Ictineo II

Ictineo II was a pioneering submarine launched in 1864 by engineer Narcís Monturiol i Estarriol of Catalonia, Spain and was the first air independent and combustion powered submarine and was the first submarine to overcome the basic problems of machine powered underwater navigation.

History
The Ictineo II was originally intended as an improved version of the handpowered Ictineo I. The Spanish Navy pledged support to Monturiol but did not actually supply it, so he had to raise funds himself, writing a letter to the nation to encourage a popular subscription which raised 300,000 pesetas from citizens of Spain and Cuba and was used to form the company La Navegación Submarina to develop the Ictineo II.

The Ictineo II made her maiden voyage under human power on 20 May 1865, submerging to 30 m. A few months later, Monturiol attempted to attract government funding by installing a cannon that could be aimed and fired from inside the submarine. After reading about the American Civil War and the attempts at submarine construction such as the CSS Hunley, the financially desperate Monturiol wrote to the US Secretary of the Navy; however, the Civil War had ended by the time the Secretary responded.

Dissatisfied with the limitations placed on him by human propulsion, Monturiol realized that the only option was steam power, but contemporary steam engines required a fire which was not an option for a submarine. To this end he invented the air independent engine.

Monturiol envisaged a new vessel, custom built to house his new engine, which would be entirely built of metal with the engine housed in its own separate compartment. However, due to the state of his finances, construction of a new vessel was out of the question, and instead he managed to assemble enough funds to fit the engine into the Ictineo II.

On 22 October 1867 the Ictineo II made its first surface journey under steam power, averaging 3.5 kn with a top speed of 4.5 kn. Two months later, on 14 December, Monturiol submerged the vessel and ran his chemical engine, but without attempting to travel anywhere.

On 23 December, La Navegación Submarina went bankrupt, having completely exhausted its funds. Monturiol had spent 100,000 Duros — which could have purchased several frigates, or 160 kg of gold — and could attract no more investment. The chief creditor called in his debt, and Monturiol was forced to surrender the Ictineo II, which was his sole asset. The creditor subsequently sold it on to a businessman, and the authorities, who taxed all ships, issued its new owner with a tax bill. Rather than pay, he dismantled the entire submarine and sold it for scrap. The ship's surface motor was removed to a textile factory; viewports ended up as bathroom windows.

Description
The Ictineo II was 14 m long, 2 m wide, and 3 m high. Her displacement was 46 tonnes and her interior volume was 29 m3. She was built of olive wood with oak reinforcements, and a 2 mm thick layer of copper. Her upper side had a deck 1.3 m wide and a hatch with three glazed portholes 200 mm in diameter and 100 mm thick glass blocks. The submarine could be steered from the conning tower by means of an endless screw gear.

Four ballast tanks of 8 m3 capacity were located symmetrically on each side in the free flooding areas between the streamlined outer light hull and the inner pressure hull. The ballast tanks would be flooded at will to submerge and surfacing was achieved by forcing air into them with a pump. Pitch during diving was controlled by a weight which could be moved longitudinally along a rail, remotely controlled by the helmsman. The submarine also had an emergency mechanism intended to jettison the ballast to allow it to surface quickly.

The most important innovation in the Ictineo II was its air independent propulsion for underwater navigation. Monturiol used a chemical reaction as the source of energy, using zinc, manganese dioxide and potassium chlorate. The heat of the reaction was used to power a steam engine and the oxygen it released could be used for breathing and illumination. He purchased a six-cylinder steam engine and divided it in half; one half was to be powered by a coal-burning boiler for surface propulsion, while the other half was driven by a separate boiler fueled by his chemical mixture.

It was not until the 1940s, when the German Navy tested the Walter turbine of the experimental V-80 submarine and the Type XVIIB submarine, that similar principles were used for propulsion. Air independent engines powered by chemical reactions were superseded by nuclear power in the 1950s.