Lanchester submachine gun

The Lanchester is a submachine gun (SMG) manufactured by the Sterling Armaments Company between 1941 and 1945. It is a copy of the German MP28/II and was manufactured in two versions, Mk.1 and Mk.1*; the latter was a simplified version of the original Mk.1, with no fire selector and simplified sights. It was primarily used by the British Royal Navy during the Second World War, and to a lesser extent by Royal Air Force regiments (for airfield protection). It was given the general designation of Lanchester after George Herbert Lanchester who was charged with producing the weapon at the Sterling Armaments Company.

History
Following the Dunkirk evacuation in 1940, the Royal Air Force decided it required a submachine gun for airfield defence. With no time available for the usual research and development of a new weapon, it was decided to create a direct copy of the German MP 28. The British Admiralty decided to join with the RAF in adopting the new weapon, and played a key role in its design. Ultimately, it was within the Royal Navy that most of Lanchesters produced went into service.

The British copy of the MP28 was given the general designation of Lanchester after George Herbert Lanchester who was charged with producing the weapon at the Sterling Armaments Company, the same company that later produced the Sterling submachine gun.

The Lanchester was envisioned as a weapon used for guarding prisoners and accompanying naval landing and assault parties. It was a very solid, well-made submachine gun of high quality materials, in many ways the complete opposite of its direct contemporary, the Sten.

The Lanchester had a heavy wooden butt and stock, a machined steel action and breech block, a magazine housing made from solid brass and a mounting on the muzzle for use of a long bladed 1907 bayonet. The rifling differed from the German original in details to accommodate various lots of 9mm ammunition then being acquired for service use. The Lanchester also reused furniture from the Lee-Enfield.

Produced in two versions, Mk.1 and Mk.1*. The Mk.1* was a simplified version of the original Mk.1, which omitted the fire mode selector (full automatic only) and used simplified sights.

Production
The first contract of June 13, 1941 produced an initial 50,000 Lanchesters that were nearly all for the Royal Navy use. The British Army by now had supplies of the US-produced Thompson SMG. The final contract was issued on October 9, 1943. Production averaged 3,410 units per month over 28 months. According to contract records, Sterling was to have made guns serially numbered from 1 to 9999, then (S) A1 to about A64580.

Certain numbers of Mk.1 were modified latter in the war and designated Mk.1*. The key differences being the removal of the fire-selector switch and addition of simplified rear sights. This modification makes it difficult to ascertain exactly the production runs for each model.

There were four Lanchester assembly plants, though Lanchester assembly contracts were actually awarded to only three firms. Sterling assembly of the Lanchester was split between the Sterling Engineering Company Ltd in Dagenham (code S109), and the Sterling Armaments Company in Northampton (code M619).

Quantities produced:
 * Sterling (two factories; codes S109 and M619): approx. 74,579.
 * Greener (code M94): approx. 16,990.
 * Boss (code S156): approx. 3,900.

Some early version do not appear to be code marked at all except by the serial number prefix of ‘S’, ‘A’, or ‘SA’.

Markings
The actual year of manufacture of any particular Lanchester can be found stamped in small almost indistinguishable numbers next to the crossed flags military proof mark on the top of the rearmost magazine housing flange.

Sterling-made MK.1 Lanchester guns are marked on top of the magazine housing as follows:
 * LANCHESTER
 * MK.I
 * SA.
 * XXXX

('S' indicates Sterling manufacture and 'A' indicates serial number prefix)

Operation
The Lanchester is an open bolt, self-loading blowback operated weapon with a selective-fire option (located in front of the trigger) on early versions. A tubular receiver was attached to the front of the wooden stock, which could be pivoted barrel down for maintenance and disassembly. The wooden stock was patterned after that of Lee-Enfield rifle, and a bayonet lug centred below the muzzle accepted the Pattern 1907 sword-bayonet as used on the Lee-Enfield No. 1 Mk. III* (previously called the S.M.L.E.)

It used a straight 50-round magazine containing 9mm Parabellum cartridges (special pouches were produced to hold three magazines each) which fitted fed into a brass magazine housing from the left, with spent cartridges ejected on the right. It was interchangeable with the shorter 32-round Sten magazine. Stripping of cartridges into the magazine was aided by a catch on the top of the receiver. A magazine loading tool was needed to load both 32 and 50 round magazines beyond the first few rounds. One of the two magazine pouches had a special pocket on the front for this loader.

Mk.1s featured a front blade sight with adjustable rifle-type sights, marked between 100–600 yards. Mk.1* featured a much simplified flip-up sight marked 100 or 200 yards.

Manual safety is made in the form of locking cut, made in the receiver, which engages the bolt handle to lock bolt in open (cocked) position. It proved notoriously susceptible to accidental discharge if the weapon were dropped. For cleaning the weapon had a brass oiler bottle and pull through held inside the butt stock (similar to the Lee-Enfield rifle).

Service
The Lanchester gave good service to the Royal Navy, Royal Canadian Navy and other Commonwealth navies throughout the war and for some decades after. The last examples left Royal Naval service in the 1970s and are now collectors' items.

A large number of Lanchesters were subsequently sold off to foreign nations. These are often marked with two broad arrows – point-to-point (appearing as a six-pointed star) – stamped just before the serial number. This symbol is sometimes accompanied by the letter ’S’ and denotes "Sold out of Service".

Users

 * 🇳🇱 Netherlands
 * Dutch East Indies
 * 🇬🇧 United Kingdom

In Popular Culture
In the 2013 video game BioShock Infinite, the Triple-R machine gun is similar in appearance and operation to the Lanchester, and the Vox Repeater also bears strong resemblance to the Lanchester, although the Vox Populi variant has a shorter magazine.