RAF Molesworth

Royal Air Force Station Molesworth or more simply RAF Molesworth is a Royal Air Force station located near Molesworth, Cambridgeshire, England with a history dating back to 1917.

Its runway and flight line facilities were closed in 1973 and demolished to support ground-launched cruise missile operations in the early 1980s. It is now a non-flying facility under the control of the United States Air Force (USAF), and is one of three Royal Air Force (RAF) bases in Cambridgeshire currently used by the United States Air Forces in Europe (USAFE). Molesworth, along with RAF Alconbury and RAF Upwood are considered the "Tri-Base Area" due to their close geographic proximity and interdependency.

RAF Alconbury and RAF Molesworth are the last World War II-era Eighth Air Force bases in the United Kingdom that are still actively in use and controlled by the United States Air Force.

It was from Molesworth on 4 July 1942 that the first USAAF Eighth Air Force mission was flown over Nazi-occupied territory.

Overview
Molesworth is home to three Major Command (MAJCOM) branch sites: the United States European Command (USEUCOM) Joint Intelligence Operations Center Europe Analytic Center (JAC), United States Africa Command (USAFRICOM) Intelligence and Knowledge Directorate-Molesworth (J2-M), North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) Intelligence Fusion Centre (IFC), and is garrisoned by the United States Air Force 423rd Air Base Group (423 ABG), based at RAF Alconbury.

The role of the JAC is to process and analyze military information from a variety of sources for the benefit of the United States and NATO. Responsibility consists of eighty-three countries across Europe, along with the Middle East and the Mediterranean.

The JAC reports to the Director of Intelligence (J2), Headquarters, United States European Command, in Stuttgart-Valhingen, Germany.

Molesworth employs over 750 personnel to include US and foreign military as well as US and British civilians. Because of past gaps in operations and demolishing of buildings and infrastructure, RAF Molesworth contains very limited support operations. As such, it relies solely upon the 423d ABG for all non-JAC related support functions like postal services, banking and telecommunications connectivity.

RAF Molesworth is about 1.011 sq mi (2.618 km2) in area.

History

 * Bob Hope entertained base personnel on 6 July 1943.
 * American journalist and news correspondent Walter Cronkite flew on a 303d Bombardment Group mission while reporting the war.
 * American servicemen from RAF Molesworth married more English women during World War II than servicemen from any other American base in England.
 * During the early 1980s, Molesworth was completely rebuilt. All of the World War II runways, taxiways, bomber hardstandings, as well as a 9,000 ft jet runway laid down in the 1950s were removed. Crumbling buildings, mostly from the 1950s were also demolished and removed. The only surviving remnants of the World War II era are two T.2 hangars and one J-Type hangar on the former airfield. A cluster of wartime buildings, including Nissen huts exist just east of the facility, at the intersection of the B660 and Brington Road at the edge of the town of Old Weston. °N, °W
 * A monument to the 303rd BG resides just inside the main entrance to the base and is accessible to the public.

First World War
The Royal Flying Corps selected a site for an airfield near the village of Old Weston in Cambridgeshire during the First World War. The first flying unit to arrive at the base was 75 Squadron. It remained at this airfield until September 1917. After the war, the airfield was abandoned. Some of the buildings were taken over by the surrounding farms with many of them still in use today.

RAAF/RAF use
At the start of the Second World War the Air Ministry selected the area as the site for what would become RAF Molesworth. The base was built in 1940 and 1941. The first unit, Royal Australian Air Force 460 Squadron was formed at the base on 15 November 1941 with Vickers Wellington IVs. 460 Squadron departed the airfield on 4 January 1942. RAF Bomber Command 159 squadron moved in shortly afterwards, however this unit did not remain long, moving to the Middle East on 12 January.

