Handley Page

Handley Page Limited was founded by Frederick Handley Page (later Sir Frederick) in 1909 as the United Kingdom's first publicly traded aircraft manufacturing company. It went into voluntary liquidation and ceased to exist in 1970. The company, based at Radlett Aerodrome in Hertfordshire, was noted for producing heavy bombers and large airliners.

History
Frederick Handley Page first experimented with and built several biplanes and monoplanes at premises in Woolwich, Fambridge and Barking Creek. His company, founded on 17 June 1909, became the first British public company to build aircraft.

In 1912 Handley Page established an aircraft factory at Cricklewood after moving from Barking. Aircraft were built there, and flown from the company's adjacent airfield, known as Cricklewood Aerodrome, which was also used by Handley Page Transport. The factory was later sold off to Oswald Stoll and converted into Britain's largest film studios Cricklewood Studios.

World War I
During the First World War Handley Page produced a series of heavy bombers for the Royal Navy to bomb the German Zeppelin yards, with the ultimate intent of bombing Berlin in revenge for the Zeppelin attacks on London. Handley Page had been asked by the Admiralty to produce a "bloody paralyser of an aeroplane". These aircraft included the O/100 of 1915, the O/400 of 1918 and the four-engined V/1500 with the range to reach Berlin. The V/1500 only just reached operational service as the war ended in 1918.

Inter-war period
In the immediate post-war years, Handley Page modified a number of O/400's to passenger use, which they flew on the London-Paris route as Handley Page Transport. The V/1500 was considered too large to be practical at the time, but a number of design features of the V/1500 were later incorporated into an O/400 airframe to produce their first dedicated passenger design, the W.8. In 1924 Handley Page Transport merged with two other regional airlines to create Imperial Airways, the UK's first national airline service. Handley Page developed several large biplane airliners, including the luxurious Handley Page H.P.42, for use on Imperial routes to Africa and India.

Handley Page also developed the Handley Page Slat (or slot, see slats), an auxiliary airfoil mounted ahead and over the main wing, which formed a narrow opening running along the leading edge of the wing to improve airflow at high angles of attack. The leading edge slat was simultaneously designed by the German aerodynamicist Gustav Lachmann, who was later employed by Handley Page. The design was so successful that licensing fees to other companies was their main source of income in the early 1920s.

In 1929 the Cricklewood Aerodrome was closed and a new one built at Radlett, where most aircraft were now to be constructed. However the construction of aircraft at Cricklewood continued until 1964 when the premises were sold to become the Cricklewood trading estate.

World War II
With the Second World War looming, Handley Page turned back to bomber design and produced the HP.52 Hampden, which took part in the first British raid on Berlin. In response to a 1936 government request for heavier, longer ranged aircraft Handley Page tendered the HP.56 design powered by twin Rolls-Royce Vulture and this was ordered along with what became the Avro Manchester. However the Vulture proved so troublesome that years before the engine was abandoned by Rolls Royce in 1940, the Air Staff decided that the HP.56 should be fitted with four engines instead. As such, before even reaching prototype stage, the HP.56 design was reworked into the four-engined HP.57 Halifax. The Halifax became the second most prolific British heavy bomber of the war after the Avro Lancaster (essentially a four-engine development of the Manchester). Although in some respects (such as crew survivability) better than the Lancaster, the Halifax suffered in terms of altitude performance and was redeployed toward the end of the war as a heavy transoport and glider tug, with several variants being specifically built as such, including the HP.70 Halton.

Post-war
After the war the British Government sought tenders for jet bombers to carry the nation's nuclear deterrent. The three types produced were known as the V-Bombers, and Handley Page's contribution was the HP.80 Victor, a four-engined, crescent-winged design. This aircraft remained in service (as a tanker aircraft) well beyond the demise of the company which created it.

In 1947 Handley Page bought some of the assets of the bankrupt Miles Aircraft company. These assets include existing designs, tools and jigs, most notably for the Miles M.52 supersonic research aircraft, and the Miles Reading site at Woodley. The whole operation was Handley Page (Reading) Ltd the company constituted to buy and operate the assets formed out of the legally alive but otherwise inactive Handley Page Transport Ltd. The most significant of the inherited designs was the Herald airliner. Designs coming out of the Reading site were shown by the initials HPR (from "Handley Page (Reading) Limited")

Demise
Unlike the other large British aircraft manufacturers, Handley Page resisted the Government's pressure to merge into larger entities. By the late 1960s, the British aviation industry was dominated by just two combines; Hawker Siddeley and the British Aircraft Corporation.

Unable to compete for Government orders or with large commercial aircraft, Handley Page produced its final notable Handley Page design; the Jetstream. This was a small turboprop-powered commuter aircraft, with a pressurised cabin and a passenger capacity of 12 to 18. It was designed primarily for the United States "feederliner" market.

