I-201-class submarine

The I-201-class submarines (伊二百一型潜水艦) were submarines of the Imperial Japanese Navy during World War II. These submarines were of advanced design, built for high underwater speed, and were known as Submarine High speed-Large type (潜高大型) or Submarine-High speed type (潜高型). They were one of the fastest submarine class built during World War II, second only to Walter Type XVII closed-cycle powered submarines.

Twenty-three units were ordered from the Kure Navy Yard under the 1943 construction program. Due to the deteriorating war situation, only eight boats were laid down, and only three, numbered I-201, I-202 and I-203, were completed before the end of the war. None of them saw operational use.

Background
In 1938 the Imperial Japanese Navy constructed an experimental high-speed submarine for evaluation purposes, which was designated Vessel Number 71 (第71号艦) for security purposes. Based on previous experience with high-speed, short-range midget submarines, Number 71 displaced only 230 tons surfaced with a length of 140 ft. She could attain a submerged speed of over 21 kn, making her the fastest submarine of her day. The results gained from experiments with Number 71 formed the basis for the I-201 class submarines.

Design


By late 1942 it had become apparent to the IJN that conventional submarines were unable to survive the new ASW techniques coming into service, such as radar, HF/DF, sonar, and new depth charge projectors. New submarines were required, with a higher underwater than surface speed, quick-diving capability, quiet underwater running, and a high underwater operational radius.

The IJN General Staff made an official request for high-speed submarines in October 1943 and among the ships planned in 1944 to be constructed in 1945 were 23 "underwater high speed submarines" (Sen taka) temporarily designated "Ships No. 4501–4523".

The General Staff's final requirements were stated in Order No. 295 dated 29 October 1943 to the Navy Technical Department. These included an underwater speed of 25 kn which was reduced to 20 kn for practical reasons. Nevertheless, they were the fastest operational submarines of World War II, outpacing even the German Type XXI.

To meet the requirement for high underwater speed the designers had to:


 * Adopt a single-hull structure
 * Locate the main ballast tank higher than previous submarines to give a higher center of gravity and improve dynamic stability
 * Give the pressure hull and casing a highly streamlined form
 * Make the conning tower as small as possible
 * Replace fixed deck guns with retractable mounts housed in shuttered recesses when submerged.
 * Use steel plates for the upper deck rather than wood
 * Install underwater charging system (snorkel)
 * Large horizontal control surfaces were fitted at the stern instead of the more usual bow-mounted dive planes; this improved directional stability and may have decreased turbulence-induced drag.

The I-201 class bore little resemblance to earlier I-boats, which were optimized for long range and high surfaced speed. By contrast, the I-201 emphasized submerged performance. It featured powerful electric motors, streamlined all-welded hulls, and a large capacity battery consisting of 4,192 cells. The maximum underwater speed of 19 kn was double that of contemporary American designs. The I-201s, like other Japanese submarines of the period, were also equipped with a crude snorkel, allowing underwater diesel operation while recharging batteries.

I-201 displaced 1,291 tons surfaced and 1,451 tons submerged. It had a test depth of 360 ft. Armament consisted of four 21 in torpedo tubes and 10 Type 95 torpedoes. The two 25 mm anti-aircraft guns were housed in retractable mounts to maintain streamlining. The submarine was designed for mass production, with large sections prefabricated in factories and transported to the slip for final assembly.

Fate
Two submarines, I-201 and I-203, were seized and inspected by the US Navy at the end of the hostilities. They were part of a group of four captured submarines, including the giant I-400 and I-401, which were sailed to Hawaii by US Navy technicians for further inspection.

On 26 March 1946, the US Navy decided to scuttle these captured Japanese submarines to prevent the technology from falling into the hands of the Soviet Union at the beginning of the Cold War. On 5 April 1946, I-202 was scuttled in Japanese waters. On 21 May 1946, I-203 was torpedoed and sunk by submarine USS Caiman (SS-323) off the Hawaiian Islands. On 23 May 1946, I-201 was torpedoed and sunk by USS Queenfish (SS-393). The Hawaii Undersea Research Laboratory found the wreck of the I-201 near Hawaii using submersible craft in 2009.

Influences
The I-201 design and technology influenced Japanese Maritime Self Defense Force Oyashio (1959, SS-511).

In fiction
A refurbished I-203 is used by the characters in the film Hell and High Water (1954).