Venerable Order of Saint John

The Most Venerable Order of the Hospital of Saint John of Jerusalem (L'Ordre très vénérable de l'hôpital de Saint-Jean de Jérusalem), also referred to as the Order of St. John, is a royal order of chivalry established in 1831 and found today throughout the Commonwealth of Nations, Hong Kong, Ireland, and the United States of America, with the world-wide mission "to prevent and relieve sickness and injury, and to act to enhance the health and well-being of people anywhere in the world."

The order's approximately 25,000 confrères, supported by 4,000 employees and 300,000 volunteers, are mostly of the Protestant faith, though those of other Christian denominations or other religions are accepted into the order, but usually honorary membership is awarded to deserving and distinguished adherents of other religions. Except via appointment to certain government or ecclesiastical offices in some realms, membership of the order is by invitation only and individuals may not petition for admission. It is perhaps best known through its service organizations, St John Ambulance and St John Eye Hospital Group, the memberships and work of which are not constricted by denomination or religion. It is also a member of The Alliance of the Orders of St. John of Jerusalem.

History
In 1823, the Council of the French Langues— a French state-backed faction of the Order of Malta (the Sovereign Military Hospitaller Order of St John of Jerusalem of Rhodes and of Malta) in France—sought to raise through private venture, funded by subscription, sufficient money to restore a homeland for the Order of Malta and aid the Greek War of Independence. This was to be achieved by issuing bonds in London to create a mercenary army of unemployed English soldiers using readily available cheap war surplus. A deal giving various islands to the Order of Malta, including Rhodes when captured, was struck with the Greek rebels but ultimately the attempt to raise money failed when details leaked to the press and the French state withdrew its backing of the Council and as a result the bankers refused the loan. The Council was reorganised and the so-called Marquis de Sainte-Croix-Molay became its head (previously number two of the Council and a former order administrator in Spain ). In June 1826 a second attempt was made to raise money to restore a mediterranean homeland for the Order when Philippe de Castelain, a French knight, was appointed by the Council to negotiate with suitable persons in England. Through this, in 1827 Scotsman Donald Currie was given the authority to raise £240,000. Anyone who subscribed to the scheme and all commissioned officers of the mercenary army were granted the right to be created Knights of the order, but this attracted few donations; the Greek War of Independence was won without the help of the Knights of the Council of the French Langues. De Castelain and Currie were then allowed by the French Council to form the Council of the English Langue, which was inaugurated on 12 January 1831, under the executive power of a man who called himself "Count" Alexander Mortara, and headquartered at the "Auberge of St. John, St. John's Gate, St. John's Square, Clerkenwell". This was the "Old Jerusalem Tavern", a now defunct public house occupying what had once been the gatehouse to the ancient Clerkenwell Priory, the mediæval Grand Priory of the Knights Hospitaller, otherwise known as the Knights of Saint John.

