Charles Howard, 20th Earl of Suffolk



Charles Henry George Howard, 20th Earl of Suffolk, 13th Earl of Berkshire, GC FRS (March 2, 1906 – May 12, 1941) was an English bomb disposal expert who was also an earl in the Peerage of England, belonging to the ancient Howard family. He was styled Viscount Andover until 1917. He is most famous for being responsible for rescuing a team of French nuclear scientists and the entire existing stockpile of heavy water that existed in the world at the time from France to England in the face of the imminent French defeat in 1940.

Early life
He was the son of the 19th Earl of Suffolk and his American wife, the former Margaret Leiter ("Daisy"), sister of Lady Curzon and daughter of the American businessman Levi Leiter. After leaving Radley College, he entered the Royal Naval College, Dartmouth to become a naval officer but quit soon after and headed to Liverpool where he joined a windjammer. After his return from Liverpool, he was commissioned in the Scots Guards but was later asked to resign from his post by his superiors because of his "wild ways". He worked as a Jackaroo in Australia from 1928 to 1934.

In 1934, he married Chicago-born ballet dancer Mimi Forde-Pigott, by whom he had three children:
 * Michael Howard, 21st Earl of Suffolk (born 1935)
 * Hon. Maurice David Henry Howard (born 3 November 1936), married Vicky Summers in 1998
 * Hon. Patrick Greville Howard (born 18 August 1940), married Mary Johnson in 1966 and has issue

The Earl enrolled at Edinburgh University, graduating three years later with a first-class honours degree in Chemistry and Pharmacology. In his early twenties, the Earl was made a Fellow of The Royal Society of Edinburgh. The Nuffield Institute of Medical Research at Oxford University offered him a research post in the area of "explosives and poisons". As Liaison Officer for the British Department of Scientific and Industrial Research during World War II, the Earl of Suffolk was charged with rescuing rare machine tools, $10 million worth of industrial diamonds, fifty French scientists and heavy water. The Earl, accompanied by his private confidential secretary, Eileen Beryl Morden, comprised a part of France's scientific elite as the Nazis advanced through the country. Accompanied by his brace of pistols, "Oscar" and "Genevieve", and after a number of breathtaking adventures, the Earl and Miss Morden were successful in their objective of ushering the scientists out of France, as well as securing the industrial diamonds and entire world supply of heavy water. Leaving the French capital only hours ahead of the German armoured columns, the Earl drove south by night to Bordeaux, where he commandeered the SS Broompark, a small British ship, finally anchoring off Falmouth, Cornwall, where a special train took her passengers and cargo to London. Jack Howard arrived at the Ministry of Supply, "a young man of somewhat battered appearance yet distinguished by a certain air of grace and dignity", delivering the passengers, cargo and a large-scale map of the coast near Bordeaux where he had persuaded another group of scientists to hide there with yet more valuable material, including radium rescued from a number of hospitals. They would wait at the rendezvous until they saw a ship flash the prearranged recognition signal. A destroyer was quickly sent and all went according to plan. Howard's approach to his missions earned him the nickname "Mad Jack". Herbert Morrison, Minister of Supply, later described him as "one of the most remarkable young men employed by the Government on dangerous missions."

Bomb disposal
Following his return from France, the Earl worked for the Ministry of Supply as a Research Officer learning how to defuse bombs of new and unknown types. The Earl served as part of an unexploded bomb detachment in London during the Blitz. The detachment consisted of himself, Morden, and his chauffeur, Fred Hards. They called themselves "the Holy Trinity" and they became famed for their prowess in detecting and successfully tackling thirty-four unexploded bombs with "urbane and smiling efficiency." Morden stood by his side taking notes, as the Earl worked at defusing the bombs. He looked on each bomb as a new challenge-examining it from all angles, listening to it, his fingers exploring the metal shell and dictating his conclusions to Eileen Morden and the method he proposed to use in disarming the bomb when the time came for her to take shelter. If anything went wrong, then at least others would not make the same mistake. An official report underlined the strain of his work: "On many occasions Lord Suffolk cleared everyone away from the danger area and proceeded to operate alone.  Deliberately he exposed himself daily to danger." Jack was a fatalist saying that "If my name is on a bomb, that's it." Sadly, the thirty-fifth claimed its forfeit when all three were killed on Erith Marshes in Kent on 12 May 1941.

