Takeo Kurita

Vice Admiral Takeo Kurita (栗田 健男) was a vice-admiral in the Imperial Japanese Navy during World War II.

Early life
Kurita was born in Mito city, Ibaraki Prefecture in 1889. He was sent off to Etajima in 1905 and graduated from the 38th class of the Imperial Japanese Naval Academy in 1910, ranked 28th out of a class of 149 cadets. As a midshipman, he served on the cruisers JAPANESE CRUISER Kasagi and JAPANESE CRUISER Niitaka. On being commissioned as ensign in 1911, he was assigned to JAPANESE CRUISER Tatsuta.

After his promotion to sub-lieutenant in 1913, Kurita served on the battleship JAPANESE BATTLESHIP Satsuma, destroyer JAPANESE DESTROYER Sakaki and cruiser JAPANESE CRUISER Iwate. Kurita became a lieutenant on 1 December 1916, and served on a number of ships: cruiser JAPANESE CRUISER Tone, destroyers JAPANESE DESTROYER Kaba and JAPANESE DESTROYER Minekaze. He also served as either the chief torpedo officer or executive officer on Minekaze, JAPANESE DESTROYER Yakaze, and JAPANESE DESTROYER Hakaze. In 1920, he was given his first command: the destroyer JAPANESE DESTROYER Shigure. In 1921, he assumed command of JAPANESE DESTROYER Oite.

Promoted to lieutenant commander in 1922, Kurita captained the destroyers JAPANESE DESTROYER Wakatake, JAPANESE DESTROYER Hagi, and JAPANESE DESTROYER Hamakaze. As commander from 1927, he commanded the destroyer JAPANESE DESTROYER Urakaze, 25th Destroyer Group and 10th Destroyer Group.

As captain from 1932, he commanded the 12th Destroyer Group, the cruiser JAPANESE CRUISER Abukuma, and from 1937 the battleship JAPANESE BATTLESHIP Kongō.

Kurita became a rear admiral on November 15, 1938 commanding the 1st Destroyer Flotilla then the 4th Destroyer Flotilla. He was in command of 7th Cruiser Division at the time of the attack on Pearl Harbor.

Early campaigns
Kurita's 7th Cruiser Division participated in the invasion of Java in the Dutch East Indies in December 1941, and in the Indian Ocean Raid where he led a fleet of six heavy cruisers and the light carrier JAPANESE AIRCRAFT CARRIER Ryūjō that sank 135,000 tons of shipping in the Bay of Bengal. During the Battle of Midway (serving under Nobutake Kondō), he lost the cruiser JAPANESE CRUISER Mikuma. Kurita was promoted to vice admiral on 1 May 1942, and was reassigned to the 3rd Battleship Division in July.

In the Guadalcanal Campaign Kurita led his battleships in an intense bombardment of Henderson Field on the night of 13 October, firing 918 heavy high explosive shells at the American airfield. This was the single most successful Japanese attempt to incapacitate Henderson Field by naval bombardment. Kurita later commanded major naval forces during the Central Solomon Islands campaign and during the Battle of Philippine Sea. In 1943, Kurita replaced Admiral Kondō as the commander of IJN 2nd Fleet.

Battle of Leyte Gulf
It was as Commander-in-Chief of the IJN 2nd Fleet dubbed "Central Force" during the Battle of the Sibuyan Sea and the Battle off Samar (Both part of the Battle of Leyte Gulf) for which Kurita is best known. The IJN 2nd Fleet included the largest battleships in the world, JAPANESE BATTLESHIP Yamato and JAPANESE BATTLESHIP Musashi. Additionally, the IJN 2nd Fleet included the battleships JAPANESE BATTLESHIP Nagato, JAPANESE BATTLESHIP Kongō, and JAPANESE BATTLESHIP Haruna, 10 cruisers and 13 destroyers. Critically, however, the IJN Second Fleet did not include any aircraft carriers.

Kurita was a dedicated officer, willing to die if necessary, but not wishing to die in vain. Like Yamamoto, Kurita believed that for a captain to "go down with his ship" was a wasteful loss of valuable naval experience and leadership. When ordered by Admiral Soemu Toyoda to take his fleet through the San Bernardino Strait in the central Philippines and attack the American landings at Leyte, Kurita thought the effort a waste of ships and lives, especially since he could not get his fleet to Leyte Gulf until after the landings, leaving little more than empty transports for his huge battleships to attack.

His first flagship just six days before the Battle of Leyte Gulf was actually the JAPANESE CRUISER Atago which was sunk by an American submarine in Palawan Passage forcing him to swim for his life and transfer his flag to the Yamato. He bitterly resented his superiors, who, while safe in bunkers in Tokyo, ordered Kurita to fight to the death against hopeless odds and without air cover.