USAAF use
Molesworth was one of the early Eighth Air Force stations assigned to the United States Army Air Forces (USAAF). In February 1942, General Ira Eaker and four US staff members inspected Molesworth for possible American use, and during 1942 the facility was improved to Class A airfield standard, with all of its runways extended to American specifications for heavy 4-engined bombers. The main runway was lengthened to 2,000 yards and the number of hardstands increased to fifty. It was given USAAF designation as Station 107.

From 16 September 1943 – 18 June 1945, Molesworth served as headquarters for the 41st Combat Bombardment Wing of the 1st Bomb Division.

15th Bombardment Squadron


The first USAAF tenant on Molesworth was the 15th Bombardment Squadron, arriving on 9 June 1942 from RAF Grafton Underwood. The squadron flew the Douglas Boston III (A-20) light bomber. The 15th was originally part of the 27th Bombardment Group (Light), assigned to Fifth Air Force in the Philippine Islands. However the group's planes (A-24s), did not arrive by 7 December 1941, and due to the deteriorating situation in the Philippines after the Japanese invasion, they were diverted to Australia. Surviving members of the group reformed into a combat unit in Australia and fought in the Dutch East Indies and New Guinea Campaigns.

When the 27th Bombardment Group was inactivated and transferred back to the United States for re-equipping, the surviving members of the group were first transferred back to the United States, then to the UK in May where they received their Bostons from No. 226 Squadron RAF. The men and aircraft were organized and formed as the 15th Bomb Squadron, the 15th LBS having been a part of the 27th while in training during 1940/41 before being inactivated prior to the groups deployment to the Philippines. With the pilots having had extensive combat experience against the Japanese in the Pacific War, these airmen's mission was to train with their RAF counterparts in preparation for the upcoming Eighth Air Force strategic bombing campaign against the Germans.

After a few weeks of familiarization training with the new aircraft, on 4 July 1942, six American crews from the 15th Bomb Squadron joined with six RAF crews from RAF Swanton Morley for a low-level attack on Luftwaffe airfields in the Netherlands, becoming the first USAAF unit to bomb targets in Europe. The 4 July raid had been specifically ordered by General Henry H. "Hap" Arnold and approved by President Roosevelt. Arnold believed that 4 July would be an ideal day for the USAAF to open its strategic bombing campaign against the Nazis, but General Carl Spaatz did not have any of his heavy Eighth Air Force bomb groups ready for operational missions. Two of the 15th's planes did not return from the mission, along with one RAF aircraft. The squadron commander, Capt. Charles Kegelman, plane was shot up badly and almost did not return.

Spaatz considered the mission a "stunt" triggered by pressure in the American press who believed the people of both the United States and Great Britain needed a psychological boost. However, Kegleman was awarded the Distinguished Service Cross and its British equivalent for his valor on that Fourth of July mission—the first Eighth Air Force airman to receive the nation's second highest combat decoration.

The 15th flew most of its missions from Molesworth in its Bostons, and did not receive USAAF Douglas A-20 Havoc aircraft until 5 September. The squadron was transferred to RAF Podington until 15 September where it flew a few missions before being transferred to Twelfth Air Force for support of Allied landings in North Africa on 15 October 1942.

303d Bombardment Group
With the departure of the 15th Bomb Squadron, Molesworth was occupied by the B-17 Flying Fortresses of the 358th Bombardment Squadron, the first of four squadrons that would comprise the 303d Bombardment Group. The 303d would remain at Molesworth until shortly after V-E Day in late May 1945.

The 303d Bombardment Group consisted of the following squadrons:


 * 358th Bombardment Squadron (Code VK)
 * 359th Bombardment Squadron (Code BN)
 * 360th Bombardment Squadron (Code PU)
 * 427th Bombardment Squadron (Code GN)

The 358th flew the first mission for the group on 17 November 1942. The group would become one of the legendary units of the Eighth Air Force. Initially missions were conducted against targets such as aerodromes, railways, and submarine pens in France until 1943, then flying missions into Germany itself.

