Hwando Mountain Fortress

Hwando Mountain Fortress, also known as Wandu Mountain City, along with Gungnae Fortress, served as the second capital of the Korean kingdom Goguryeo (Hangul: 고구려, Hanja: 高句麗). The remains of this city are a UNESCO World Heritage Site located in 2.5 kilometers to the west of Ji'an, Jilin, China.

History

 * "On October of the 22nd year (of Yuri of Goguryeo), the Yuri King moved the capital to Gungnae Fortress, and built the Wina Rock fortress". Since the 1st year of Yuri of Goguryeo is 19 BC, the 22nd year is 3 AD. Gungnae Fortress was a fortress on Yalu River's plain, while "Wina Rocks fortress" ((Hangul: 위나암성, Hanja: 尉那巖城) was a fortified city in the mountain which was later renamed to Hwando,(丸都) by Sansang of Goguryeo.
 * "On February of the 2nd year (of Sansang of Goguryeo), Hwando City was built". "On October (of the 13th year of Sansang of Goguryeo), the Sansang King moved the capital to Hwando". '') .  Since the 1st year of Sansang of Goguryeo is 197 AD, the 2nd year is 198 and the 13th year is 209.

As Gogeryeo consolidated its power, it proceeded to act to conquer the territories on the Korean peninsula which were under Chinese rule. Goguryeo initiated the Goguryeo–Wei Wars in 242, trying to cut off Chinese access to its territories in Korea by attempting to take a Chinese fort. However, the Chinese Wei state responded by invading and defeated Goguryeo. Hwando was destroyed in revenge by the Chinese Wei forces in 244.

Goguryeo ended China's rule on the Korean peninsula by conquering Lelang in 313. However, Goguryeo faced devastation by the Murong Xianbei people who attacked Goguryeo. Hwando was destroyed again by them in 341, and the Xianbei used the Goguryeo people for slave labor. Puyŏ was also destroyed by the Xianbei in 346, the Korean peninsula also became subject to Xianbei migration.