Battle of Mamma

The Battle of Mamma took place in 690 between the Arab Muslim forces of the Umayyad Caliphate and the Berbers of king Caecilius.

Background
The Arab general Uqba ibn Nafi had led his men in an expedition across north Africa, eventually reaching the Atlantic Ocean and marching as far south as the Draa and Sous rivers. On his return to the east, he was ambushed by the Berber-Byzantine coalition led by Caecilius at the Battle of Vescera in which he was defeated and killed in 682. Caecilius at that time held undisputed mastery over North Africa and marched to Kairouan in triumph.

When Abd al-Malik ibn Marwan became the caliph, he was effective in increasing the size of his empire. Therefore, he ordered Zuhair bin Qais Al-Balawi who was stationed in Barca to lead an army to retake Ifriqiya and its capital Kairouan.

In order to mount a stronger resistance, Caecilius took a position in the Aurès Mountains in which he can manage to retreat in case of defeat, while the Muslim leader Zuhair took a decision to camp outside Kairouan near the water resources.

After a heavy battle in the valley of Mamma, the Arab invaders eventually managed to defeat the defending troops and to kill their legendary king Caecilius.

Aftermath
The Arab leader Zuhair and his troops went back to Barca to fight against the invading Byzantines. The incoming ships of Byzantines came with large number of soldiers in which they defeated the Arabs and killed Zuhair.

Dihya succeeded Caecilius as the war leader of the Berber tribes and opposed the encroaching Arab Islamic armies of the Umayyad Dynasty. Another Arab general Hasan ibn al-Nu'man marched from Egypt and captured the major Byzantine city of Carthage and other cities after the Battle of Carthage. Searching for another enemy to defeat, he was told that the most powerful monarch in North Africa was Dihyā, and accordingly marched into Numidia. The armies met near Meskiana in the present-day province of Oum el-Bouaghi, Algeria. She defeated Hasan so soundly that he fled Ifriqiya and holed up in Cyrenaica for four or five years.