Capture of Mannheim

The Capture of Mannheim took place on 2 November 1622, by the Spanish-Imperial army commanded by Johan Tzerclaes, Count of Tilly against the Protestant troops under the Englishman Sir Horace Vere during the Thirty Years' War.

Background
In September, 1620, the Spanish-Imperial troops led by the Count of Tilly and Don Gonzalo Fernández de Córdoba invaded and conquered the Lower Palatinate. The Protestant garrison under Sir Horace Vere held Frankenthal, Mannheim and Heidelberg, but the rest of the Palatinate fell into Spanish hands.

On 19, September, 1622, the Spanish-Imperial army defeated the Protestant troops under Sir Gerard Herbert at Heidelberg and the Catholic army went on to conquer the town.

Siege of Mannheim
The Spanish continued their progress towards Mannheim. The city was defended by the Anglo-German-Protestants troops commanded by Horace Vere. The Count of Tilly subjected Manheim to a siege, and the Spanish-Imperial forces swiftly defeated the Protestant troops. The city was conquered by the Spaniards, and Vere, and a few hundred of his men, retired to the citadel. Finally, and without hope of reinforcements, Vere was forced to capitulate. Just Frankenthal remained under control of the Protestants commanded by Sir John Burroughs, but was taken one year later by the Spanish troops under Don Guillermo Verdugo.

Aftermath
The courage displayed by Horace Vere against great odds was recognised in England, when the General returned early in February, 1623, even if his salary and expenses were never paid in full by the treasury. On 16 February 1623, he was appointed Master-General of the Ordnance for life, and he became a member of the Council of War on 20 July 1624.

In 1624, Vere travelled once more to The Hague in order to second Prince Maurice of Orange in the defence of the important fortress of Breda, under siege by the Spaniards under Don Ambrosio Spinola from August.