Williams Air Force Base

Williams Air Force Base is a former United States Air Force (USAF) base, located in Mesa, Arizona, and about 30 mi southeast of Phoenix. It is a designated Superfund site due to a number of soil and groundwater contaminants.

It was active as a training base for both the United States Army Air Forces, as well as the USAF from 1941 until its closure in 1993. Williams was the leading pilot training facility of the USAF, supplying 25% of all pilots.

Current status
Since its closure most of the base has since been annexed as part of Mesa. Some property was retained by the US government while other portions were conveyed and converted into the civilian Williams Gateway Airport which was later renamed Phoenix-Mesa Gateway Airport and an educational campus anchored by Arizona State University Polytechnic Campus and Chandler-Gilbert Community College.

History
During March 1941, some citizens of Mesa, Arizona were actively working on obtaining an Air Corps facility located near their city. One of the sites seriously considered for the new airfield was on the Gila River Indian Reservation located near Chandler, Arizona. At the time, the land on which Williams would eventually be built was vacant and not used for agriculture due to a lack of irrigation. It had no homes or farms and was essentially desert with a few Indian ruins scattered on it. On their own initiative, the city of Mesa began to acquire rights to the property that was divided among 33 different owners. Agreements were made for a railroad spur line, along with the appropriate electric, water, telephone and gas services.

The hard work paid off with the announcement in June 1941 that the War Department had approved the site for an Army Air Corps base. Construction of the new base started on 16 July 1941, and initial construction was completed in December, making the base operational.

As of 10 December, the airfield had no name and a debate ensued on what to call the new base. It was initially named Mesa Military Airport. the name was changed October 1941 to Higley Field, the base being in the proximity of the town of Higley, Arizona. In February 1942, the growing military airfield's name was changed to Williams Field in honor of Arizona native 1st Lt Charles Linton Williams (1898–1927). Lieutenant Williams died on 6 July 1927 when his Boeing PW-9A pursuit aircraft crashed near Fort DeRussy, Hawaii.

As a flying school, numerous runways and auxiliary airfields were constructed. The main airfield consisted of three concrete 6000' runways aligned NE/SW, ENE/WSW and NE/SW. A blacktop landing area 5500'x1430' was aligned E/W to the south of the main field and a 4100'x 1350' blacktop landing area was aligned E/W to the south of the main field. Known auxiliary airfields were:
 * Gilbert Field (Aux #1) 33.38722°N, -111.67389°W
 * Redeveloped in the 1970s. Today housing development S of US 60 in Gilbert, Arizona.


 * Rittenhouse Field (Aux #2) 33.25806°N, -111.5175°W
 * Postwar used by USAF as an Air Force Auxiliary Field. Today used occasionally by Arizona National Guard, adjacent to suburbs of Gilbert, Arizona


 * Casa Grande Field (Aux #3) 32.955°N, -111.76611°W
 * Today Case Grande MAP, Case Grande, Arizona


 * Goodyear Field (Aux #4) 33.24333°N, -111.91306°W
 * Today Gila River MAP, SW of Chandler, Arizona


 * Cochise Intermediate Field (Aux #5) 32.0425°N, -109.90417°W
 * Built in the 1930s, Abandoned in the 1950s, today agricultural field, no remains


 * Coolidge AAF 32.93583°N, -111.42667°W
 * Was auxiliary until 1944, turned over to Air Transport Command in May 1944


 * Cutter Field 33.35306°N, -110.6675°W
 * Emergency landing field


 * Ajo AAF     32.45278°N, -112.86139°W
 * Transferred from Luke AAF, June 1943. Part of the Gila Bend Gunnery Range


 * Gila Bend AAFAF 32.8875°N, -112.72°W
 * Transferred from Luke AAF, June 1943. Part of the Gila Bend Gunnery Range


 * Gila Bend #6/Williams AAF #4: 32.71972°N, -112.85389°W
 * Gila Bend #6/Williams AAF #5: 32.81806°N, -112.915°W
 * Gila Bend #6/Williams AAF #6: 32.88472°N, -112.81639°W