The 303d took part in the first penetration into Germany by heavy bombers of Eighth Air Force by striking the U-boat yard at Wilhelmshaven on 27 January 1943 then attacked other targets such as the ball-bearing plants at Schweinfurt, shipbuilding yards at Bremen, a synthetic rubber plant at Huls, an aircraft engine factory at Hamburg, industrial areas of Frankfurt, an aerodrome at Villacoublay, and a marshalling yard at Le Mans.

The 303d received a Distinguished Unit Citation for an operation on 11 January 1944 when, in spite of continuous attacks by enemy fighters in weather that prevented effective fighter cover from reaching the group, it successfully struck an aircraft assembly plant at Oschersleben.

The group attacked gun emplacements and bridges in the Pas de Calais area during the invasion of Normandy in June 1944; bombed enemy troops to support the breakthrough at Saint-Lô in July 1944. It struck airfields, oil depots, and other targets during the Battle of the Bulge, and bombed military installations in the Wesel area to aid the Allied assault across the Rhine in March 1945.

The last mission for the 303d was flown on 25 April 1945 when it attacked an armament works in Pilsen. During its combat tour the group flew 364 missions comprising 10,271 sorties, dropped 26,346 tons of bombs and shot down 378 enemy aircraft with another 104 probables. The group also saw 817 of its men killed in action with another 754 becoming prisoners of war.

On 31 May 1945, the 303d Bomb Group left Molesworth, moving to Casablanca, French Morocco.

Wulfe Hound
B-17F-27-BO 41-24585 8th AF / 303rd BG / 360th BS (PU-B / Wulfe Hound)

This B-17 was the first Flying Fortress to be studied by the Luftwaffe. she went MIA on 12 December 1942 (303rd BG Mission #6) Target: Rouen / Sotteville, France - Railroad Marshaling yards (Pilot: 1Lt Paul F. Flickenger)

Due to combat damage, Lt Flickenger made a wheels-up landing in a hayfield near Melun, France (60 miles S.E. of Paris) with the ball turret guns pointing downward - 8 of the crew were captured but 1Lt Gilbert T Showalter (Navigator) and 2Lt Jack E. Williams (co-pilot) were able to escape and evaded.

Germans were able to transport the B-17 to Leeuwarden airfield in the Netherlands where repairs made and put in flyable condition. The damaged Ball Turret was never replaced.

It was painted with German Insignia and side code DL+XC with yellow paint on the undersurfaces. It was carefully examined and tested at the Luftwaffe Test and Evaluation Center at Rechlin. Wulfe Hound was first flown by the Germans on 17 March 1943, followed by more testing and development of fighter tactics against B-17s.

It was transferred to the Luftwaffe "Kampfgeschwader" KG200 Squadron at Rangesdforf, Germany on 11 September 1943. It then took part in training and highly secretive clandestine missions between May and June 1944.

On 20 April 1945 this aircraft was caught in an allied air-raid on Oranienburg Airfield and was partially destroyed.

In 2000, the Germany government started redeveloping this former airfield and part of Wulfe Hound were recovered and placed on display at Sachsenhausen Memorial Store

Legacy

The 303d Bomb Group was inactivated in Morocco on 23 July 1945. Personnel demobilised and the B-17 aircraft sent to storage.

During the Cold War, the United States Air Force Strategic Air Command 303d Bombardment Wing, Medium flew Boeing B-29 "Superfortresses" and later Boeing B-47 "Stratojet" from Davis-Monthan AFB Arizona beginning in 1951. The wing was bestowed the honours and history of the USAAF 303d Bombardment Group in 1952. The wing was inactivated in 1964 with the phaseout of the B-47.

In the late 1980s, the USAFE 303d Tactical Missile Wing was reactivated at Molesworth with BGM-109G Gryphon Ground Launched Cruise Missiles (GLCMs). The GLCM era however, was short-lived as the wing was discontinued and inactivated in 1989.

