Sirikit

Sirikit (สิริกิติ์; ; ; born Mom Rajawongse Sirikit Kitiyakara (สิริกิติ์ กิติยากร; ) on 12 August 1932) is the queen dowager of Thailand. She was the queen consort of King Bhumibol Adulyadej (or Rama IX) and is the mother of King Vajiralongkorn (or Rama X). She met Bhumibol in Paris, where her father was Thai ambassador. They married in 1950, shortly before Bhumibol's coronation. Sirikit was appointed queen regent in 1956, when his Majesty the King entered the Buddhist monkhood for a period of time. Sirikit has one son and three daughters with the king. Consort of the monarch who was the world's longest-reigning head of state, she was also the world's longest-serving consort. Sirikit suffered a stroke on 21 July 2012 and has since refrained from public appearances.

Early life and family
Sirikit was born on 12 August 1932, at the home of Lord Vongsanuprabhand, her maternal grandfather. She is the eldest daughter and the third child of Prince Nakkhatra Mangkala Kitiyakara, the son of Prince Kitiyakara Voralaksana, and Mom Luang Bua Snidvongs (1909–1999). Her name, which was given by King Prajadhipok, means "the greatness of Kitiyakara".

She had three siblings, two elder brothers and a younger sister:
 * Prof. Mom Rajawongse Kalyanakit Kitiyakara, M.D. (20 September 1929 – 15 May 1987)
 * Mom Rajawongse Adulakit Kitiyakara (2 November 1930 – 5 May 2004)
 * Mom Rajawongse Busba Kitiyakara (born 2 August 1934)

Sirikit was raised by her maternal grandparents for a year after her birth, since her father was in the United States to work as the secretary of the Siamese Embassy at Washington, D.C. Her mother joined her husband three months later. When she was one year old, her parents returned to Thailand. Sirikit lived together with her family in Deves Palace, near the Chao Phraya River, Bangkok.

As a child, Sirikit often visited her paternal grandmother. Once in 1933, she travelled with Princess Absornsaman Devakula following King Prajadhipok's tour in Songkhla.

Education


At age four, Sirikit attended the Kindergarten College at Rajini School (sometimes called the Queen's College), where she studied at the primary level. During that time the Pacific War was being fought. Bangkok was bombed many times, especially the rail lines, making travel unsafe. She therefore moved to Saint Francis Xavier Convent School, since it was near the palace. She studied at Saint Francis Xavier from her second primary year through the early secondary level.

In 1946, with the war now over, her father moved to the United Kingdom as the ambassador to the Court of St James's, taking his family with him. Sirikit was then 13 and completed her secondary education. While in England she learned to play the piano and became fluent in English and French. Because of her father's work as a diplomat, the family moved to other countries, including Denmark and France. While in France, she studied at a music academy in Paris.

Also in France, Sirikit met King Bhumibol Adulyadej, who was related to her, since both were descendants of King Chulalongkorn (Rama V). At that time, Bhumibol had ascended to the throne and was studying in Switzerland. Bhumibol and Sirikit (as well as a few other students) were staying at the Thai Royal Embassy in Paris. Sirikit accompanied the king as he visited various tourist attractions, and they found that they had much in common.

Marriage
On 4 October 1948, while Bhumibol was driving a Fiat Topolino on the Geneva-Lausanne road, he collided into the rear of a braking truck 10 km outside of Lausanne. He injured his back and incurred cuts on his face that cost him most of the sight in one eye. He subsequently wore an ocular prosthetic. While he was hospitalised in Lausanne, Sirikit visited him frequently. She met his mother, The Princess Mother Sangwan, who asked her to continue her studies nearby so that the king could get to know her better. Bhumibol selected a boarding school for her in Lausanne, Riante Rive. A quiet engagement in Lausanne followed on 19 July 1949, and the couple married on 28 April 1950, just a week before his coronation.

Establishment of the Queen
The marriage took place at Srapathum Palace. Queen Sri Savarindira, the Queen Grandmother presided over the marriage ceremony. Both the king and Sirikit signed on line 11 of their certificate of marriage. As she was not yet 18, her parents also signed, on line 12 directly under her signature. She later received the Order of the Royal House of Chakri, and became queen. After the coronation ceremony on 5 May 1950, both went back to Switzerland to continue their studies, and returned to Bangkok in 1952.

Regency


When the king undertook the traditional period as a Buddhist monk in 1956, Queen Sirikit acted as regent. She performed her duties so well that she was officially named the Regent of Thailand and the King gave her the title "Somdet Phra Nang Chao Sirikit Phra Borommarachininat" on his birthday, 5 December 1956. She became the second Siamese queen regent in Thai history. The first was Queen Saovabha Phongsri of Siam, who served as regent when her husband King Chulalongkorn travelled to Europe, and later became Queen Sri Patcharindra.

Health
At dawn on 21 July 2012 Queen Sirikit felt unsteady and staggered while exercising at Siriraj Hospital where King Bhumibol Adulyadej resided. A team of physicians determined after performing magnetic resonance imaging that she had incurred an ischemic stroke.

