Gustavo Durán

Gustavo Durán Martínez (1906–1969) was a Spanish composer, Lieutenant Colonel in the Spanish military, diplomat and United Nations official.

Early life
Born in Barcelona, Spain in 1906, he moved with his family to Madrid at the age of four, and studied music. During his piano studies he befriended Federico García Lorca, Salvador Dalí, Buñuel, Rafael Alberti (some of whose poems he set to music) and other Residencia de Estudiantes guests. In 1927 he composed a ballet, Fandango del Candil, for Spanish dancer Antonia Mercé, La Argentina, and accompanied her on a European tour. In 1929 he moved to Paris where he studied under Paul Le Flem of the Schola Cantorum and served, until 1934, as manager and secretary to the Spanish painter Nestor. In 1933 he became an employee of the Spanish section of Paramount Pictures, and continued in that role, after returning to Madrid, at Fono-Espana, Inc., where he dubbed and scored films for the Latin American market. Before the war, he was a leading figure in the Motorizada, the motorized section of the socialist youth movement associated with Prieto.

Spanish civil war
He served in the Army of the Spanish Republic from July 18, 1936 until the end of war. In 1936 he was the chief of staff of Kleber. Later, he joined the PCE. After that, he was the republican commander of one Mixed Brigade in the Second Battle of the Corunna Road in November 1936 and in the Segovia Offensive and the Battle of Brunete he led the 69th division. He covered the retreat of the republican forces in the Maestrazgo during the Aragon Offensive and was one of the Republican commanders in the defense of the XYZ Line in 1938. He also served briefly in SIM, the (Servicio de Investigación Militar), as chief of the department for the Army of the Centre. In March 1939, when Franco's troops had reached Valencia, Durán escaped from Gandia, Spain, aboard a British destroyer, landing at Marseille and, eventually, London, where he married, on December 4, 1939, Bontë Romilly Crompton, a well-off American.

Exile
In May 1940, Durán emigrated to New York, where he was employed by the Coordinator of Inter-American Affairs to work at the Museum of Modern Art. From there he moved to the Music Division of the Pan American Union, Washington. In 1942, he was granted US citizenship and was transferred to the Havana embassy on the recommendation of his old friend Hemingway's recommendation, who had made him a character in his novel For Whom The Bell Tolls. In May 1945, he went to Buenos Aires, where he served as assistant to the Ambassador, Spruille Braden.

UN officer
In October, 1946, after rising to the position of special assistant to the Assistant Secretary of State, he resigned from the State Department and entered the United Nations, where he served as an officer in the Social Department of the Refugee Division. He was accused that year by a U.S. Representative, J. Parnell Thomas, of being an agent of the Russian police and a member of the Comintern. In 1951, Senator Joseph McCarthy, drawing on a scurrilous report written for the Spanish Falangist journal Arriba (Madrid), denounced him as a communist and member of the Communist-dominated military intelligence, SIM. As a UN officer, he helped start Unesco, CEPAL and was sent to Congo in 1960. He died in Crete in 1969.

In fiction
His figure inspired Hemingway's For Whom the Bell Tolls, Andre Malraux's L'Espoir. and Max Aub's Campo de Sangre. Horacio Vázquez-Rial wrote El soldado de porcelana about him.