Long Range Aviation

Long Range Aviation (Дальняя Авиация, abbr. to ДА, or DA) is the branch of the Russian Air Force tasked with long-range bombardment of strategic targets with nuclear weapons. During the Cold War, it was the counterpart to the Strategic Air Command of the United States Air Force.

Creation
The first three Air Armies, designated Air Armies of Special Purpose were created between 1936 and 1938. 2nd Army was created on 15 March 1937 in the Far East. Somewhat later, the 3rd Air Army was created in the North Caucasus Military District. On 5 November 1940 these were reformed as the Long Range Bombardment Aviation of the Stavka of the Red Army (until February 1942) due to poor combat performance during the Winter War with Finland.

The force was created on 5 March 1942 to meet strategic objectives: bomb strikes on administrative, political and military targets deep in the enemy's rear, the enemy of transportation violations, destruction warehouses in close behind the bombing of the enemy on the line of Front and for strategic operations. ADD was placed under the command of Alexander Golovanov. In addition, ADD (including its member Civil Air Fleet of the USSR) is widely used to support guerrillas in the occupied territory of the USSR and Yugoslavia.

Throughout its existence, the LRA was part of the Reserve of the Supreme High Command (RVGK). It only received orders from the Supreme Commander, Iosef Stalin. The basis of the combat fleet were long-range Ilyushin Il-4 bombers, though Petlyakov Pe-8s and other aircraft were later used.

During the Battle of Stalingrad, the LRA, having taken crippling losses over the past 18 months, was restricted to flying at night. The Soviets flew 11,317 night sorties over Stalingrad and the Don-bend sector between 17 July and 19 November 1942. These raids caused little damage and were of nuisance value only.

Five long-range bomber corps were established which had in service at various times nearly 3000 aircraft, of which war - about 1800. Pilots of heavy aircraft struck the cities of Danzig, Konigsberg, Krakow, Berlin, Helsinki and others. The LRA took an active part in the operations in the Baltic States. On March 9, 1944 about 2000 and 1500 explosive incendiary bombs were dropped on residential areas of Tallinn. Results of two Soviet air raids: 40% of the destroyed building, 463 dead, 649 injured and about 20,000 homeless citizens. Especially hard hit Harju Street, was bombed and the theater "Estonia", which had just started the concert. From 6 to 8 March 1944 the historical part of Narva was virtually wiped out, in the same month were bombed Tartu, Tapa and Jõhvi. In the period July–December 1944, the LRA made more than 7,200 sorties, dropping about 62,000 bombs with a total weight of 7,600 tons.

18th Air Army
In December 1944 the LRA was transferred to the Red Army Air Force and converted into the 18th Air Army(Vozdushnaya Armiya VA).

The composition of 18th Air Army included:
 * Headquarters
 * 1st Guards Smolensk Long Range Bomber Air Corps
 * 2nd Guards Bryansk Long Range Bomber Aviation Corps
 * 3rd Guards Stalingrad Long Range Bomber Aviation Corps
 * 4th Guards Gomel Long Range Bomber Aviation Corps
 * 6th Long Range Aviation Corps
 * 19th Long Range Bomber Aviation Corps (until February 1945)
 * Four separate bomber aviation divisions
 * 62nd Air Division Long Range

Post 1945 and Cold War
After the Second World War, strategic bombers were regrouped within the Long Range Aviation of the Armed Forces (DA VS) in April 1946. The DA VS (Dal'naya Aviatsiya Vozdushnikh Syl - Long Range Aviation of Air Forces) consisted of the 1st Air Army DA in Smolensk, which was reorganised as the 50th Air Army in January 1949, the 2nd Air Army DA in Vinnitsa, reorganised as the 43rd Air Army in January 1949, and the 3rd Air Army DA in Khabarovsk, reorganised as the 65th Air Army in January 1949. The 1st, 2nd, and 3rd Air Armies had previously been active in providing direct support to the land forces during the Second World War, and thus the new DA air armies with shorter lineages were renumbered as the 50th, 43rd, and 65th.

As the 1940s closed and the Cold War dawned, the Soviet Union scrambled to develop an instrument of deterrence against the United States. The only substantial aircraft that it was equipped with was the Tupolev Tu-4 (Bull), an exact copy of the B-29 Superfortress. This was fielded in 1949, and brought the first threat of attack to the United States, as missile technology at this time was still a decade away. However, the Tu-4 was incapable of returning to the Soviet Union, and the Soviet aviation engineering establishment worked to develop an aircraft capable of round-trip operation.

The outcome of this competition was the highly successful Tupolev Tu-95, which entered service in the 1955-1956 period, and remained the backbone of Soviet air power against NATO for many decades. It continues in service with the Russian Federation. Myasischev's contribution was the Myasishchev M-4, but this aircraft fell below expectations. It surprisingly went on to serve an unexpected but vital role as the 3M aerial refueling tanker, which extended the reach of the strategic air fleet. Other aircraft in service with the DA during this period included the Tupolev Tu-16 (Badger) and the Tupolev Tu-22 (Blinder).

In 1957, the 65th Air Army was renamed the 5th Air Army and was relocated to Blagoveshchensk. In 1960, Long Range Aviation was reorganised into the 2nd, 6th, and 8th Separate Heavy Bomber Air Corps (OTBAK - Otdel'niy tyazhely bombandirovochniy aviatsionniy korpus) instead of Air Armies due to increase in aircraft ordnance capacity, and the option of nuclear weapons ordnance. These three corps were formed from portions of the 43rd, 50th, and 5th Air Armies DA. At the same time, the 43rd and 50th Air Armies were transferred to the Strategic Rocket Forces, and became the 43rd Rocket Army and the 50th Rocket Army.

A classified CIA report indicated that, at least during the early 1970s, there was no evidence of a quick-reaction posture; in other words, no airborne alert force and no quick-reaction crews on the ground. This stood in stark contrast to the United States Air Force, which was always at a high state of readiness. Furthermore, the 195 bombers belonging to Long Range Aviation were concentrated at only five primary airfields and spent most of their time there.

Until 1980, the DA VS existed as a separate service. In January 1980, the DA was disbanded and the heavy bomber units divided between three air armies, the 37th Air Army of the Supreme High Command (Strategic Purpose) (37 VA VGK (SN)) with its headquarters in Moscow, the 46 VA VGK (SN) at Smolensk, and the 30th Air Army (30 VA VGK (SN)) at Irkutsk (nb- this Cold War information is seemingly incorrect, and 30th Air Army headquarters was actually located at Blagoveshchensk). During the 1980s, DA introduced the Tupolev Tu-160 (Blackjack) high-performance bomber, similar to and slightly larger than the American B-1 Lancer. The three long-range air armies also flew the Tu-22M.

In 1988, the three air armies were again reunified to form the Long Range Aviation Command.

Cold War strategy
In the event of a nuclear war with the United States, the Soviet Union would likely have committed its entire heavy bomber force to attacks against US targets. Medium-sized bombers would have been used in a peripheral role.

However elements of all of the Soviet Union's strategic forces would have been available to participate in Warsaw Pact operations. The CIA in 1975 estimated that 530 intermediate-range bombers west of the Urals, possibly augmented by Soviet Navy aircraft, were intended for European strikes in the NATO rear area that required large conventional or nuclear payloads.

Long Range Aviation's aircraft was based at about a dozen key bases around the Soviet Union: Ryazan Dyagilevo near Moscow; Pryluky and Uzyn in Ukraine; Engels-2 near Saratov; Mozdok near Chechnya; Dolon near Semipalitinsk; and Belaya, Ukrainka, and Vozdvizhenka in the Far East.

Though basing forces in the Arctic would have posed more of a threat to North America, the hostile climate, poor logistical network, and weak defense network precluded such a plan. Therefore the Soviet Union created a network of standby Arctic staging bases ('Bounce airdromes'; Аэродром подскока) under the control of OGA (Arctic Control Group), which would have been activated in wartime. These bases were airfields used for a short stop ("bounce") by airplanes for refueling and servicing for the purpose of extending the range of the flight, including long-range military (their Staging base).

They primarily included Olenegorsk, Novaya Zemlya Rogachevo Airport, and Vorkuta Sovetskiy in the northwest; and Tiksi Airport, Anadyr Ugolny Airport, and Mys Shmidta in the northeast. High-Arctic bases such as Nagurskoye and Greem-Bell may have been available to smaller aircraft, and the staging airfields Sredniy Ostrov, Dresba, Chekurovka, and Tiksi North were probably never completed. Though the Tu-95 could operate without the use of staging bases, nearly all other aircraft would have required the facilities in order to reach the United States.

Bomber crews were trained to be proficient in all basic aspects of strategic operations, including navigation, inflight refueling, air-to-surface missile strike procedures, Arctic staging, penetration tactics, and electronic countermeasures.

30th Air Army 1990
HQ: Blagoveshchensk, Amur Oblast (Source Michael Holm)
 * independent Communications Regiment (Blagoveshchensk, Amur Oblast)
 * 219th Long-Range Reconnaissance Aviation Regiment (Spassk-Dalny (Khvalynka), Primorskiy Kray) with Tu-16
 * 31st Heavy Bomber Aviation Division (Belaya, Irkutsk Oblast)
 * 1225th Heavy Bomber Aviation Regiment (Belaya, Irkutsk Oblast) with Tu-22M2
 * 1229th Heavy Bomber Aviation Regiment (Belaya, Irkutsk Oblast) with Tu-22M2
 * 55th Heavy Bomber Aviation Division (Vozdvizhenka, Primorskiy Kray)
 * 303rd Heavy Bomber Aviation Regiment (Zavitinsk, Amur Oblast) with Tu-16K
 * 444th Heavy Bomber Aviation Regiment (Vozdvizhenka, Primorskiy Kray) with Tu-16K

