Reconstruction of Germany



The reconstruction of Germany was a long process. After World War II, Germany had suffered heavy losses, both in lives and industrial power. 7.5 million Germans had been killed, roughly 11 percent of the population (see also World War II casualties). The country's cities were severely damaged from heavy bombing in the closing chapters of the War and agricultural production was only 35 percent of what it was before the war.

At the Potsdam conference, the victorious Allies ceded roughly 25 percent of Germany's pre-Anschluss territory to Poland and the Soviet Union. The German population in this area was expelled by force, together with the Germans of the Sudetenland and the German populations scattered throughout the rest of Eastern Europe. Between 0.5 and 2 million are said to have died in the process, depending on source. (See also Expulsion of Germans after World War II). As a result, the population density grew in the "new" Germany that remained after the dismemberment.

As agreed at Potsdam, an attempt was made to convert Germany into a pastoral and agricultural nation, allowed only light industry. Many factories were dismantled as reparations or were simply destroyed (see also the Morgenthau Plan). Due to these policies, large numbers of German civilians died in the years following the unconditional surrender in what would eventually become West Germany. Millions of German prisoners of war were for several years used as forced labor, both by the Western Allies and the Soviet Union.

Beginning immediately after the German surrender and continuing for the next two years, the United States pursued a vigorous program to harvest all technological and scientific know-how, as well as all patents in Germany. John Gimbel comes to the conclusion in his book, Science Technology and Reparations: Exploitation and Plunder in Post-war Germany, that the "intellectual reparations" taken by the U.S. and the UK amounted to close to 10 billion dollars, equivalent to around 100 billion dollars in 2006 (Ref: Norman M. Naimark The Russians in Germany pg. 206) (see also Operation paperclip).

Rehabilitation and "denazification"
As soon as 1945, the Allied forces worked heavily on removing Nazi symbolism from Germany in a process dubbed as "denazification."

By mid-1947, the start of the Cold War had led to a re-consideration of policy, as the Germans were seen as possible allies in the conflict and the dawning realization that the economic recovery of Europe was dependent on the reactivation of German industry. With the repudiation of the U.S. occupation directive JCS 1067 in July 1947, the Western Allies were able to start planning for the introduction of a currency reform to halt the rampant inflation. This type of action to help the German economy had been prohibited by the directive and its execution also led to the eventual division of Germany. (see also Berlin Blockade)

In 1948, the Deutsche Mark replaced the occupation currency as the currency of the Western occupation zones, leading to their eventual economic recovery.

In 1947, the Marshall Plan, initially known as the "European Recovery Program" was initiated. In the years 1947-1952, some $13 billion of economic and technical assistance—-equivalent to around $130 billion in 2006--were allocated to Western Europe. Despite protests from many beneficiaries, the Marshall Plan, although in the less generous form of loans, was in 1949 extended to also include the newly formed West Germany. In the years 1949-1952, West Germany received loans which totaled $1.45 billion, equivalent to around $14.5 billion in 2006.

The country subsequently began a slow but continuous improvement of its standard of living, with the export of local products, a reduction in unemployment, increased food production, and a reduced black market

By 1950, the UK and France were finally forced to stop the dismantling of German heavy industry. . The country's economic recovery was, once it was permitted, swift and effective. During the mid-1950s, the unemployment rate in Germany was so low that it led to the influx of Turkish immigrants into the country's labor force. Germany's economy continued to improve until the 1973 oil crisis. (see also Wirtschaftswunder)

Rehabilitation Milestones

 * In 1946, the US Secretary of State (foreign minister) made the speech Restatement of Policy on Germany, repudiating the Morgenthau plan policies.


 * In 1947, the JCS 1067 was rescinded.


 * In 1948, the Deutsche Mark replaced the almost worthless Reichsmark in the Allied western occupation zones initiating the start of economic recovery in western Germany


 * In 1949, West Germany is formed from the Western occupation zones, with the exception of the Saarland.


 * In 1949, the Marshall Plan is extended to include West Germany.


 * In 1950, the dismantling of West German heavy industry ends.


 * In 1955, the military occupation of West Germany ends.


 * In 1955, NATO, which was formed in 1948, allowed West Germany to join.


 * In 1957, France returned the Saarland to West Germany.


 * In 1957, West Germany was one of the founding nations of the European Economic Community.


 * In 1973, West Germany joined the United Nations (formed in 1945).


 * In 1991, a unified Germany was allowed by the Allies of World War II to become fully sovereign after signing the Treaty on the Final Settlement with Respect to Germany.