V Corps (United States)

V Corps was a regular corps headquarters of the United States Army. Originally organized for service in World War I, V Corps also saw service in World War II, and served in Western Europe during the Cold War. Most recently, V Corps served in the Balkans, Iraq, and Afghanistan. V Corps was inactivated on 12 June 2013 as part of the Army's force realignment in Europe.

Spanish-American War
V Corps was organized in Tampa, Florida, in May 1898 under the command of Major General William Rufus Shafter. Intended to be the main U.S. Army unit leading the invasion of Cuba in the Spanish-American War, its full strength was 25,000 men. But chaotic logistics meant that it departed for the island with only about 17,000 officers and men. It consisted of the 1st Infantry Division of 5,000 men led by Brigadier General Jacob Ford Kent; 2d Infantry Division of 5,000 men led by Brigadier General Brigadier General Henry Ware Lawton; a Cavalary Division (dismounted) of 2,700 men led by Major General Joseph Wheeler; an independent brigade of 1,100 men led by Brigadier General John C. Bates; and a brigade of 2,700 volunteers led by Brigadier General Henry M. Duffield. The bridgade of volunteers consisted of the 1st United States Volunteer Cavalry (the "Rough Riders"), 2d Massachusetts Volunteer Infantry, 33rd Michigan Volunteer Infantry, 34th Michigan Volunteer Infantry, and 71st New York Volunteer Infantry. The corps was supported by a battalion of artillery, which included a four-gun squad Gatling Gun Detachment. Artillery pieces included a Hotchkiss revolving cannon and eight field mortars. V Corps landed in Cuba on June 22, 1898, at Daiquirí. It fought in the Battle of the Aguadores the Battle of El Caney, and the Battles of San Juan Hill and Kettle Hill. Garrisoning the city of Santiago de Cuba, V Corps suffered heavily from malaria, typhoid, and yellow fever. Worried that the corps would suffer thousands of deaths if left in Cuba, corps commanders presented General Shafter with the Round-Robin Letter at the end of July 1898. Publication of an abridged copy in the American press led V Corps to be repatriated back to the United States. After spending a month in quarantine at Campt Wickoff on Long Island, New York, it was disbanded on October 7, 1898.

World War I
V Corps was organized a second time 7–12 July 1918 in the Regular Army in France, as part of the American Expeditionary Forces, for service in World War I. By the end of World War I (November 1918), V Corps had fought in three named campaigns.

World War II
After Germany declared war on the United States on 11 December 1941, the corps deployed (January 1942) the first American soldiers to the European Theater of Operations, United States Army. That initial deployment was known as the U.S. Army Northern Ireland Force or MAGNET. On 6 June 1944, V Corps assaulted Omaha Beach, Normandy. Corps soldiers then broke out from the beachhead, liberated Paris and Sedan, Ardennes, and raced to the German border. After liberating Luxembourg, V Corps fought in the Battle of the Bulge, captured Leipzig, made first contact with the Red Army at Torgau, and, south in Czechoslovakia, liberated Plzeň by May 1945.

Cold War
On 1 December 1950 due to concern of a Soviet threat to Western Europe during the Korean War, Seventh Army was activated as a field army in Europe ( Ca. 4 years earlier, in March 1947, U.S. European Command [EUCOM] had designated that all EUCOM combat forces were to convert to “Occupation duties”). Seventh Army absorbed the two main Occupation Duty forces then in Germany, namely the 1st Infantry Division and the U.S. Constabulary (Note: By middle 1948 limited combat training had been restored in EUCOM). In December, 1950 President Truman’s declared National Emergency due to the Korean War included a 4 division augmentation of U.S. Forces in Europe. In May 1951 the 4th Infantry Division arrived in United States Army Europe (USAREUR) in Germany, and on 3 August 1951 V Corps was reactivated and assigned to the Seventh Army in USAREUR. In July the 2d Armored Division arrived in Germany, and on 25 August 1951 the 4th Infantry Div (HQ: Frankfurt) and 2d Armored Div (HQ: Bad Kreuznach) were assigned as the V Corps' divisions. In November 1951 VII Corps was assigned to the Seventh Army, and the long serving U.S. Zone of Occupation division, the 1st Infantry Div (HQ: Wuerzburg), plus the newly arrived National Guard 28th and 43rd Infantry Divisions, were assigned as its divisions. Note: The U.S. Constabulary was inactivated upon the arrival of the four U.S. division augmentation forces to Germany. V Corps was assigned to the northern area of the U.S. Occupation Zone of Germany (which included the Fulda Gap ), and the VII Corps was assigned to the southern area of the U.S. Zone (one of the National Guard divisions was stationed in Munich and the other was between Munich and Stuttgart).

