HMS Milbrook (1798)

HMS Milbrook (or Millbrook) was one of six vessels built to an experimental design by Sir Samuel Bentham. After the Royal Navy took her into service in her decade-long career she took part in one notable single-ship action and captured several privateers and other vessels, all off the coast of Spain and Portugal. She was wrecked on the Portuguese coast in 1808.

Design
Hobbs & Hellyer built six vessels to Bentham's design. Milbrook was a somewhat smaller version of his Dart-class vessels (HMS Dart (1796) and HMS Arrow (1796)), and of another schooner, HMS Netley (1798). Bentham's designs featured little sheer, negative tumblehome, a large-breadth to length ratio with structural bulkheads, and sliding keels. They were also virtually double-ended.

French Revolutionary Wars
Lieutenant Matthew Smith commissioned Milbrook in December 1798, She was re-rated as a gunvessel in 1799. In February 1800 Smith wrote that the Barrack-master-general (General Olivier de Lncey) had ordered that she continue to serve the board he headed because she was "extremely fast, in all weathers a good sea-boat, tight as a bottle." Still, she received coppering at Portsmouth in April 1800.

Millbrook was part of Admiral Sir John Borlase Warren's squadron and so entitled to share in the proceeds from the squadron's cutting out of the French privateer Guêppe on 30 August from Vigo Bay.

A violent gust of wind drove the frigate HMS Stag (1794) on shore on 6 September in Vigo Bay. There was no loss of life, due in large part Milbrook, which rescued many survivors. Stag's officers blew her up to prevent the French salvaging anything useful, and her crew were distributed amongst the fleet.

On 26 September Milbrook captured the American brig Atlas, while Atlas was sailing between Vigo and Seville.

Some two weeks later, on 13 October, Milbrook engaged a French privateer in a notable but ultimately indecisive action. Milbrook was lying becalmed off Oporto when she sighted a strange sail, apparently a French 36-gun frigate. Smith was escorting two brigs of the Newfoundland fleet and there were other vessels, possibly of that fleet, in the offing. To protect the merchantmen Milbrook sailed to intercept the enemy vessel.
 * Milbrook and Bellone

The action began at 8a.m. and lasted until nearly 10am, in almost complete calm, until the French vessel struck. However, Milbrook's rigging was so cut and her boats holed, so that she was unable to take possession of her prize; seeing this, when a light breeze came up the French vessel used her sails and sweeps to escape. In the action Milbrook had ten of her carronades dismounted, and had 12 men (out of a crew of 47) wounded. At one point Milbrook had only three carronades firing as she used her sweeps to change her position and had to endure the raking fire from her opponent for 15 minutes. Milbrook was so damaged that she had to be towed into the Tagus.

Later accounts reveal that the French vessel was the privateer Bellone, of Bordeaux. The reports credit Milbrook having her carronades fixed on the non-recoil principle (i.e., fixed to the vessel so that the vessel absorbs the recoil and the cannons did not have to be run out before firing again), with enabling Milbrook to fire 11 broadsides before the French vessel could fire three. Bellone had to put into Vigo and reports from there suggested that she had suffered 20 men killed, and her first and second captains and 45 men wounded, out of a crew of 220-260 men. Bellone had been armed with twenty-four 8-pounder guns and six or eight 36-pounder carronades.

As a reward for his gallantry Smith received promotion to Commander. Also, the British factory of Oporto voted him their thanks, and presented him with a piece of silver plate worth £50.

Smith was still in command, and off Spain, on 19 December when Milbrook captured the Spanish privateer lugger Barcelo.

At some point in 1800, Milbrook shared with HMS Hussar (1799) and Loire in the capture of the Francoise, and the recapture of the Princess Charlotte.

In February 1801 Lieutenant Mauritius Adolphus Newton de Starck, who signed his name as Newton Starck, replaced Smith in command of Milbrook. On 15 September Milbrook was off Cape Montego when she sighted a Spanish privateer. After a long chase, Milbrook captured the Baptista, of eight guns, which was carrying a valuable cargo of English prize butter from Vigo to Seville.

On 6 September Milbrook was at Plymouth awaiting carry dispatches to Rear-Admiral Sir James Saumarez, and the garrison at Gibraltar. Two days later Milbrook left for Portsmouth, on her way to the fleet off Cadiz.

Milbrook returned to Portsmouth from Lisbon on 22 August 1802. She was paid off and Starck recommissioned her on 31 October in Portsmouth.

Napoleonic wars
By July 1803 Milbrook had assumed her station off Dunkirk in company with HMS Lynx (1794) and HMS Basilisk (1801). On 11 August Milbrook convoyed 50 vessels from Portsmouth to the Downs.

August–September she was in pursuit of a strange vessel when she grounded on Kentish Knocke. She lay there for some seven hours with the sea breaking over her before she was able to free herself. Subsequently, J. Helby, foreman of shipwrights, wrote that she had survived without any damage shocks that would bilge most other vessels.

