Kinetic bombardment

A kinetic bombardment is the act of attacking a planetary surface with an inert projectile, where the destructive force comes from the kinetic energy of the projectile impacting at very high velocities. The concept is encountered in science fiction and is thought to have originated during the Cold War.

Project Thor
Project Thor is an idea for a weapons system that launches kinetic projectiles from Earth orbit to damage targets on the ground. Jerry Pournelle originated the concept while working in operations research at Boeing in the 1950s before becoming a science-fiction writer.

The most described system is "an orbiting tungsten telephone pole with small fins and a computer in the back for guidance". The weapon can be down-scaled, an orbiting "crowbar" rather than a pole. The system described in the 2003 United States Air Force (USAF) report was that of 20 ft, 1 ft tungsten rods, that are satellite controlled, and have global strike capability, with impact speeds of Mach 10.

The time between deorbiting and impact would only be a few minutes, and depending on the orbits and positions in the orbits, the system would have a world-wide range.There is no requirement to deploy missiles, aircraft or other vehicles. Although the SALT II (1979) prohibited the deployment of orbital weapons of mass destruction, it did not prohibit the deployment of conventional weapons. The system is prohibited by neither the Outer Space Treaty nor the Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty.

The idea is that the weapon would inflict damage because it moves at orbital velocities, at least 9 kilometers per second. Smaller weapons can deliver measured amounts of energy as small as a 225 kg conventional bomb. Some systems are quoted as having the yield of a small tactical nuclear bomb. These designs are envisioned as a bunker buster.

In the case of the system mentioned in the 2003 USAF report above, a 6.1 m × 0.3 m tungsten cylinder impacting at Mach 10 has a kinetic energy equivalent to approximately 11.5 tons of TNT (or 7.2 tons of dynamite). The mass of such a cylinder is itself greater than 9 tons, so it is clear that the practical applications of such a system are limited to those situations where its other characteristics provide a decisive advantage - a conventional bomb/warhead of similar weight to the tungsten rod, delivered by conventional means, provides similar destructive capability and is a far more practical method. Some other sources suggest a speed of 36,000 ft/s, which for the aforementioned rod would amount to a kinetic energy equivalent to 120 tons of TNT or 0.12 kt. With 6-8 satellites on a given orbit, a target could be hit within < 12–15 minutes from any given time, less than half the time taken by an ICBM and without the warning. Such a system could also be equipped with sensors to detect incoming Anti-ballistic missile-type threats and relatively light protective measures to use against them (e.g. Hit-To-Kill Missiles or megawatt-class chemical laser).

The highly elongated shape and high density are to enhance sectional density and therefore minimize kinetic energy loss due to air friction and maximize penetration of hard or buried targets. The larger device is expected to be quite good at penetrating deeply buried bunkers and other command and control targets. The smaller "crowbar" size might be employed for anti-armor, anti-aircraft, anti-satellite and possibly anti-personnel use.

The weapon would be very hard to defend against. It has a very high closing velocity and a small radar cross-section. Launch is difficult to detect. Any infra-red launch signature occurs in orbit, at no fixed position. The infra-red launch signature also has a small magnitude compared to a ballistic missile launch. One drawback of the system is that the weapon's sensors would almost certainly be blind during atmospheric reentry due to the plasma sheath that would develop ahead of it, so a mobile target could be difficult to hit if it performed any unexpected maneuvering. The system would also have to cope with atmospheric heating from re-entry, which could melt non-tungsten components of the weapon.

While the larger version might be individually launched, the smaller versions would be launched from "pods" or "carriers" that contained several missiles.

The phrase "Rods from God" is also used to describe the same concept. A USAF report called them "hypervelocity rod bundles".

In science fiction
Perhaps the earliest examples of kinetic bombardment come from E. E. "Doc" Smith's 1930s and 1940s Lensman series. In these books, however, planetary masses were used rather than smaller projectiles. It was in the mid-1960s that popular science interest in orbital mechanics led to a number of science fiction stories which explored their implications. Among these was The Moon Is a Harsh Mistress by Robert A. Heinlein in which the citizens of the moon bombard the earth with rocks wrapped in iron containers which are in turn fired from an electromagnetic launch system at Earth-based targets.

In the 1970s and 1980s this idea was refined in science fiction novels such as Footfall by Larry Niven and Jerry Pournelle (the same Pournelle that first proposed the idea for military use in a non-fiction context), in which aliens use a Thor-type system. During the 1980s and 1990s references to such weapons became a staple of science fiction roleplaying games such as Traveller, Shadowrun and Heavy Gear (the latter game naming these weapons ortillery, a portmanteau of orbital artillery), as well as visual media including Babylon 5's "mass drivers" and the film Starship Troopers, itself an adaptation of a Heinlein novel of the same name.

One of the first references to the "crowbar" is in David's Sling by Mark Steigler (Baen, 1988). Set in the Cold War, the story is based on the use of (relatively inexpensive) information-based "intelligent" systems to overcome an enemy's numerical advantage. The orbital kinetic bombardment system is used first to destroy the Soviet tank armies that have invaded Europe and then to take out Soviet ICBM silos prior to a nuclear strike.

