Central Military Commission (People's Republic of China)

The Central Military Commission (CMC) is the national defense organization of the People's Republic of China.

It refers to one of two organizations of the People's Republic of China: either the "Central Military Commission of the People's Republic of China" (a state organ) or the "Central Military Commission of the Communist Party of China" (a party organ).

The command and control of the People's Liberation Army (Chinese armed forces) is exercised in name by the 'state CMC', supervised by the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress. The state CMC is nominally considered the supreme military policy-making body and its chairman, elected by the National People's Congress, is the commander-in-chief of the armed forces. In reality, command and control of the PLA, however, still resides with the Central Military Commission of the Chinese Communist Party Central Committee—the 'party CMC'.

Both commissions are identical in membership, thus actually forming one identical institution under two different names (called ), in order to fit in both state government and party systems. Both commissions are currently chaired by Chairman Hu Jintao. The 11-man commission issues directives relating to the PLA, including senior appointments, troop deployments and arms spending. Almost all the members are senior generals, but the most important posts have always been held by the party's most senior leaders to ensure absolute loyalty of the armed forces and to ensure the survival of the regime.

The CMC is housed in the Ministry of National Defense compound ("August 1st Building") in western Beijing.

Origin
The party military committee dates back to October 1925, and while operating under various degrees of authority and responsibility, was consistently named the Zhongyang Junshi Weiyuanhui (Central Military Affairs Commission). Among Western commentators, “Affairs” is frequently dropped from the title. As a commission, it ranks higher in the party hierarchy than departments such as the Organization or United Front Departments. In the September 1949 reorganization, a government counterpart, the Zhongyang Zhengfu Geming Junshi Weiyuanhui (Central Revolutionary Government Military Affairs Commission) was established. This evolved into the September 1954 Guofang Weiyuanhui (National Defense Commission) and later into today’s State CMC, which was created in 1982 by the Constitution of the People's Republic of China in order to formalize the role of the military within the government structure. Both the National Defense Commission and State CMC have been described as 'consultative' bodies.

Command structure
Unlike in most countries, the Central Military Commission is not considered as just another ministry. Although China does have a Ministry of National Defense, headed by a Minister of National Defense, it exists solely for liaison with foreign militaries and does not have command authority. One of the few other nations with the same structure is Vietnam.

The most important chain of command runs from the CMC to the four General Headquarters (General Staff Department, General Political Department, General Logistic Department, General Armament Department) and, in turn, to each of the service branches (ground, navy and air forces) and military regions. In addition, the CMC also has direct control over the Second Artillery Corps (strategic missile force), the National Defense University, and the Academy of Military Science. As stipulated in the 1997 National Defense Law, the CMC also controls the paramilitary People’s Armed Police (PAP), who have the politically sensitive role of guarding key government buildings, including the main leadership compound of Zhongnanhai in Beijing. The CMC shares command authority with the Ministry of Public Security of the State Council.

Although in theory the CMC has the highest military command authority, in reality the ultimate decision making power concerning war, armed forces, and national defense resides with the Communist Party’s Politburo. The CMC is usually chaired by the General Secretary of CPC, who is supported by two to three Vice Chairmen, including the Minister of National Defense. Members of the CMC normally includes the Directors of the PLA’s Four General Headquarters and the Commander of the Air Force, Navy, and Second Artillery.

Political structure
The armed forces of China are commanded by General Staff Headquarters, the General Political Department, the General Logistics Department and the General Armaments Department of the PLA, which implements the directives of the Central Military Commission. Along with the General Secretary of the Communist Party and President, the Chairman of the Central Military Commission is one of the most powerful leaders in Chinese politics.

The Chairman of the CMC was twice in its history held by a senior official who had given up his other posts, as in the case of Deng Xiaoping and Jiang Zemin. In the case of Deng Xiaoping, because of his prestige, he was able to exercise considerable power after his retirement, in part from his position as CMC Chairman. There was speculation that Jiang Zemin would have been able to retain similar authority after his retirement from the positions of General Secretary and President, but this did not turn out to be so. One major factor is that in contrast to Deng Xiaoping, who always had close relations with the People's Liberation Army, Jiang had no military background. In addition, with the promotion of the fourth generation of Chinese leaders to lead the civilian party, there was also a corresponding promotion of military leaders. All the military members of the CMC come from Hu Jintao's generation rather than from Jiang's, and at the time of the leadership transition, there appeared some very sharp editorials from military officers suggesting that the military would have strong objections to Jiang attempting to exercise power behind the scenes. Jiang Zemin retired from his post as Chairman of the party's Central Military Commission in September 2004 to Hu Jintao, and from the state's in March 2005, solidifying Hu's position as paramount leader.

