United States Disciplinary Barracks

The United States Disciplinary Barracks (or USDB, popularly known as Leavenworth, or the DB) is a military prison located on Fort Leavenworth, a United States Army post in Kansas.

It is one of three major prisons built on Fort Leavenworth property, the others being the federal United States Penitentiary, Leavenworth, four miles (6 km) to the south, and the military Midwest Joint Regional Correctional Facility, which opened on 5 October 2010.

It reports to the United States Army Corrections Command and its commandant usually holds the rank of Colonel.

The USDB is the U.S. military's only maximum-security facility and houses male service members convicted at court-martial for violations of the Uniform Code of Military Justice. Only enlisted prisoners with sentences over ten years, commissioned officers, and prisoners convicted of offenses related to national security are confined to the USDB. Enlisted prisoners with sentences under ten years are housed in smaller facilities, such as the nearby Midwest Joint Regional Correctional Facility or the United States Naval Consolidated Brig at Chesapeake, Virginia. Corrections personnel at the prison are Army Corrections Specialists (MOS 31E) trained at the U.S. Army Military Police school located at Fort Leonard Wood, Missouri, as well as Marine and Air Force corrections personnel.

First facility
Originally known as the United States Military Prison, the USDB was established by Act of Congress in 1874. Prisoners were used for the bulk of the construction, which began in 1875 and was completed in 1921. The facility was able to house up to 1,500 prisoners. From 1895 until 1903, prisoners from the USDB were used to construct the nearby United States Penitentiary, Leavenworth until around 400 federal prisoners were moved there to complete the work.



Although work on the two prisons continued at about the same time and they share the same design of a central dome-topped building, the two prisons reflect dramatically different prison concepts.

The original USDB followed the Pennsylvania plan modeling on a layout of the Eastern State Penitentiary where cell blocks radiated out from a central structure. Individual cells were relatively isolated. In contrast, the civilian prison is modeled on the Auburn Correctional Facility in New York reflected a newer concept where prisoners were housed in a large rectangular building where there was a certain amount of communal living.

The original USDB was Fort Leavenworth's biggest and tallest building sitting on top of a hill at the corner of McPherson Avenue and Scott Avenue overlooking the Missouri River. The largest buildings of the original barracks ("The Castle") were torn down in 2004. The old domed building was nicknamed "Little Top" in contrast to the domed federal prison two and a half miles (3 km) south which was nicknamed the "Big Top.". The walls and 10 of the buildings in the original location remain—including Pope Hall—have been converted or are in the process of being converted to other uses at the Fort. The prison's original commandant's house still remains.

The original prison was 12 acre. Its walls were 16 to 41 ft high.

Gail Dillon of the Airman magazine said in 2002 that "A visitor would immediately notice the medieval ambiance of this institution – the well-worn native stone and brick walls constructed by long-forgotten inmates when "hard labor" meant exactly that – have witnessed thousands of inmates' prayers, curses, and pleas over the past 128 years" and that entering the facility was "like stepping back in time or suddenly being part of a kitschy movie set about a prison bust."

Current facility


A new state-of-the-art, 515-bed, USDB became operational in September 2002, replacing the old stone wall and brick castle.

The new barracks opened at a cost of $67.8 million and is about a mile north of the original barracks. It is on 51 acre on the site of the former USDB Farm Colony and is enclosed by two separate 14 ft high fences. There are three housing units each of which can accommodate up to 142. The units described as "pods" are two-tiered triangular shaped domiciles. The cells in the new facility have solid doors and a window. There are no bars. The new facility is said to be much quieter than the old one and is preferred by inmates. Colonel Colleen L. McGuire, the first female commandant of the USDB, said in 2002 that the new facility is "much more efficient in design and layout – much brighter and lighter."

The new prison reflects current prison design of smaller low-rise separate buildings where prisoners can be more easily isolated from the general population.

In 2009, the Barracks along with the Standish Maximum Correctional Facility in Michigan were being considered for relocation of 220 prisoners from the Guantanamo Bay detention camp. Kansas officials including both U.S. Senators have objected to the transfer with Pat Roberts saying the transfer would require that the 2,000 privately owned acres around the fort would need to be acquired by the use of eminent domain to establish a stand-off zone because the prison is on the perimeter of the fort.

Outside Accreditation
The USDB has continuously been accredited from the American Correctional Association (ACA) since 1988. In 2012 the facility received a 100% rating and the accolades of the rating team. Three independent evaluators visited the prison facilities to check on more than 500 standards, including mental health services, safety issues and other aspects of the facility related to humane treatment of inmates. The USDB received a top rating in all of the standards despite having a portion of its staffing deployed to Iraq to oversee detention operations there.

Staffing
The USDB is currently staffed by members of the 15th Military Police Brigade. Many soldiers have a designated military occupational specialty 31E, corrections specialists. They are under Army Corrections Command, which was activated in Washington, D.C. in 2007 under the Provost Marshal General.

