Major non-NATO ally

Major non-NATO ally (MNNA) is a designation given by the United States government to close allies that have strategic working relationships with the US Armed Forces but are not members of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO). While the status does not automatically include a mutual defense pact with the United States, it still confers a variety of military and financial advantages that otherwise are not obtainable by non-NATO countries.

History
MNNA status was first created in 1989 when section 2350a, otherwise known as the Sam Nunn Amendment, was added to Title 10 (Armed Forces) of the United States Code by Congress. It stipulated that cooperative research and development agreements could be enacted with non-NATO allies by the Secretary of Defense with the concurrence of the Secretary of State. The initial MNNAs were Australia, Egypt, Israel, Japan, and South Korea.

In 1996, major non-NATO allies received additional military and financial benefits when section 2321k was added to Title 22 (Foreign Relations) of the U.S. Code (also known as section 517 of the Foreign Assistance Act of 1961), which added MNNAs to many of the same exemptions from the Arms Export Control Act that were enjoyed by NATO members. It also authorized the President to designate a nation as an MNNA thirty days after notifying Congress. When enacted, the statute designated the initial five countries as major non-NATO allies, and added Jordan and New Zealand to the list.

U.S.-New Zealand strategic and military cooperation suffered a setback after the breakdown of the ANZUS alliance in 1984 over nuclear ship entry. The designation of New Zealand as an MNNA reflected the warming of relations between the two. In June 2012 New Zealand signed a partnership arrangement with NATO further strengthening and consolidating relations.

When Congress enacted on September 30, 2002 the Foreign Relations Authorization Act for FY 2003, it required that Taiwan be "treated as though it were designated a major non-NATO ally." Despite some initial misgivings about Congress's perceived intrusion into the President's foreign affairs authority, the Bush administration subsequently submitted a letter to Congress on August 29, 2003, designating Taiwan as a major non-NATO ally.

In 2014, a bill was introduced to the United States Congress to grant major non-NATO ally status to Georgia, Moldova, and Ukraine. In May 2015, US President Barack Obama declared his intention to make Tunisia a non-NATO ally while hosting his Tunisian counterpart Beji Caid Essebsi at the White House.

The designation of certain countries as major non-NATO allies has not been without controversy. US Representatives Ted Poe (R-TX) and Rick Nolan (D-MN) introduced H.R. 3000, a bill to revoke Pakistan's position as an MNNA, citing inadequate counterterrorism efforts, the harboring of Osama bin Laden and Pakistani support for the Taliban.

In 2017, General Joseph Dunford, chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, accused Pakistan's Inter-Services Intelligence (ISI) of having ties to terror groups. Reuters reported that "possible Trump administration responses being discussed include expanding U.S. drone strikes and perhaps eventually downgrading Pakistan’s status as a major non-NATO ally."

Benefits
Nations named as major non-NATO allies are eligible for the following benefits:


 * entry into cooperative research and development projects with the Department of Defense (DoD) on a shared-cost basis
 * participation in certain counter-terrorism initiatives
 * purchase of depleted uranium anti-tank rounds
 * priority delivery of military surplus (ranging from rations to ships)
 * possession of War Reserve Stocks of DoD-owned equipment that are kept outside of American military bases
 * loans of equipment and materials for cooperative research and development projects and evaluations
 * permission to use American financing for the purchase or lease of certain defense equipment
 * reciprocal training
 * expedited export processing of space technology
 * permission for the country's corporations to bid on certain DoD contracts for the repair and maintenance of military equipment outside the United States

Major Strategic Partner
In December 2014 the US Congress passed the US—Israel Major Strategic Partner Act. This new category is one notch above the Major Non-NATO Ally classification and adds additional support for defense, energy, and strengthen cooperation business and academics. The bill additionally calls for the US to increase their war reserve stock in Israel to US$1.8 billion.

List of MNNAs
The following countries have been designated as major non-NATO allies of the United States (in order of their appointment):

Named by George H. W. Bush

 * 🇦🇺 Australia (1989)
 * 🇪🇬 Egypt (1989)
 * 🇮🇱 Israel (1989)
 * 🇯🇵 Japan (1989)
 * 🇰🇷 South Korea (1989)

Named by Bill Clinton

 * 🇯🇴 Jordan (1996)
 * 🇳🇿 New Zealand (1997)
 * 🇦🇷 Argentina (1998)

Named by George W. Bush

 * 🇧🇭 Bahrain (2002)
 * 🇵🇭 Philippines (2003)
 * 🇹🇼 Taiwan (de facto) (2003)
 * 🇹🇭 Thailand (2003)
 * 🇰🇼 Kuwait (2004)
 * 🇲🇦 Morocco (2004)
 * 🇵🇰 Pakistan (2004)

Named by Barack Obama

 * 🇦🇫 Afghanistan (2012)
 * 🇹🇳 Tunisia (2015)

Other proposed MNNAs
Other states have been proposed as future major non-NATO allies. Following the 2014 annexation of Crimea by Russia, members of Congress proposed designating Ukraine, Moldova, and Georgia as major non-NATO allies. During a 2015 Camp David summit with the Gulf Cooperation Council states, the Obama administration considered designating Saudi Arabia, the United Arab Emirates, Oman, and Qatar as MNNAs.