Guardians of the Oglala Nation

The Guardians of the Oglala Nation (GOONs) was a private paramilitary group active on the Pine Ridge Indian Reservation during the early 1970s.

Formation
On November 10, 1972, the Oglala Sioux Tribal Council passed several resolutions in response to the Bureau of Indian Affairs building takeover. One criticized the American Indian Movement (AIM) for the destruction of records in the building takeover; another authorized the tribal president, Dick Wilson, “to take whatever action that he felt would be necessary to protect the lives and property and to insure the peace and dignity of the Pine Ridge Indian Reservation.”

Wilson soon used this authority to create a new private police force, which critics called “the goon squad.” Members adopted the label as an acronym. The GOONs were financed through the tribal government. Peter Matthiessen alleges funding came through misappropriation of a federal highway safety program.

GOONs soon were accused of perpetrating, intimidation, and violence against Wilson's political opponents, but the militia was not mentioned in impeachment charges that were unsuccessfully brought against Wilson in February 1973.

Wounded Knee
On February 27, 1973, the Wounded Knee incident began when local protesters and AIM activists seized the village of Wounded Knee, South Dakota. A 71-day standoff with law enforcement commenced. During the standoff, GOONs exchanged gunfire with the occupiers. GOONs also placed their own roadblocks.

After Wounded Knee
Fighting between GOONs and AIM militants continued after Wounded Knee. In the next three years, over sixty died violently on the reservation. GOONs were accused of assault, murder, and arson. GOON activities during the 1974 tribal election led the United States Civil Rights Commission to report “a climate of fear and tension.”

Al Trimble succeeded Wilson as tribal president in 1976. He listed disbanding the GOONs as the first order of business, and the militia faded away thereafter.