Reorganization
Although, as referenced above, in 1951 the 1st Infantry Division was assigned to the newly activated VII Corps, the significance of the Fulda Gap defense influenced not only the reassignment of 1st Infantry Division to V Corps by June 1954, but also the 1 October 1953 assignment of the newly formed 19th Armor Group, headquartered at Frankfurt, to V Corps. The June 1954 main unit assignments to V Corps were 1st Infantry Division, 4th Infantry Division, 2d Armored Division, and 19th Armor Group (19th AG was the size of a large brigade, with 3 tank battalions and one mech. infantry battalion stationed from Mannheim to Wildflecken). The first U.S. armored division to be stationed east of the Rhine River in the Cold War, namely V Corps' 3d Armored Division, arrived in May/June 1956. (The 3d Armored Div. replaced the 4th Infantry Div.; later, the 2d Armored Div. was replaced by the Bad Kreuznach arriving 8th Infantry Div.) The 19th Armor Group (HQ: Frankfurt) was replaced by the 4th Armor Group on 1 July 1955 (the 4th AG was approximately the size of the replaced 19th AG); the 4th Armor Group was deactivated in the 1963 ROAD conversion. In 1958 the 1st Infantry Division gyroscoped to CONUS, and was replaced in V Corps by the 3rd Infantry Division from CONUS. Due to the 1963 ROAD reorganization in USAREUR, V Corps ultimately lost two assigned units: (1) the 4th Armor Group was inactivated; (2) the 3rd Infantry Division (HQ: Wuerzburg) was reassigned to VII Corps. After the Cold War collapse of the Warsaw Pact, V Corps soldiers deployed both units and individuals to Saudi Arabia for the Gulf War; and to other operations in Kuwait, northern Iraq, Croatia, Somalia, Republic of Macedonia, Rwanda, and Zaire.

Germany
In December 1994, as part of the realignment of United States Armed Forces, V Corps moved from the IG Farben Building to Campbell Barracks in Heidelberg, severing a forty-three year tie with Frankfurt. The corps reached out to the armed forces of eastern Europe with numerous initiatives to foster closer ties and better understanding. Maintaining the NATO commitment, V Corps in 1994 created two bi-national corps with Germany. For Command Component Land Heidelberg missions, the corps commanded the 13th (German) Armored Infantry Division, while II (German) Corps commanded the 1st Armored Division.

Eastern Europe
In December 1995, V Corps deployed 1st Armored Division and elements of six separate brigades for the Implementation Force (IFOR). The corps headquarters and Headquarters Company, the 3d Support Command, and the separate brigades helped form the National Support Element headquartered in Hungary for United States Armed Forces in Bosnia. Brigades of the two divisions rotated in the peace enforcement mission for a number of years in Bosnia. Headquarters and Headquarters Company, V Corps, was decorated with the Superior Unit Award|Army Superior Unit Award in 1998 in recognition of the unit's performance in Implementation Force (IFOR). In April 1999, V Corps deployed the headquarters and subordinate units to Albania as Task Force Hawk, a force involved in the on-going crisis in Kosovo. The 1st Infantry Division served in Kosovo twice and the 1st Armored Division served once, in addition to V Corps separate brigades.

Iraq
At the end of 2002, V Corps deployed to Kuwait under United States Central Command for the Iraq War. The United States-led coalition brought about a regime change in Iraq and satisfied international concerns about Iraq and weapons of mass destruction. The corps and its maneuver brigades crossed into Iraq on March 21, 2003 as the main effort. In sixteen days of fighting, V Corps advanced more than 540 miles straight line distance from Kuwait to Baghdad, decisively defeated the Iraqi Armed Forces, and toppled the regime of Saddam Hussein.

On June 15, 2003, the corps formed Combined Joint Task Force 7, based in Baghdad, and continued military operations to pacify the remainder of Iraq, rebuild the country, and create democratic institutions. As part of Combined Joint Task Force 7 mission, V Corps soldiers sought out and arrested or killed the major figures in the Iraqi regime, culminating in the arrest of Saddam Hussein himself. On February 1, 2004, V Corps was succeeded in Combined Joint Task Force 7 by III Corps and redeployed to its home station in Heidelberg, Germany. In recognition of its combat achievements in Iraq, the Department of the Army, in 2004, awarded the Headquarters and Headquarters Company the Meritorious Unit Commendation (Army).

In January 2006, the corps, deployed to Iraq and replaced XVIII Airborne Corps as the command and control element for Multi-National Corps–Iraq. During its second year-long deployment, which ended on December 14, 2006, V Corps continued to lead coalition forces and made great strides battling a widespread insurgency, conducting a massive rebuilding effort, and paving the way for democracy in Iraq.

Afghanistan
From 2012 to 2013, V Corps served in Afghanistan, providing command and control of all United States ground forces engaged in the War on Terror.

Inactivation
In accordance with the ongoing force realignment of the US Army, it was announced in February 2013 V Corps would be inactivated in June 2013. In a ceremony on 12 June 2013, V Corps was awarded the Army Superior Unit Award and Meritorious Unit Citation and formally inactivated.