Farley Mowat

Farley McGill Mowat, (May 12, 1921 – May 6, 2014) was a Canadian author and environmentalist. His works were translated into 52 languages, and he sold more than 17 million books. He achieved fame with the publication of his books on the Canadian north, such as People of the Deer (1952) and Never Cry Wolf (1963). The latter, an account of his experiences with wolves in the Arctic, was made into a film of the same name released in 1983.

Mowat's advocacy for environmental causes and his own claim to "never let the facts get in the way of the truth", earned him both praise and criticism: "few readers remain neutral". Descriptions of Mowat refer to his "commitment to ideals" and "poetic descriptions and vivid images" as well as his strong antipathies, which provoke "ridicule, lampoons and, at times, evangelical condemnation".

Early life and education
Mowat was born May 12, 1921 in Belleville, Ontario and grew up in Richmond Hill. His great-great-uncle was Ontario premier Sir Oliver Mowat, and his father, Angus Mowat, was a librarian who fought in the Battle of Vimy Ridge. Mowat started writing, in his words "mostly verse", when his family lived in Windsor from 1930–1933.

In the 1930s, the Mowat family moved to Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, where as a teenager Mowat wrote about birds in a column for the Saskatoon Star-Phoenix. During this time he also wrote his own nature newsletter, Nature Lore. In the 1930s Mowat studied zoology at the University of Toronto but never completed a degree. He took his first collecting expedition in the summer of 1939 to Saskatoon with fellow zoology student Frank Banfield collecting data regarding mammals and Mowat focusing on birds. They sold their collections to the Royal Ontario Museum to finance their trip. Before enlisting Banfield published his field notes in the Canadian Field Naturalist. Mowat published his when he returned from WWII.

War service
During World War II, Mowat was commissioned as a second lieutenant into the Second Battalion, The Hastings and Prince Edward Regiment, affectionately known as the Hasty Ps. He went overseas as a reinforcement officer for that regiment, joining the Canadian Army in the United Kingdom. On July 10, 1943, he was a subaltern in command of a rifle platoon and participated in the initial landings of Operation Husky, the Allied invasion of Sicily.

Mowat served throughout the campaign as a platoon commander and moved to Italy in September 1943, seeing further combat until December 1943. During the Moro River Campaign, he suffered from battle stress, heightened after an incident on Christmas Day outside of Ortona, Italy when he was left weeping at the feet of an unconscious friend, Lt. Allan (Moir) Park, who had an enemy bullet in his head. He then accepted a job as Intelligence Officer at battalion headquarters, later moving to Brigade Headquarters. He stayed in Italy in the 1st Canadian Infantry Division for most of the war, and was eventually promoted to the rank of captain.

Mowat moved with the division to northwest Europe in early 1945. There, he worked as an intelligence agent in the Netherlands and went through enemy lines to start unofficial negotiations about food drops with General Blaskowitz. The food drops, under the codename Operation Manna, saved thousands of Dutch lives.

Mowat also formed the 1st Canadian Army Museum Collection Team, according to his book My Father's Son, and arranged for the transport to Canada of several tons of German military equipment, including a V2 rocket and several armoured vehicles. Some of these vehicles are on display today at the Canadian Forces Base Borden tank museum.

Mowat was discharged in 1945, at the conclusion of World War II, as a captain and was considered for promotion to major. However, he declined the offer as it would have required his volunteering to stay in the military until "no longer needed", which Mowat assumed meant duty with the Canadian Army Occupation Force (CAOF) (but might also have meant the conclusion of the war with Japan). He was entitled to the following medals as a result of his service: the 1939–1945 Star, the Italy Star, the France and Germany Star and the War Medal.

Post World War II
In 1947 Mowat was hired as field technician for the legendary American naturalist, Francis Harper in his study of the barren-ground caribou in the Nueltin Lake in what is now Nunavut's Kivalliq Region resulting in the publication of Harper's book entitled Caribou of Keewatin. Two young Inuit were with them, including then-fifteen-year-old Inuk Luke Anoteelik (Luke Anowtalik) and his sister Rita, who were the sole survivors of starvation in an Inuit village. Luke Anowtalik went on to become well known for his distinctive carvings of antler and bone that are now in the permanent collection of the National Gallery of Canada. Due to a clash of personalities, Mowat undertook his own explorations. "Harper later extracted a promise that neither would mention the other in their respective future writing, a promise also extracted from Mowat by later field companions for their lifetimes."

In the late 1940s Mowat was hired by Frank Banfield-who was then Chief Mammalogist of the newly formed Canadian Wildlife Service- as field assistant in Banfield's ambitious multi-year investigation of the barren-ground Caribou, which resulted in Banfield's influential 1951 publication entitled "The Barren-ground Caribou." Mowat, who was part of a four-researcher team, was fired by the chief of Canadian Wildlife Service because of complaints from the local population and lack of formal approval for some activities.

Literary career
After serving in World War II, Mowat attended the University of Toronto. His son Sandy was later the editor-in-chief of The Medium, the student newspaper of the university's Mississauga campus. Mowat's first book, People of the Deer (1952), was inspired by a field trip to the Canadian Arctic he made while studying at the University of Toronto. Mowat was "outraged" at the conditions endured by the Inuit living in Northern Canada. The book turned Mowat into a controversial, popular figure.

