SS.11

SS.11 is the designation of the Nord Aviation MCLOS wire-guided anti-tank missile. In American service the missile was designated the AGM-22. The missile entered service with the French Army in 1956. Production of the SS.11/SS.12 series ceased some time in the 1980s; but in 1978 168,450 missiles had been produced. The price of the SS.11 in the late 1960s was stated at approximately $US1,900 dollars.

Development
Development of an improved version of the SS.10 (Nord-5203) began in 1953 as the Nord-5210. The missile was intended as a heavy version of the SS.10 for use from vehicles, ships and helicopters, with even an infantry version developed later. The missile entered service with the French army under the designation SS.11. It was used as the first helicopter-mounted (on Alouette IIs) anti-tank missile in the world.

From 1962 a "B" model of the missile was produced, which replaced some of the original electronics with solid state components. The transistorisation provided improved handling, which allowed the missile pilots to over-correct less. This was the version used for development of an infantry version, in which the operator carried three warheads and had a "waist belt fire-control" and three other men carried the missile minus its warhead.

One of the most unique uses of the SS.11 was that of probably the smallest anti-shipping missile in the world, with the Swedish Army employing it in the anti-landing craft role for decades, until it was replaced by a specialized version of the AGM-114 Hellfire.

History
The first combat use of the SS.11 was in 1956 being fitted as an experiment to a MD 311, an early version of the French Air Force Dassault MD 315 Flamant, light twin engine transports in the Algerian-French conflict as a method of attacking against fortified caves located in steep mountain gorges. The combat experiment proved extremely successful and became standard on other French Air Force MD 311s stationed in the Algerian war theater. From this early combat experience in Algeria with fixed wing aircraft firing the SS.11, the French Army took note and introduced the world's first specialized combat helicopter firing antitank missiles, based on the Alouette II and later the Alouette III that fired both the earlier surface to surface SS.11 and the AS.11 developed for air to surface firing from aircraft, both of which saw extensive combat in that conflict from 1958 to 1962.

After the cancellation of the SSM-A-23 "Dart" in 1958 the United States began evaluating the SS.11, and accepted it into service in 1961 as the AGM-22A. The missile was deployed from UH-1B Huey helicopters using either the XM11 or M22 armament subsystems. In U.S. Army service, the SS.11 was used mainly to develop tactics employing antitank helicopters and train future helicopter crews. In September 1965, 12 U.S. Army UH-1B helicopters belonging to a special unit, fitted with the XM-58 stabilized sight arrived in Vietnam. One month later they fired AGM-22s in combat.

During the Arab-Israeli War of 1967, the Israeli Army was equipped with a large number of SS.11s supplied by France. But unlike the SS.10 that saw combat in the 1956 War, it is unknown whether the SS.11 saw combat with the Israeli Army. In 1966 the French Navy did an evaluation of the SS.11(M) and SS.12(M) from the fast patrol boat La Combattante. In 1966, the Libyan Navy ordered three fast patrol boats from Vosper (the Sebha, Sirte and Susa). Delivered in 1968, these were the first naval vessels to be armed with the SS.11(M) and AS.12(M) being armed with four on each side of the vessel's bridge. The Libyan fast patrol boats proved to be a very low cost way to give long range heavy firepower to small naval vessels. Other navies soon followed Libya and bought the SS.12(M) and SS.11(M) for their light naval vessels; among them Brunei, Ethiopia, France, Greece, Ivory Coast, Malaysia, Senegal, and Tunisia. NORD also developed a ten missile trainable launcher for either the SS.11(M) or SS.12(M) which was sold in numbers due to its extremely cost effective firepower for both light and medium size naval craft.

During the Falklands War both the British Army and the British Royal Marines used Westland Scouts armed with the SS.11. On the 14 June 1982 two Army and two Marine Scouts attacked Argentine positions on the south-west outskirts of Port Stanley. Of the ten missiles fired nine hit their targets and one was lost due to a command wire breaking.

Description
A variety of warheads are available for the missile:
 * 140AC hollow-charge - 600 mm versus RHA
 * 140AP02 blast-fragmentation - 10 mm steel plate
 * 140AP59 anti personnel
 * 140CCN anti-shipping

On launch the SNPE rocket booster, with two outlets on the side of the missile body, burns for 1.2 seconds, after which the Sophie sustainer engine, with single outlet in the rear of the missile body burns for 20 seconds.

Unlike the earlier SS.10 which steered similar to an airplane with small flight controls, called "spoilers", located on the missiles wings, the SS.11 is steered in flight by unique system developed by NORD for France's first air-to-air missile, the AA.20, called TVC (thrust vectoring control) where four small vanes are located around the sustainer's exhaust which under command momentarily push into the sustainer's thrust causing the missile to move in the direction commanded. Since the missile spins slowly in flight by having the four swept wings slightly offset, a gyroscope is needed to determine the missile's relative orientation to the ground, that is, up, down and right, left. Unlike the earlier spoiler flight control, TVC is far more precise method of controlling a missile in flight. TVC has been copied by other missile designs including the Russians with their AT-3 Sagger and the Euromissile HOT and MILAN developed by joint venture of the French and Germans.

Due to the manual nature of the guidance, called MCLOS, where the operator had to first gain control of the missile and bring it into his line of sight with the target, engagements of targets at short range were poor, but beyond 500 meters accuracy was good to excellent for a well trained operator. In 1967 (by that time NORD had been merged with Aerospatiale) a version of the SS.11, called Harpon, was developed with a much improved guidance system called SACLOS where the missile is automatically tracked in flight and brought to the gunners line of sight. This guidance system drastically increases the SS.11 accuracy, especially at engagement ranges of less than 500 meters.

Models

 * SS.11 / AGM-22 - Surface-to-surface wire-guided anti-tank missile.
 * SS.11A1 XAGM-22A
 * SS.11B1 XAGM-22B - much improved with transistors
 * SS.11B1 (training) XATM-22B
 * AS.11 - Air-to-surface missile.
 * SS.11M - Maritime surface-to-surface wire-guided anti-ship missile.
 * HARPON SS.11 version with SACLOS guidance replacing MCLOS. Entered production in 1967

Operators

 * Please note that this list is not complete.