Christian J. Lambertsen

Christian James Lambertsen (May 15, 1917 – February 11, 2011) was an American environmental medicine and diving medicine specialist who was principally responsible for developing the United States Navy frogmen's rebreathers in the early 1940s for underwater warfare. Lambertsen designed a series of rebreathers in 1940 (patent filing date: 16 Dec 1940) and in 1944 (patent issue date: 2 May 1944) and first called his invention breathing apparatus. Later, after the war, he called it Laru (portmanteau for Lambertsen Amphibious Respiratory Unit) and finally, in 1952, he changed his invention's name again to SCUBA (Self Contained Underwater Breathing Apparatus). Although diving regulator technology was invented by Émile Gagnan and Jacques-Yves Cousteau in 1943 and wasn't originally related to rebreathers, the current use of the word SCUBA is largely attributed to Gagnan's and Cousteau's invention. The US Navy considers Lambertsen to be "the father of the Frogmen".

Education
Lambertsen was born in Westfield, New Jersey and attended Rutgers University in New Brunswick, New Jersey, graduating in 1939 with a bachelor of science degree. He graduated from medical school at University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania in 1943.

Lambertsen was awarded Honorary Doctor of Science Degree from Northwestern University in 1977.

Army career
Major Lambertsen served in the U.S. Army Medical Corps from 1944 to 1946. He invented the first Self-contained Underwater Breathing Apparatus (SCUBA) and demonstrated it to the Office of Strategic Services (OSS) (after already being rejected by the U.S. Navy) in a pool at a hotel in Washington D.C. OSS not only bought into the concept, they hired Major Labertsen to lead the program and build-up the dive element of their maritime unit. He was vital in establishing the first cadres of U.S. military operational combat swimmers during late World War II. The OSS was also the predecessor of the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) and the maritime element still exists inside their Special Activities Division.

His responsibilities included training and developing methods of combining self-contained diving and swimmer delivery including the Lambertsen Amphibious Respiratory Unit for the OSS "Operational Swimmer Group". Following World War II, he trained U.S. forces in methods for submerged operations, including composite fleet submarine / operational swimmers activity.

Civilian career
From 1946 to 1953 Lambertsen served as an instructor to Professor of Pharmacology with the Department of Pharmacology at the University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine though he did spend a year as a Visiting Research Associate Professor from 1951 to 1952 for the Department of Physiology at University College London, England. Lambertsen spent the 1950s concentrating on national research needs in undersea medicine (see National Service Activities below). He again took an appointment as Professor of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics at the University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine in 1962. He was also named Professor of Medicine in 1972 and Professor at the University of Pennsylvania School of Veterinary Medicine in 1976. Each of these appointments were held until 1987. In 1985, he became Emeritus Distinguished Professor of Environmental Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania.

Lambertsen was the founder and director of The Environmental Biomedical Stress Data Center at the University of Pennsylvania in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.

The University of Pennsylvania's annual Christian J. Lambertsen Honorary Lecture is named for him. On May 31, 2007 the guest speaker was Professor Marc Feldmann, head of Imperial College's Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology who is recognised for his discovery of anti-TNF treatment for rheumatoid arthritis, which has led to a new therapy used by more than a million patients. Dr. Lambertsen was in attendance.

Predictive Studies Series
Dr. Lambertsen's "Predictive Studies Series", spanning from 1969 with TEKTITE I to 1997, researched many aspects of humans in extreme environments.