Battle of the Sibuyan Sea
While his fleet was en route from Brunei to attack the American Invasion fleet, Kurita's ships were attacked by two American submarines, the USS Darter (SS-227) and the USS Dace (SS-247), which sank two cruisers (JAPANESE CRUISER Atago and JAPANESE CRUISER Maya) in the Palawan Passage. Kurita in the flagship Atago was forced to transfer to Yamato. While in the confines of the Sibuyan Sea and approaching the San Bernardino Strait, he was again attacked by U.S. carrier planes which damaged several other ships, including Yamato. Constant air attacks from Admiral William "Bull" Halsey's 3rd Fleet scored a number of torpedo and dive bomber hits on Yamato and Mushashi, mortally wounding the latter, and scored a number of hits on other vessels.

These attacks caused Kurita to call off his attack and turn his fleet west away from Leyte Gulf. Thus began a chain of events that continues to engage historians and biographers to this day. Halsey, believing that he had mauled Kurita's fleet and that the Japanese "Central Forces" were retreating, and believing that he had the orders and authorization to do so, abandoned his station guarding General MacArthur's landing at Leyte Gulf and the San Bernardino Strait, in order to pursue Admiral Jisaburō Ozawa's Northern Fleet of Japanese carriers that were sent as a decoy to lure the Americans away from Leyte. But before doing so, in fact before Ozawa's force had been sighted, Halsey had sent a message announcing a "battle plan" to detach his battleships to cover the exit of the strait. With the decision to attack Ozawa, this battle plan was never executed and the heavy ships went north with the carriers.

Battle off Samar
Vice Admiral Thomas C. Kinkaid, Commander 7th Fleet and responsible for protecting the landing forces, assumed that Halsey's "Battle Plan" was a deployment order and that Task Force 34 (TF 34) was actually guarding San Bernardino. Kinkaid thus concentrated his battleships to the south in order to face the Japanese "Southern Force". During the night of 24–25 October 1944 Kurita changed his mind again, and turned his ships around and headed east again, toward Leyte Gulf. On the morning of 25 October, Kurita's fleet, led by Yamato, exited San Bernardino Strait and sailed south along the coast of Samar. 30 minutes after dawn, the battleships of the Imperial Japanese Navy sighted "Taffy 3" — a task unit of Kinkaid's covering forces that consisted of six escort carriers, three destroyers and four small destroyer escorts, commanded by Rear Admiral Clifton Sprague. Taffy 3 was designed to provide shore support and anti-submarine patrols; not to engage in fleet action against battleships.

Admiral Kurita thought he had chanced upon the carriers of the American 3rd Fleet and ordered his battleships to open fire, including Yamato with her 18.1 in guns. However, the moment Taffy 3 was sighted, the "Central Force" had just been ordered to change from nighttime to air defense steaming formation, but had not yet completed the maneuver. Rather than properly form his ships for action with the enemy, Kurita at this point gave the order for "General Attack". His ships thus charged uncoordinated into action and Kurita quickly lost tactical control of the battle.

Kurita's forces mauled the American ships, sinking one of the small carriers, two destroyers, including the USS Johnston (DD-557), commanded by Commander Ernest E. Evans. But the planes from Taffy 3 and Taffy 2, stationed farther south, fought back, and although the American destroyers had only 5 in guns, they too attacked, launched torpedoes and laid smoke. These determined attacks by the escorts and continual air attacks served to further confuse and separate Kurita's forces. Kurita, whose flagship JAPANESE BATTLESHIP Yamato fell far behind early in the battle while avoiding an aerial torpedo attack, lost sight of the enemy and many of his own ships. Meanwhile, the courageous efforts of the Taffies had sunk two heavy cruisers and knocked a third out of action (which was later scuttled/sunk): JAPANESE CRUISER Chikuma, JAPANESE CRUISER Suzuya, and JAPANESE CRUISER Chōkai. Many of his other ships had also been hit. After about two and a half hours action with Taffy 3, Kurita ordered his force to regroup on a northerly course, away from Leyte.

By this time, Kurita had news that the Japanese "Southern Force", which was to attack Leyte Gulf from the south, had already been destroyed by Kinkaid's battleships, which were too far south to attack Kurita's forces. Admiral Kurita's "Central Force" had fewer than half its ships. With Musashi gone, Kurita had four battleships but only three cruisers remaining, and all of his ships were damaged and low on fuel. Kurita was intercepting messages that indicated Admiral Halsey had sunk the four carriers of the "Northern Force" and was racing back to Leyte with his battleships to confront the Japanese fleet and that powerful elements of 7th Fleet were approaching from out Leyte Gulf. After steaming back and forth off Samar for two more hours, he and his chief of staff Tomiji Koyanagi decided to retire and retreated back through the San Bernardino Strait.

His ships were subjected to further air attack the rest of the day and Halsey's battleships just missed catching him that night. Kurita's retreat saved Yamato and the remainder of the IJN 2nd Fleet from certain destruction, but he had failed to complete his mission, attacking the amphibious forces in Leyte Gulf. The path had been laid open to him by the sacrifices of the Northern and Southern Forces, but closed again by the determination and courage of the Taffies.