World War II
During World War II, Williams Field was under the command of the 89th Army Air Force Base Unit, AAF West Coast Training Center. The flying organization was the 38th (Bombardier and Specialized Twin- and 4-Engine) Flying Training Wing. Twin-engine training would ultimately turn out thousands of P-38 Lightning pilots, however they learned their twin-engine flying skills flying the Beech AT-10 Wichita at Williams. By July 1942, there were 79 AT-10s assigned to the field, however the hot, dry climate of Arizona tended to dry out the wood and glue of the wooden AT-10s, causing at least 10 flying cadets to lose their lives in crashes. Training with the AT-10 was stopped and the aircraft were flown to more humid locations. They were replaced by the Cessna AT-17 Bobcat twin engine trainers, however the AT-17 was seen as "too easy to fly" and were replaced by the more demanding Curtiss-Wright AT-9. By January 1943, almost 200 AT-9s were at the airfield.

The RP-322 training version of the P-38 began to arrive also in early 1944, and by May, the flying school was involved in four courses of instruction. By far, the largest course was a single-engine advanced course where cadets received instruction on the AT-6 Texan. Graduates advanced to the twin-engine AT-9, then on to the RP-322. This training was intended to prepare pilots for photo-reconnaissance missions. Another course was given to experienced pilots who were transitioning to twin-engine aircraft, also in the RP-322. Later, a night fighter training program was established for pilots on the RP-322 for later transition to the P-61 Black Widow at Hammer Field, California.

By late 1944, there was an ample supply of twin-engine pilots in training and by late 1944, the single-engine T-6 training was discontinued. Williams then began to offer four-engine training with B-17 Flying Fortress bombers in December. Its students would be experienced pilots who were transitioning to the large four-engine bomber. The B-17 pilot training ended in April 1945, graduating 608 officers for the Flying Fortress program.

The training mission of the base also conducted flexible gunnery training, and radar observer training.

After the United States entered the war, the Army Air Forces also developed a pilot training program for the Chinese Air Force. The Air Corps conducted most of the training for the Chinese at Luke, Williams, and Thunderbird Fields in Arizona. Training the Chinese presented some special challenges. Because of their small stature some students could not reach all the controls. That problem was usually solved through the use of extra cushions and occasionally by switching them to another type of airplane. A bigger problem was the language barrier. It took all the interpreters the Air Force could muster to support the training programs for the Chinese. In the end, 3,553 Chinese received flying and technical training, including 866 pilots.

Postwar era
After the end of the war in September 1945, most of the temporary training bases were put on inactive status and eventually closed. This was particularly true for bases like Williams that had sprung up overnight and were built with temporary wooden structures. However, Williams was an exception and remained open after World War II.

In early 1945, the first P-80 Shooting Star jet pilot school was opened at Williams. Army Air Forces Training Command was re-designated as Air Training Command, and in 1946 all flight instruction was integrated into a new consolidated program The P-80 jet fighter pilot transition and fighter gunnery schools at Williams Field remained; however, the gunnery school existed only to fulfill research obligations.

Fighter gunnery training was reestablished in early 1947. The new program studied the use of fighter gunnery, bombing, and rocketry equipment. Students flew P-51 Mustangs, P-47 Thunderbolts, and beginning at midyear, P-80 Shooting Stars. The gunnery school, however was again discontinued on 1 June 1948 and moved to Las Vegas AFB, Nevada.

By early 1947 the AAF had sped up its conversion to jet aircraft. However, the training program was handicapped by the fact that no twin-seat jet aircraft trainers yet existed. Putting untrained jet pilots into a single-seat fighter endangered personnel and expensive equipment. To overcome this problem, Air Training Command decided to use a newly developed "captivair" training device. It was received and installed at Williams in early 1947. In 1949, T-33 Shooting Star jet trainer derivative of the F-80 began to arrive.

