Shahidka

Shahidka (шахидка—Russian feminine gender derivation from shahid), sometimes called "Black Widow" or Chyornyye Vdovy in Russian, is a term for Islamist Chechen female suicide bombers, willing to be a martyr in the name of Islamist Jihad or holy war. They became known at the Moscow theater hostage crisis of October 2002. The commander Shamil Basayev referred to the shahidkas as a part of force of his suicide bombers called the Riyad-us Saliheen Brigade of Martyrs. Basayev also stated that he himself trained at least fifty of black widows.

The term of "Black Widows" probably originates from the fact that many of these women are widows of men killed by the Russian forces in Chechnya (the toxic connotation of black widow spider is intended). In 2003, the Russian journalist Julia Jusik coined the phrase "Brides of Allah" (Невесты Аллаха) when she described the process by which Chechen women were recruited by Basayev and his associates; the phrase was also used again after the Beslan attack, as the title of an installment of the Russian NTV programme Top Secret (Совершенно секретно).

Background and motives
The ranks of the Shahidkas are filled mainly with 15- to 19-year-old women. According to journalist Julia Jusik, many of the women have been sold by their parents to be used as shahidkas, others have been kidnapped or tricked. Another group come from wahhabist families and are pressured to become shahidkas by their family. Many have been prepared to the suicide by way of narcotics and rapes. Several have been pregnant at the time. However, Robert W. Kurz and Charles K. Bartles refuted this view, stating that in most cases the female Chechen suicide bombers do not fit this model. Mostly they are given no training at all in preparation for the suicides as no weapon skill is needed to strap on the explosives. Many do not even blow themselves up, but are blown up by remote control. On the other hand, Besayev, as stated above, reported that the women are trained for their mission. Michael Radu also argued that these women are specifically trained for suicide attacks. Additionally, black widows can also be those whose brothers or close relatives were killed in one of the two Chechen wars between Russia and Islamist rebels since 1994 or indeed in clashes with Russian-backed forces. Robert W. Kurz and Charles K. Bartles provide another view in regard to their motives and argued that these women are much more motivated by revenge, despair, and their drive for an independent state than by religious fundamentalism or individual honor.

Notable attacks

 * Khava Barayeva is the first known 'Black Widow' who blew herself up at a Russian Army base in Chechnya in June 2000.


 * Medna Bayrokova, a resident of Grozny, said that she remembers the day a middle aged woman came to her front door asking to speak to her 26-year old daughter, Zareta Bayrokova who was a tuberculosis patient. Medna Bayrokova let the woman in. Her daughter then spent an hour in her bedroom with the woman, before leaving the house. Zareta Bayrokova died in the Dubrovka Theater in 2002.


 * In May 2003, Shakhida Baimuratova, a Black Widow suicide bomber killed 16 people and wounded 150 in an assassination attempt on then Moscow-appointed Chechen president Akhmad Kadyrov at a crowded Muslim festival in Ilishkan Yurt. A second woman bomber was also present but killed only herself.


 * On 5 June 2003, a woman detonated the bomb in a bus carrying Russian Air Force pilots in North Ossetia, killing herself and 20 others and wounding 14.


 * On 5 July 2003, two suicide bombers killed 16 people and injured six others at a rock concert at Tushino Airfield in Moscow.


 * In December 2003, a male and female suicide bomber killed 46 people and injured 100 others by detonating explosives on a packed commuter train, which had just left Yessentuki in Southern Russia. The woman is believed to have carried explosives in a bag, whereas the man had grenades strapped to his leg.


 * On 9 December 2003, a bomb exploded outside the Hotel National, Moscow just a few hundred metres from the Moscow Kremlin. It is thought that the target was the State Duma building and that the bomb had detonated prematurely. Six people died and 13 were injured in the blast. The suicide bomber was later identified as Khadishat Mangeriyeva.


 * On 6 February 2004, Georgi Trofimov, a Russian bomb disposal officer, was killed as he tried to defuse a device at a Moscow cafe. The failed bomber, ethnic Ingush Zarema Muzhakhoyeva, was sentenced to 20 years of imprisonment for terrorism in April 2004. In 2005, she participated in the trial of the Beslan hostage crisis terrorist Nur-Pashi Kulayev as a witness for the prosecution, but she withdrew all her statements about Kulayev that she made in pre-trial depositions and said she didn't know he was a militant.


 * Two Russian passenger aircraft disasters in 2004 are believed to have been the work of the Black Widows. The smaller of the planes, a TU-134 which crashed near Tula had been carrying a Chechen woman called Amanta Nagayeva who had bought her ticket just an hour before the flight took off. The larger plane exploded near the city of Rostov killing 46 people. Among the wreckage, investigators found traces of hexogen, a powerful explosive. Another Chechen woman, Satsita Djerbikhanova was also a last-minute passenger on this flight.


 * On 1 September 2004, two Chechen women, Roza Nagayeva and Mairam Taburova, were involved in the attack on a Russian, North-Ossetian school (the Beslan school hostage crisis). The attack which killed 334 civilians, including 186 children, was masterminded by Shamil Basayev.


 * On 29 March 2010, nearly 40 people were killed and another 100 injured when two suicide bombers detonated explosives at two stations of the Moscow subway, the Park Kultury metro station and at the Lubyanka station. The attacks were linked to shahidkas by the Russian Government, although an investigation has yet to be undertaken. One of the perpetrators was Dagestani-born Dzhennet Abdurakhmanova (1992-2010), the widow of 30-year-old Umalat Magomedov who was killed by Russian forces on 31 December 2009.


 * On 24 January 2011, 35 were killed and 180 wounded in Domodedovo, Russia's busiest airport. Although the identity of those responsible for carrying out the attacks has not been officially confirmed, initial reports suggested that at least one Black Widow was involved, likely accompanied by a man.


 * On 7 March 2012, a widow of a militant killed on 10-11 February 2012 near a village, Karabudakhkent, 40km (24 miles) south of Dagestan capital Makhachkala killed herself and five police officers and wounded two others in Karabudakhkent.


 * On 28 August 2012, Sufi leader Said Afandi and six other people were killed in a suicide bomb attack in Dagestan. The attack was allegedly perpetrated by Russian Aminat Kurbanova who had converted to Islam. Her two former spouses were Islamic militants, and her third husband was a militant, too.


 * On 25 May 2013, a female suicide bomber, Madina Alieva, blew herself up in Dagestan injuring at least 18. She was the widow of an Islamist who was killed in 2009.