University and National Civilian Awards and Honors

 * 1948–1953	John and Mary R. Markle Scholar in Medical Science
 * 1965 University of Pennsylvania Alumni Award of Merit
 * 1967 Lindback Award for Distinguished Teaching
 * 1969 NASA Commendation
 * 1970 Aerospace Medical Association Award
 * 1970 Undersea Medical Society Award
 * 1972 Marine Technology Society Award for Ocean Science and Engineering
 * 1973 Underwater Society of America Award for Science
 * 1974 New York Academy of Sciences Award for Research in Environmental Science
 * 1977 Member, National Academy of Engineering
 * 1977 Doctor of Science Honorary Degree, Northwestern University
 * 1977 Fellow, College of Physicians of Philadelphia
 * 1978 Distinguished Award for Individuals, Offshore Technology Conference
 * 1979 Award in Environmental Science, Aerospace Medical Association
 * 1979 Award for Naval Undersea Research Training, Undersea Medical Society
 * 1980 Association of Diving Contractors Award
 * 1984 Endowed Visiting Lectureship, Sterling Pharmaceutical Corporation
 * 1989 Distinguished Medical Graduate Award, University of Pennsylvania
 * 1992 Boerema Award, Hyperbaric Oxygen Research, Undersea and Hyperbaric Medical Society
 * 1995 UDT-SEAL Association Lifetime Achievement Award
 * 1995 Department of Defense Citation
 * 1997 UDT-SEAL Association: Honorary Lifetime Membership
 * 1999 Beneath the Sea: Lifetime Achievement Award
 * 2001 Pioneer Award – Navy Historical Society
 * 2001 CJL Oxygen Symposium X, Undersea and Hyperbaric Medical Society
 * 2007 American College of Physicians Fellowship Award 2007

Military Service and Related Awards

 * 1945 Legion of Merit, U.S. Army
 * 1945 Major General William J. Donovan, U.S.A., Director, Office of Strategic Services
 * 1945 Lt. Colonel H. Q. A. Reeves, British Army
 * 1945 Lt. Commander Derek A. Lee, R.N.V.R., Burma
 * 1945 Colonel Sylvester C. Missal, M.C., U.S.A., Chief Surgeon, Office of Strategic Services
 * 1945 Commander H. G. A. Wooley, D.S.C., R.N., Director, Maritime Unit, Office of Strategic Services
 * 1946 Presidential Unit Citation, O.S.S. Unit 101, Burma, Dwight D. Eisenhower
 * 1946 U.S. Army Commendation Ribbon, Citation from Major General Norman Kirk, M.C., Surgeon General, U.S. Army
 * 1946 Admiral J. F. Farley, Commandant, U.S. Coast Guard
 * 1946 Colonel H. W. Doan, M.C., Executive Officer, Surgeon General’s Office, U.S. Army
 * 1947 Colonel George W. Read, Jr., President, U.S. Army Ground Forces, Board No. 2
 * 1948 General Jacob L. Devers, U.S.A. Commanding General, U.S. Army Ground Forces
 * 1969 Meritorious Civilian Service Award, Secretary of the Navy
 * 1969 Military Oceanography Award, Secretary of the Navy
 * 1972 Department of Defense Distinguished Public Service Award
 * 1972 Secretary of the Navy Certificate of Commendation for Advisory Service, Committee on Undersea Warfare, National Academy of Sciences
 * 1976 Distinguished Public Service Award, United States Coast Guard
 * 1978 Certificate of Commendation for Outstanding Service on Secretary of the Navy Oceanographic Advisory Committee
 * 1995 British Embassy Citation
 * 1995 U.S. Army Special Forces Underwater Operations School Award: Lifetime Achievement
 * 1996 U.S. Special Forces Green Beret Award
 * 2001 U.S. Special Operations Command Medal
 * 2005 US Chief of Naval Operations Citation