3525th Pilot Training Wing
With the establishment of the United States Air Force in September 1947, Williams Army Airfield was re-designated Williams Air Force Base on 13 January 1948. In addition the 89th AAFBU was discontinued, and established the 3525th Pilot Training Wing (Advanced Single-Engine) as the host unit at the new Air Force Base. Training squadrons under the 3525th Pilot Training Group were:
 * 3525th Training Squadron, 26 August 1948
 * Re-designated 4532d Combat Crew Training Squadron, 1 July 1958
 * Re-designated 3525th Pilot Training Squadron, 1 October 1960-1 February 1973


 * 3526th Training Squadron, 26 May 1949
 * Re-designated 4533d Combat Crew Training Squadron, 1 July 1958
 * Re-designated 3526th Pilot Training Squadron, 1 October 1960-1 February 1973

Through the Mutual Defense Assistance Program began in 1952, international students received flying or technical training at various ATC bases. Students from Taiwan began to arrive at Williams, and training of Taiwanese pilots continued until the closure of the base in 1993.

Air Training Command redesignated the 3525th Pilot Training Wing (Basic Single-Engine) at Williams on 1 January 1956. It became the 3525th Combat Crew Training Wing (Fighter). A month later, on 1 February 1956, ATC reassigned the 3525th from its Flying Training Air Force to Crew Training Air Force. It also discontinued the single engine basic pilot school (T-28 Trojan) at Williams and replaced it with an advanced fighter school with T-33s exclusively. (Williams had transferred its single-engine training responsibilities to Laughlin AFB, Texas in September 1955.)

In 1958, Air Training Command transferred its combat pilot training to Strategic Air Command (SAC) and Tactical Air Command (TAC). ATC would concentrate on Primary and Basic flying training. As a result, jurisdiction of Williams was passed to TAC on 1 July. This was a brief transfer, as on 1 October 1960, TAC transferred Williams AFB back to ATC. Williams would become part of ATC's new consolidated pilot training program. On the same date, Tactical Air Command reassigned its 4530th Combat Crew Training Wing (Tactical Fighter) and subordinate units at Williams to ATC and ATC discontinued the wing. Concurrently, Air Training Command used assets from the 4530th to organize and establish the 3525th Pilot Training Wing.

Pilot training continued throughout the 1960s. The T-33s began to be phased out in 1962, being replaced by the T-38 Talon as the primary jet training aircraft. T-38s were used until the closure of Williams in 1993 along with the Cessna T-37 "Tweet" Both trainers were two-seat, dual-engine jet aircraft, the T-38 being capable of supersonic flight.

Students began with academic classroom and simulator instruction. After initial training in a Cessna T-41 at an offsite location (e.g., Eloy, AZ was used in the late 1960s), the first jet flight was largely a 'demo' flight in the T-37 aircraft with the instructor orienting the student to the aircraft, the local training area, and some basic flight maneuvers.

The undergraduate flight training program lasted just less than one full year and involved classroom, simulator, and aircraft training activities. Graduates were selected to remain as instructors, after an intensive training course, or went on to train in their primary weapon system aircraft.

F-5 Freedom Fighter
In 1963, Williams was selected to support the Military Assistance Program F-5A/B Freedom Fighter sales by providing pilots and maintenance training personnel to nations purchased the fighter under the MAP program. The F-5 was a lightweight fighter designed for allied nations, and was not programmed for USAF use. Initial deliveries, beginning in April 1964, were to the 4441st Combat Crew Training Squadron, which was activated to run the F-5 school.

The first overseas order for F-5As was from Norway, which ordered 64 aircraft plus four attrition replacements on 28 February 1964. Other nations whose pilots trained at Williams were South Vietnam, Iran, South Korea, Greece, Philippines, Taiwan, Turkey, Morocco, Pakistan, Ethiopia, Libya, Joran and Yemen.

Skoshi Tiger Program
Although all F-5A/B production was intended for MAP, the USAF actually requested at least 200 F-5s for use in the Vietnam War. This sudden request on the part of the USAF which had previously perceived no need for a lightweight fighter, was a result of heavier than expected attrition in Southeast Asia and because the F-5 promised to be available with a relatively short lead time. The USAF request for combat evaluation in Southeast Asia was approved by the DoD in July 1965, and the evaluation was initiated on 26 July 1965.