The queen has been treated and has refrained from public appearances since, including the grand audience granted by her husband on his 85th birthday from the Ananta Samakhom Hall on 5 December 2012.

On 29 November 2016, the palace announced that the queen was discharged from the hospital and has returned to the Chitralada Royal Villa due to her recovery.

Cultural status
Queen Sirikit's birthday, as is the king's, is a national holiday, and is also Mothers' Day in Thailand. She is particularly revered in the more remote and traditional parts of the country, where the monarchy is regarded as semi-divine. Her work in promoting tolerance and understanding for the Muslim minorities in the southernmost provinces of Pattani, Yala and Narathiwat have made her especially popular amongst Thai Muslims. The queen has a strong bond with southern Thailand, and she formerly spent months in the Muslim-majority provinces every year. She is considered to be one of the more quiet diplomats.

Books and writing
Queen Sirikit published In Memory of my European Trip in 1964, which described her time in Europe with the king. It was this book that revealed that she was a talented writer. Moreover, she has composed songs for performance by The Handsome Band, the band of the palace.

The songs she composed were:
 * Chao Chom Khwan (เจ้าจอมขวัญ)
 * That Thoe (ทาสเธอ)
 * Sai Yut (สายหยุด)
 * Nang Yaem (นางแย้ม)

Titles
Her formal name and title is Somdet Phra Nang Chao Sirikit Phra Borommarachininat สมเด็จพระนางเจ้าสิริกิติ์ พระบรมราชินีนาถ; "Her Majesty Queen Regent Sirikit". Her official title is Queen Sirikit.

At present, the queen ranks as Field Marshal, Admiral of the Fleet, and Marshal of the Royal Thai Air Force, usually mentioned in official documents that: Chom Phon Ying Chom Phon Ruea Ying Chom Phon Akat Ying Somdet Phra Nang Chao Sirikit Phra Borommarachininat จอมพลหญิง จอมพลเรือหญิง จอมพลอากาศหญิง สมเด็จพระนางเจ้าสิริกิติ์ พระบรมราชินีนาถ; "Her Majesty Queen Regent Sirikit, the Field Marshal, Admiral of the Fleet, and Marshal of the Royal Thai Air Force". The queen holds ceremonial supreme power, after her husband who ranks as the Head of the Royal Thai Armed Forces, in the Royal Thai Army.
 * 12 August 1932 – 28 April 1950: The Honourable (English style) or Mom Rajawongse (Thai style) Sirikit Kitiyakara
 * 28 April 1950 – 5 December 1956: Her Majesty The Queen
 * 22 October 1956 - 5 November 1956: Her Majesty The Queen and Regent of Thailand
 * 5 November 1956 – 13 October 2016: Her Majesty The Queen Regent
 * 13 October 2016 – Present: Her Majesty The Queen Dowager

In 1976, the Thai government honored the queen by declaring her birthday a national holiday. The Queen's birthday is celebrated on 12 August each year.

National honours

 * Order of the Royal House of Chakri (Thailand) ribbon.png Dame (star with diamonds) of The Most Illustrious Order of the Royal House of Chakri
 * Order of the Nine Gems (Thailand) ribbon.png Dame of the Order of the Nine Gems
 * Order of Chula Chom Klao - 1st Class (Thailand) ribbon.png Dame Grand Cross of the Order of Chula Chom Klao
 * Order of the White Elephant - Special Class (Thailand) ribbon.png Dame Grand Cordon (Special Class) of The Most Exalted Order of the White Elephant
 * Order of the Crown of Thailand - Special Class (Thailand) ribbon.png Dame Grand Cordon (Special Class) of The Most Noble Order of the Crown of Thailand
 * Order of the Direkgunabhorn 1st class (Thailand) ribbon.png Dame Grand Cross (First Class) of The Most Admirable Order of the Direkgunabhorn
 * Order of Ramkeerati (Thailand) ribbon.png Member (Special Class) of The Order of Symbolic Propitiousness Ramkeerati - Boy Scout Citation Medal
 * Freeman Safeguarding Medal - Class 1 (Thailand).png Freeman Safeguarding Medal (First Class)
 * Dushdi Mala - Civilian (Thailand).png Civil Dushdi Mala Medal
 * Border Service Medal (Thailand) ribbon.png The Border Service Medal
 * King Rama IX Royal Cypher Medal (Thailand) ribbon.png King Rama IX Royal Cypher Medal (First Class)
 * King Rama IX Rajaruchi Medal (Thailand) ribbon.png King Rama IX Rajaruchi Medal (Gold Class)
 * Red Cross Medal of Merit (Thailand) ribbon.png The Red Cross Commendation Medal
 * Red Cross Medal of Merit (Thailand) ribbon.png The Red Cross Commendation Medal