National Service Activities

 * 1953–1960, 1962–1971   Committee on Naval Medical Research, National Research Council
 * 1953–1972   Committee on Undersea Warfare, National Research Council
 * 1953–1956   Chairman, Panel on Underwater Swimmers, Committee on Undersea Warfare, National Research Council
 * 1954–1960   Chairman, Panel on Shipboard and Submarine Medicine, Committee on Naval Medicine Research, National Research Council
 * 1954–1961   Advisory Panel on Medical Sciences, Office of Assistant Secretary of Defense, R and E
 * 1955–1959   Consultant, U.S. Army Chemical Corps
 * 1959–1961   Consultant, Scientific Advisory Board, U.S. Air Force
 * 1960–1962   Chairman, Committee on Man-in-Space, Space Science Board, National Academy of Sciences
 * 1960–1962   Member, Space Science Board, National Academy of Sciences
 * 1962–1980   Consultant, Space Science Board, National Academy of Sciences
 * 1967–1970   Member, President's Space Panel, PSAC
 * 1968–1977   Oceanographic Advisory Committee, Office of Secretary of the Navy
 * 1972              Consultant to the Diving Physiology and Technology Panel, U.S.-Japan Cooperative Program in Natural Resources, U.S. Department of the Interior
 * 1972–1977   Biomedical Sciences Advisor, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, U.S. Dept. of Commerce
 * 1973–1977   Member, The Marine Board, National Academy of Engineering
 * 1973              Member, Smithsonian Advisory Board
 * 1983              Chairman, Environmental Sciences Review Committee, National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA)
 * 1983–1986   National Undersea Research Center Advisory Board, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
 * 1983–1985   Space Medicine Advisory Panel, National Aeronautics and Space Administration
 * 1984–1986   Lunar Base Planning Group, National Aeronautics and Space Administration
 * 1989–1991   NASA Radiation and Environmental Health Working Group
 * 1991–1993   NASA Life Sciences Division Environmental Biomedical Sciences Working Group
 * 1992              NASA Life Sciences. Science and Technical Requirements Document for Space Station Freedom
 * 1993              NASA JSC Medical Advisory Board, Hubble Telescope Repair EVA
 * 1995              NASA JSC “In-Suit” Doppler Panel
 * 1998              Chairman, NASA Advisory Panel, Committee on ISS Decompression Risk Definition & Contigency Plan
 * 1998–1999   Chairman, NASA Life Sciences Decompression Research Peer Reviews

Refereed journals























 * Lambertsen, C. J. Physiologic factors in human organ oxygen tolerance extension. SPUMS 20(2): 109–120, April–May 1990.










































 * Gelfand, R., C.J. Lambertsen, J.M. Clark, N. Egawa and C.D. Puglia. Ventilatory and cardiac adjustments during rapid compressions to pressure equivalents of 400-800-1200-1600 feet of sea water. Med. Aeronaut. Spatiale Med. Subaquat. Hyperbare. 17(65): 114–116, 1978.


 * Lambertsen, C.J., J.P.W. Cunnington and J.R.M. Cowley. The dynamics and composition of spontaneous, continuous gas embolism in the pig during isobaric gas counterdiffusion. Fed. Proc. 34: 452, 1975.














































 * Lambertsen, C.J., and R.W. Bullard (eds.). Temperature limitations in manned undersea and aerospace operations. Aerospace Med. 41: 1263–1288, 1970.






 * Lambertsen, C.J. (ed.). Modern aspects of treatment of decompression sickness. Aerospace Med. 39: 1055–1093, 1968.








































































 * Daly, M. deB., C.J. Lambertsen and A. Schweitzer. The effects upon the bronchial musculature of altering the oxygen and carbon dioxide tensions of the blood perfusing the brain. J. Physiol. 119(2&3): 292–314, 1953.


 * Lambertsen, C.J., R.H. Kough, D.Y. Cooper, G.L. Emmel, H.H. Loeschcke and C.F. Schmidt. Comparison of relationship of respiratory minute volume to PCO2 and pH of arterial and internal jugular blood in normal man during hyperventilation produced by low concentrations of CO2 at 1 atmosphere and by O2 at 3.0 atmospheres. J. Appl. Physiol. 5(12): 803–813, 1953.














 * Lambertsen, C.J. Problems of shallow water diving. Report based on experiences of operational swimmers of the Office of Strategic Services. Occup. Med. 3: 230–245, 1947.


 * Lambertsen, C.J., and L. Godfrey. A small efficient hood for oxygen therapy. J.A.M.A. 125: 492–493, 1944.


 * Lambertsen, C.J. A diving apparatus for life saving work. J.A.M.A. 116: 1387–1389, 1941.


 * Atkinson, W.J., Jr., J.L. Dean, E.H. Kennerdell and C.J. Lambertsen. A multiple anomaly of the human heart and pulmonary veins. Anat. Record 78(3): 383–388, 1940.

Patents

 * 1944 for Use Under Water
 * 1944 for Use Under Water
 * 1947
 * 1948 for Use Under Water
 * 1952 for Breathing Apparatus
 * 1957 for Oxygen Rebreathing Apparatus
 * 1959 for use Under Water
 * 1974
 * 1974 for Underwater Work and Oil Trapping
 * 1989