Mowat became a McClelland and Stewart author when they published his book entitled The Regiment in 1955. Jack McClelland, known for his promotion of Canadian authors, became his lifelong friend as well as his publisher. Mowat's next book, (a children's book) Lost in the Barrens (1956), won a Governor General's Award.

In 1963, Mowat wrote a possibly fictionalised account of his experiences in the Canadian Arctic with Arctic wolves entitled Never Cry Wolf (1963), which is thought to have been instrumental in changing popular attitudes towards the animals.

In 1985, Mowat started a book tour of the United States to promote Sea of Slaughter. He was denied entry by customs agents at Pearson International Airport in Toronto, which was justified by laws that allowed American customs officials to deny entry to entrants they thought were "Communist sympathizers". Believing gun lobbyists were behind his denial, he came forward with his suspicion. The law was overturned in 1990, and Mowat wrote about his experience in My Discovery of America (1985).

Mowat became very interested in Dian Fossey, the American ethologist who studied gorillas and was brutally murdered in Rwanda in 1985. His biography of her was published in 1987, in Canada under the title Virunga: The Passion of Dian Fossey, and in the United States as Woman in the Mists: The Story of Dian Fossey and the Mountain Gorillas of Africa &mdash; an allusion to Fossey's own recounting of her life and research Gorillas in the Mist (1983).

Many of Mowat's works are autobiographical, such as Owls in the Family (1962, about his childhood), The Boat Who Wouldn't Float (1969, one of three books about his time living in Newfoundland), and And No Birds Sang (1979, about his experience fighting in World War II).

Criticism
In a 1964 book review published in Canadian Field-Naturalist, Frank Banfield of the National Museum of Canada, a former Canadian Wildlife Service scientist, compared Mowat's 1963 bestseller to Little Red Riding Hood, stating, "I hope that readers of "Never Cry Wolf" will realize that both stories have about the same factual content". Mowat responded to Banfield's criticisms in a letter to the editor of the Canadian Field-Naturalist, and signed it "Mowat's wolf Uncle Albert". L. David Mech, a wolf expert, stated that Mowat is no scientist and, in all Mech's studies, he had never encountered a wolf pack which primarily subsisted on small prey as shown in Mowat's book.

The New York Times Book Review published a dismissive review of People of the Deer on February 24, 1952. The Beaver was quite hostile in its first review. The second review, by A. E. Porsild, was equally hostile, questioning the existence of the Ihalmiut. Despite a few harsh reviews, however, People of the Deer was generally well received; published in the Atlantic Monthly, and "showered with glowing international reviews."

Duncan Pryde, a Hudsons Bay Company trader who pioneered the linguistic study of Inuit languages, attacked Mowat's claim to have picked up the language quickly enough in two months to discuss detailed concepts such as shamanism, pointing out that the language is complex and required a year or more for Europeans to master the basics. Pryde said that when Mowat visited his post at Baker Lake in 1958, he only spoke a single word in the Inuit language.

Awards and honours
In 1952, Mowat won the University of Western Ontario's President's Medal for best short story for "Eskimo Spring". In 1953, People of the Deer was awarded the Anisfield-Wolf Book Award by the Anisfield–Wolf Foundation. In 1956, Mowat won the Governor General's Award and in 1957, the Book of the Year Award, Canadian Association of Children's Librarians, for Lost in the Barrens.

In 1958, Mowat won the Canadian Women's Clubs Award for children's book The Dog Who Wouldn't Be and the Hans Christian Andersen International Award. In 1962, he won the Boys' Clubs of America Junior Book Award for Owls in the Family. In 1963, he won the National Association of Independent Schools Award. In 1965, he made the Hans Christian Andersen Honours List, for juvenile books. In 1970, The Boat Who Wouldn't Float won the Stephen Leacock Memorial Medal for Humour and in 1972, it made the L'Etoile de la Mer Honours List.

Mowat won the Vicky Metcalf Award, 1970; Mark Twain Award, 1971; and the Curran Award, 1977, for "contributions to understanding wolves". He was given the Knight of Mark Twain distinction in 1980.

Mowat was made an Officer of the Order of Canada (OC) in 1981. He also received the Canadian Centennial Medal (1967) and the Queen Elizabeth II Silver (1977), Golden (2002), and Diamond (2012) Jubilee Medals.

In 1985, he received the Author's Award, Foundation for the Advancement of Canadian Letters for Sea of Slaughter. In 1988, Virunga was designated Book of the Year, Foundation for the Advancement of Canadian Letters, and Mowat was named Author of the Year by the Canadian Booksellers Association. In 1989, he won the Gemini Award for best documentary script, for The New North. In 1991, the Council of Canadians presented him with the Back the Nation Award.

In August 1996, the Sea Shepherd Conservation Society ship RV Farley Mowat was named in his honour. Mowat frequently visited it to assist its mission and provided financial support to the group.

