Adelantado

Adelantado was a title held by Spanish nobles in service of their respective kings during the Middle Ages. It was later used as a military title held by some Spanish conquistadores of the 15th, 16th and 17th centuries.

Adelantados were granted directly by the Monarch the right to become governors and justices of a specific region, which they were charged with conquering, in exchange for funding and organizing the initial explorations, settlements and pacification of the target area on behalf of the Crown of Castile. These areas were usually outside of the jurisdiction of an existing audiencia or viceroy, and adelantados were authorized to communicate directly with the Council of the Indies.

The reconquista
The term has its origins in the reconquista. The term comes from the phrase por adelantado (Spanish: "in advance", although translations stating "one who goes before" and "the forward man" are also found), which in turn is a calque of the Arabic term al-muqaddám. As early as the 11th century a few Castilian and Navarrese documents use the word, but do not specify the powers or duties of the office.

The earliest definitely known adelentado was appointed by Alfonso X in 1253 in the recently conquered territory of "La Frontera" (Andalusia). However the office had precedents in the duties and rights held by some officers of the Navarrese dynasty of Castile and León, and Álvar Fáñez or Fortún Sánchez in the Ebro valley performed similar services in detached territories beyond the frontier. It was during this time that the Siete Partidas, commissioned by Alfonso X, more precisely identified the powers of the office. That law code created the position of an adelantado mayor, who was at the same time an intermediary appellate judge, located in the judicial hierarchy between local justices and the king's court, and an executive officer, who as a direct representative of the king, was charged with implementing royal orders in his assigned area. Most appointees were from the upper nobility or the royal family. After its success in Andalusia, the institution was introduced in the northern areas of the peninsula, merging with, and becoming indistinguishable from an older judicial office, the Royal Merinos.

Overseas
Beyond the peninsula the term adelantado was granted to Alonso Fernández de Lugo in the conquest of the Canary Islands and was confirmed to members of his family. The term became modified over time. During the colonization of the Americas and Spanish East Indies (Asia), each charter specified different powers to each adelantado, sometimes in a vague manner, which often lead to confusion, as in the case between Juan de Oñate and the Viceroy of New Spain. The title was also granted both as an inheritable title and one that lasted for one life only. With the publication of the Ordinances Concerning Discoveries (Ordenanzas de descubrimientos, nueva población y pacificación de las Indias) in 1573, the attributes of adelantados became regularized, although the title was granted with much less frequency after this date, especially since the institutions of audiencias, governors and viceroys had been developed. Nevertheless, the Ordinances are useful because they illustrate the faculties adelantados often had. The Ordinances established that adelantados, in their capacity as governors and justices of the new territories, had the right to hear civil and criminal cases in appeal, to name the regidores and employees of the cabildos of any towns founded, to name interim treasury officials, to issue ordinances on the use of land and mines, to establish districts, and to organize militias and name their captains.

The first use of the title adelantado in the Americas was by Bartolomeo Columbus, brother of Christopher Columbus, who governed Hispaniola under this title during his brother's absence from 1494 to 1498. It was later inherited by Diego Colón after much litigation. Other conquistadors who were granted the title include:
 * 1512: Juan Ponce de León for Florida and Biminí, renewed in 1524 for his son, Luis.
 * 15?? Rodrigo de Bastidas for Isthmus of Panama and Santa Marta
 * 1514: Vasco Núñez de Balboa for the South Sea.
 * 1518: Ferdinand Magellan for the Spice Islands, and Diego Velázquez de Cuéllar for Yucatán and Cozumel.
 * 1527: Pánfilo de Narváez for Florida.
 * 1529: Francisco Pizarro for Peru, and Pedro de Mendoza for Argentina.
 * 1530: Pedro de Alvarado for Guatemala.
 * 1535: Pedro Fernández de Lugo for Santa Marta (as son of Alonso Fernández de Lugo, Adelantado of Tenerife and La Palma, he was a second-generation adelantado).
 * 1537: Hernando de Soto for Florida.
 * 1540: Álvar Núñez Cabeza de Vaca for Río de la Plata.
 * 1549: Pedro de Valdivia for Chile.
 * 1565: Pedro Menéndez de Avilés for Florida.
 * 1571: Miguel López de Legazpi for the Philippines.
 * 1595: Alvaro de Mendaña, and after his death his wife Isabel Barreto, for the Solomon Islands.