In the 2000s and early 2010s, kinetic weapons as science fiction plot devices appeared in video games, featuring prominently in the plot of Mass Effect 2 or the MAC from the Halo franchise, for example. In the 2004 military science fiction novel Orphanage by Robert Buettner, the Earth's major cities are being wiped out from kinetic projectiles from an exo-solar alien race's base on the Jupiter moon of Ganymede.

In the 2008 novel Tom Clancy's Endwar, kinetic strikes, known as "Rods from God", have replaced intercontinental ballistic missiles as US military's most destructive strategic weapon. They were used to destroy a large Russian armoured convoy in Alberta.

This weapons system was also described and used in Dan Simmons' 2011 novel Flashback.

Also in Clive Cussler's 2008 novel Plague Ship a satellite called Stalin's Fist is used by the protagonist to destroy a cult's underground fortress.

Neal Stephenson's novel Anathem contains an incident in which an orbiting spaceship attacks a planet with a rod, striking and activating a dormant volcano and causing it to destroy everything in the vicinity downhill.

In the science fiction game of Renegade Legion, the concept of the Thor system is used very close to the original, real world concept, including the name itself: Thor Missiles. The weapons are stored in space aboard satellites, the size of tree trunks, made of solid metal, and equipped with computers and guidance fins to steer them as they descend towards their target, and do not use explosives. Impact velocity and mass are sufficient to destroy any known tank in the game.

In Daniel Suarez's book Freedom, a suborbital version of Thor is deployed, composed of many small Arrows or Spikes, for anti-personnel use.

In John Varley's book Red Lightning a ship traveling at near-lightspeed impacts the Earth causing a massive tsunami in the Atlantic and devastating the East coast of the United States. The ship was believed to be piloted by members of a doomsday cult who were aiming at Washington DC, but missed.

This system was also described and used in Stony Man #81, Sky Hammer.

In Peter F. Hamiltons The Night's Dawn Trilogy, "kinetic harpoons" are used to bombard the surface of a planet. The book in which the event occurs also specifies how the staggering of the harpoons impact caused the shockwaves from the impacts to resonate and result in an artificial earthquake.

The film G.I. Joe: Retaliation showed a kinetic bombardment of Central London from one of the seven orbital weapons in space, dubbed "Project Zeus". The projectile is a hollow platinum tube filled with a tungsten rod and appears to be a pole shaped object with a motor, very much in line with the speculated design of such a weapon. Instead of an explosion, a violent earthquake appears to take place, which is again a characteristic of kinetic bombardment.

In the Shockwave mod for the PC video game Command & Conquer Generals: Zero Hour, the USA Superweapon General can access the super weapon called 'Rods from God'. The description mentions that the rods are made of tungsten. In Command & Conquer 3, Orbital Bombardment is a support power granted to players playing as GDI (Global Defense Initiative), though not much is explained about the operation and specifics of the weapons system besides that it uses a targeting laser before raining artillery shells on the target from orbit.

In the PC game Battlefield 2142, player commanders can call upon an "Orbital Strike", which fires clusters of 4 elongated rod projectiles at a point in the map to great anti-personnel and anti-vehicle effect.

In the PC and Console game Syndicate Wars the player can research and deploy a weapon known as "Satellite Rain". A kinetic bombardment weapon attached to geo-stationary satellites in orbit around Earth. The projectiles are rods of tungsten/uranium alloy on a "steerable mounting" (a steerable motor) that liquify as they pass through the atmosphere and form a superheated plasma rain as it terminates on the target surface.

In the Lost Fleet book series by Jack Campbell, both the Alliance and Syncate Worlds use unguided "Rocks" for planetary bombardment and for attacks against immobile orbital facilities. They are essentially large, metallic slugs varying in size according to the size of the launching ship. Often launched from the opposite side of a solar system to a target's projected future position, they are considered a cheap and easy way to destroy targets that are unable to maneuver, so long as collateral damage is not an issue. There is only one mention of the projectiles' actual size in the entire series, in which it is implied that none exceed a few hundred kilograms. However, as the ships in the series routinely travel and fight at up to 10% of light speed, the impact velocity of a "rock" is often orders of magnitude higher than a typical Thor-type system.

In the book Horvandillus Calls, spear-like Skogul weaponry projectiles are transferred from one reality to another, purposely above planets that they are to fall down upon. Moments before it would hit the planet, it transfers back to the universe of origin, designed to also transfer all living beings within a certain vicinity. The energy required for this transfer and 'capture' results in a 'frakture' explosion, utterly destroying the target area and covering up the fact that the people were effectively kidnapped.

In the film Iron Sky, the moon Nazis drag presumably moon rocks behind their space bound zeppelins and drop them on various cities from low earth orbit.

In the video game Call of Duty: Black Ops 2 there is a weapon in the campaign known as the "Kinetic Strike Weapon" and in Strike Force missions as the HAMP (High Altitude Munitions Package) and can be used in the Strike Force level I.E.D. and the campaign mission Judgement Day by using the Access Kit.

In the game Call of Duty: Ghosts the southern United States is ravaged by a kinetic bombardment, when the Federation hacks a space station called ODIN (Orbital Defense Initiative), using the United States' own weapons against it.

In the book ″Mecha Corps" by Brett Patton, the Corsair Confederacy attack one of the Universal Union's prime worlds using asteroids placed into orbit, aimed planetside.