Wandu

Hwando Mountain Fortress, also known as Wandu Mountain City, along with Gungnae Fortress, served as the second capital of the Korean kingdom Goguryeo. The remains of this city are a UNESCO World Heritage Site located in 2.5 kilometers to the west of Ji'an, Jilin, China.

History

 * "On October of the 22nd year (of Yuri of Goguryeo), the Yuri King moved the capital to Gungnae Fortress, and built the Wina Rock fortress". Since the 1st year of Yuri of Goguryeo is 19 BC, the 22nd year is 3 AD. Gungnae Fortress was a fortress on Yalu River's plain, while "Wina Rock fortress" ((Hangul: 위나암성, Hanja: 尉那巖城) was a fortified city in the mountain which was later renamed to Hwando (丸都) by Sansang of Goguryeo.
 * "On February of the 2nd year (of Sansang of Goguryeo), Hwando City was built". "On October (of the 13th year of Sansang of Goguryeo), the Sansang King moved the capital to Hwando". '') .  Since the 1st year of Sansang of Goguryeo is 197 AD, the 2nd year is 198 and the 13th year is 209.

Goguryeo consolidated its power and began to threaten the Chinese commanderies, under the nominal control of Wei. In 242, Dongcheon attacked a Chinese fortress near the mouth of the Yalu River leading to the Goguryeo–Wei War; in 244, Wei invaded Goguryeo and sacked Hwando.

Goguryeo ended China's presence on the Korean peninsula by conquering the Lelang commandery in 313. However, Goguryeo faced opposition by the proto-Mongol Xianbei who had conquered northern China; the Murong clan of the Xianbei attacked Goguryeo and sacked Hwando in 341, capturing thousands of prisoners to provide cheap labor. The Xianbei also devastated Buyeo in 346, accelerating Buyeo migration to the Korean peninsula. Goguryeo, though temporarily weakened, would soon recoup and continue its expansion.