Battle of Andalal

The Battle of Andalal  commenced in the autumn of 1741, and resulted in the decisive victory by the Avars over Nader Shah of Afsharid Persia. However, there is no mention of any pitched battle around Andalal in any of the primary or secondary material in the established historiography of the Naderian Wars.

The Battle
The battle took place in Andalal; the mountainous part of Avaria. The previous years and months during Nader's Dagestan campaign had been bloody years with firm resistance offered by the Lezgins, Tabasarans, Avars, and others, as well as the relentless counter-attacks by Nader Shah due to this, whose campaigning in Dagestan was a devastating one to everyone. However, by September 1741, all of Dagestan - except several Avar territories - had fallen under Persian hegemony. Nader decided to attack from two flanks; at Andalal and Avaria, through the Aimakin Gorge. As commented by English historian L. Lockhart;

"'With the Avars remaining unconquered, the key to all of Dagestan remains out of reach of Nader Shah.'"

The terrible danger looming over Avaria, rallied Avar society. An important Avar leader, ru, sent a message of support to all societies. Religious leader Ibrahim Haji Andalan Gidatlinsky twice before turned to the Shah of Persia, trying to persuade him not to conduct an unnecessary war with the Avar Muslims. Moreover, by Nadir Shah, according to legend, they were sent letters and legates from Andalal. Following the rejection by Nader, Qadi Pir Muhammad replied: "Now, between us can not be peace. As long as our mind is not going blur, we will fight and destroy the invading enemy.

Avars threw rocks from above the mountain on the troops who were passing by. In September 1741 there was a battle in Aymakinskom gorge. Here the Persian army led by Lutf Ali Khan and Haydar-Bek was utterly defeated. Most of the 20-thousand army was wiped out. From the 4,000 large detachment Haidar Bek led only 500 people survived. And from the 6,000 large detachment survived only 600 people. The winners got a lot of trophies: 19 guns, lots of ammo and all the baggage. The Battle at Andalal turned out in a decisive defeat. Following the sound defeat, the Persian army retreated through Kumukh, Khorsekh, Tchyrag, Richa, Kurakh, and eventually to the Iranian town of Derbent. Nader himself was forced to flee for the mountains following the defeat that followed after four days and four nights.

Historiography of the conflict
There is no mention of a set-piece battle fought in the vicinity of Andalal in any of the primary sources,     nor is there any reference to such an engagement in any of the secondary source material focusing on the subject of the Naderian Wars.

There are however well established accounts of the withdrawing Persian columns coming under constant harrying by the Lezgis and their allies. The Lezgis who refused to commit to any set piece battles, repeatedly harassed the withdrawing Persian army, making Andalal a "calamitous region" for Nader Shah's forces as they suffered from a combination of terrible weather conditions, strained logistics, outbreaks of disease and ceaseless harassment by Lezgi skirmishers.

Nader Shah's ultimately failed attempts at annexing Dagestan became a source for legends, myths and folk-tales amongst the people of the north Caucasus. The Avar epic Srazhenie s Nadir Shakhom, (The battle with Nāder Shah), and the Lak Pesnya o geroe Murtazaali, (Epic of the hero Mortażā ʿAlī), provide a vivid and colourful picture of the triumph over “the scourge of the universe.” These works represent the pinnacle of the Dāḡestānī epic genre; their significance to the mountain peoples “can be compared to that of Slovo o polku Igoreve (The lay of the army of Igor) in Russian epic poetry”.