In 2005, Mowat received the first and only Lifetime Achievement Award from the National Outdoor Book Award. On June 8, 2010, it was announced that Mowat would receive a star on Canada's Walk of Fame.

Affiliations
Mowat was a strong supporter of the Green Party of Canada and a close friend of the party's leader Elizabeth May. The Green Party sent a direct mail fundraising appeal in Mowat's name in June 2007, and that same year Mowat became a patron of the Nova Scotia Nature Trust by donating over 200 acre of his land in Cape Breton to the Nature Trust. He was also an honorary director of the North American Native Plant Society. Mowat was described as "a life-long socialist."

The Farley Mowat Library
In 2012, independent Canadian publisher Douglas & McIntyre announced they had created the Farley Mowat Library series and would be re-releasing many of his most popular titles, with new designs and introductions, in print and e-book format.

Later life
Mowat and his wife, Claire, spent their later years together in Port Hope, Ontario and their summers on a farm in Cape Breton, Nova Scotia.

Farley Mowat died on May 6, 2014, less than one week before his 93rd birthday. He maintained his interest in Canada's wilderness areas throughout his life and could be heard a few days before his death on the CBC Radio One program The Current, speaking against the provision of Wi-Fi service in national parks.

Writings

 * People of the Deer (1952; revised 1975) ISBN 0-89190-818-8
 * The Regiment (1955) ISBN 0-7710-6575-2
 * Lost in the Barrens (1956) ISBN 0-553-27525-9
 * The Dog Who Wouldn't Be (1957) ISBN 0-553-27928-9
 * Coppermine Journey: An Account of a Great Adventure (1958) ISBN 0-771-06690-2
 * Grey Seas Under: The Perilous Rescue Missions of a North Atlantic Salvage Tug (1959) ISBN 1-58574-240-6
 * The Desperate People (1959; revised 1999) ISBN 1-471-32945-3
 * Ordeal by Ice (1960) ISBN 0-7710-6686-4.
 * Owls in the Family (1961) ISBN 0-440-41361-3
 * The Serpent's Coil: An Incredible Story of Hurricane-Battered ships the Heroic Men Who Fought to Save Them (1961) ISBN 0-738-71577-8
 * The Black Joke (1962) LCC 63-13462
 * Never Cry Wolf (1963) LCC 63-19169 filmed in 1983 ISBN 1-55890-281-3
 * West-Viking (1965) LCC 65-20746
 * The Curse of the Viking Grave (1966) ISBN 0-553-27525-9
 * Canada North (1967) ISBN 978-0316586474
 * The Polar Passion (1967) ISBN 978-0879053482
 * This Rock Within the Sea: A Heritage Lost (1968) LCC 69-12137
 * The Boat Who Wouldn't Float (1969) ISBN 0-553-27788-X
 * The Siberians (1970) ISBN 0-14-003456-0
 * Sibir: My Discovery of Siberia (1970) ISBN 978-0771065767
 * A Whale for the Killing (1972, revised 2012) ISBN 978-1-77100-028-4
 * Tundra: Selections from the Great Accounts of Arctic Land Voyages (1973) ISBN 0-7710-6627-9
 * Wake of the Great Sealers (1973) LCC 73-14315
 * "Walk Well, My Brother" (1975) short story ISBN 0-7704-2209-8
 * The Snow Walker (2003) film based on the story ISBN 1-59241-410-9
 * Death of a People-the Ihalmiut (1975) ISBN 978-0771065927
 * Canada North Now: The Great Betrayal (1976) ISBN 0-7710-6596-5
 * And No Birds Sang (Farley Mowat) (1979, revised 2012) ISBN 978-1-77100-030-7
 * World of Farley Mowat (1980) ISBN 0-316-58689-7
 * Sea of Slaughter (1984) ISBN 0-87113-013-0
 * My Discovery of America (1985) ISBN 0-87113-050-5
 * Virunga: The Passion of Dian Fossey (1987) ISBN 0-7710-6677-5
 * Woman in the Mists: The Story of Dian Fossey and the Mountain Gorillas of Africa (U.S. title for Virunga: The Passion of Dian Fossey) (1987) ISBN 0-446-51360-1
 * The New Founde Land (1989) ISBN 0-7710-6689-9
 * Rescue the Earth!: Conversations with the Green Crusaders (1990) ISBN 0-7710-6684-8
 * Born Naked (1993) ISBN 0-395-65029-1
 * Born Naked (1994) ISBN 0-395-73528-9
 * Aftermath: Travels in a Post-War World (1995) ISBN 1-57098-103-5
 * The Farfarers: Before the Norse (1998 - Reprint 2000) ISBN 1-883642-56-6
 * The Alban Quest The Search for a Lost Tribe (1999) ISBN 0-297-84295-1
 * Walking on the Land (2000) ISBN 1-58642-024-0
 * High Latitudes: An Arctic Journey (2002) ISBN 1-58642-061-5
 * No Man's River (2004) ISBN 0-7867-1430-1
 * Bay of Spirits: A Love Story (2006) ISBN 0-7710-6538-8
 * Otherwise (2008) ISBN 0-7710-6489-6
 * Eastern Passage (2010) ISBN 978-0-7710-6491-3