In China's state-party-military tripartite political system, the CMC itself is a decision-making body whose day-to-day affairs are not nearly as transparent as that of the Central Committee or the State Council. As one of China's three main decision making bodies the relative influence of the CMC can vary depending on the time period and the leaders. In the event of war or political crisis, for example, the CMC may well function as a de facto executive for the country's daily affairs.

The Tiananmen Protests of 1989 illustrates how the Central Military Commission functions. CMC Chairman Deng Xiaoping proposed the imposition martial law and the use of armed soldiers to suppress unarmed demonstrations in Beijing. Under the constitution of the Chinese Communist Party, the CMC is subordinate to the Politburo. Three members of the Politburo Standing Committee voted for martial law while two, General Secretary Zhao Ziyang and President Yang Shangkun, voted against it.

Election of members
Theoretically, the CCP (party) CMC is elected by the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China and is subordinate to the Politburo and the Politburo Standing Committee (PBSC). In practice, membership is very closely controlled by the PBSC.

Similarly, the State CMC is nominally elected by the National People's Congress and theoretically reports to the Congress, but is in practice indistinguishable from the CCP CMC. This difference in elections also results in the only difference in membership between the two bodies, as party organs, such as the party congress and the Central Committee assemble at different times than the National People's Congress. For example, some were elected into the party CMC in the Sixteenth National Congress of the Communist Party of China in November 2002, but they entered the state CMC in March 2003, when the 10th National People's Congress convened.

The members are generally uniformed military commanders, except for the chairman and first vice-chairman, who have both been drawn from the Politburo in recent years. The military members are generally members of neither the Politburo Standing Committee nor the State Council outside of the Minister of National Defense, although they all tend to be members of the Communist Party and are members of the Central Committee. The military members are apparently chosen with regular promotion procedures from within the PLA.

Membership
According to the Constitution of the People's Republic of China, the CMC is composed of the following: the Chairman; the Vice-Chairmen; and Members. The Chairman of the Central Military Commission has overall responsibility for the commission.

As of May 2009 (dates refer to tenure on the CCP MAC):

Chairman:
 * Chairman of the Central Military Commission — Hu Jintao (also General Secretary of the Chinese Communist Party, President of the People's Republic of China) (since September 2004)

Vice Chairmen:
 * Vice Chairman of the Central Military Commission — General Guo Boxiong (since November 2002)
 * Vice Chairman of the Central Military Commission — General Xu Caihou (since September 2004)

Members:
 * Minister of National Defense - General Liang Guanglie (since November 2002)
 * Chief of General Staff of the People's Liberation Army — General Chen Bingde (since September 2004)
 * Director of the General Political Department — General Li Jinai (since November 2002)
 * Director of the General Logistics Department — General Liao Xilong (since November 2002)
 * Director of the General Armament Department — General Chang Wanquan (since October 2007)
 * Commander of the PLA Navy — Navy General Wu Shengli (since October 2007)
 * Commander of the PLA Air Force and PLA Deputy Chief-of-Staff— Air Force General Xu Qiliang (since October 2007)
 * Commander of the Second Artillery Corps — General Jing Zhiyuan (since September 2004)

Organization
The exact internal organisation of the CMC is highly secretive. However, it is known that the CMC contains at least five key organs.


 * General Staff Department
 * Legal Affairs Bureau
 * Arms Trading Office
 * Discipline Inspection Commission
 * Audit Bureau

The General Staff Department is the nerve center of the entire Chinese military command and control system, responsible for daily administrative duties of the CMC. The General Office processes all CMC communications and documents, coordinate meetings, and convey orders and directives to other subordinate organs.

Proposed reorganization
There has been an effort to establish a national security council-type body that would presumably assume greater control over government bodies vital to national security, including the People's Liberation Army. It is not clear what role the CMC would play in such a reorganization.