Henry Burrell (admiral)

Vice Admiral Sir Henry Mackay Burrell (13 August 1904 – 9 February 1988) was a senior commander in the Royal Australian Navy (RAN). He served as Chief of the Naval Staff (CNS) from 1959 to 1962. Born in Wentworth Falls, New South Wales, Burrell entered the Royal Australian Naval College in 1918 as a thirteen-year-old cadet. His first posting at sea was aboard the cruiser HMAS Sydney (1912). During the 1920s and 1930s, Burrell served a number of years on exchange with the Royal Navy, specialising as a navigator. Following the outbreak of World War II, he filled a key liaison post with the US Navy, and later saw action as commander of the destroyer HMAS Norman (G49), earning a mention in despatches.

Promoted captain in 1946, Burrell played a major role in the formation of the RAN's Fleet Air Arm, before commanding the flagship HMAS Australia (D84) in 1948–49. He captained the light aircraft carrier HMAS Vengeance (R71) in 1953–54, and was twice appointed Flag Officer of the Australian Fleet, in 1955 and 1958. As CNS in 1959, Burrell began a major program of acquisitions for the Navy, including new helicopters, minesweepers, submarines and guided missile destroyers. He was credited with helping to reverse a plan by the government to dismantle the Fleet Air Arm. Knighted in 1960, Burrell retired to his farm near Canberra in 1962 and published his memoirs, Mermaids Do Exist, in 1986. He died two years later, aged eighty-three.

Early career
Henry Burrell was born at Wentworth Falls, in the Blue Mountains district of New South Wales, to schoolteacher Thomas Burrell and his wife Eliza. His father, who had emigrated from England, joined the Australian Imperial Force at the age of fifty-five during World War I, seeing active service in Egypt. Henry attended Parramatta High School before entering the Royal Australian Naval College, Jervis Bay, on 1 January 1918, at the age of thirteen. A keen sportsman, he competed in Rugby union, tennis and hockey, winning colours for the latter. Burrell graduated from the college in 1921 and became a midshipman the next year, going to sea firstly aboard the light cruiser HMAS Sydney (1912) and then the destroyer HMAS Stalwart (H14). Posted to the United Kingdom for further training in 1924, he served on the light cruiser HMS Caledon (D53) and the battleship HMS Malaya. In April 1925, he was promoted to sub-lieutenant, rising to lieutenant by July 1926.

After attending a Royal Navy course in 1930, Burrell became a specialist navigator, and saw service aboard the minesweeper HMS Pangbourne, destroyers HMAS Tattoo and HMAS Stuart (D00), and cruiser HMAS Brisbane (1915). He married Margaret MacKay at Scots' Church, Melbourne, on 27 December 1933 and was promoted lieutenant commander in July the following year. Graduating from an advanced navigation course in 1935, Burrell served on exchange with the Royal Navy as navigator aboard the cruisers HMS Coventry (D43) and HMS Devonshire (39), the latter during her tour in the Spanish Civil War. Described as being "egalitarian" and "approachable", his familiarity with ratings earned him the criticism of Devonshire's captain; Burrell however considered that a close relationship between officers and men was necessary for the smooth running of a ship. After completing the Royal Navy's staff course in 1938, he returned to Australia and was appointed Staff Officer (Operations) at the Navy Office, Melbourne, in March 1939. It was Burrell's first shore-based position, and he spent the next four months bringing up to date naval sections of the War Book (documentation on preparations for war).

World War II
Burrell was still based at the Navy Office when World War II broke out in September 1939. A reorganisation of the headquarters in May 1940 saw him promoted to commander and given the new role of Director of Operations, overseeing troop convoys and air cover, local defence, and staffing issues. Burrell's "full knowledge of Australian naval plans and resources" led to him being personally nominated by Prime Minister Robert Menzies to participate in staff talks with representatives of the Royal Navy and US Navy in October. Soon after, he was posted as the first Australian naval attaché to Washington, D.C., in an effort to improve communications with the US in light of the threat from Japan. Burrell was credited with helping to foster closer cooperation between the two navies in the Pacific region.

Travelling to Britain, Burrell was appointed commanding officer of the newly commissioned N-class destroyer HMAS Norman (G49) on 15 September 1941. The ship's first operation was transporting a Trade Union Congress delegation led by Sir Walter Citrine to Archangel, Russia. After returning to Britain, she steamed to the Indian Ocean to join Admiral Sir James Somerville's Eastern Fleet at Addu Atoll, Maldives, on 26 February. Following the Eastern Fleet's withdrawal to Kilindini, Kenya, Norman took part in the capture of Diego Suarez on Madagascar in May. The next month, she was involved in the desultory Operation Vigorous, an attempted resupply of the besieged island of Malta. Burrell led Norman during the second campaign of the Battle of Madagascar in September, and was mentioned in despatches on 19 February 1943 for his "bravery and resource" during the operation. By this time Norman was escorting convoys in the Pacific, before deploying to the South Atlantic for anti-submarine duties in April–May.