The bomb, a 250 kg (500 lb) weapon, was at one of the so-called 'bomb cemeteries', on open ground on the marshes. Bombs were transferred here after being temporarily made safe for transport, and then destroyed using controlled explosions. The bomb had been dropped some six months earlier in the previous autumn and after removal and transfer to the marshes had been at Erith for so long it had been known to the Sappers as 'Old Faithfull'. Containing two separate fuzes, a Type (17) and a Type (50), these two types were in short supply to the Bomb Disposal Sections, intact fuzes being required for instructional purposes and it was for the purpose of recovering the fuzes that the Earl was dealing with bomb. The Type (17) was a delayed-action fuze containing a clockwork mechanism, while the Type (50) was an anti-handling device containing a motion sensor. Both fuzes had been temporarily made-safe so that the bomb could be transferred from the impact site to an open area, however the fuzes remained inside the bomb. In addition the Germans had also implemented on some bombs a Zus 40 booby trap, that detonated the bomb when an attempt was made at withdrawing the Type (17). The Zus 40 was positioned below the other fuze, and so was not visible until the obvious fuze was partially withdrawn from its pocket. At lunchtime of the 12th May the Earl had telephoned his office to say that the Type (17) was ticking and that he had sent for a Mk II KIM clock-stopper. By 14:45 this was in place along with a stethoscope, and preparations were being made to sterilise the bomb with steam. As two Sappers were going to fetch water for the steamer, the bomb exploded. The explosion killed the Earl, Hards, Morden - who died in the ambulance - and eleven other people who had been nearby, including five Sappers who had been working alongside the Earl on the bomb. It was later surmised that a Zus 40 may have been triggered as the Earl was removing it.

Accolades, honours and memorials
On July 18, 1941, the London Gazette announced that the King had awarded the Earl of Suffolk a posthumous George Cross "for conspicuous bravery in connection with bomb disposal."

Sir Winston Churchill, in the second volume, "Their Finest Hour", of his book The Second World War reminisced:

"One bomb disposal squad I remember which may be taken as symbolic of many others. It consisted of three people, the Earl of Suffolk, his lady private secretary and his chauffeur. They called themselves 'The Holy Trinity'.  Their prowess and continued existence got around among all who knew and 34 unexploded bombs did they tackle with urbane and smiling efficiency, but the 35th claimed its forfeit.  Up went the Earl of Suffolk in his Holy Trinity.  But we may be sure that, as for Mr. Valiant-for-Truth, all the trumpets sounded for them on the other side."

A stained glass window designed by Gerald Smith of St. John's Wood was dedicated by Frederick Cockin the Bishop of Bristol at a special service on the afternoon of Monday 15, September 1947 at the church of St. John the Baptist, Charlton. The stained glass in the central panel above the four main lights shows the Earl's George Cross. The two main figures are the saints George and John of Nepomuk. St. George is trampling on the defeated dragon, a symbol of evil. St. John Nepomuk, a fourteenth-century priest from Bohemia is the Patron saint of Silence. His inclusion in the window is possibly a reference to the great concentration needed in all scientific activity, but particularly in bomb disposal, and also (as with St. George), to having suffered martyrdom for his beliefs. At the bottom of the panel is the Suffolk family coat of arms. In the right hand light is a picture of SS Broompark, the vessel in which the Earl made his remarkable escape from Bordeaux in France. The picture shows the moment a German plane appeared above the ship, but flew off without attacking. St. Catherine, above, is the Patron saint of Science and also a martyr. Below is St. Francis of Assisi, Patron saint of Birds and Animals - the Earl loved animals and hated hunting and shooting. At the bottom of the two central lights, two scenes are depicted in fascinating detail. One shows work taking place in a laboratory, the other the dangerous business of bomb disposal. Above the bomb disposal squad is the inscription in memory of the Earl and those who died with him. Finally, above the scene in the laboratory is displayed a poem by John Masefield, Poet Laureate of the United Kingdom, written by him upon hearing the news of Jack Howard's death:

"He loved the bright ship with the lifting wing; He felt the anguish in the hunted thing; He dared the dangers which beset the guides; Who lead men to the knowledge nature hides; Probing and playing with the lightning thus; He and his faithful friends met death for us; The beauty of a splendid man abides."

In 1973, the BBC based a television drama series on the life of the Earl. Ronald Pickup played the leading role in The Dragon's Opponent. The Earl has a role in Michael Ondaatje's novel, The English Patient.