The program was given the code name *Skoshi Tiger*, which was a corruption of "Sukoshi Tiger" (Japanese for "Little Tiger"). In October 1965, the USAF "borrowed" 12 combat-ready F-5As from MAP supplies (5 F-5A-15s and seven F-5A-20s) and activated the 4503rd Tactical Fighter Wing (Provisional) at Williams for operational service trials. The 4503rd TFS (Provisional) was formed on 29 July 1965 to conduct the evaluation, and their pilots underwent training at Williams AFB while Northrop modified the aircraft for duty in Southeast Asia.

The aircraft left Williams AFB on 20 October 1965 for Southeast Asia, arriving at Bien Hoa Air Base on 23 October. They flew their first combat mission the same afternoon.

Although the Freedom Fighter was judged to be a technical success in Vietnam, the Skoshi Tiger program was essentially a political project, designed to appease those few Air Force officers who believed in the aircraft. The Freedom Fighter was destined to have a relatively brief operational career with the USAF, and the DoD turned down a second request for F-5s, deciding instead to look at other types such as the Navy A-7 Corsair II. The surviving F-5s were turned over to the South Vietnamese in March 1966.

After the Skoshi Tiger program, substantial numbers of Freedom Fighters were supplied to the Republic of Vietnam Air Force. The Air Force directed ATC to initiate immediately a training program for South Vietnamese F-5 pilot replacements. The 4441st CCTS at Williams began this training on 15 April, although the base's training facilities were already saturated by the school's undergraduate program. The first Vietnamese crews left for Williams AFB for training in August 1966.

The 4441st CCTS was transferred to Tactical Air Command and re-designated as the 425th Tactical Fighter Training Squadron on 15 October 1969. It was placed under the 58th Tactical Fighter Training Wing at Luke AFB, Arizona, although the squadron physically remained at Williams AFB as a Geographically Separated Unit (GSU).

Training of South Vietnamese pilots on the F-5 continued until the collapse of the South Vietnamese government in April 1975, with some pilots being at Williams at the time of the fall of Saigon.

F-5E/F Tiger II
On 4 April 1973, the first upgraded F-5 Tiger II reached the 425th Tactical Fighter Training Squadron. This squadron was assigned the task of training for crews that had acquired the F-5E under MAP. Pilots from over 20 nations trained at Williams throughout the 1970s and 1980s on the F-5E. The F-5E/Fs assigned to the 425th for training carried USAF serial numbers and were procured through normal aircraft procurement procedures and channels. Initially carried tail code "LZ". Aircraft were re-coded to the common wing "LA" in 1974.

Although the USAF never did adopt the F-5E as a front-line combat aircraft, it did adopt the F-5E as a specialized aircraft for dissimilar air combat training (DACT). Beginning in 1975, some 70 F-5Es were turned over to the 64th and 65th Fighter Weapons Squadrons of the 57th Tactical Fighter Wing at Nellis AFB, Nevada. F-5Es were allocated to two more units that were created overseas. the 527th Aggressor Squadron of the 10th TRW in the UK at RAF Alconbury and the 26th Aggressor Squadron, 3rd TFW in the Philippines at Clark AB.

The 425th TFTS was reassigned to the 405th Tactical Training Wing as of 29 August 1979 when the 58th TTW was re-designated at Luke AFB.

The last two F-5Es off the production line were delivered to Bahrain on January 16, 1987. However, a few more were assembled from spares, the last ones being delivered on June 29, 1989. That month the squadron's F-5 training program terminated after having produced 1,499 graduates, and the 425th was inactivated 1 September 1989

82d Flying Training Wing
In 1973 ATC inactivated its four digit flying wings and replaced them with two-digit wings. All of the newly activated units then had a combat lineage. At Williams the 3525th PTW was re-designated the 82d Flying Training Wing on 1 February. Squadrons were re-designated as follows:
 * 3525th Pilot Training Squadron --> 96th Flying Training Squadron (T-37 Tweet)
 * 3526th Pilot Training Squadron --> 97th Flying Training Squadron (T-38 Talon)

In 1988 each UPT wing had two flying training squadrons one for T-37s and the other for T-38s, plus a student squadron. Air Training Command wanted to find out whether training could be conducted more effectively if student squadrons were eliminated. Instead, all training and administrative duties would be placed in the wings’ two T-37 and two T-38 flying training squadrons. Officials at ATC chose the 82d Flying Training Wing at Williams as the test unit.

