Königsberg-class cruiser (1915)

The Königsberg class of light cruisers was a group of four ships commissioned into Germany's Imperial Navy shortly before the end of World War I. The class comprised SMS Königsberg (1915), SMS Karlsruhe (1916), SMS Emden (1916), and SMS Nürnberg (1916), all of which were named after light cruisers lost earlier in the war. The ships were an incremental improvement over the preceding Wiesbaden-class cruisers, and were armed with a main battery of eight 15 cm SK L/45 guns and had a designed speed of 27.5 kn.

Königsberg and Nürnberg saw action at the Second Battle of Heligoland Bight, where Königsberg was hit by a shell from the battlecruiser HMS Repulse (1916). Three of the four ships were to participate in a climactic fleet operation to attack the British Grand Fleet in the final days of the war, but revolts in the fleet forced the cancellation of the plan. Karlsruhe, Emden, and Nürnberg were interned at Scapa Flow after the end of the war, and were scuttled on 21 June 1919, though only Karlsruhe was successfully sunk. The other two ships were beached by British sailors and ceded to the Allies. Königsberg was transferred to the French Navy as a war prize and commissioned as Metz; she served with the French Navy until the 1930s, when she was broken up for scrap.

Design
The design for the Königsberg was prepared in 1913. The design was an incremental improvement over the previous Wiesbaden-class cruiser, with a larger hull and greater displacement, but with the same armament, speed, and armor protection. By 1916, thirteen German light cruisers had been lost in the course of World War I; after they were commissioned, the ships of the Königsberg class took the names of four of these lost cruisers.

Königsberg was ordered as Ersatz SMS Gazelle (1898) and laid down at the AG Weser shipyard in Bremen in 1914. She was launched on 18 December 1915 and commissioned eight months later on 12 August 1916. Emden, ordered as Ersatz SMS Nymphe, followed her sister at AG Weser, also in 1914. She was launched on 1 February 1916 and commissioned into the fleet on 16 December 1916. Karlsruhe was ordered as Ersatz SMS Niobe (1899) and laid down in 1915 at the Imperial Dockyard in Kiel. Launching ceremonies took place on 31 January 1916, and after fitting-out work was completed, she was commissioned on 15 November 1916. The last ship of the class, Nürnberg, was laid down as Ersatz SMS Thetis at the Howaldtswerke shipyard in Kiel in 1915. She was launched on 14 April 1916 and commissioned on 15 February 1917.

General characteristics and machinery
The ships of the class were 145.8 m long at the waterline and 151.4 m long overall. They had a beam of 14.2 m and a draft of 5.96 m forward and 6.32 m aft. The ships had a designed displacement of 5440 MT, and at full combat load, they displaced 7125 MT. Their hulls were built with longitudinal steel frames. The hulls were divided into eighteen watertight compartments and incorporated a double bottom that extended for forty-five percent of the length of the keel. The ships had a complement of 17 officers and 458 enlisted men. They carried several smaller vessels, including one picket boat, one barge, one cutter, two yawls, and two dinghies. The German Navy regarded the ships as good sea boats, having gentle motion. The ships were highly maneuverable and had a tight turning radius, and but lost speed going into a turn. In hard turns, they lost up to sixty percent speed. The ships were stern-heavy.

The propulsion systems for Königsberg, Emden, and Nürnberg consisted of two steam turbines, while Karlsruhe was outfitted with two sets of high-pressure geared turbines. The turbines for all four ships were powered by ten coal-fired boilers and two oil-fired double-ended boilers. The turbines drove a pair of three-bladed screws, which were 3.5 m in diameter. The engines were rated at 31000 shp for a top speed of 27.5 kn. On trials, Königsberg reached 45900 shp and a top speed of 27.8 kn, while Karlsruhe made 55700 shp and 27.7 kn. Emden reached 50216 shp and 27.7 kn; Nürnberg's trials figures are not recorded. The trials were conducted in shallow water due to the war; in deep water, the ships would have exceeded 29 kn.

Coal storage was 350 MT as designed, though up to 1340 MT could be carried. Fuel oil was initially 150 MT, and could be similarly increased to 500 MT. At a cruising speed of 12 kn, the ships could steam for approximately 4850 nmi. At a higher speed of 27 kn, the range fell considerably, to 1200 nmi. Electrical power was provided by two turbo generators and one diesel generator, with a total output of 300 kilowatts at 220 volts. Steering was controlled by a single, large rudder.

