Litening

The AN/AAQ-28(V) LITENING targeting pod is an Israeli-designed precision targeting pod system currently operational with a wide variety of combat aircraft. LITENING significantly increases the combat effectiveness of the aircraft during day, night and under-the-weather conditions in the attack of ground and air targets with a variety of standoff weapons (i.e., laser-guided bombs, conventional bombs and GPS-guided weapons). The thousandth pod was sold in October 2010.

Features
LITENING is an integrated targeting pod that mounts externally to the aircraft. The targeting pod contains a high-resolution, forward-looking infrared (FLIR) sensor that displays an infrared image of the target to the aircrew; it has a wide field of view search capability and a narrow field of view acquisition/targeting capability of battlefield-sized targets. The pod also contains a CCD camera used to obtain target imagery in the visible portion of the electromagnetic spectrum. An on-gimbal inertial navigation sensor establishes line-of-sight and automatic boresighting capability.

The pod is equipped with a laser designator for precise delivery of laser-guided munitions. A laser rangefinder provides information for various avionics systems, for example, navigation updates, weapon deliveries and target updates. The targeting pod includes an automatic target tracker to provide fully automatic stabilized target tracking at altitudes, airspeeds and slant ranges consistent with tactical weapon delivery maneuvers. These features simplify the functions of target detection and recognition, and permit attack of targets with precision-guided weapons on a single pass.

Background
The research and development program began at Rafael Advanced Defense Systems' Missiles Division in Israel, with subsequent completion of LITENING I for use in the Israeli Air Force. In 1995 Northrop Grumman Corporation teamed with Rafael for further development and sales of the LITENING pod.

Litening II/ER/AT
Northrop Grumman Corporation and Rafael Advanced Defence Systems completed product improvements on the "Basic Pod" including a third generation FLIR, laser marker and software upgrades (LITENING II) which was fielded beginning in 1999.

Northrop Grumman and Rafael Advanced Defence Systems subsequently replaced the "320x256" FLIR with a latest technology "640x512" FLIR. This pod, known as LITENING ER, extended the target detection range and was fielded in 2001. The newest version, LITENING AT, is in production and was fielded in 2003. It further extends target detection and recognition ranges, improves the target coordinate generation accuracy, and provides multi-target cueing.

LITENING AT features a plug-and-play bay configured to accept a wide variety of data-links and recorders. Plug and Play II data-link capability offers warfighters increased range, digital data recording and an option to incorporate secure, two-way communications over ultra-high frequency (UHF) radios. LITENING's Plug and Play I, introduced in 2003, was the first data-link to be incorporated in a third generation targeting pod.

Litening G4
LITENING G4, which began to be delivered to U.S. forces in 2008, added new sensors for improved target identification and other advanced target recognition and identification features. The LITENING G4 provides significant enhancements in terms of both recognition range and image quality due to Rafaels' AVP imaging capability. The G4's technologies include a full 1Kx1K forward looking infrared and charge-coupled device, as well as short wave infrared laser imaging sensors, color symbology, tracker improvement and enhanced zoom. The LITENING Gen 4 technology and capability is also available in a kit form that allows users to upgrade their currently fielded LITENING pods. The Royal Danish Air Force is the first international partner to take delivery of G4 pods. Rafael Advanced Systems announced on the eve of DefExpo 2014 a large order for 150+ LITENING targeting pods for the Indian Air Force's combat aircraft fleet. LITENING G4 pods have been chosen by the Indian Air Force for its frontline fighter aircraft, including the Su-30 MKI, MiG-29 and others.

Litening SE
LITENING SE provides laser ranging and designation in support of weapon delivery, navigational functions, and recording and data-linking of generated imagery and data. This version includes a Plug-N-Play (PnP) III(TM) digital two-way, data link LRU inside the pod. The pods are being delivered as part of the United States Air Force's Advanced Targeting Pod – Sensor Enhancement (ATP-SE) program.

Litening III
The Litening III, used on the UK's RAF Tornado and Typhoon aircraft, as well as the Italian Air Force AMX, also provides still image capture for reconnaissance missions in addition to the targeting capabilities found on other models.

Future developments
Rafael sees an increased market in the future because of the move to stealth platforms which must have targeting systems built in. The company is developing a new model to compete for the F-35 requirement. At present prototype F-35's have the equivalent of a Lockheed Martin Sniper XR built in.

==General characteristics ==
 * Primary function: Navigation and infrared/electro-optical targeting
 * Prime Contractor: Rafael Corporation/Northrop Grumman
 * Length: 87 in (2.20 m)
 * Diameter: 16 in (0.406 m)
 * Weight: 455 lb (208 kg)
 * Aircraft: A-10, B-52H, F-14A/B/D, F-15E/D, AV-8B, F/A-18, F-16 Block 25/30/40/50, F-4E AUP, Su-30MKI, Aero L-159 Alca, Tornado GR4, HAL Tejas, SEPECAT Jaguar of Indian airforce, Eurofighter Typhoon, JAS-39 Gripen, Brazilian airforce: A-1M AMX International AMX, F-5M Northrop F-5.
 * Sensors: Infrared detector, CCD-TV camera, eye safe laser rangefinder and laser designator
 * sensor's resoulotion (for Litening III): CCD (tv): 1K x 1K, FLIR: 640x480
 * Date Deployed: February 2000
 * Unit Cost: $1.4 million

Current operators

 * Royal Australian Air Force
 * F/A-18A/B (Northrop Grumman AN/AAQ-28(V)5 LITENING AT Block 1)
 * F/A-18A/B (Northrop Grumman AN/AAQ-28(V)5 LITENING AT Block 1)


 * Brazilian Air Force
 * AMX (Rafael LITENING III)
 * F-5M (Unconfirmed)
 * F-5M (Unconfirmed)


 * Colombian Air Force
 * IAI Kfir C10/C12 (Rafael LITENING III)
 * IAI Kfir C10/C12 (Rafael LITENING III)


 * Royal Danish Air Force
 * F-16 (Northrop Grumman AN/AAQ-28(V)8 LITENING G4)
 * F-16 (Northrop Grumman AN/AAQ-28(V)8 LITENING G4)


 * Chilean Air Force
 * F-16 (Rafael LITENING III)
 * F-16 (Rafael LITENING III)


 * Czech Air Force
 * JAS-39 Gripen(Rafael/Zeiss Optronics LITENING III)
 * L-159 Alca (Unconfirmed)
 * Royal Moroccan Air Force
 * F-16 Fighting Falcon
 * F-5TIII
 * F-16 Fighting Falcon
 * F-5TIII


 * Finnish Air Force
 * McDonnell Douglas F/A-18 Hornet (Northrop Grumman AN/AAQ-28(V)5 LITENING AT Block 2)
 * McDonnell Douglas F/A-18 Hornet (Northrop Grumman AN/AAQ-28(V)5 LITENING AT Block 2)

Litening II Pods supplied by Rafael/Zeiss Optronik joint venture
 * German Air Force
 * Panavia Tornado (Rafael/Zeiss Optronics LITENING probably upgraded to LITENING III)
 * Eurofighter Typhoon (Rafael/Zeiss Optronics LITENING III)


 * Hellenic Air Force
 * F-4E AUP (Rafael LITENING III)
 * F-4E AUP (Rafael LITENING III)


 * Hungarian Air Force
 * JAS-39 (Rafael/Zeiss Optronics LITENING III)
 * JAS-39 (Rafael/Zeiss Optronics LITENING III)


 * Indonesian Air Force
 * F-16 (unconfirmed)
 * F-16 (unconfirmed)


 * Indian Air Force
 * Sukhoi Su-30 MKI (Rafael LITENING III)
 * HAL Tejas (Rafael LITENING III)
 * SEPECAT Jaguar (unconfirmed)
 * Dassault Mirage 2000H (Rafael LITENING)
 * Mikoyan MiG-29K(unconfirmed)
 * Mikoyan MiG-29K(unconfirmed)


 * Israeli Air Force
 * F-15I (Rafael LITENING III)
 * F-16D (Rafael LITENING probably upgraded to LITENING III )
 * F-16I (Rafael LITENING III )
 * F-16I (Rafael LITENING III )


 * Italian Air Force
 * AMX (Rafael LITENING III)
 * Panavia Tornado (unconfirmed)
 * Italian Navy
 * AV-8B+ Harrier (Northrop Grumman AN/AAQ-28(V)2 LITENING II upgraded to Northrop Grumman AN/AAQ-28(V)4 LITENING AT Block 0)
 * AV-8B+ Harrier (Northrop Grumman AN/AAQ-28(V)2 LITENING II upgraded to Northrop Grumman AN/AAQ-28(V)4 LITENING AT Block 0)


 * Kazakhstan Air Force
 * Su-27 (Rafael LITENING III)
 * Su-27 (Rafael LITENING III)


