Soviet submarine B-59

Soviet submarine B-59 (Б-59) was a Project 641 or Foxtrot-class diesel-electric submarine of the Soviet Navy. It played a key role in the Cuban Missile Crisis, when senior officers – believing they were under attack – considered launching a nuclear torpedo with an 10 kiloton warhead.

Background
On October 1, 1962, B-59, as the flagship of a flotilla with its sister ships B-36, B-4 and B-130, sailed from its base on the Kola Peninsula, to the Caribbean Sea in support of Soviet arms deliveries to Cuba (an operation known to the Soviets as Anadyr).

However, on October 27, the United States Navy – in the form of the aircraft carrier USS Randolph and 11 destroyers  – detected B-59 near Cuba. US vessels began dropping practice depth charges (with low energy explosives), attempting to force the submarine to the surface for positive identification. Messages from the USN, that practice depth charges were being used, never reached B-59 or, it seems, Soviet naval HQ.

Nuclear Launch
B-59 had not been in contact with Moscow for a number of days and, although the submarine's crew had earlier been picking up US civilian radio broadcasts, once they began attempting to hide from its pursuers, it was too deep to monitor any radio traffic, so those on board did not know if war had broken out. The captain of the submarine, Valentin Grigorievitch Savitsky, believing that a war might already have started, wanted to launch the nuclear torpedo.

The three primary officers on board – Captain Valantin Savitsky, the political officer Ivan Semonovich Maslennikov, and entire-sub-flotilla commander Vasili Arkhipov, who was equal in rank to Savitsky and also second-in-command of B-59 – were authorized to launch the torpedo only if they all agreed unanimously to do so. But Arkhipov alone opposed the launch and eventually persuaded Savitsky to surface the submarine and await orders from Moscow. This presumably averted nuclear warfare which would likely have ensued had the torpedo been fired.

As the submarine's batteries had run very low and its air-conditioning had failed, B-59 was forced to surface and use its diesel engine, amid the US warships pursuing it. B-59 then set course for the USSR.

Although not necessarily known to either the author or subsequent film makers, events surrounding the B-59 standoff are somewhat similar to those portrayed in The Bedford Incident.