The Reverend Sir Robert Peat, the absentee Perpetual Curate of St Lawrence in Brentford, Middlesex, and one of the many former chaplains to Prince George, Prince Regent (later King George IV), had been recruited by the council as a member of the society in 1830. On the 29th January 1831 in the Presence of Philip de Chastelain and of the Agent-General of the French Tongues, Sir Robert Peat was elected Prior ad interim. He and other British members of the group, with the backing of the Council of the French Langues, then, on the grounds that he had been selling knighthoods, expelled Mortara, leading to two competing English chivalric groups between early 1832 and Mortara's disappearance in 1837. Despite his flaws, Mortara was a man of considerable bravery, distinguishing himself in the First Carlist War. Fighting on the Carlist side alongside Viscount Ranelagh, he was awarded Spain's highest award for valour, the Cross of San Fernando 1st class. Sir Robert Peat, three years after becoming Prior ad interim, on February 24, 1834, in order to publicly to emphasise his claim to the office of Prior, and in the hope of Reviving the Charter of Queen Mary dealing with the English branch of the Order, took the oath “de fideli administratione” in the court of the kings bench before the Lord Chief Justice of England. Peat was thus credited as being the first Grand Prior of the association, though this is not mentioned in any of his obituaries, leading W.B.H. in January 1919 to write in the journal Notes & Queries: "His name is not in the knights' lists, and he was never 'Prior in the Sovereign Order of St. John of Jerusalem': he became an ordinary member of that Order [sic] on Nov. 11, 1830." Regardless, Peat died in April 1837 and Sir Henry Dymoke was appointed Grand Prior and he re-established contact with the knights in France and Germany, where the group had also by that time expanded to. However, up to the late 1830s, the British arm of the organization had only considered itself to be a Grand Priory and Langue of the Order of St. John, having never officially been recognized as such by the established order. Dymoke sought to rectify this by seeking acknowledgement from the Roman Catholic headquarters of the Sovereign Military Order of Malta, but that group's Lieutenant Grand Master, then Philippe de Colloredo-Mansfeld, refused the request. In response to this rebuff, the British body declared itself to be the Sovereign Order of St. John in the United Kingdom, under the title The Sovereign and Illustrious Order of Saint John of Jerusalem, Anglia, thereby emphasising the Order's independence and claim to direct and continuous succession from the Order of St. John that was established in the 11th century.

This new order grew in population over the ensuing decades, during which the Duke of Manchester was in 1861 recruited as Grand Prior and a national hospitaller organization was formed when the Order of St. John formed a corps of ambulances. In 1871, a new constitution brought about further changes to the group's name, offering the more modest Order of Saint John of Jerusalem in England, and, five years later, Princess Alexandra, Princess of Wales, was recruited into its membership, followed by her husband, Prince Albert Edward, Prince of Wales. In 1877, the order established at large railway centres and mining districts various St. John Ambulance associations, so that railway men and colliers could learn how to treat victims of accidents; in 1882, the Grand Priory founded a hospice and ophthalmic dispensary in Jerusalem (known today as the St. John of Jerusalem Eye Hospital Group); and by 1887, had created the St. John Ambulance Brigade, which undertook practical and life-saving work.

The Order of St. John's most substantial leap forward came in 1888 when Queen Victoria granted the society a Royal Charter, yet again renaming the order, this time as the Grand Priory of the Order of the Hospital of Saint John of Jerusalem in England. This was amended in 1926 to the Grand Priory in the British Realm of the Venerable Order of the Hospital of Saint John of Jerusalem, and further in 1936 to the Grand Priory in the British Realm of the Most Venerable Order of the Hospital of Saint John of Jerusalem. It in 1961 played a role, together with the Protestant Continental branches of the original Order of Saint John (the so-called "Johanniter Orders" in Germany, the Netherlands, Sweden, and elsewhere), in the establishment of the Alliance of the Orders of St. John of Jerusalem and thereafter finally received through a concordat in 1963 collateral recognition by the Order of Malta. The most recent Royal Charter was issued in 1955, with a supplemental charter granted in 1974, recognizing the world-wide scope of the organization by setting its present name. In 1999, the order was granted special consultative status with the United Nations Economic and Social Council.