37th Air Army
See 37th Air Army

46th Air Army
Order of battle 1990

HQ: Smolensk
 * 64th independent Communications Regiment (Smolensk, Smolensk Oblast)
 * 103rd Guards Military-Transport Aviation Regiment (Smolensk, Smolensk Oblast) with An-12/24/26
 * 199th Guards Long-Range Reconnaissance Aviation Regiment (Nezhin, Chernigov Oblast) with Tu-22R
 * 290th Long-Range Reconnaissance Aviation Regiment (Zyabrovka, Gomel Oblast) with Tu-22R and Tu-16
 * 13th Guards Heavy Bomber Aviation Division (Poltava, Poltava Oblast)
 * 15th Guards Heavy Bomber Aviation Division (Ozernoye, Zhitomir Oblast)
 * 22nd Guards Heavy Bomber Aviation Division (Bobruisk, Mogilev Oblast)
 * 326th Heavy Bomber Aviation Division (Tartu, Estonian SSSR)

On 1 January 1991, the 46th Air Army included the following units:
 * 64th Independent Communications Regiment (Smolensk)
 * 103rd Guards Transport Aviation Regiment (Smolensk)
 * 199th Guards 'Brest' Independent Long-Range Reconnaissance Regiment (Nezhin), 26 Tu-22R
 * 290th Independent Long-Range Reconnaissance Aviation Regiment (Zyabrovka, Gomel region)
 * 13th Guards Heavy Bomber Aviation Division
 * 185th Guards Bomber Regiment (Poltava, Ukraine) - 22 Tu-22M;
 * 15th Guards "Gomel" TBAD (Ozernoye, Zhitomir region)
 * 121st Guards "Sevastopol" TBAP (Machulishchi, Minsk region) with 34 Tu-22K
 * 203rd Guards "Orel" TBAP (Baranovichi, North Brest region) with 32 Tu-22K
 * 341st TBAP (Ozernoye, Zhitomir Oblast) with 32 Tu-22K
 * 22nd Guards "Donbas" TBAD (Bobruisk, South Mogilev region)
 * 200th Guards "Brest" TBAP (Bobruisk, South Mogilev region) with 20 Tu-22M3 and 18 Tu-16K
 * 260th TBAP (Stryy, Lvov region) with 18 Tu-22M3 and 23 Tu-16K
 * 326th "Ternopol" TBAD (Tartu, Estonian SSR)
 * 132nd "Berlin" TBAP (Tartu) with 18 Tu-22M3 and 17 Tu-16K
 * 402nd TBAP (Balbasovo, Vitebsk region) with 17 Tu-22M3 and 7 Tu-16K
 * 840th TBAP (Soltsy-2, South Novgorod region) with 19 Tu-22M3

46th Air Army was disbanded 10.94.

After the fall of the Soviet Union
After the fall of the Soviet Union, the Ukrainian Air Force was left with three air armies (1100 combat aircraft), which included 30 Tu-16 (missile carriers), 33 Tu-22KD (missile carriers) 30 Tu-22P (reconnaissance aircraft), 36 Tu-22M3, 23 Tu-95MS, 19 Tu-160, 20 Ilyushin IL-78 aerial refueling aircraft, as well as large stockpiles of missiles: 1068 X-55s and 423 Kh-22s.

In 1992 Ukraine also received much of the Soviet Black Sea Fleet, including the 2nd Guards Maritime Missile Aviation Division (Gvardeyskoye, Crimean Oblast), with three regiments of maritime attack Tu-22M2s and an independent Maritime Reconnaissance Aviation Regiment (Saki-Novofedorovka, Crimean Oblast) of Tu-22Ps. The 1995/96 edition of the Military Balance continued to list the remnant of these forces under now-Ukrainian Naval Aviation. In 1994 Tu-22M2s, Tu-16Ks and a large part of the Tupolev Tu-22Ps were shipped to storage bases and then disposed of.

The reasons for the elimination of Ukrainian long-range bombers included:
 * The deep economic crisis in the Ukraine after the collapse of the USSR
 * Pressure from the U.S. State Department on Ukraine
 * Lack of support of Manufacturer plants and design bureaus, which remained in Russia
 * Reduction in the size of the armed forces resulting in the loss of experienced pilots and other personnel
 * Expiration of the resource on a number of components and assemblies

Funding for the elimination of strategic aviation of Ukraine was allocated by the U.S. government as part of an agreement "to provide assistance to Ukraine in the elimination of strategic nuclear weapons and to prevent the proliferation of weapons of mass destruction", signed on November 25, 1993 between Ukraine and the United States. In 2000 in the agreement was extended to 31 December 2006.

With the dissolution of the Soviet Union, Long Range Aviation in Russia entered a period of decline, along with the other former components of the Soviet Armed Forces. This culminated when the command was formally disbanded in 1998 as part of the amalgamation of the Russian Air Defence Force and the Air Forces. It was replaced by the 37th Air Army of the Supreme High Command.

In 2009 the 37th Air Army of the Supreme Command was disbanded as part of a large scale reorganisation of the Air Force and has been reformed into the Long Range Aviation Command.