After Leyte and Postwar
Kurita was criticized by some elements in the Japanese military for not fighting to the death. In December, Kurita was removed from command. In order to protect him against assassination, he was reassigned as commandant of the Imperial Japanese Navy Academy.

Following the Japanese surrender, Kurita found work as a scrivener and masseur, living quietly with his daughter and her family. He never discussed politics or the war with his family or with anyone, except to conduct a brief interview with a journalist, Ito Masanori, in 1954 when he stated that he had made a mistake at Leyte by turning away and not continuing with the battle, a statement he later retracted. He was found by an American naval officer after the war where he was interviewed for the Analysis Division of the U.S. Strategic Bombing Survey. With Kurita's address in hand, a young American naval officer got out of a jeep and spotted the unimposing figure tending to his garden chores. Years later, he still vividly recalled the moment: "It really made an impression of me. The war was just over. Less than a year before Kurita had been in command of the largest fleet that was ever put together, and there he was out there chopping potatoes

Afterward, Kurita returned to his retirement, making a twice-yearly pilgrimage to Yasukuni Shrine to pray for his dead comrades-in-arms. In 1966, he was present at the deathbed of his old colleague, Jisaburō Ozawa, at which he silently wept.

It was not until he was in his 80s that Kurita began to again speak of his actions at Leyte. He claimed privately to a former Naval Academy student (and biographer), Ooka Jiro, that he withdrew the fleet from the battle because he did not believe in wasting the lives of his men in a futile effort, having long since believed that the war was lost.

Kurita died in 1977 at age 88, and his grave is at the Tama Cemetery in Fuchu, Tokyo.

Books

 * Evan Thomas, Sea of Thunder: Four Commanders and the Last Great Naval Campaign, 1941–1945. New York: Simon & Schuster, 2007. ISBN 0-7432-5221-7.)
 * Cox, Robert Jon (2010). The Battle Off Samar – Taffy III at Leyte Gulf (Fifth Edition). Wakefield, Michigan, Agogeebic Press, LLC.  ISBN 0-9822390-4-1
 * Cutler, Thomas (2001). The Battle of Leyte Gulf: 23–26 October 1944. Annapolis, Maryland, U.S.: Naval Institute Press. ISBN 1-55750-243-9.
 * D'Albas, Andrieu (1965). Death of a Navy: Japanese Naval Action in World War II. Devin-Adair Pub. ISBN 0-8159-5302-X.
 * Dull, Paul S. (1978). A Battle History of the Imperial Japanese Navy, 1941–1945. Naval Institute Press. ISBN 0-87021-097-1.
 * Field, James A. (1947). The Japanese at Leyte Gulf;: The Sho operation. Princeton University Press..
 * Friedman, Kenneth (2001). Afternoon of the Rising Sun: The Battle of Leyte Gulf. Presidio Press. ISBN 0-89141-756-7.
 * Halsey, William Frederick (1983). The Battle for Leyte Gulf. U.S. Naval Institute
 * Hornfischer, James D. (2004). The Last Stand of the Tin Can Sailors. Bantam. ISBN 0-553-80257-7.
 * Hoyt, Edwin P.; Thomas H Moorer (Introduction) (2003). The Men of the Gambier Bay: The Amazing True Story of the Battle of Leyte Gulf. The Lyons Press. ISBN 1-58574-643-6.
 * Lacroix, Eric; Linton Wells (1997). Japanese Cruisers of the Pacific War. Naval Institute Press. ISBN 0-87021-311-3.
 * Morison, Samuel Eliot (2001). Leyte: June 1944 – January 1945 (History of United States Naval Operations in World War II, Volume 12. Castle Books; Reprint ISBN 0-7858-1313-6
 * Potter, E. B. (2005). Admiral Arleigh Burke. Naval Institute Press. ISBN 1-59114-692-5.
 * Potter, E. B. (2003). Bull Halsey. Naval Institute Press. ISBN 1-59114-691-7.
 * David Sears. The Last Epic Naval Battle: Voices from Leyte Gulf. Praeger Publishers (2005) ISBN 0-275-98520-2
 * Thomas, Evan (2006). Sea of Thunder: Four Commanders and the Last Great Naval Campaign 1941–1945. Simon & Schuster. ISBN 0-7432-5221-7.
 * Willmott, H. P. (2005). The Battle Of Leyte Gulf: The Last Fleet Action. Indiana University Press. ISBN 0-253-34528-6.
 * Woodward, C. Vann (1989). The Battle for Leyte Gulf (Naval Series). Battery Press ISBN 0-89839-134-2

Web

 * The Battle Off Samar – Taffy III at Leyte Gulf by Robert Jon Cox
 * US Strategic Bombing Survey Pacific – Interrogations of Japanese officials A list of the U.S. Naval Interrogations of Japanese Officials, conducted after the war, with full texts of the interviews. A number of these interviews are available on line and provide interesting insight from the Japanese commanders, who, many for first time, are openly critical of the war and their superiors. Admiral Kurita and his role in the war is discussed in a number of different interrogations.