Officers and grades
Queen Elizabeth II—the reigning monarch of the Commonwealth realms since 1952—is at the apex of the Order of St. John as its Sovereign Head, followed by the Grand Prior—since 1974 the Duke of Gloucester. He, along with the four or five other Great Officers—the Lord Prior of St John, who acts as the lieutenant of and deputy to the Grand Prior; the Prelate, a member of episcopal rank in the Church of England; the Deputy Lord Prior or Priors, depending on the Grand Prior's needs, who act accordingly as lieutenants and deputies to the Lord Prior; and the Sub-Prelate, who has interests in the commanderies and associations of the organization —as well as the Priors and Chancellors of each of the order's eight priories and the Hospitaller make up the Grand Council. On recommendation of that body, the Grand Prior appoints all the Grand Officers, besides himself, and may also appoint members of either Grade I or Grade II as other officers, known as the Principal Officers, such as the Secretary-General, and honorary officers, such as the Genealogist, who all hold office for a period not exceeding three years. The Grand Prior may also appoint a secretary of the order, who holds office at the pleasure of the Grand Prior or until resignation. A subset of the Grand Council is the Honours and Awards Committee, which considers all recommendations for appointment or promotion into the grade of Bailiff or Dame Grand Cross, appointment or promotion into any grade of a person not resident within any priory's territory, and advises the Grand Council in respect of the award of the Life-Saving Medal and Service Medal.

Thereafter follow the members of the order, who are divided into six hierarchical grades, all having accordant post-nominal letters. Grade I is limited to only the members of the Grand Council plus no more than 21 others, though royalty and heads of state of any country may be appointed as a Bailiff or Dame Grand Cross without counting towards the total population; All Priors, should they not already be in the grade or higher, are made a Knight or Dame of Justice upon their assignment; this formerly enabled them, along with all Bailiffs and Dames Grand Cross, to nominate two personal Esquires, just as each Knight or Dame of Grace could nominate one personal Esquire, subject to the Grand Council's scrutiny.

Knights and Dames receive the accolade from the Grand Prior when they are touched on the shoulder with a sword and are given their robes and insignia. However, post-nominal letters of the order are not used outside the organization itself and a Knight and Dame may not use the prefix Sir or Dame,   though they may request from their local heraldic authority a personal coat of arms, should they not already be entitled to use one, and have it adorned with emblems of the Order of St. John. Knights and Dames Grand Cross additionally have the right to be granted heraldic supporters for life. Further, membership in the order only grants precedence within the society, which is as follows:


 * 1) The Sovereign Head
 * 2) The Grand Prior
 * 3) The Lord Prior of St. John
 * 4) The Prior of a Priory or the Knight or Dame Commander of a Commandery when within the territory of the establishment
 * 5) The Prelate of the Order
 * 6) The Deputy Lord Prior or the Deputy Lord Priors and if more than one in the order of seniority in their grades
 * 7) The Sub-Prior of the Order
 * 8) Former Great Officers
 * 9) Bailiffs and Dames Grand Cross
 * 10) The Prior of a Priory or the Knight or Dame Commander of a Commandery outside the territory of the establishment
 * 11) Members of the Grand Council not included above in the order of seniority in their grades
 * 12) The Principal Officers in the order of their offices
 * 13) The Sub-Prelates and the Honorary Sub-Prelates
 * 14) The Hospitaller of the Order
 * 15) Knights and Dames
 * 16) Chaplains
 * 17) Commanders
 * 18) Officers
 * 19) Serving Brothers and Serving Sisters
 * 20) Esquires

Precedence within each grade is dictated by date of appointment, save for those in Grade I who are either a head of state or royal, in which case they all precede the other members of the grade in the following order:


 * 1) Members of the Sovereign's family
 * 2) Heads of state from the Commonwealth of Nations
 * 3) Foreign Heads of State
 * 4) Members of other Commonwealth royal families
 * 5) Members of foreign royal families

Priories and Commanderies
Following constitutional changes made in 1999, the Priory of England and The Islands was established (including the Commandery of Ards in Northern Ireland) alongside the existing Priories of Wales, Scotland, Canada, Australia (including the Commandery of Western Australia), New Zealand, South Africa, and the United States. In 2013, the Priory of Kenya was formed. Each is governed by a Prior and a Priory Chapter. Commanderies, governed by a Knight or Dame Commander and a Commandery Chapter, may exist within or wholly or partly without the territory of a priory, known as Dependent or Independent Commanderies, respectively. Any country without a priory or commandery of its own is assumed into the "home priory" of England and The Islands, many of these being smaller Commonwealth of Nations states in which the order has only a minor presence.