Foreign honours

 * Grand Cross of the Order of Saint James of the Sword, 1960
 * Member of The Royal Order of the Seraphim (3 September 1960)
 * 1960: Knight of the Order of the Elephant (6 September 1960)
 * 1960: Grand Cross (Special Class) of the Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany
 * 22 September 1960 : Grand Cross of The Order of Merit of the Italian Republic
 * 1960: Dame Grand Cordon of the Order of Leopold
 * 1960: Knight of the Order of the Gold Lion of the House of Nassau
 * 1960: Dame Grand Cross of the Order of the Netherlands Lion
 * 1960: Dame Grand Cross of the Order of Isabella the Catholic (3 November 1960)
 * 1987: Dame Grand Cross of the Royal and Distinguished Spanish Order of Charles III (13 November 1987)
 * 1961: First Class of The Star of Mahaputera
 * 1962: - Honorary Recipient of the Order of the Crown of the Realm (Darjah Utama Seri Mahkota Negara)
 * 1999: - Grand Cross of The Most Esteemed Royal Family Order of Selangor (Darjah Kerabat Yang Amat Dihormati Kelas Pertama)
 * 2004: - Grand Cross of The Most Esteemed Royal Family Order of Kelantan (Darjah Kerabat Yang Amat Dihormati)
 * 2009: - Grand Cross of The Most Distinguished Royal Family Order of Terengganu (Darjah Kerabat di-Raja Terengganu Yang Amat Mulia)
 * 1963: Grand Cordon of the Order of the Precious Crown
 * 1963: Special Grand Cordon of The Order of Propitious Clouds
 * 1964: Grand Star of the Decoration of Honour for Services to the Republic of Austria
 * 1965: Dame Grand Cross of the Royal Norwegian Order of St. Olav
 * 1968: Grand Collar (Maringal na Kuwintas) of The Order of the Golden Heart
 * 1981: Grand Order of Mugunghwa
 * 1990: The Most Esteemed Royal Family Order Seri Utama of Brunei
 * 1992: Phoxay Lane Xang
 * 1999: - Grand Cross of The Most Esteemed Royal Family Order of Selangor (Darjah Kerabat Yang Amat Dihormati Kelas Pertama)
 * 2004: - Grand Cross of The Most Esteemed Royal Family Order of Kelantan (Darjah Kerabat Yang Amat Dihormati)
 * 2009: - Grand Cross of The Most Distinguished Royal Family Order of Terengganu (Darjah Kerabat di-Raja Terengganu Yang Amat Mulia)
 * 1963: Grand Cordon of the Order of the Precious Crown
 * 1963: Special Grand Cordon of The Order of Propitious Clouds
 * 1964: Grand Star of the Decoration of Honour for Services to the Republic of Austria
 * 1965: Dame Grand Cross of the Royal Norwegian Order of St. Olav
 * 1968: Grand Collar (Maringal na Kuwintas) of The Order of the Golden Heart
 * 1981: Grand Order of Mugunghwa
 * 1990: The Most Esteemed Royal Family Order Seri Utama of Brunei
 * 1992: Phoxay Lane Xang
 * 1968: Grand Collar (Maringal na Kuwintas) of The Order of the Golden Heart
 * 1981: Grand Order of Mugunghwa
 * 1990: The Most Esteemed Royal Family Order Seri Utama of Brunei
 * 1992: Phoxay Lane Xang
 * 1990: The Most Esteemed Royal Family Order Seri Utama of Brunei
 * 1992: Phoxay Lane Xang
 * 1992: Phoxay Lane Xang
 * 1992: Phoxay Lane Xang

Honours from former sovereign families

 * 1963: Grand Cross of the Order of Beneficence
 * 1963: Grand Cordon of the Most Esteemed Order of the Million Elephants and the White Parasol
 * 1968: 🇮🇷 Iranian Imperial Family: Dame Grand Cordon of the Order of the Pleiades, 1st Class
 * 1968: Dame Grand Cordon of the Most Exalted Order of the Queen of Sheba
 * 1986: 🇳🇵 Member of The Nepal Pratap Bhaskara

Eponyms
Queen Sirikit is well known for her charitable work, where she is the honorary president of the Thai Red Cross, a post she has held since 1956. She gained new prominence in this role in the aftermath of the tsunami disaster in southern Thailand in December 2004. She has also been active in relief work for the many refugees from Cambodia and Burma in Thailand.

Many things in Thailand have been named after the Queen:
 * the Queen Sirikit National Institute of Child Health, children's hospital
 * the Queen Sirikit Medical Center building, Ramathibodi Hospital
 * the Queen Sirikit Centre for Breast Cancer, a new 10-storey hospital in Bangkok
 * the Queen Sirikit National Convention Center in Bangkok
 * the Queen Sirikit Park in Bangkok
 * the Sirikit Dam on the Nan River, Uttaradit Province
 * the Queen Sirikit Botanic Garden, Chiang Mai Province
 * the Queen Sirikit Arboretum Garden, Pathum Thani Province
 * the Queen Sirikit Cup, an annual Asian-Pacific golfing event
 * the Queen Sirikit Crab (Thaiphusa sirikit)
 * the Queen Sirikit Rose
 * the Queen's Cup, annual football competition

The queen is also active in promoting Thai culture and history, mainly through her initiative in the making of the Thai movie The Legend of Suriyothai, one of the most lavish and expensive Thai movies ever made.