The Jetstream was too late to save Handley Page, and the company went into voluntary liquidation in March 1970 and was wound up after 61 years trading under the same name. The Jetstream however lived on as a successful product, the design being purchased and produced by Scottish Aviation at Prestwick and later when Scottish Aviation was incorporated into British Aerospace from 1977.

Sites
Radlett Aerodrome was opened in 1929 as a grass aerodrome for Handley Page Civil Aircraft, the runway was extended in 1939 to enable production of Halifax bombers.

Before closing the airfield has two runways:


 * 03/21 approximately 7000 ft
 * 15/33 approximately 2500 ft

Most of the towers, hangars and runways were demolished in the 1970s after the Company was wound up. The M25 Motorway now stands on the south of the site, with Lafarge Aggregates now owning the remainder. The runway surface was removed and replaced with grass, but a shadow remains when viewed from the air.

Designations
Handley Page originally used a letter progression to designate types (i.e. R, S, T etc. ) in combination with a number, that may or may not have been meaningful, to designate sub-types (e.g. the O/100 indicated the type's 100 foot wingspan). In 1924, Handley Page moved to using the letters HP and a number to indicate the model. Thus the O/400 became the HP.16 and the W.8 the HP.18. When the assets of Miles Aircraft were taken over, the latter's Reading design office began using HPR. (for Handley Page Reading), followed by a number indicates that the design originated in the Reading design office (e.g. the HPR.1 Marathon).

Designs

 * Type A / HP.1 – monoplane (1910)
 * Type B / HP.2 – biplane
 * Type D / HP.4 – monoplane (1911)
 * Type E / HP.5 – monoplane
 * Type F / HP.6 – monoplane
 * Type G / HP.7 – biplane
 * Type L / HP.8 – biplane – never flew
 * HP.14 - prototype naval reconnaissance
 * Type O – twin-engined bomber
 * O/100 (HP.11)
 * O/400 (HP.12)
 * O/7 bomber
 * O/10 airliner
 * O/11 airliner
 * W/400 airliner
 * V/1500 / HP.15
 * Type W airliner
 * W8 / HP.18 / HP.26 Hamilton
 * W9 / HP.27 Hampstead
 * Type T / HP.19 Hanley
 * HP.20
 * Type S / HP.21
 * HP.22
 * HP.23
 * HP.24 Hyderabad
 * Type Ta / HP.25 Hendon
 * C/7 / HP.28 Handcross
 * HP.31 Harrow
 * HP.32 Hamlet
 * HP.33 / HP.35 / HP.36 Hinaidi – heavy bomber
 * HP.34 Hare
 * HP.38 / HP.50 Heyford – biplane heavy bomber
 * HP.39 Gugnunc – experimental biplane
 * HP.42 – biplane airliner
 * HP.43 – three-engined biplane bomber transport
 * HP.45 – biplane airliner
 * HP.46 - torpedo bomber
 * HP.47 - bomber, torpedo bomber
 * HP.51 – prototype bomber transport
 * H.P.52 Hampden – medium bomber
 * HP.53 – bomber design for Sweden – led to the HP.52 Hereford
 * HP.54 Harrow – monoplane heavy bomber
 * HP.55 – two-engined heavy bomber design
 * HP.56 – two-engined heavy bomber design
 * Halifax – four-engined heavy bomber
 * HP.57 Halifax Mk.I
 * HP.58 Halifax Mk.II
 * HP.59 Halifax Mk.II Series
 * HP.61 Halifax Mk.III
 * HP.63 Halifax Mk.V / VI / VII
 * HP.70
 * Halifax Mk.VIII
 * Halton – airliner
 * HP.65 - design for developed Halifax with new low drage 113 ft wing, turbo supercharged Hercules engine.
 * HP.66 - design for developed Halifax ordered to specification B.27/43, provisionally called Hastings B.I, abandoned after end of war.
 * HP.69 - design for developed Halifax with turbo-blower exhaust Hercules 100, provisionally called Hastings Mark II. Prototype orderd but shelved 1944
 * HP.71 Halifax Mk.IX
 * HP.67 Hastings – military transport
 * Handley Page Hermes – airliner
 * HP.68 Hermes I
 * HP.74 Hermes II
 * HP.81 Hermes IV
 * HP.82 Hermes V
 * HP.75 Manx – tailless research aircraft
 * HP.80 Victor – four-engined bomber
 * HP.88 – Victor research aircraft
 * HP.115 – delta winged research aircraft
 * HP.100 – reconnaissance bomber to OR.330
 * HP.137 Jetstream – twin-turboprop feederliner

Handley Page (Reading) designs
 * HPR.1 Marathon – airliner
 * HPR.2 Basic Trainer – basic trainer
 * HPR.3 Herald airliner
 * HPR.5 Marathon – engine test bed
 * HPR.7 Dart Herald – airliner