Cemetery


Deceased prisoners who are not claimed by their family members are buried near the original USDB. There were 300 graves dating from between approximately 1894 and 1957, 56 of which are unmarked and 14 more that belong to German prisoners of war executed for the murder of fellow POWs. Before the war with Germany ended, it was feared that American and British prisoners who had killed collaborators in their prison camps would be executed as well. That fear ended when Germany surrendered in May 1945. The executions at Fort Leavenworth were carried out in three groups: Five on July 10, two on July 14 and seven on Aug. 25, all in 1945.

Capital punishment
The USDB houses the U.S. military's male death row inmates. Since 1945, there have been 21 executions at the USDB, including fourteen German prisoners of war executed in 1945 for murder. The last execution by the U.S. Military was the hanging of Army PFC John A. Bennett, on April 13, 1961, for the rape and attempted murder of an 11-year-old Austrian girl. Bennett's execution took place four years after it was approved by President Dwight D. Eisenhower and then his successor President John F. Kennedy stayed the execution order after an appeal to him from the Austrian victim and her parents for the African American soldier. All executions at the USDB thus far have been by hanging, but lethal injection has been specified as the military's current mode of execution. , there are six inmates on death row at the USDB, the most recent addition being Nidal Hasan, sentenced to death on 28 August 2013. Andrew P. Witt is currently the only Air Force member on the USDB death row.

The execution of Army PVT Ronald A. Gray, who has been on military death row since 1988, was approved by President George W. Bush on July 28, 2008. Gray was convicted of the rape, two murders and an attempted murder of three women, two of them Army soldiers and the third a civilian taxi driver whose body was found on the post at Fort Bragg. On 26 November 2008, a federal judge granted Gray a stay of execution to allow time for further appeals.

Within the prison, Death Row is located in an isolated corridor away from other inmates.

Death row

 * Hasan Akbar – Killed two officers and wounded 14 others while deployed to Camp Pennsylvania, Kuwait on the eve of the 2003 invasion of Iraq.
 * Nidal Hasan – Killed 12 soldiers (including one that was pregnant at the time) and one civilian as well as wounding more than 30 others during the Fort Hood shooting in 2009.

Non-death row

 * James Barker, Paul Cortez, and Jesse Spielman – Gang-raped Abeer Qassim Hamza al-Janabi, a 14-year old Iraqi girl near Yusufiyah, Iraq. Abeer and three of her family members were killed by Steven Green (serving life in United States Penitentiary, Tucson) during the attack. The three men were given sentences of 90, 100, and 110 years respectively in plea deals that spared them the death penalty.
 * Robert Bales – Killed 16 Afghan civilians (including nine children) and wounded six others in Afghanistan during the Kandahar massacre. Plead guilty during his court-martial to avoid the death penalty in a plea deal and is serving a life sentence.
 * Chelsea Manning (incarcerated as Bradley Manning) – Turned over hundreds of thousands of classified documents and several classified videos without authorization to the website WikiLeaks. Was sentenced to 35 years.

Former notable inmates

 * John T. Neufeld – A World War I era Mennonite conscientious objector sentenced to 15 years hard labor in the Disciplinary Barracks. Neufeld was paroled to do dairy work and released after serving five months of his sentence.
 * Jonathan Wells – Author who wrote Icons of Evolution. Previously discharged from active duty after completing his initial term, he was given an 18 month sentence for refusing to report for Reserve duty during the Vietnam War.
 * William Calley – Convicted in his part in the My Lai Massacre. Originally sentenced to life in prison, President Richard Nixon ordered him to be transferred from Fort Leavenworth to house arrest in Fort Benning one day after being sentenced.
 * Charles Graner – Convicted of prisoner abuse in connection with the 2003–2004 Abu Ghraib torture and prisoner abuse scandal. Released in 2011.

Incidents

 * August 12, 2010 – Two inmates overpowered a Correction Officer in the Special Housing Unit where inmates are locked up 23 hours a day. They then were joined by 11 others. A special tactics unit took control of the Unit and freed the guard. Several inmates and one rescuer sustained non-life threatening injuries in the incident. This was the first such incident in the new prison.
 * May 12, 1992 – 300 inmates refused lockdown in the old prison. The uprising was put down by 150 correction officers.
 * August 17, 1988 – Inmate David Newman escaped after hiding in Pope Hall while on Wood Shop Detail. He assembled a ladder, kicked out a window and climbed over the wall between Towers 3 and 4. He was captured four days later in Kansas City. Following the escape, bars were placed on the windows of all buildings within the complex and interior chain link with razor wire top guard was placed between the buildings and the exterior stone walls.
 * 1918 – Joseph and Michael Hofer, two Christian pacifists who were drafted to serve in World War I, died at Fort Leavenworth after refusing to enlist or wear uniforms. They were held in solitary confinement, beaten, and starved to death.

In popular culture

 * From Here To Eternity the 1951 James Jones novel and 1953 film. First Sergeant Milton Warden tells Mrs. Karen Holmes, wife of his commanding officer Captain Dana Holmes, "He (Warden) risks twenty years in Leavenworth, for his affair with her."
 * The Last Castle is a 2001 drama film directed by Rod Lurie, starring Robert Redford and James Gandolfini, which portrays a struggle between inmates and the warden of the United States Disciplinary Barracks.