94th Aero Squadron

The 94th Aero Squadron was a Air Service, United States Army unit that fought on the Western Front during World War I.

The squadron was assigned as a Day Pursuit (Fighter) Squadron as part of the 1st Pursuit Group, First United States Army. Its mission was to engage and clear enemy aircraft from the skies and provide escort to reconnaissance and bombardment squadrons over enemy territory. It also attacked enemy observation balloons, and perform close air support and tactical bombing attacks of enemy forces along the front lines.

The squadron was one of the first American pursuit squadrons to reach the Western Front and see combat, becoming one the most famous. The 94th was highly publicized in the American print media of the time, and its exploits "over there" were widely reported on the home front. Its squadron emblem, the "Hat in the Ring" became a symbol in the minds of the American Public of the American Air Service of World War I. Three notable air aces served with the squadron, Eddie Rickenbacker, who was awarded almost every decoration attainable, including the Congressional Medal of Honor and the Distinguished Service Cross. Douglas Campbell was the first American trained pilot to become an air ace. He shared the honor of having the first official victory over an enemy aircraft with Alan Winslow. Another squadron member, Raoul Lufbery, attained 17 aerial victories before leaping to his death from a fiery Nieuport 28 aircraft in May, 1918.

After the 1918 Armistice with Germany, the squadron returned to the United States in June 1919 and became part of the permanent United States Army Air Service in 1921. The current United States Air Force unit which holds its lineage and history is the 94th Fighter Squadron, assigned to the 1st Operations Group, Joint Base Langley–Eustis, Virginia.

Origins
The 94th Aero Squadron was formed at Kelly Field, Texas on 20 August 1917. The original cadre of men was composed entirely of volunteers recruited from all parts of the United States. With the exception of two men, none had any previous military training. The men were indoctrinated into military service with drill and other basic training. On 30 September 1917, the 94th was ordered to the Aviation Concentration Center at Mineola Field, Long Island for overseas service.

The squadron entrained at Kelly Field for New York, consisting of 160 men and two officers, arriving on 5 October. At the Concentration Center, the squadron received additional equipment and was further instructed in drills and in military traditions.

Training in France
On 27 October, the squadron boarded the RMS Adriatic and after an uneventful crossing of the Atlantic, the squadron disembarked at Liverpool, England on 10 November 1917. Boarding a train, the squadron moved to Southampton on the southern coast, reaching it at midnight that same day. The next morning it boarded the steamship Hunstcrft for Le Harve, France, and took up residence at British Rest Camp #2. The 94th remained at Le Harve until 18 November when it boarded a troop train and arrived in Paris, France that evening. The squadron was billeted at Reuilly Barracks upon arrival.

After a brief rest period, the 94th Aero Squadron was divided up into seven flights, each flight being sent to a separate airplane or engine factory for technical training. These were Breguet, Brasler, Renault, Nieuport, Bleriot and Hispano-Suisa. For the next two and a half months, the men underwent training at these factories. Upon completion of the training, the squadron was sent to the 3d Instructional Center, AEF, at Issoudun Aerodrome on 24 January 1918 for additional training. At Issoudun, the squadron was equipped with Nieuport 28 aircraft and was designated as a pursuit (fighter) squadron.

However, the necessities of war meant the squadron was needed in the "Zone of Advance" (the Western Front), for combat deities as soon as possible. On 30 March, the 94th was ordered to proceed to the 1st Pursuit Organization Center at Epiez Aerodrome to replace a French squadron which had moved to another part of the front. However, a fire broke out in one of the hangars at Issoudun that delayed the squadron for a day. Consequently, it was not until 1 April that the 94th arrived at Epiez. A continual rain meant that flying was impossible upon arrival, however the aircraft were hangared and readied for combat patrols. Some familiarization flights were flown from Epiz, before the 94th Aero Squadron was ordered to proceed to Gengault Aerodrome, near Toul in the new American Sector of the line on 7 April. The squadron was assigned to work with the Eighth French Army. It was the first American trained and organized pursuit squadron to be stationed at the front and see active combat service.