Armament and armor
The ship was armed with eight 15 cm SK L/45 guns in single pedestal mounts. Two were placed side by side forward on the forecastle, four were located amidships, two on either side, and two were arranged in a super firing pair aft. These guns fired a 45.3 kg shell at a muzzle velocity of 840 m/s. The guns had a maximum elevation of 30 degrees, which allowed them to engage targets out to 17600 m. They were supplied with 1,040 rounds of ammunition, for 130 shells per gun. The ships also carried two 8.8 cm L/45 anti-aircraft guns mounted on the centerline astern of the funnels. These guns fired a 10 kg shells at a muzzle velocity of 750 to 770 m/s. She was also equipped with four 50 cm torpedo tubes with eight torpedoes, two in deck-mounted swivel launchers and two submerged in the ships' hulls. The ships were also outfitted to carry up to 200 mines.

The Cöln class ships were protected by an armored belt composed of Krupp cemented steel. It was 60 mm thick amidships and 18 mm forward. The stern was not protected by armor. The armored deck was 20 mm thick in the stern, 40 mm thick amidships, and 60 mm thick forward. Sloped armor 40 mm thick connected the deck and belt armor. The conning tower had 100 mm thick sides and a 20 mm thick roof. The main battery guns were protected with 50 mm thick gun shields. A 20 mm thick deck and 30 mm thick side armor protected the mine hold.

Service history
On 17 November 1917, Königsberg and Nürnberg saw action at the Second Battle of Heligoland Bight. Along with two other cruisers from the II Scouting Group and the dreadnought battleships SMS Kaiser and SMS Kaiserin, Königsberg and Nürnberg escorted minesweepers clearing paths in minefields laid by the British. During the engagement, the battlecruiser HMS Repulse (1916) scored a hit on Königsberg, which did minimal damage but started a serious fire. The British broke off the attack when the German battleships arrived on the scene, after which the Germans also withdrew. All four ships participated in Operation Albion, an amphibious operation against the islands in the Gulf of Riga. Emden served as the flagship for the Leader of Torpedoboats, while the other three ships were assigned to the II Scouting Group.

In October 1918, three of the ships and the rest of the II Scouting Group were to lead a final attack on the British navy. Königsberg SMS Cöln (1916), SMS Dresden (1917), and SMS Pillau were to attack merchant shipping in the Thames estuary while Karlsruhe, Nürnberg, and SMS Graudenz were to bombard targets in Flanders, to draw out the British Grand Fleet. Großadmiral Reinhard Scheer, the commander in chief of the fleet, intended to inflict as much damage as possible on the British navy, in order to secure a better bargaining position for Germany, whatever the cost to the fleet. On the morning of 29 October 1918, the order was given to sail from Wilhelmshaven the following day. Starting on the night of 29 October, sailors on SMS Thüringen and then on several other battleships mutinied. The unrest ultimately forced Hipper and Scheer to cancel the operation. When informed of the situation, the Kaiser stated, "I no longer have a navy."

Following the Armistice that ended the fighting, Königsberg took Rear Admiral Hugo Meurer to Scapa Flow to negotiate with Admiral David Beatty, the commander of the Grand Fleet, for the place of internment of the German fleet. The accepted arrangement was for the High Seas Fleet to meet the combined Allied fleet in the North Sea and proceed to the Firth of Forth before transferring to Scapa Flow, where they would be interned. Most of the High Seas Fleet's ships, including Karlsruhe, Emden, and Nürnberg, were interned in the British naval base in Scapa Flow, under the command of Rear Admiral Ludwig von Reuter. Königsberg instead remained in Germany.

The unruly crew of SMS Friedrich der Grosse (1911), the fleet flagship, forced Reuter to transfer to Emden, where a Sailors' Council cooperated with the ship's captain to run the ship. The fleet remained in captivity during the negotiations that ultimately produced the Versailles Treaty. Von Reuter believed that the British intended to seize the German ships on 21 June 1919, which was the deadline for Germany to have signed the peace treaty. Unaware that the deadline had been extended to the 23rd, Reuter ordered the ships to be sunk at the next opportunity. On the morning of 21 June, the British fleet left Scapa Flow to conduct training maneuvers, and at 11:20 Reuter transmitted the order to his ships.

Karlsruhe sank at 15:50; the rights to salvaging the ship were sold in 1962. She has not been raised for scrapping, however. Emden was boarded by British sailors who beached her before she could be completely sunk. After being refloated, she was ceded to France and used as a test ship for explosives before being broken up in 1926. Nürnberg was also beached by British sailors. She was eventually sunk off the Isle of Wight as a gunnery target. Königsberg was meanwhile stricken from the naval register on 20 July 1920 and ceded to France. She was renamed Metz and served with the French Navy until 1933. She was ultimately broken up for scrap in 1936.