (UMHK) as it was beginning to exploit mines in the Congolese province of Katanga. The UMHK was a subsidiary of the Union, which was itself part of the Société Générale de Belgique. The Société's activity was, among other things, to mine copper deposits in Katanga.

Shinkolobwe's uranium
Uranium was discovered as early as 1915 in Shinkolobwe, and extraction began in 1921. Uranium ore from Shinkolobwe was very rich (it contained up to 65% of uranium); in comparison, Canadian ore contained only 0.02%.

In May 1939, Edgar Sengier, then director of both the Société Générale and the UMHK, learned about the potential of uranium from European scientists. British scientists had warned him that should the material he possessed fall into the enemy's hands, the consequences would be catastrophic. Sengier understood that uranium, a by-product that had until then been stored without being used, could become a crucial resource in times of war. In September 1940, he ordered that half of the uranium stock available in Africa (about 1,250 tons) be secretly dispatched to New York, arriving on November 10 and December 19, 1940.

At the start of the war, Sengier himself travelled to New York to conduct the Union Minière 's worldwide operations from there. At first, the UMHKs uranium stockpile remained in a Staten Island warehouse.

Manhattan Project
In September 1942, Colonel Kenneth Nichols met Sengier in his New York office. Nichols had been ordered to find uranium by the head of the Manhattan Project, General Leslie Groves. He asked if the Union Minière could supply uranium ore, and Sengier's answer became history: "You can have the ore now. It is in New York, a thousand tons of it. I was waiting for your visit." Nichols had heard of the ore from the State Department and Rosen of Standard Oil, but was surprised at the amount: 1200 tons, of which 100 tons was to go to Canada immediately for refining by Eldorado in Ontario. Nichols and Sengier negotiated a contract, and the Staten Island stockpile was transferred to the US Army. The Army also secured the remaining ore (3000 tons) in Shinkolobwe, which was shipped to America. Nichols wrote: ''Our best source, the Shinkolobwe mine, represented a freak occurrence in nature. It contained a tremendously rich lode of uranium pitchblende. Nothing like it has ever again been found. The ore already in the United States contained 65 percent U3O8, while the pitchblende aboveground in the Congo amounted to a thousand tons of 65 percent ore, and the waste piles of ore contained two thousand tons of 20 percent U3O8. To illustrate the uniqueness of Sengier’s stockpile, after the war the MED and the AEC considered ore containing three-tenths of 1 percent as a good find. Without Sengier’s foresight in stockpiling ore in the United States and aboveground in Africa, we simply would not have had the amounts of uranium needed to justify building the large separation plants and the plutonium reactors.''

The exploitation of Shinkolobwe
The Shinkolobwe mine had been closed since 1939 and flooded. The American Army sent a squad from its Corps of Engineers to restore the mine, expand the aerodromes in Léopoldville and Elizabethville, and build a port in Matadi, on the Congo River. Between 1942 and 1944, about 30,000 tons of uranium ore were sold to the US Army.

The American government wanted exclusivity on the Shinkolobwe uranium ore, but Sengier initially refused. With support from the British government, the United States obtained exclusive rights on the Shinkolobwe ore in negotiations with the Belgian government (which was then in exile in London). However, it seems that Sengier alone was at least partially aware of the Manhattan Project, as he got an assurance from Nichols that the ore would be used for war purposes, saying ''You don't need to tell me how you'll use it. I think I know.''

The agreement between the United States, Great Britain, and Belgium lasted 10 years and continued after the war. The uranium agreements in part explain Belgium's relative ease in rebuilding its economy after the war, as the country had no debt with the major financial powers.

Awards and recognition
In 1946, Sengier returned to the United States, where general Groves handed him the Medal for Merit for his contribution to Allied victory. He was the first non-American civilian to receive this distinction. His citation merely mentioned "services in supplying material", as there were still restrictions on wartime information at the time he was awarded his medal.

Sengier was also awarded the titles of Knight of the Order of the British Empire, Commander of the French Légion d'honneur and Officer of the Order of Léopold and the Belgian Order of the Crown (kroonorde - ordre de la couronne).

In 1948, a radioactive mineral discovered in Congo, sengierite, was named in his honor.

Later life
Edgar Sengier remained director of the Société Générale and the Union Minière until 1949. He remained on the company's administrative board until 1960, before retiring in Cannes, where he died in 1963.