On 23 June 1943, Burrell relinquished command of Norman and returned to the Navy Office, Melbourne, as Director of Plans. Having been divorced from his first wife Margaret in November 1941, he married mineralogist Ada Weller (also known as Ada Coggan) on 21 April 1944; the couple had a son and two daughters. Burrell took charge of the RAN's latest destroyer, HMAS Bataan (I91), at her commissioning in Sydney on 25 May 1945. Arriving on the scene too late to see action, the ship was deployed to Japan via the Philippines in July, docking in Tokyo on 31 August. There she participated in the formal surrender ceremonies on 2 September that took place aboard USS Missouri (BB-63). Bataan remained in Japan as Australian Squadron representative until November, assisting with the repatriation of inmates from Japanese prisoner-of-war camps. On a mission to one such camp at Sendai, Burrell located survivors from the light cruiser HMAS Perth (D29), which had been sunk on 1 March 1942 during the Battle of Sunda Strait.

Post-war career
Burrell's first appointment following the cessation of hostilities was as commander of the 10th Destroyer Flotilla. He was promoted captain in June 1946, and became Deputy Chief of the Naval Staff (DCNS) that October. As DCNS, Burrell played a major role in establishing the Navy's Fleet Air Arm and preparing for the introduction of carrier-based aircraft. He then served as commanding officer of the heavy cruiser HMAS Australia (D84), flagship of the RAN, from October 1948 to the end of 1949. Posted to Britain in 1950, Burrell attended the Imperial Defence College, London, and spent two years as Assistant Australian Defence Representative. He took command of the light aircraft carrier HMAS Vengeance (R71) on 2 December 1952, less than three weeks after she was commissioned into the RAN after transfer from the Royal Navy. The ship began working up for deployment to the Korean War in June 1953, but in the end her place was taken by the carrier HMAS Sydney (R17). Vengeance was involved in a collision with HMAS Bataan near the Cocos Islands on 5 April 1954, while acting as part of the escort for the Royal Yacht of Queen Elizabeth II and Prince Philip during their inaugural tour of Australia, but continued on duty.

Completing his tour as captain of Vengeance, Burrell briefly resumed the role of Deputy Chief of the Naval Staff in August 1954. He was appointed a Commander of the Order of the British Empire in the 1955 New Year Honours, and became Flag Officer of the Australian Fleet in February with the acting rank of rear admiral; this was made substantive in July. In Sydney on 12 May 1956, he hoisted his standard aboard the recently arrived aircraft carrier HMAS Melbourne (R21), marking her replacement of sister ship HMAS Sydney as flagship of the RAN. Burrell was posted soon afterwards to the Navy Office, Canberra, to redevelop the service's officer structure and produce a new General List. The Second Naval Member (Personnel) from September, he again became Flag Officer of the Australian Fleet in January 1958. Appointed a Companion of the Order of the Bath in the 1959 New Years Honours, Burrell was raised to vice admiral on 24 February and became First Naval Member, the Chief of the Naval Staff (CNS).

As CNS, Vice Admiral Burrell had to contend with a threat by Defence Minister Athol Townley to disband the Navy's fixed-wing Fleet Air Arm capability by 1963, but gained approval for a major vessel re-equipment drive that was to include new submarines, destroyers, minesweepers, and auxiliaries. This led among other things to the procurement of British s, selected by Burrell when his original preference for an Australian-built craft proved too expensive, as well as s and the Navy's first purpose-designed hydrographic survey ship, HMAS Moresby (1963). It also resulted in augmentation of the RAN's rotary-wing assets with Westland Wessex anti-submarine warfare helicopters. Most significant, however, was the purchase of three guided missile destroyers, a decision of "ingenuity and forethought" on the part of Burrell and then Navy Minister John Gorton, according to naval historian Tom Frame.

The shift in reliance for equipment from Britain to the United States was contrary to prevailing Australian defence policy at the time, and provoked pressure from the Royal Navy and UK shipbuilders, which had lobbied for purchase of their. Burrell later declared that the superiority of the US weapons system was a key factor in his preference for the Adams design over the County class. On a mission overseas to discuss trends and acquisitions in January 1960, he was rebuffed by Britain's Chief of the Defence Staff, Admiral of the Fleet Lord Louis Mountbatten, who mistakenly thought him responsible for the imminent dissolution of the RAN's Fleet Air Arm, but warmly welcomed by the US Chief of Naval Operations, Admiral Arleigh Burke. In the event, Burrell would gain credit for maintaining the integrity of the FAA, and its fixed-wing component remained a going concern until the early 1980s. He was appointed a Knight Commander of the Order of the British Empire in the Queen's Birthday Honours, gazetted on 3 June 1960.

Retirement
Burrell made his farewell to the Australian Fleet aboard HMAS Melbourne at Jervis Bay on 8 February 1962. On 23 February, he retired from the Navy to Illogan Park, his property near Braidwood in the Southern Tablelands of New South Wales. He enjoyed horse racing both as a gambler and as the owner of a number of successful mounts. Burrell suffered a serious heart attack in 1980, having been diagnosed with cardiac problems shortly after his retirement from the Navy. His wife Ada died in August of the following year. In 1986, Burrell published his memoirs as Mermaids Do Exist: The Autobiography of Vice-Admiral Sir Henry Burrell. He died on 9 February 1988 in Woden Valley Hospital. Survived by his three children, Sir Henry Burrell was buried in Gungahlin, Australian Capital Territory.