Battle of Delft (1573)

The Battle of Deflt also known as the Defence of Delft was a military engagement that fought during the Eighty Years' War and the Anglo–Spanish War which took place in October 1573 in and outside of the city of Delft. The battle was fought by a small Anglo-Dutch force under Thomas Morgan and an attacking Spanish force under Francisco de Valdez. The Spanish were repelled and were forced to retreat.

Background
The Spanish Governor of the Netherlands Fernando de Toledo (the 3rd Duke of Alba) had besieged Alkmaar in August but had been repelled. Soon after in early October, Leiden was besieged but a chance of a quick victory disappeared when the Spanish realised the city had stronger defences and a well stocked garrison. Alba then sent the master of his camp Francisco de Valdez with his veteran Tercio soldiers along with twelve companies of Walloons; in all numbering 4,000 men under the command of Julián Romero to advance deep into Holland. His objective was to seize the rich villages and outlying towns between Leiden, Delft and the sea coast as far as the River Maas so that all relief for Leiden could be cut off. Valdez captured The Hague without any resistance and soon the place was fortified by them.

Meanwhile Thomas Morgan's regiment of English, several Scots, a few French Huguenot companies besides the States troops under the command of the Prince of Orange were lodged in the villages between Delft and Rotterdam safely from the Spanish. They were positioned before large dykes on both sides of the roads. One position secured the Prince in control of the alluvial quadrangle watered on two sides by the rivers IJssel and the Mass. One company of English held this position and was under the command of Roger Williams and included the poet George Gascoigne. Captain Edward Chester was posted in the Polderwaert, another fortified position in between Delft and Rotterdam. These troops were ready to shore up any last ditch defence if Delft, Rotterdam and Delfshaven had been attacked by the Spanish.

Attack
A Dutch force had made upon intelligence of the Spanish approach to Delft via outskirts of the Hague. Romero and his Spaniards were entrenched at a stone bridge half way between the Hague and Delft, and cut off the passage between that town and Leiden. The Dutch burnt all the houses on the outskirts denying the Spanish any shelter. The Prince had a total of 6,000 troops between Rotterdam and Delft but did not have enough experienced troops to meet the Spanish Tercios in open combat. Valdez did all he could with Leiden and Delft by using treachery or stealth in order to open the town port leading to Utrecht.

Valdez prepared a few peat boats which were manned with nearly a thousand hand picked troops with the intention of gaining the city at night from different directions. A few boats managed to get through past the port entrance to Delft by use of a French spy, but the garrison was on full alert and managed to kill or capture all of the Spanish attackers. Meanwhile at the Polderwaert bastion outside of Delft, Captain Chester with his company of 200 English men at arms highly distinguished themselves in repelling the attack inflicting heavy casualties.

With this repulse Valdez then sought to make a large assault on the town. At the same time the garrison sought out the betrayers and with intelligence from Spanish prisoners were able to discover the townsmen who were then dealt with. The garrison was then reinforced from nearby villages to expand to just over over 1,000 most of whom had entered the following night. In addition cannons were loaded with whatever could be found such as nails and musket balls.

The main attack however never came as Valdez had discovered that the defences were much stronger and realised that a major assault on the city was out of the question. As a result he gave over the Delft enterprise and the Spanish withdrew.

Aftermath
The attack on the city had been defeated and the Spanish had lost in all around 700 men mostly on the outskirts. Delft amongst other Dutch towns and cities had been saved and meant that Leiden had better hope of relief.

After these attempts Valdez informed the Duke of Alba of his defeat showing him that victory could not be achieved without a larger force along with siege artillery. He requested more troops and guns or leave to retire himself from the area with the troops he had; the latter was chosen as Alba refused more men or guns. Romero meanwhile managed to capture Maassluis but an attempt on Delftshaven was repelled and no further efforts were made for the rest of year.

For his action in helping to repel the Spanish attack on the city the Prince of Orange promoted Chester to the rank of lieutenant colonel. The Duke of Alba after these bout of failures and as a result of his violent councils solicited to be recalled and thus departed the Netherlands in 1574.