The Order of St. John is said to have arrived in Canada in 1648, as the second Governor of New France, Charles de Montmagny, was a member of the original order, but it was not until 1883 that the first branch of the modern organization was established in the country, at Quebec City, growing to 12 branches by 1892. The Order of St. John today forms part of the Canadian national honours system and the priory, established in 1946 out of the Commandery of Canada, is the largest outside of the United Kingdom, with some 6,000 members. The Canadian monarch's viceroy, the governor general, serves as the Prior and Chief Officer in Canada, while the provincial viceroys—the lieutenant governors—act as the Vice-Priors, overseeing the administration of the order in their respective province. These individuals thus automatically become Knights or Dames of Justice upon their swearing-into viceregal office.

An American Society of the Order of St. John was established in 1957 as a foundation to assist the order with charitable work, after 1961 focusing its efforts specifically on the St. John Ophthalmic Hospital in Jerusalem and some other organizations aiding the sick. This branch was successful enough that Queen Elizabeth II in 1996 officially created the Priory of the United States of America, the seventh priory at the time, with John R. Drexel as the first Prior. By late 2000, the US priory had approximately 1,100 members. As citizens of a country that did not have the sovereignty of the Order of St. John vested in its head of state, American inductees who first joined the new priory were specifically asked to only "pay due obedience" to the governing authorities of the order "in all things consistent with your duty to your own country," thus eliminating any question of loyalty to a foreign head of state superseding American postulants' duties as US citizens.

Vestments and insignia
Upon admission into the Order of St. John, confrères are given various insignia of the organization, each level and office being represented by different emblems and robes for wear at important occasions for the order. Common for all members except Esquires is the badge, consisting of an eight-pointed Maltese Cross embellished in the four principal angles alternately with two lions passant guardant and two unicorns passant. That for the Sovereign Head is gold with arms of white enamel and the embellishments rendered in gold, all surmounted by a jeweled St. Edward's Crown, while those for the Officers of the order are the same save for the Grand Prior's having the crown made only of gold; the Lord Prior's having in place of the St. Edward's Crown the coronet in gold of Albert Edward, Prince of Wales; and the Prelate's having instead a representation of a mitre in gold. Thereafter, the badges are prescribed as follows:

All Bailiffs and Dames Grand Cross may wear their badges either at the left hip on a 101.6 mm (for men) or 82.5 mm (for women) wide, black watered silk ribbon over the right shoulder or from a 16.5 mm wide black band at the collar. Male Knights Justice or Grace and Commanders wear their badges on a 16.5mm wide ribbon at the neck, while Officers and Members have theirs on a 38 mm straight ribbon suspended from a medal bar on the left breast. Females in all grades have the option of wearing their insignia on a ribbon bow pinned at the left shoulder. Bailiffs and Dames Grand Cross, Knights and Dames of Justice or Grace, and Chaplains may all also wear a breast star, which appears the same as their badges, only at a diameter of 88.9 mm and without embellishments for those in Grade I and 76 mm for those in Grade II. Further, those in these groups are also given a button for wear on the lapel of non-formal civilian clothing, for events such as business meetings of the order. In general, the insignia of the Order of St. John may be worn at all occasions where other decorations are worn, not only those connected with the ceremonies of the order.

