Typhoon-class submarine

The Project 941 or Akula, Russian "Акула" ("Shark") class submarine (NATO reporting name: Typhoon) is a type of nuclear-powered ballistic missile submarine deployed by the Soviet Navy in the 1980s. With a submerged displacement of 48,000 tons, the Typhoons are the largest class of submarine ever built, large enough to accommodate decent living facilities for the crew when submerged for months on end. The source of the NATO reporting name remains unclear, although it is often claimed to be related to the use of the word "typhoon" ("тайфун") by Leonid Brezhnev in a 1974 speech while describing a new type of nuclear ballistic missile submarine.

The Russian Navy canceled its Typhoon modernization program in March 2012, stating that modernizing one Typhoon would be as expensive as building two new Borei-class submarines. With the announcement that Russia has eliminated the last SS-N-20 Sturgeon SLBMs in September 2012, the remaining Typhoons have reached the end of service.

Description
Typhoon submarines are among the quietest Russian sea vessels in operation, being quieter and yet more maneuverable than their predecessors. Besides their missile armament, the Typhoon class features six torpedo tubes; all of which are designed to handle RPK-2 (SS-N-15) missiles or Type 53 torpedoes. A Typhoon-class submarine can stay submerged for periods up to 120 days in normal conditions, and potentially more if deemed necessary (e.g., in the case of a nuclear war). Their primary weapons system is composed of 20 R-39 (NATO: SS-N-20) ballistic missiles (SLBM) with a maximum of 10 MIRV nuclear warheads each. Technically, Typhoons were able to deploy their long-range nuclear missiles while moored at their docks.

Typhoon-class submarines feature multiple pressure hulls that simplify internal design while making the vessel much wider than a normal submarine. In the main body of the sub, two Delta class pressure hulls lie parallel with a third, smaller pressure hull above them (which protrudes just below the sail), and two other pressure hulls for torpedoes and steering gear. This also greatly increases their survivability - even if one pressure hull is breached, the crew members in the other are safe and there is less potential for flooding.



History
The Typhoon class was developed under Project 941 as the Russian Akula class (Акула), meaning shark. It is sometimes confused with other submarines, as Akula is the name NATO uses to designate the Russian Project 971 Shchuka-B (Щука-Б) class attack submarines. The project was developed with the objective to match the SLBM armament of s, capable of carrying 192 nuclear warheads, 100 kt each. However, at the time, state-of-the-art Soviet SLBMs were substantially larger and heavier than their American counterparts (the R-39 is more than two times heavier than the Trident I; it remains the heaviest SLBM in service worldwide). The submarine had to be scaled accordingly.

Six Typhoon-class submarines were built. Originally, the submarines were designated by hull numbers only. Names were later assigned to the four vessels retained by the Russian Navy, which were sponsored by either a city or company. The construction order for an additional vessel (hull number TK-210) was canceled and never completed. Only the first of these submarines to be constructed, the Dmitriy Donskoy, is still in active service with the Russian Navy, serving as a test platform for the Bulava (SS-NX-32) missile which is currently under development. The Arkhangelsk (TK-17) and Severstal (TK-20) remain commissioned, though not currently active with the Russian fleet. All the R-39 missiles have been retired. The Typhoons are slated to be replaced by the Borei class starting in 2010-11.

In late December 2008, a senior Navy official announced that the two Typhoon-class submarines, the TK-17 and TK-20, that are in reserve would not be rearmed with the new Bulava SLBM missile system. They could however be modified to carry cruise missiles or to lay mines, or could be used in special operations. In late June 2009, the Navy Commander-in-Chief, Admiral Vladimir Vysotsky told reporters that the two submarines would be reserved for possible future repairs and modernization. In May 2010, the Navy Commander-in-Chief reported that Russia's Typhoon-class submarines would remain in service with the Navy until 2019. In September 2011, the Russian defense ministry decided to write off all Project 941 Akula nuclear-powered ballistic missile submarines until 2014. The reason for decommission of the world's largest submarines are restrictions imposed on Russia by the Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty and successful trials of new Borei-class submarine. However, according to other sources at the Russian defence ministry, no such decision has been made; in that case, the submarines would remain with the Russian Navy., Submarines TK-17 Arhangelsk and TK-20 Severstal will not be modernized as platforms for cruise missiles, but they will be kept in service with their previous armament, R-39 missiles.

In 2013, the State-Run RIA Novosti news has announced that the Navy will scrap two Typhoons beginning 2018. They will be the TK-17 and TK-20.

Typhoon-based cargo vessel
The Submarine Cargo Vessel is a proposed idea by the Rubin Design Bureau where a Typhoon has its missile launchers removed and replaced with cargo holds. The projected cargo capacity of this configuration is 15000 t.

834 TK 208 Dmitriy Donskoy
Typhoon-#1
 * 10 February 1982: Entered 18th division (Zapadnaya Litsa), NOR.
 * December 1982: Transferred from Severodvinsk to Zapadnaya Litsa.
 * 1983-1984: Tests of D-19 missile complex. Commanders: A.V.Olkhovikov (1980–1984).
 * 3 December 1986: Entered Navy Board of the Winners of the Socialist Competition.
 * 18 January 1987: Entered MoD Board of Glory.
 * 20 September 1989–1991: Repairs and refit at Sevmash to Project 941U. 1991 refit cancelled.
 * 1996: Returned to 941U refit.
 * 2002: Named Dmitriy Donskoy.
 * 26 June 2002: End of refit.
 * 30 June 2002: Start of testing.
 * 26 July 2002: Entered sea trials, Re-entered fleet, without missile system.
 * December 2003: Sea trials; refitted to carry a new Bulava missile system. New missile system expected to be operational by 2005.
 * 9 October 2005: Successfully launched SS-NX-30 Bulava SLBM from surface.
 * 21 December 2005: Successfully launched SS-NX-30 Bulava SLBM from submerged position on move.
 * 7 September 2006: Test launch of the Bulava missile failed after several minutes in flight due to the problems in the flight control system. The missile fell into the sea about a minute after the launch. The sub was not affected and was returning to Severodvinsk base submerged. Later reports blamed the engine of the first stage for the failure.
 * 25 October 2006: Test launch of the Bulava-M missile in the White Sea failed some 200 seconds after liftoff due to the apparent failure of the flight control system.
 * 28 August 2008: Undergone successful testing at the Sevmash shipyard in Severodvinsk, Arkhangelsk Oblast. More than 170 men are currently working with the Dmitriy Donskoy, one hundred of them employed at the Sevmash plant and 70 from other involved companies.

830 TK 17 Arkhangelsk
Typhoon-#5
 * 19 February 1988: Entered 18th division (Zapadnaya Litsa) NOR.
 * 8 January–9 November 2002: Refit at Sevmash.
 * In July 2002, crew petitioned Main Navy Headquarters to adopt the name Arkhangel'sk (renamed on 18 November 2002).
 * Commander: 2002-2003 V.Volkov.
 * 17 February 2004: Took part in military exercises with President Vladimir Putin aboard.
 * In reserve from 2004, will be brought back to service in 2012 according to the Russian navy web-site flot.com.
 * Will be scrapped in 2018.

TK 20 Severstal
Typhoon-#6
 * 28 February 1990: Entered 18th division (Zapadnaya Litsa), NOR.
 * 25 August 1996: Successfully launched SLBM
 * November 1996: Successfully launched SLBM from North Pole.
 * 24 July 1999: Took part in parade on Navy Day in Severomorsk, NOR.
 * November–December 1999 - distant cruise.
 * 2001: named to Severstal.
 * June 2001–December 2002: Repairs at Sevmash.
 * Commander: A.Bogachev (2001).
 * In reserve from 2004, will be brought back to service in 2012 according to the Russian navy web-site flot.com.
 * Will be scrapped in 2018-2020.

Satellite photos
Two to four units (depending on the satellite map service you click) visible in the waters of the naval base/submarine manufacturing/scrap base of Severodvinsk, Russia
 * Two side-by-side (TK-20 and TK-17) at 64.5751°N, 39.7701°W
 * One (TK-208) at 64.58°N, 39.8065°W (note the aircraft carrier Admiral Gorshkov, undergoing refurbishment for delivery to the Indian Navy as INS Vikramaditya, a few metres north and east of this submarine.)

One to three units (depending on the satellite map service you click) visible in the waters of the Zapadnaya Litsa naval base on the Kola peninsula
 * currently TK-17 at 69.4359°N, 32.352°W

Interior photos
A blogger posted dozens of photos of the interior of one of these submarines in 2009, perhaps TK-12 or TK-13 based on the state of decay, claiming the photos were taken in 2004. That pair of aging submarines were decommissioned several years prior, in 1996 and 1997.

Red October
Probably the best-known fictional Typhoon-class submarine was the stealth equipped Red October, the subject of the Tom Clancy novel The Hunt for Red October and its 1990 movie adaptation, starring Sean Connery as the fictional Captain Marko Ramius.

WarGames
The 1983 film WarGames includes a sequence where NORAD believes the United States is under attack by "23 Typhoon-class Submarines". However, the appearance of the submarines on the detection system's screens are an artifact of a computer simulation gone awry.

National Geographic
In 2008 National Geographic released a documentary about the scrapping of one of the Typhoons in the series "Break It Down". This ship is TK-13, which was scrapped over the time period 2007-2009.