James Skinner (East India Company officer)

Colonel James Skinner CB (1778 – 4 December 1841) was an Anglo-Indian military adventurer in India, who became known as Sikandar Sahib later in life, and most known for two cavalry regiments he raised for the British, later known as 1st Skinner's Horse and 3rd Skinner's Horse (formerly 2nd Skinner's Horse) at Hansi in 1803, which still are a part of the Indian Army

He was a fluent writer in Persian, the court and intellectual language of India in his day, and wrote several books in Persian, including "Kitab-i tasrih al-aqvam" (History of the Origin and Distinguishing Marks of the Different Castes of India), now with the Library of Congress.

Early life
Skinner was born in 1778 in Calcutta (Kolkata) India. His father was Lieutenant-Colonel Hercules Skinner, an officer in the East India Company Army of Scottish origin, while his mother was a Rajput princess, daughter of a zamindar, she was taken prisoner at the age of fourteen, and came under the care of his father, then an ensign, who treated her with much regard, and subsequently they had seven children, two girls and five boys, Joseph, James, Hercules,Alexander, Thomas, Louisa and Elizabeth. When he was 12 years old his mother committed suicide, he was first educated at an English school in Calcutta, and then at a boarding school.

Career
His father originally apprenticed him to a printer in Calcutta but hating the life he ran away after three days. Because of his Indian heritage, Skinner was unable to serve as an officer in the East India Company army and, at the age of sixteen, he entered the Mahratta army as an ensign under Benoît de Boigne, the French commander of Maharaja Scindia's forces of Gwalior State. Boigne was impressed by his family ancestry, Skinners having served William the Conqueror in the 11th century. Once taken in, Skinner soon showed military talent. He remained in the same service under Pierre Cuillier-Perron, who became commander-in-chief of Sindhia's army after Boigne's retirement, until 1803, when, on the outbreak of the second Anglo-Maratha War, all Anglo-Indians were dismissed from Mahratta service.

Eventually he joined the British Indian Army where Lord Lake had become Commander-in-Chief of British India in 1801. Subsequently, on 23 February 1803, Skinner raised a regiment of irregular cavalry called "Skinner's Horse" or the "Yellow Boys" because of the colour of their uniform. Later it became the most famous regiment of light cavalry in the British Indian Army and still exists today as part of the Indian Army. He was present at the siege of Bharatpur, and in 1818 was granted a jagir of Hansi (Hisar district, Haryana), yielding Rs20,000 a year.

In 1828, James was finally given the rank of lieutenant-colonel in the British service, and his brother Robert that of major. Later James became a colonel, having already been appointed Companion of the Order of the Bath on 26 December 1826.

Other works
He had an intimate knowledge of the characters of the people of India, and his advice was highly valued by successive governor-generals and commanders-in-chief. He commissioned paintings in the Company style on a large scale. Additionally, Skinner wrote a volume of memoirs in Persian of his military expeditions, titled Tazkirat al-umara which contained family biographies, of princely families in the Sikh and Rajput territories and 37 portraits of their current representatives. First translated from the original Persian by James Fraser.

St. James' Church
St. James' Church, also known as Skinner's Church, was commissioned by Skinner after he had vowed, while lying wounded in the battlefield of Uniara in 1800, to build one if he survived. It was built at his own expense and at a cost of Rs95,000. Designed by Major Robert Smith it was built between 1826-36 to a cruciform plan, with three porticoed porches and a central octagonal dome. It was consecrated on 21 November 1836 by the Right Reverend Daniel Wilson D.D. the Bishop of Calcutta, making it the oldest church in Delhi. Skinner is also reported to have built a temple and a mosque, though details of them are unknown.

Skinner died at Hansi (in Hisar district, Haryana), on 4 December 1841, at the age of 64. He was first buried in the Cantonment Burial Ground at Hansi and after a period of 40 days was disinterred, and his coffin brought to Delhi, escorted by 200 men of Skinner's Horse. Subsequently he was buried in Skinner's Church on 19 January 1842 in a vault of white marble immediately below the Communion table.

Personal life
All his three sisters married gentlemen in the East India Company's service, while his elder brother, David, went to sea, and his younger brother, Robert, also became a soldier.

It is said that James Skinner had fourteen wives and many children, one of whom was Mrs. Wagentreiber, who managed to escape the 1857 revolt due to the fact that he was greatly revered by the Indian Army regiments. Many of his family members and their descendants are buried in Skinner's family plot, north of St. James' Church, Delhi.

Descendants
There is mention of a grandson, also called James Skinner, who erected a statue of Queen Victoria upon her death, at his own expense at Chandni Chowk, Delhi.

In 1960, Lt-Col Michael Skinner, a great-great-grandson, took command of Skinner's Horse, and was the first Skinner to command the Skinner's Horse regiment since its founder's death. In 2003, when a special service was held at St. James' Church, Delhi to commemorate 200 years of Skinner's Horse, the cavalry regiment raised by Skinner in 1803, amongst those present was Patricia Sedwards (née Skinner), niece of Lt-Col Michael Skinner.

Brigadier Michael Skinner, descendent of the legendary James Skinner, Commandant Skinner Horse. (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._George%27s_College,_Mussoorie)

In popular culture
Vikram Chandra's debut novel, Red Earth and Pouring Rain (1995), was inspired by the autobiography of James Skinner. In 1979, Philip Mason published Skinner of Skinner’s Horse: a fictional portrait, based upon Skinner's life.

Works

 * Military Memoir of Lieut-Col. James Skinner, C. B.: For Many Years a Distinguished Officer Commanding a Corps of Irregular Cavalry in the Service of the H. E. I. C. : Interspersed with Notices of Several of the Principal Personages who Distinguished Themselves in the Service of the Native Powers ..., by James Baillie Fraser. Published by Smith, Elder, 1851. Full book
 * The Recollections of Skinner of Skinner's horse - James Skinner and his 'Yellow Boys' - Irregular cavalry in the wars of India between the British, Mahratta, Rajput, Mogul, Sikh & Pindarree forces, by James Skinner. LEONAUR . 2006. ISBN 1-84677-061-0.