Harassing fire



Harassing fire is a form of psychological warfare in which an enemy force is subjected to random, unpredictable and intermittent small-arms or artillery fire over an extended period of time (usually at night and times of low conflict intensity) in an effort to undermine morale, increase the enemy's stress levels and deny them the opportunity for sleep, rest and resupply. This lowers the enemy's overall readiness and fighting ability, acting as a force multiplier for the harassing force.

As the name suggests, harassing fire is undertaken as an extreme form of nuisance without a major effort to produce significant casualties or to support a larger attack. The intent is to merely ensure the enemy can never fully rest or attend to non-combat related tasks and must always be alert and in cover from incoming fire. For this reason, harassing fire is often conducted at night (or around the clock if resources allow) and by a small number of guns or artillery pieces rather than the whole contingent. The denial of sleep and constant alert state it induces is physically and psychologically unsustainable by infantry forces for any length of time, and eventually causes severe degenerative stress and degradation of the force's combat abilities. For this reason, it has been a standard and efficacious tactic used since the introduction of the projectile weapon.

Antiquity
Harassing fire became commonplace after the invention of the catapault and trebuchet, which could be used to hurl a variety of harmful objects over fortified walls during the siege of a city or castle. Since such a siege could drag on for months or years if the attackers were unable to forcibly breach the walls, an alternative plan called for patience coupled with regular harassing fire in an effort to induce the defenders to surrender due to low morale, disease and starvation. Aside from lethal projectiles such as stones and iron balls, the artillery of the time would also throw harassment projectiles: rotting bodies (both men and animals), plague-infected corpses, piles of human excrement, beehives and the severed heads of captured enemy prisoners of war, all in an effort to harass and discourage the besieged defenders until they surrendered.

World War I
Harassing fire entered a new phase following the widespread mass-production of cheap, long-range high explosive artillery in World War I, assisted by the static, inflexible nature of the defensive positions faced. Whole batteries on all sides of the conflict were dedicated to harassing fire (especially prior to a planned infantry attack) and the concept was refined to a science, complete with formulae for shells-per-hour and pattern density to ensure sleep and resupply were statistically impossible for the targeted force. In most cases, resupply and relief was already nearly impossible during the day due to artillery observers, and the addition of random harassing fire at night meant even fewer replacements and supplies could reach the front. The shell shock this eventually induced in the enemy was usually a disassociative psychological reaction to months of unending explosions, fear, hunger and sleep deprivation.

World War II
Harassing fire continued to be an effective and widespread practice in World War II as bomber aircraft and missiles were added to the equation. Soviet forces famously formed three all-female harassment bomber regiments in 1942 (the 586th, 587th and 588th) equipped with obsolescent Polikarpov Po-2 biplane trainer aircraft. Although very slow, poorly armed and virtually defenseless during the day, the Po-2 was exceptionally cheap and reliable, could carry two small (44 lb.) HE bombs and was nearly silent when flown by an expert at night; the small, low-RPM piston engine produced only a muted rattling for a sound signature, far quieter and less identifiable than the turbocharged aero-engines of a modern fighter/bomber. As a result, it was much harder to pinpoint the plane's exact bearing or distance and gave the target very little warning of their arrival.

Although initially sneered at by the Germans, who called the Po-2 Rusfaner ("Russian plywood") or Die Nähmaschine ("the sewing machine"), it proved unexpectedly effective at night harassment attacks on rear areas of the German lines, flying so low and slow the German fighters were unable to locate or engage them. The elderly wood-and-fabric plane also proved both highly resistant to standard armor piercing anti-aircraft ammunition, as well as invisible to modern radar, leaving the Germans with no option but blind saturation flak and searchlights, neither of which were particularly successful and helped further ensure nobody in the camp could get any restful sleep. Soon the Germans frustratedly dubbed the women pilots Die Nachthexen, "The Night Witches", and Luftwaffe pilots and anti-aircraft gunners were promised the Iron Cross if they managed to shoot down even a single Po-2.

Harassing fire also expanded to civilians as terror bombing of cities became the norm. In a 1944 report on the recent introduction of the V-1 Flying Bomb, Time Magazine referred to the attacks on London as a form of harassing fire, since they were random and frightening attacks (usually at night) designed to damage English civilian morale rather than directly disable members of the British military. A tired, frightened worker would produce less war material at their daily factory jobs, they opined.

Modern day
The concept continues to be relevant in modern warfare and remains in the artillery curriculum of the US Army War College and the US Army's War Plans Division.