Combat on the Western Front
At Toul, active combat patrols and alerts immediately commenced, over the sector from Saint-Mihiel to Pont a Mousson. On a cloudy Sunday morning, 14 April, an alert was given and Lieutenants Douglas Campbell and Alan F. Winslow took off. A few minutes later, two enemy aircraft were seen moving though some clouds, and after a brief combat, Lt Campbell shot down one of the enemy and Lt Winslow forced the other down out of control. Both crashed on the ground. These were the first American air combat victories of World War I. On 29 April, Captain Hall and Lt. Rickenbacker responded to an alert and shot down an enemy aircraft just over the lines. Air combats began to become more frequent and by 3 May, the squadron had four aerial victories. However, on that day, the squadron suffered its first causality, when Lt. Charles W. Chapman was shot down in flames by a biplane, which Captain Peterson later shot down.

On 5 May, the 94th was organized, along with the 95th Aero Squadron into the 1st Pursuit Group. In combat, the squadron was succeeding in defeating the enemy, and in a few weeks, the 94th gained the first American air aces. On 31 May, Lieutenant Campbell gained his fifth victory; on 17 June, Lieutenant Rickenbacker also became and ace. However, the squadron had also suffered several losses. Captain Hall had been brought down and became a prisoner. Major Lufbery attacked a German plane flying over Toul and was shot down in flames. In combat over Maiseraes, Lieutenant Davis was killed in action and Lieutenant Hill was seriously wounded in the leg while in combat on 27 May over Montsec. By the end of June, the 94th Aero Squadron was the leading pursuit squadron in the AEF, having seventeen official victories with four casualties.

On 29 June the 1st Pursuit Group moved to the Chateau Thierry sector and to Touquin Aerodrome. There, the 94th began receiving SPAD XIIIs, replacing the unpopular Nieuport 28s. On 1 July, Lieutenant Coolage shot down his first enemy aircraft, he would later become a flying ace. On 9 July, the squadron moved again, this time to Saints Aerodrome, which was nearer the front lines. However, unlike the Toul Sector, this sector was not as active with German aircraft and only a few enemy aircraft were shot down during the months of July and August. During the latter part of August, the front line had receded to a distance that an axillary landing field was built at Coincy. However with the Germans retreating, the 1st Pursuit Group was given a short period of repose until arrangements could be made to move to a new sector. The squadron engaged in target practice and formation flying for new pilots and the senior pilots were given a much needed and well-deserved rest. On 30 August, the 94th was ordered moved to Rembercourt Aerodrome in preparation for the St. Mihiel Offensive. However, little flying was done in the new sector initially in order not to let the enemy know of the American build-up of forces. On 12 September the American offensive was begun. The squadron employed a new tactic of low-level patrols, below 600m flying from dawn until dusk. The 94th was given the mission of attacking enemy observation balloons as spotted and to machine-gun enemy infantry and other targets as observed in order to aid First Army in its advance. During the period from September 12 until the Armistice on 11 November, the 94th Aero Squadron shot down 47 enemy aircraft. Several pilots became aces. Pilots also brought back invaluable intelligence concerning information about enemy rear areas.

It was during the St. Mihiel and later the Meuse-Argonne Offensive that Captain Rickenbacker shot down over twenty enemy aircraft. On 25 September, he brought down two enemy planes within a few minutes of each other. Four of his victories were balloons, which he attacked at dusk while they were lying on the ground. While Captain Rickenbacker was adding to his number of combat victories, Captain Hamilton Coolidge was also successfully defeating the enemy. During the period from October 2d to the 13th, he shot down seven enemy aircraft and two balloons. However, on 27 October, while leading his flight along the lines, he was hit by an enemy anti-aircraft shell and crashed in flames.

Lieutenant Harvey Cook also became one of the leading aces of the squadron. During October he shot down seven enemy aircraft, and five balloons. He had the distinction of being chosen for the dangerous and difficult work of balloon strafing in the early morning and just before dusk. In one attack, he attacked an enemy balloon that lay on the ground between two tall trees. It was necessary that he dived between the trees three times before the balloon went up in flames.

During the closing days of the war, reports indicated that enemy activity had dwindled to a great extent. Only a few biplanes and an occasional enemy formation of aircraft were seen. Hostilities ended on 10 November, as unfavorable weather caused the squadron to be grounded on the morning of 11 November.

Demobilization
Proficiency flights were conducted after the Armistice with Germany, however, no flights were permitted to be flown over German-controlled territory. The squadron remained at Rembercourt until 7 April 1919 when orders were received from First Army for the squadron to report to the 1st Air Depot, Colombey-les-Belles Airdrome to turn in all of its supplies and equipment and was relieved from duty with the AEF. The squadron's planes were delivered to the Air Service Production Center No. 2. at Romorantin Aerodrome, and there, practically all of the pilots and observers were detached from the Squadron.

