Little War (Cuba)

The Little War or Small War (Guerra Chiquita), (1879–1880) was the second of three conflicts in the Cuban War of Independence. It followed the Ten Years' War of 1868–1878 and preceded the War of '95, itself sometimes called the Cuban War of Independence, which bled into the Spanish-American War, ultimately resulting in Cuban independence.

It started on August 26, 1879, and after some minor successes, the war ended in rebel defeat by September 1880.

Origins
The war had the same origins as the Ten Years' War, and in many ways it was a continuation of it. Following his release after the Pact of Zanjón, Calixto Garcia travelled to New York and organized the Cuban Revolutionary Committee with other revolutionaries. In 1878, he issued a manifesto against Spanish rule of Cuba. This met with approval amongst other revolutionary leaders, and war began on August 26, 1879.

The war
The revolution was led by Calixto Garcia, having been one of the few revolutionary leaders who did not sign the Pact of Zanjón. Among the other prominent leaders were Jose Maceo (the brother of Antonio Maceo), Guillermo Moncada, Emilo Nuñez. The revolutionaries faced many problems which were difficult to overcome. They lacked experienced leaders other than García, and they had a dire shortage of weapons and ammunition. Further, they had no foreign allies to help them, and the population was both exhausted from the Ten Years' War and lacked faith in the possibility of victory, desiring peace instead. In the west of the island, most of the revolutionary leaders were arrested. The rest of the leaders were forced to capitulate throughout 1879 and 1880, and by September 1880, the rebels had been completely defeated.

Aftermath
Although the Spanish had made promises of reform, they were ineffective. The Spanish Constitution of 1876 was applied to Cuba in 1881, but this changed little. Although Cuba was able to send representatives to the Cortes Generales, the Spanish parliament, in practise the representatives were among the most conservative in Cuba, and thus little was changed.

The lack of any true reform resulted in another uprising 15 years later, the Cuban War of Independence, which came to be known as the War of '95. The experience gained by the revolutionary generals in the Little War was a great help to them, and following the War of '95 and the linked Spanish-American War, Cuba gained independence from Spain.