All members of the order are also required to wear specific robes for formal occasions of the society, including a mantle, sopra vest, and hat. The mantles of the Sovereign Head and Grand Prior are all of black silk velvet and lined with white silk, the former's differentiated by an additional train. Bailiffs and Dames Grand Cross and, before 1926, Knights of Justice formerly wore black silk robes with a lining of the same material and colour; these members now wear the same mantle as Commanders, Officers, and Esquires, which are made of black merino wool faced with black silk. The only other unique mantles are those of the Medical Officer of the St. John Ophthalmic Hospital, which bears a special pattern, and of Chaplains, which is a black silk robe with full sleeves. Each cloak also bears on its left side a rendition of the order's star in white silk: the Sovereign Head, Grand Prior, and those in the first two grades of the order all have a 300 mm diameter emblem; the Sovereign's and Grand Prior's are of white silk with gold adornments, the former's also surmounted by a St. Edward's Crown, while those for Bailiffs and Dames Grand Cross, Knights and Dames of Justice, and Knights and Dames of Grace are rendered in white linen, the first two groups having embellishments in gold silk, the latter in white silk. Similarly, the star for Commanders and Officers is of white linen with white silk ornamentation, though they are only 228.6 mm and 152.4 mm in diameter, respectively. The secretaries of the order, the Priors, and the Commanders also wear the badge superimposed upon two goose quill pens embroidered saltire-wise in white silk.

The sopra (or supra) vest is a long drape of thin, black cloth that buttons close down the neck and to one side, falling to the ankles and cut so as to entirely cover the body. It is similar to a cassock, though it is actually derived from the supra vesta—a black surcoat worn in the mid 13th century by the Knights of St. John. Confrères in Grade I have a plain, white, 300mm diameter Maltese Cross on their sopra vests, while members of Grades II and III, plus Chaplains, have a plain garment, though the wearer's Order of St. John insignia is displayed outside the vest, 152mm below the collar. Clerical inductees of the order may, when officiating, wear over their cassock and surplice a tippet of black with red lining, edging, and buttons, a 76mm wide star worn on the left breast and the accordant badge suspended at the neck. When full mantles and sopra vests are worn a black velvet Tudor style hat is included.

Eligibility and appointment
The Sovereign Head makes all appointments to the order as she, in her absolute discretion, shall think fit, though the constitution does impose certain limitations: the maximum number of members is set at 35,000, and appointees to the level of Esquire may not be under the age of 16, nor appointees to all other grades under the age of 18. Recommendations are made by the Grand Council, and those selected have generally acted in such a manner as to strengthen the spirit of mankind—as reflected in the Order's first motto, PRO FIDE—and to encourage and promote humanitarian and charitable work aiding those in sickness, suffering, and/or danger—as reflected in the order's other motto, PRO UTILITATE HOMINUM.

To be inducted, new members must recite the organization's declaration:
 * "I do solemnly declare that I will be faithful and obedient to The Order of St. John and its Sovereign Head as far as it is consistent with my duty to my [sovereign/president] and to my country; that I will do everything in my power to uphold its dignity and support its charitable works; and that I will endeavour always to uphold the aims of this Christian order and to conduct myself as a person of honour."

Notwithstanding the order's devotion to Christian ideals of charity and its official position that the order has a "Christian character", its Grand Council has since 1999 affirmed that "profession of the Christian Faith should not be a condition of membership of the Order." The issue of the order's Christian character and the issue of "inclusive membership" was dealt with in the Grand Council's Pro Fide Report in 2005, wherein it was said that the order's life is shaped by Christian faith and values, but that "[r]ather than the emphasis being primarily upon 'spiritual beliefs or doctrine' it is on works of mercy rendered through St. John". Therefore, while the Great Officers are required to profess the Christian faith, the same is "not an essential condition of membership" and "[t]he onus is on the man or woman who is invited to the privilege of membership to decide whether he or she can with a good conscience promise to be faithful to the stated aims and purposes of this Christian lay order of chivalry." On the subject of inclusive membership, the report stated "Christian hospitality is a criterion which can be applied to the Order's relationships to persons of other religious faiths," and "the Order needs to be characterized by a hospitable disposition towards other faith traditions while holding fast to its own origins and foundational identity in Christian faith."

Precedence
As the Order of St. John is international, the order's place of precedence varies from country to country. Unlike those of other hierarchical orders, all grades of the Order of St. John rank between the order's predecessor and successor. Some examples follow: