Operation All Clear

Operation All Clear was a military operation conducted by Royal Bhutan Army forces against Assam separatist insurgent groups in the southern regions of Bhutan between 15 December 2003 and 3 January 2004. It was the first operation ever conducted by the Royal Bhutan Army.

Background
In 1990 India launched operations Rhino and Bajrang against Assamese separatist groups. Facing continuous pressure, Assamese militants relocated their camps in Bhutan.

In the 1990s, United Liberation Front of Assam (ULFA) and National Democratic Front of Bodoland (NDFB) allegedly assisted the government of Bhutan in the expulsion of the ethnic Lhotshampa population, occupying the land left behind by the refugees.

In 1996 the Bhutan government became aware of a large number of camps on its southern border with India. The camps were set up by three Assamese separatist movements: the ULFA, NDFB and Kamtapur Liberation Organization (KLO). The camps also harbored separatists belonging to the National Socialist Council of Nagaland (NSCN) and All Tripura Tiger Force (ATTF).

The camps had been established with the goal of training cadres and storing equipment, while the thick jungles of the region also enabled the militants to easily launch attacks into Indian territory.

India then exerted diplomatic pressure on Bhutan, offering support in removing the rebel organisations from its soil. The government of Bhutan initially pursued a peaceful solution, opening dialogue with the militant groups on 1998. Five rounds of talks were held with ULFA, three rounds with DNFB, with KLO ignoring all invitations sent by the government. In June 2001 ULFA agreed to close down four of its camps; however, the Bhutanese government soon realized that the camps had simply been relocated.

KLO had also been allegedly involved in establishing links between Nepalese Maoists and Bhutan Tiger Force, a Bhutanese militant organization. Thus strengthening the Bhutanese government's decision to launch the operation.

On 19 July 2003 - A group of Bhutanese parliamentarians proposed to raise the number of Bhutanese militia, by introducing a Swiss-style militia training for all citizens aged between 18 and 50.The motion was dismissed by foreign minister Jigme Thinley and brigadier general Batoo Tshering, who asserted that 5000 Royal Bhutan Army soldiers have been deployed to the country's border with India.

On 3 August 2003 - More than 15 gunmen attacked an ULFA base in Kinzo, leaving two ULFA members dead.The attackers fled after the rebels returned fire.

On 4 August 2003 - 10 to 12 gunmen attacked ULFA members residing in an abandoned house in Babang.Four gunmen and one ULFA fighter perished in the encounter.

An ULFA spokeswoman blamed the attacks on mercenaries and SULFA fighters hired by the Indian government.Indian officials attributed the attacks to rebel infighting.

During the course of 2003, Bhutan reestablished its militia force. As of 15 September, 2003, Bhutanese militia consisted of 634 volunteers.The militia volunteers were deployed in the southern regions of the country,after undergoing a two month training period.Bhutan's militia played a supporting role during the conflict.

By 2003 the talks failed to produce any significant result. On 14 July 2003, military intervention was approved by the National Assembly. On 13 December 2003, the Bhutanese government issued a two day ultimatum to the rebels. On 15 December 2003, Operation All Clear was launched making it the first operation ever conducted by the Royal Bhutan Army.

Operation

 * 14 December 2003 - According to two separate testimonies made by ULFA commanders, a Royal Bhutan Army major visited an ULFA encampment claiming that Bhutan's king was planning to make a friendly visit on the next day. Having received the king on numerous other occasions, the operation that followed came as a complete surprise to the militants.
 * 15 December 2003 – The Royal Bhutan Army inflicted heavy casualties on the rebels; among the dead was ULFA commander Rahul Datta. A total of 90 rebels surrendered. The army seized ULFA’s central command headquarters located at Phukatong in Samdrup Jongkhar.
 * 16 December 2003 – The Indian Army deployed 12 battalions along the border with Bhutan to prevent rebel infiltration. India also provided helicopters in order to assist the Royal Bhutan Army troops with evacuating the injured. Clashes occurred in Kalikhola, Tintala and Bukka. Ten rebel camps were destroyed by the end of the day.
 * 18 December 2003 - A group of ULFA rebels surrendered themselves at Buddha Vihar. After hiding in the jungle for three days.
 * 20 December 2003 – Five days after the launch of operations, militants were dislodged from all 30 camps, with the camps burned and razed to the ground. Meanwhile the army troops continued their efforts to combat resistance pockets in the dense forests of the southern districts.
 * 25 December 2003 – Five top ranking militants, including KLO vice-chairman Harshabardhan Barman, were transferred to Tezpur, India by an Indian Army helicopter.
 * By 25 December 2003 – The Royal Bhutan Army had killed about 120 militants. They managed to capture several senior ULFA commanders. Large numbers of rebels fled to Bangladesh and India.
 * By 27 December 2003 – The army seized 500 AK 47/56 assault rifles and 328 other assorted weapons including rocket launchers, mortars and communication equipment, along with more than 100,000 rounds of ammunition. An anti-aircraft gun was also confiscated. The captured rebels and civilians along with seized weapons and ammunition were handed over to the government of India.
 * 30 December 2003 - An ULFA camp in Goburkonda is captured, after previously being subjected to mortar fire.A generator, 20 tonnes and television sets were among the confiscated items.
 * On 4 November 2003 - Prince Jigyel Ugyen Wangchuck returned to Bhutan to join the local militia in its fight against the rebels, after abandoning his first year studies at St Peter's College, Oxford.
 * By 3 January 2004 – An additional 35 observation posts were destroyed.

Aftermath
In a follow-up action to the operation, 22 Bhutanese civilians were found guilty of aiding the separatists with charges ranging from supplying the militants with food to providing services in exchange for money. Another 123 Bhutanese citizens were facing trial on similar charges as of July 2004.

Over the period of 2008-2011 Royal Bhutan Police and Royal Bhutan Army personnel have participated in numerous engagements with unidentified militants, including firefights,bomb disposals and destruction of guerilla camps.


 * In 2010 - A Royal Bhutan Army soldier was killed in the area of Gabrukanda. NDFB rebels allegedly were involved in the killing.


 * 12 October 2010 - Two RBA soldiers were injured by bombs planted by NDFB.


 * 20 February 2011 - At least four Royal Bhutan Police personnel were injured after being ambushed by a group of 15 to 20 militants wearing camouflage in the Sarpang region of Bhutan. NDFB rebels are suspected of being behind the attack. A NDFB spokesman appealed for the release of information regarding the disappearance of several NDFB leaders during the operation All Clear, while denying any involvement in the attack.