Gogland



Gogland or Hogland (Гогланд; Suursaari; Hogland, Suursaar, Hochland) is an island in the Gulf of Finland in the eastern Baltic Sea, about 180 km west of Saint Petersburg and 35 km from the coast of Finland (near Kotka). Hogland has an area of approximately 21 km²; its highest point is 173 m. It is part of Russia's Leningrad Oblast.

Hogland's tourist industry is growing in importance, with most tourists coming from St. Petersburg, and some from Finland. In 2006, however, Russian authorities declared Hogland a 'border area', which means that foreign nationals are not allowed to travel to the island without special permits. This limits tourism from abroad to small groups admitted one at a time, and adds extensive bureaucracy to preparations.

Name
There is some confusion regarding the transliteration of the name from the Russian language. The name Hogland has never actually changed; however, in Russian, the sound h is traditionally rendered as g in older transliterations, thus the Russian version of the name has always been Gogland. Since being ceded to Russia the Russian name form, as seen on many maps, is often used in western languages.

History
Hogland has been inhabited by ethnic Finns since at least the 16th century, but it has changed possession several times. Throughout much of its history the island was part of the Kingdom of Sweden (which controlled Finland); however, after the Great Northern War (as part of which, the Action of 22 July 1713 took place near the island) it was claimed by the Russian Empire, under Tsar Peter I, who had the island's first lighthouse built in 1723.

During the Russo-Swedish War (1788–1790) the Battle of Hogland, between the Russian and Swedish fleets, took place offshore, in July 1788.

During the Crimean War, four vessels of the Royal Navy - Arrogant, Cossack, Magicienne, and Ruby - silenced the Russian batteries at a fort on the island, while the Anglo-French fleet went on to attack Sveaborg before returning home.

Offshore there have been several notable shipwrecks. The crew of the three-mast clipper "Amerika", which sank near the shore in October 1856, lie buried in an old Finnish cemetery.

After the Finnish War (1808 - 1809), Gogland officially passed to the Russian Empire, although it was made part of the newly created Grand Duchy of Finland which gained independence from Russia in 1917. Most of the island's population lived in two fishing villages administrated from Viipuri (Vyborg).

Hogland is known as the location of one of the earliest radio contacts, which took place on February 6, 1900 under the supervision of Alexander Popov. (The time and details of this event vary slightly in different sources).

Soviet troops occupied the island during the Winter War (1939-1940), and the civilian population was evacuated. Hogland and nearby islands became strategically important during World War II, as they were used by German and Finnish forces to observe and maintain the massive belts of sea mines that kept the Soviet fleet bottled up in the eastern Gulf of Finland throughout the conflict.

Finnish forces captured Hogland during the Battle of Suursaari (Dec. 1941 - April 1942). Later, in September 1944 - Finland having become allied with the Soviet Union - the Germans attempted to take the island from their Finnish former allies, but were repulsed with heavy losses in Operation Tanne Ost. Hogland reverted to Russian possession at the end of the war.

Landmarks
During the war years both Soviet and Finnish troops built extensive fortifications, which are still found all over the island, along with discarded military equipment.

The island has both modern and very old lighthouses.

The log village of Suurkylä (Russian: Суркюля, Surkyulya) has been leveled and replaced with a few modern dwellings, possibly for a Soviet fishing collective farm, as well as some military facilities. Currently, about 50 people live permanently on the island, and the little fishing that still occurs is mainly for recreational purpose.

The island is renowned for its rugged scenery, including five lakes. Since 1826, the hill Mäkiinpäällys has two of the points in the Struve Geodetic Arc..