Gloster Gauntlet

The British Gloster Gauntlet was a single-seat, biplane fighter of the RAF designed and built by Gloster Aircraft in the 1930s. It was the last RAF fighter to have an open cockpit and the penultimate biplane fighter in service.

Design and development
The Gloster S.S.18 first flew in January 1929. The Gauntlet was a development of the Gloster S.S.19B design, which originally mounted six machine guns (i.e. four in the wings and two in the fuselage). The original S.S.19 prototype being re-engined with a Bristol Mercury VIS engine, first flying in this form in 1933. On testing the S.S.19, the Air Ministry placed an order for 24 aircraft in September 1933, to be named the "Gauntlet". This initial order was followed up with orders for the revised Gauntlet Mk. II. This new model used a revised construction method based on that used by Hawker following Hawker's takeover of Gloster, as this was much easier to build and repair than Gloster's welded structure. A total of 204 Mk IIs were produced in the UK.



Operational history
The '''Gauntlet Mk. I''' first entered service with No 19 Squadron at RAF Duxford in May 1935. The Gauntlet proved successful and popular in operational service, being 56 mi/h faster than the aircraft it replaced, the Bristol Bulldog to form the main part of the RAF's fighter strength. The Gauntlet was the fastest aircraft in the RAF from 1935 to 1937.

The Gauntlet Mk II entered service with 56 Squadron and 111 Squadron in May 1936, a further six squadrons being re-equipped with the Gauntlet by the end of the year. At the height of its career, the Gauntlet equipped a total of 14 Squadrons of RAF Fighter Command. No. 32 (The Royal) Squadron RAF Gauntlets were used in early trials of ground direction of fighters by radar.

As more advanced fighters, such as the Gloster Gladiator, Hawker Hurricane and Supermarine Spitfire started to re-equip the Gauntlet squadrons in 1936 and 1937, the Gauntlets were passed on to freshly formed units as their first equipment to allow then to gain training before receiving more modern fighters. Gauntlets were also shipped to the Middle East, equipping three RAF squadrons.

All home based Gauntlet squadrons had re-equipped with more modern fighters by the start of the Second World War, but remained in service in the Middle East for longer, with a flight of Gauntlets remaining in service with No.3 Sqn RAAF in the Middle East when Italy declared war in 1940. These were briefly used for ground attack operations against the Italians before being retired from operations owing to maintenance problems. Gauntlets continued in use for meteorological flights until 1943.

Seventeen Gauntlets IIs were licence produced in Denmark, while 25 ex-RAF machines were supplied by South Africa as support to Finland in 1940 as a result of the Winter War. Already obsolete, they were used as advanced trainers by the Finns. The Finnish nickname for the Gauntlet was Kotletti (literally "cutlet").

Variants

 * SS.18 : Single-seat prototype. The aircraft was fitted with a 450-hp (336-kW) Bristol Mercury IIA radial piston engine.
 * SS.18A : The SS.18 was fitted with a 480 hp (358 kW) Bristol Jupiter VIIF radial piston engine.
 * SS.18B : The SS.18 was later fitted with a 560 hp (418 kW) Armstrong Siddeley Panther III radial piston engine.
 * SS.19 : Single-seat prototype; fitted with a Bristol Jupiter radial piston engine.
 * SS.19A : The SS.19 was later fitted with two wheel spats, and a single spatted tailwheel.
 * SS.19B : Single-seat prototype; fitted with a 536 hp (400 kW) Bristol Jupiter VIS radial piston engine.
 * Gauntlet Mk I : Single-seat fighter aircraft for the RAF; 24 built.
 * Gauntlet Mk II : Single-seat fighter aircraft; modified version of the Gauntlet Mk I; 221 built.

Operators
🇦🇺
 * Royal Australian Air Force
 * No.3 Sqn

🇩🇰
 * Hærens Flyvetropper
 * No. 1 Squadron Hærens Flyvetropper

🇫🇮
 * Finnish Air Force
 * No. 30 Squadron
 * No. 34 Squadron
 * No. 25 Squadron
 * No. 17 Squadron
 * No. 35 Squadron

Southern Rhodesia
 * Southern Rhodesian Air Force
 * No. 1 Squadron SRAF

🇿🇦 South Africa
 * South African Air Force
 * No. 1 Squadron SAAF
 * No. 2 Squadron SAAF


 * Royal Air Force
 * No. 6 Squadron RAF
 * No. 17 Squadron RAF
 * No. 19 Squadron RAF
 * No. 32 Squadron RAF
 * No. 33 Squadron RAF
 * No. 46 Squadron RAF
 * No. 47 Squadron RAF
 * No. 54 Squadron RAF
 * No. 56 Squadron RAF
 * No. 65 Squadron RAF
 * No. 66 Squadron RAF
 * No. 73 Squadron RAF
 * No. 74 Squadron RAF
 * No. 79 Squadron RAF
 * No. 80 Squadron RAF
 * No. 111 Squadron RAF
 * No. 112 Squadron RAF
 * No. 151 Squadron RAF
 * No. 213 Squadron RAF
 * No. 234 Squadron RAF
 * No. 237 Squadron RAF
 * No. 504 Squadron RAF
 * No. 601 Squadron RAF
 * No. 602 Squadron RAF
 * No. 615 Squadron RAF
 * No. 616 Squadron RAF

Survivors
As of 2008, the only airworthy Mk II in the world, GT-400, is registered in Finland where it spends its summers in Kymi Airfield Aviation Museum near Kotka.