Personnel were subsequently assigned to the Commanding General, Services of Supply and ordered to report to one of several staging camps in France. There, personnel awaited scheduling to report to a staging camp at Le Mans on 5 May where it waited for a brief period before proceeding to its port of embarkation in France. The 94th Aero Squadron arrived in New York Harbor on 30 May and reported to Mitchel Field on 1 June. There most of the men were demobilized and returned to civilian life.

Lineage

 * Organized as 94th Aero Squadron on 20 August 1917
 * Re-designated as: 94th Aero Squadron (Pursuit), on 30 March 1918
 * Re-designated as: 94th Aero Squadron, 1 June 1919
 * Re-designated as: 94th Squadron (Pursuit), on 14 March 1921

Assignments

 * Post Headquarters, Kelly Field, 20 August 1917
 * Aviation Concentration Center, 5 October 1917
 * Headquarters Air Service, AEF, 12 November 1917
 * Attached to French Air Service for training, 19 November 1917–24 January 1918


 * 3d Instructional Center, 24 January 1918


 * 1st Pursuit Organization Center, 30 March 1918
 * 1st Pursuit Group, 5 May 1918
 * Third Army Air Service, 21 November 1918
 * 1st Air Depot, 16 April 1919
 * Commanding General, Services of Supply, 5 May 1919
 * Post Headquarters, Mitchel Field, 1 June 1919

Stations

 * Kelly Field, Texas, 20 August 1917
 * Hazelhurst Field, Garden City, New York, 5 October 1917
 * Port of Entry, Hoboken, New Jersey
 * Overseas transport: RMS Adriatic, 27 October-10 November 1917


 * Liverpool, England, 10 November 1917
 * British Rest Camp #2, Le Harve, France, 11 November 1917
 * Reuilly Barracks, Paris, France, 18 November 1917
 * Squadron divided into flights and sent to several locations in France for training


 * Issoudun Aerodrome, France, 24 January 1918


 * Epiez Aerodrome, France, 1 April 1918
 * Gengault Aerodrome, Toul, France, 7 April 1918
 * Touquin Aerodrome, France, 29 June 1918
 * Saints Aerodrome, France, 9 July 1918
 * Rembercourt Aerodrome, France, 30 August 1918
 * Trier Airdrome, Germany 8 December 1918
 * Coblenz Airdrome, Fort Kaiser Alexander, Germany, 19 January 1919
 * Colombey-les-Belles Airdrome, France, 7 Apr 1919
 * Le Mans, France, 5–18 May 1919
 * Mitchel Field, New York, 1 Jun 1919

Notable personnel

 * Cpt. Edward Vernon Rickenbacker, Medal of Honor, DSC (7x), air ace


 * Lt. Alexander B Bruce, (KIA)
 * Lt. Douglas Campbell, DSC (5x), air ace
 * Lt. Reed M. Chambers, DSC (4x), air ace
 * Lt. William W. Chambers, POW
 * Lt. Charles W. Chapman, Jr. (KIA)
 * Cpt. Harvey W. Cook, DSC (2x), SSC, air ace
 * Cpt. Hamilton Coolidge, DSC, air ace (KIA)
 * Lt Phillip W. Davis, (KIA)
 * Lt. Leo H. Dawson, DSC (2x), SSC, 4 aireal victories
 * Maj. James B. Hall, POW
 * Lt. John N. Jeffers, DSC, 2 aireal victories
 * Lt. Samuel Kaye, Jr., DSC (2x), 4 aerial victories


 * Lt Paul B. Kurtz, (KIA)
 * Lt. James A. Meissner, DSC (2x), air ace
 * Lt. Alan Nutt, DSC, 1 aerial victory (KIA)
 * Lt. William W. Palmer, DSC, 3 aerial victories
 * Cpt. David M. Peterson, DSC (2x), air ace
 * Lt. Eugene R. Scroggia, POW
 * Lt. Alden B. Sherry, SSC
 * Lt. Walter W. Smyth, (KIA)
 * Cpt. Thorne C. Taylor, SSC
 * Lt. Harold H. Tittman, DSC
 * Lt. Alan F. Winslow, DSC, 2 aerial victories

DSC: Distinguished Service Cross; SSC: Silver Star Citation; KIA: Killed in Action