On 28 October 1803, Milbrook and HMS Merlin (1803) were off Dunkirk when they pursued and drove on shore the French privateer lugger Sept Freres. Sept Freres was armed with two guns and had a crew of 30 men under the command of Citizen Pollet. Milbrook anchored close to the lugger and came under fire from some field guns on shore. Though she took some hits, the British suffered no casualties. Head money was finally paid in May 1827.

On 28 March 1804 Milbrook and Starck sailed with a number of other vessels for the Boulogne station. Lieutenant John C. Carpenter was appointed to Milbrook on 30 April, and in May replaced Starck. On 3 June Milbrook and an armed ship sailed from Portsmouth to cruise off Calais. She returned to Deal on 22 July, having lost cables and anchors. Millbrook arrived at Portsmouth from the Downs on 24 August. she sailed on 17 September with the gun-brigs HMS Attack (1804) and HMS Steady (1804) to escort the Newfoundland fleet to Poole, where HMS Wolf (1804) would relieve them.

On 6 May 1805 Milbrook captured the Spanish privateer lugger Travela, of three guns and 40 men, off Oporto. Travela had the day before captured a brig carrying wine from Oporto. Carpenter suspected that Travela had sent the brig to Vigo, so he sailed there. On the morning of 9 May he intercepted the British brig Stork in the Bayona Islands (Baiona) outside Vigo. Stork, which was carrying salt, had been part of the Newfoundland convoy when the 12-gun Spanish privateer brig Fenix had captured her a month earlier. The vessel Travela had captured may have been the Constantia, Luftman, master, which had just left Oporto for Belfast.

In early June the Portuguese vessel Rosalie, which Milbrook had detained as Rosalie was sailing from Lisbon to Nantes, arrived in Plymouth.

On 18 May 1806, Milbrook was escorting the John, Lothringen, master, from Lisbon to Oporto when they encountered a French 74-gun ship and a frigate off the Berlengas (known to the British as the Burlings). The French vessels captured the John, but Milbrook escaped.

In September Carpenter resigned from Milbrook, and Lieutenant James Leach replaced him in command. On 30 August 1807, Millbrook recaptured the brig Badger, of Dublin. A little over two weeks later, on, 17 September, Milbrook, in company with the letter of marque Ceres, captured the Danish brig Kraben. Kraben was condemned to the Crown.

On 26 October, Tsar Alexander I of Russia declared war on Great Britain. The official news did not arrive there until 2 December, at which time the British declared an embargo on all Russian vessels in British ports. Milbrook was one of some 70 vessels that shared in the seizure of the 44-gun Russian frigate Speshnoy (Speshnyy), then in Portsmouth harbour. The British seized the Russian storeship Wilhelmina (Vilghemina) at the same time. The Russian vessels were carrying the payroll for Vice-Admiral Dmitry Senyavin's squadron in the Mediterranean.

The British consul at Oporto, and the factory, both wrote letters of thanks to Leach for his services to the British trade with Oporto and the factory gave him a piece of plate worth £50.

Fate
Milbrook arrived off Berlenga Grande Island in the Burlings on 24 March 1808 and anchored. While she was changing to a better position a squall struck her and drove her onto a reef. Her crew hauled her off and into clear water where she rode out the night. However, at 8a.m. the next morning, her cable fasteners gave way and she was again driven on the rocks, where she bilged. She quickly fell on her side and was lost. The crew was saved.

At the subsequent court martial the letters from Oporto were read into evidence, and the court martial not only exonerated Leach but "deemed his conduct highly meritorious and praiseworthy". His officers and crew presented him with a sword worth 50 guineas as a token of their esteem. He next captained the hired armed lugger Black Joke on a special service to the Spanish coast before taking command of the bomb vessel HMS Desperate (1805) on the Downs station. '

Notes, citations, and references

 * Notes


 * Citations


 * References
 * Grocott, Terence (1997) Shipwrecks of the revolutionary & Napoleonic eras (Chatham). ISBN 1-86176-030-2
 * Marshall, John (1823–1835) Royal naval biography, or, Memoirs of the services of all the flag-officers, superannuated rear-admirals, retired-captains, post-captains, and commanders, whose names appeared on the Admiralty list of sea officers at the commencement of the present year 1823, or who have since been promoted ... (London: Longman, Hurst, Rees, Orme and Brown).
 * O'Byrne, William R. (1849) A naval biographical dictionary: comprising the life and services of every living officer in Her Majesty's navy, from the rank of admiral of the fleet to that of lieutenant, inclusive. (London: J. Murray), vol. 1.
 * Tredrea, John and Eduard Sozaev (2010) Russian Warships in the Age of Sail, 1696–1860. (Seaforth). ISBN 978-1-84832-058-1
 * O'Byrne, William R. (1849) A naval biographical dictionary: comprising the life and services of every living officer in Her Majesty's navy, from the rank of admiral of the fleet to that of lieutenant, inclusive. (London: J. Murray), vol. 1.
 * Tredrea, John and Eduard Sozaev (2010) Russian Warships in the Age of Sail, 1696–1860. (Seaforth). ISBN 978-1-84832-058-1