Air Training Command activated two additional squadrons at Williams the 98th Flying Training Squadron (T-37) and 99th Flying Training Squadron (T-38) on 1 June 1988. That gave the 82d a total of four flying training squadrons. However, by year's end, the test had shown that a fifth squadron was needed to provide operational support. The 82d became the first ATC wing to have five flying training squadrons when, on 1 September 1989, the command activated the 100th Flying Training Squadron (T-37).

However, it didn't last long. In December 1990 ATC implemented the objective wing organization. The command's UPT wings kept four flying training squadrons each, two for T-37s and two for T-38s. The fifth squadron was redesignated as an operations support squadron, but fulfilled essentially the same functions as the old student squadron.

Modern era and closure
With the end of the Cold War in 1989 and the success of Operation Desert Storm, Global Reach-Global Power became the blueprint to organize, train, and equip the Air Force to confront the challenges of a fast-changing world. Organization was the first page of the blueprint, and the Chief of Staff of the Air Force declared 1991 the "Year of Organization." By the end of the year, the Air Force had implemented the objective wing—a new wing structure that included an operations group and a support group. Besides the extensive organizational changes, ATC also faced the daunting task of closing four of its training bases as a result of the BRAC of 1991. Chanute AFB and Mather AFB were chosen to close in round one and Lowry AFB and Williams were selected in round two.

Air Education and Training Command, the 1992 replacement for ATC, inactivated the host unit, the 82d Training Wing, on 31 March 1993, leaving the now independent 82d Operations Group to close the base. The command inactivated the operations group on 30 September 1993, and the approximately 4127 acre base was closed 30 September 1993.

It is interesting to note that at the official closing ceremony, two men, who as Boy Scouts in 1941 that had raised the first flag at Williams Field when it was first officially opened, were there to officially lower the flag at its closing, after fifty years of military service.

Today, Williams continues the serve the Phoenix area as a growing industrial park and as a commercial airport.

Major units assigned

 * 89th Base HQ and Air Base Sq (advance detachment), 16 October 1941 – 4 December 1941
 * 89th Base HQ and Air Base Sq, 4 December 1941 – 1 May 1944
 * Re-designated 3010th Army Air Force Base Unit, 1 May 1944
 * Re-designated 3010th Air Force Base Unit, 27 September 1947-28 August 1948


 * Air Corps (Later Army Air Forces Advanced Flying School), 26 June 1941-1 June 1948
 * 38th Flying Training Wing, 26 February 1945-16 June 1946
 * Army Air Forces Pilot School (Specialized Fighter), 1 December 1945
 * Re-designated USAF Jet Pilot School, 1 June 1948-1 October 1949


 * Army Air Forces Pilot School (Advanced Single-Engine), 6 July 1946
 * Re-designated USAF Basic Pilot School (Single Engine), 1 June 1948-8 January 1956


 * 3525th Pilot Training Wing, 26 August 1948
 * Re-designated 4530th Combat Crew Training Wing, 1 July 1958
 * Re-designated 3525th Pilot Training Group, 1 October 1960-1 February 1973


 * 4441st Combat Crew Training Squadron, 1 December 1963 (MAP F-5 Support)
 * Re-designated 425th Tactical Fighter Training Squadron, 15 October 1969-1 September 1989


 * 4503rd Tactical Fighter Wing (Provisional), 22 July 1965-10 March 1966 (F-5 Skoshi Tiger)
 * 82d Flying Training Wing, 1 February 1973 – 30 June 1993

Major commands assigned

 * Air Corps Flying Training Comd, 23 January 1942
 * AAF Flying Training Comd, 15 March 1942
 * AAF Training Comd, 31 July 1943
 * Tactical Air Command 1 July 1958 – 1 October 1960
 * Air Training Command 1 July 1946 – 1 July 1958; 1 October 1960 – June 1993

Historic sites
Historic resources of the Williams Air Force Base were identified in a 1995 study.

Seven separate objects or buildings were listed on the National Register of Historic Places on June 19, 1995. These are: