Ferdinand II of Portugal

Dom Ferdinand II (Portuguese: Fernando II) (29 October 1816 – 15 December 1885) was a German prince of the House of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha-Koháry, and King of Portugal jure uxoris as the husband of Queen Maria II, from the birth of their son in 1837 to her death in 1853.

In keeping with Portuguese law, only after the birth of his son in 1837 did he acquire the title of king. Ferdinand's reign came to an end with the death of his wife in 1853, but he served as regent for his son and successor, King Pedro V, until 1855. He and Maria founded the House of Braganza-Saxe-Coburg and Gotha, which would rule Portugal until 1910.

Early life
Born Ferdinand August Franz Anton in Vienna, he was the eldest son of Prince Ferdinand of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld and his wife Princess Maria Antonia Koháry de Csábrág, heiress to the House of Koháry. The younger Ferdinand grew up in several places: the family estates in modern-day Slovakia, the imperial court of Austria, and Germany. He was a nephew of King Leopold I of Belgium, and thus a first cousin to Leopold II of Belgium and Empress Carlota of Mexico, as well as Queen Victoria of the United Kingdom and her husband Prince Albert.

In 1826, his title changed from Prince of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld to Prince of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha, following the re-arrangement of the Saxon duchies.

King of Portugal
According to Portuguese law, the husband of a queen regnant could only be titled king after the birth of an heir from that marriage; this was the reason Maria II's first husband, Auguste de Beauharnais, Duke of Leuchtenberg, never acquired the title of king. After the birth of their eldest son and heir, the future Pedro V of Portugal, Ferdinand was proclaimed King Dom Fernando II.

Although it was Maria who reigned by right, the royal couple formed an effective team during their joint reign, with Ferdinand reigning by himself during his wife's pregnancies.

Eventually, Maria II died as a result of the birth of their eleventh child, and Ferdinand II's reign ended. However, he would assume the regency of Portugal from 1853 to 1855, during the minority of his son King Pedro V.

Later life
In 1869 he rejected an offer to assume the throne of Spain.

Ferdinand was an intelligent and artistically minded man with modern and liberal ideas. He was adept at etching, pottery and painting aquarelles. He was the president of the Royal Academy of Sciences and the Arts, Lord Protector of the University of Coimbra and Grand-Master of the Rosicrucians. In 1838, he acquired the former Hieronymite monastery of Our Lady of Pena, which had been built by King Manuel I in 1511 on the top of the hill above Sintra and had been left unoccupied since 1834, when the religious orders were suppressed in Portugal. The monastery consisted of the cloister and its outbuildings, the chapel, the sacristy and the bell tower, which today form the northern section of the Pena National Palace (the "Old Palace").

Ferdinand began by making repairs to the former monastery, which, according to the historical sources of that time, was in poor condition. He refurbished the whole of the upper floor, replacing the fourteen cells used by the monks with larger-sized rooms and covering them with the vaulted ceilings that can still be seen today. In 1843, the king decided to enlarge the palace by building a new wing (the New Palace) with even larger rooms (one of them being the Great Hall), ending in a circular tower next to the new kitchens. The building work was directed by the Baron von Eschwege, a wild architectural fantasy in an eclectic style full of symbolism that could be compared with the castle Neuschwanstein of King Ludwig II of Bavaria. The palace was built in such a way as to be visible from any point in the park, which consists of a forest and luxuriant gardens with over five hundred different species of trees originating from the four corners of the earth.

Ferdinand would spend his last years in this castle with his second wife, receiving the greatest artists of his time.

Marriages and descendants
In 1836 Ferdinand married Maria II, Queen Regnant of Portugal, the daughter and heiress of the late King Pedro IV (and also Emperor Pedro I of Brazil). Eleven children were born to the royal couple before Maria died of complications due to childbirth in 1853. Ferdinand was destined to outlive eight of his eleven children. In late 1861, an attack of cholera or typhoid fever struck the royal family and Ferdinand suffered the tragedy of witnessing the death of three of his five surviving sons.

Later in his life, Ferdinand married again in Lisbon on 10 June 1869 to actress Elisa Hensler (Neuchâtel, 22 May 1836 – Lisbon, Coração de Jesus, 21 May 1929). Just before the marriage, she was created Gräfin (Countess) von Edla by Ferdinand's cousin Ernest II, Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha. The couple had no children.

Titles and styles

 * 29 October 1816 – 12 November 1826: His Serene Highness Prince Ferdinand of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld, Duke of Saxony
 * 12 November 1826 – 1 January 1836: His Serene Highness Prince Ferdinand of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha, Duke of Saxony
 * 1 January 1836 – 16 September 1837: His Royal Highness The Prince Consort of Portugal
 * 16 September 1837 – 15 November 1853: His Most Faithful Majesty The King of Portugal and the Algarves
 * 15 November 1853 – 15 December 1885: His Most Faithful Majesty King Ferdinand II of Portugal

Domestic

 * Kingdom of Portugal: Sash of the Three Orders
 * Kingdom of Portugal: Grand Cross of the Order of the Immaculate Conception of Vila Viçosa
 * Kingdom of Portugal: Grand Cross of the Order of the Tower and Sword
 * Kingdom of Portugal: Medal of Distinguished Service (Gold)

Foreign
• Austrian Empire: Grand Cross of the Order of Saint Stephen of Hungary - 1843

• 🇧🇪 Belgium: Grand Cordon of the Order of Leopold - 1835

•  Empire of Brazil:

• * Grand Cross of the Order of the Southern Cross

• * Grand Cross of the Order of Pedro I

• * Grand Cross of the Order of the Rose

• 🇩🇰 Denmark: Knight of the Order of the Elephant - 12 April 1841

•    Ernestine duchies: Grand Cross of the Saxe-Ernestine House Order

•  undefined: Grand Cross of the Legion of Honour

• 🇳🇱 Netherlands: Grand Cross of the Order of the Netherlands Lion

•  Kingdom of Prussia:

• * Knight of the Order of the Black Eagle

• * Grand Cross of the Order of the Red Eagle

•  Russian Empire:

• * Knight of the Order of St. Andrew the Apostle the First-Called

• * Grand Cross of the Order of St. Alexander Nevsky

• * Grand Cross of the Order of the White Eagle

•  Kingdom of Sardinia:

• * Knight of the Order of the Most Holy Annunciation - 1849

• * Grand Cross of the Order of Saints Maurice and Lazarus - 1849

•  Kingdom of Saxony:

• * Knight of the Order of the Rue Crown

• * Grand Cross of the Military Order of St. Henry

• 🇪🇸 Spain: Knight of the Order of the Golden Fleece - 1837

• 🇸🇪 Sweden: Knight of the Royal Order of the Seraphim - 15 February 1852

•  Two Sicilies: Grand Cross of the Order of Saint Ferdinand and of Merit