M19 Tank Transporter

The M19 Tank Transporter (G159) was a heavy tank transporter system used in World War II and into the 1950s. It consisted of a 12-ton 6x4 M20 Diamond T model T980 ballast tractor and companion 24-wheel M9 trailer.

Over 5,000 were produced, and employed by Allied armies throughout all theaters of war. It was superseded in the U.S. military by the M25 Tank Transporter during the war, but usefully redeployed in other tasks. It was superseded by the Thornycroft Antar in British service by the early 1950, though a few remained operational in units through 1971.

History
Designed as a heavy prime mover for tank transporting, the hard-cab Diamond T 980 was the product of the Diamond T Company in Chicago. In 1940 the British Purchasing Commission, looking to equip the British Army with a vehicle capable of transporting larger and heavier tanks, approached a number of American truck manufacturers to assess their models. The Diamond T Company had a long history of building rugged, military vehicles for the U.S. Army Quartermaster Corps and had recently produced a prototype heavy vehicle for the US Army which, with a few slight modifications met British requirements and an initial order for 200 was very quickly filled.

The result was the Diamond T 980, a 12-ton hard-cab 6x4 Powered by an 895 cid Hercules DXFE OHV inline six diesel engine developing 185 bhp, or the 1090 cid Hall-Scott 440 OHV inline-six gasoline engine (the largest gasoline engine in any WW2 military truck) of 240 bhp, and geared very low, it could pull a trailer load of up to 120,000 lb, and proved capable of the task of moving the heaviest tanks then in service.

With a single dry-plate clutch, it had a four-speed manual constant-mesh transmission plus a similar three-speed auxiliary gearbox, for a total of twelve forward and three reverse speeds, driving through Timken double-reduction differentials. Airbrakes were standard. The electrics were 24/12/6-volt. Top speed was 23 mph, and with 150 USgal fuel, maximum range was 300 mi. Wheelbase was 179 in, length 280 in, track 74 in, and height 100 in. Steering was manual, with no power assist. The weight was 26500 lb, with GVW of 45000 lb.

A winch of 40,000 lb capacity, chain driven off the auxiliary transmission and intended mainly for hauling damaged tanks aboard trailers, was mounted behind the cab.

The 981 was the same chassis with open and/or closed cab and cargo box the winch could be used through the front and rear and was 200' longer. Both the 980 and 981 used a cab design similar to the 4-ton truck.

Service
Production began in 1941. The first batch of the vehicles was received in Britain in 1942 and very quickly demonstrated their rugged reliability in the British campaign in North Africa. Battle-damaged tanks needed to be quickly recovered, often under hostile fire, and returned to workshops for repair. The Diamond T, with its well trained Royal Army Service Corps crew and powerful engine and winch, could accomplish this, even in the harshest desert conditions.

5,871 were eventually built by 1945 and were used by virtually every Allied army in every theatre of WWII. The British Army took delivery of around 1,000 during the war years and many continued in service afterwards, being replaced in the early 1950s with the Thornycroft Antar ("Mighty Antar") although a few "T's" remained in tank transporter units up to 1971. Many of those sold off by the Army after the war were snapped up by heavy haulage and recovery specialists, notably Pickfords and Wynns, and they were a familiar sight on Britain's roads, pulling heavy lowloaders and fairground trailers or parked on garage forecourts, in readiness for a heavy rescue operation equipped as Wreckers (breakdown recovery trucks). It suffered from "very limited off-road performance" as a result of only the two rear axles being driven.

Today many of the 70 year-old Diamond T's can still be found in private ownership in Britain and frequently appear at historic vehicle shows.

U.S. nomenclature
This combination unit is referred to as the M19 tank transporter, consisting of the M20 tractor and M9 24-wheel trailer. In the nomenclature system used by the U.S Army Ordnance Corps Supply Catalog this vehicle is referred as the G159. It was superseded by the M26, which would use the same Hall Scott 440 engine. After the introduction of the M26, the U.S. relegated M20s to ammunition hauling, for which they proved "tremendous".