 * 🇳🇱 Netherlands
 * Royal Netherlands Air Force
 * General Dynamics F-16 Fighting Falcon (Northrop Grumman AN/AAQ-28(V)6 LITENING AT Block 2)


 * Portuguese Air Force
 * General Dynamics F-16 Fighting Falcon(Northrop Grumman AN/AAQ-28(V)6 LITENING AT Block 2)
 * General Dynamics F-16 Fighting Falcon(Northrop Grumman AN/AAQ-28(V)6 LITENING AT Block 2)


 * Romanian Air Force
 * MiG-21 LanceR A (Rafael LITENING)
 * MiG-21 LanceR C (Rafael LITENING)
 * MiG-21 LanceR C (Rafael LITENING)


 * Republic of Singapore Air Force
 * General Dynamics F-16 Fighting Falcon (Rafael LITENING III)
 * General Dynamics F-16 Fighting Falcon (Rafael LITENING III)


 * South African Air Force
 * JAS-39 (Rafael/Zeiss OptronicsLITENING III)
 * JAS-39 (Rafael/Zeiss OptronicsLITENING III)


 * Swedish Air Force
 * JAS-39 (Rafael/Zeiss Optronics LITENING III)
 * JAS-39 (Rafael/Zeiss Optronics LITENING III)


 * Spanish Air Force/Navy
 * AV-8B+ Harrier(Northrop Grumman AN/AAQ-28(V)2 LITENING II upgraded to Northrop Grumman AN/AAQ-28(V)4 LITENING AT Block 0)
 * McDonnell Douglas EF-18 Hornet (Rafael/Technobit LITENING III)
 * Eurofighter Typhoon (unconfirmed)
 * Eurofighter Typhoon (unconfirmed)


 * Royal Thai Air Force
 * JAS-39 (Rafael/Zeiss Optronics LITENING III)
 * JAS-39 (Rafael/Zeiss Optronics LITENING III)


 * Turkish Air Force
 * F-4E 2020 Terminator (unconfirmed)
 * F-4E 2020 Terminator (unconfirmed)

LITENING III RD & EF pods supplied by Ultra Electronics Limited
 * Royal Air Force
 * Panavia Tornado GR4(Rafael/Ultra Electronics LITENING III RD)
 * Eurofighter Typhoon(Rafael/Ultra Electronics LITENING III EF)


 * USAF
 * Fairchild Republic A-10C Thunderbolt II (Northrop Grumman AN/AAQ-28(V)3 LITENING ER upgraded to Northrop Grumman AN/AAQ-28(V)4 LITENING AT Block 0)
 * Boeing B-52H Stratofortress(Northrop Grumman AN/AAQ-28(V)3 LITENING ER upgraded to Northrop Grumman AN/AAQ-28(V)4 LITENING AT Block 0)
 * McDonnell Douglas F-15E Strike Eagle(Northrop Grumman AN/AAQ-28(V)3 LITENING ER upgraded to Northrop Grumman AN/AAQ-28(V)4 LITENING AT Block 0)
 * General Dynamics F-16 Fighting Falcon(Northrop Grumman AN/AAQ-28(V)1 LITENING II/AN/AAQ-28(V)2 LITENING II/AN/AAQ-28(V)2 LITENING II+ upgraded to Northrop Grumman AN/AAQ-28(V)4 LITENING AT Block 0)
 * USN / USMC
 * AV-8B+ Harrier (Northrop Grumman AN/AAQ-28(V)1 LITENING II/AN/AAQ-28(V)2 LITENING II/AN/AAQ-28(V)2 LITENING II+ upgraded to Northrop Grumman AN/AAQ-28(V)4 LITENING AT Block 0)
 * McDonnell Douglas F/A-18 Hornet (Northrop Grumman AN/AAQ-28(V)4 LITENING AT Block 0)
 * Northrop Grumman EA-6B Prowler(Northrop Grumman AN/AAQ-28(V)4 LITENING AT Block 0)
 * Northrop Grumman EA-6B Prowler(Northrop Grumman AN/AAQ-28(V)4 LITENING AT Block 0)


 * Venezuelan Air Force
 * General Dynamics F-16 Fighting Falcon(Rafael LITENING)
 * General Dynamics F-16 Fighting Falcon(Rafael LITENING)

Comparable Systems

 * Lockheed Martin Sniper XR targeting pod
 * Thales Damocles
 * ASELPOD