Back to Royal Air Force control
On 1 July 1945 the Americans turned the station back to the RAF, who quickly chose it to be a training base for their new jet aircraft. The first jet unit, 1335 Conversion Unit, arrived on 27 July, flying Gloster Meteor IIIs. It would be joined over the next year by several transient aircraft detachments and units.

On 10 October 1946, 1335 Conversion Unit moved from RAF Molesworth. The base was then inactivated and placed in a 'care and maintenance' status.

USAF use
As the Cold War increased in intensity, the US Air Force began looking to expand in Western Europe. RAF Molesworth was chosen in 1951 to become home to the 582d Air Resupply Group. The station was enlarged with main runway extensions and modern facilities. After much runway work by the 801st Engineer Battalion, the group moved from Great Falls, Montana to the base in February 1954.

582d Air Resupply Group
In September 1953, after the Korean Armistice was signed that ended active conflict on the Korean peninsula the existing USAF Air Supply Wings were reduced to air resupply groups. The groups were approximately one-half the size of the former wings and consisted of two squadrons—one flying squadron and one support squadron—as compared to six squadrons in each wing before the reorganization. The unit was equipped with twelve B-29s, four Grumman HU-16 Albatross, Amphibians, three C-119 Flying Boxcars (able to use RATO gear) and a C-47.

Although the unit was identified as an Air Resupply Group, the unit's name was deliberately misleading, as the mission of the 582d was support of special operations over Soviet occupied territory.

The 582d was assigned directly to Third Air Force and provided the bulk of its air support to the Army 10th Special Forces Group, which had been transferred in total from Fort Bragg, North Carolina, to Bad Tölz, West Germany. For the next two and one-half years, the 582d worked closely with the 10th Group providing airdrop, resupply, and airland support with its assigned B-29 and C-119 aircraft.

The versatile SA-16 was utilized for amphibious missions, including night water-infiltration/exfiltration operations. Assigned SA-16s were also tasked to fly classified courier missions throughout the Mediterranean, Middle East and southern Europe.

On 25 October 1956 the 582d was replaced by the 42d Troop Carrier Squadron. The 42d flew HU-16s, C-47s, C-119s and C-54 Douglas Skymaster cargo transport aircraft from Molesworth until 3 May 1957 when it moved 13 miles up the road to RAF Alconbury. However the squadron had a short life at Alconbury and was inactivated on 8 December 1957. The C-54s and C-47s were sent to Rhein-Main Air Base, West Germany, and the C-119s were sent to the 322nd Air Division at Évreux-Fauville Air Base, France.

Reserve status
With the departure of the 42d Troop Carrier Squadron, Molesworth was put into a standby status, with the occasional aircraft using the base. In April 1959, with the closing of the active runway at RAF Burtonwood, WB-50Ds of the 53d Weather Reconnaissance Squadron used the runway at Molesworth, although the unit was officially assigned to RAF Alconbury. The squadron was reassigned to RAF Mildenhall in August. Base personnel was reduced to a small maintenance staff and for the next twenty years the facility was in reserve status with upkeep provided by Alconbury.

In 1973 the airfield was officially deactivated. The only remaining structures on the station were a small arms firing range, used by USAF personnel for target practice, a compound for surplus and obsolete USAF vehicles manned by civilian USAF employees, a derelict watchtower on the western perimeter of the base, a warehouse, & the base gas station which was being used as a fire station. This fire station housed one engine & a small crew for fire protection. These firefighters were USAF personnel from RAF Alconbury (10th CES/FD) & assigned to RAF Molesworth, on a rotating basis. Two other structures also remained; the canteen and the chapel. Roofing structure was removed from the former and oak flooring from the latter by two local farmers who bought the buildings in 1975. The base was unfenced and openly accessible to all. Local farmers grazed sheep on wired-off sections where the runway had formerly been, a solitary pest controller known locally as John the Rabbit-Catcher lived in a caravan just outside the former site of the north-west gate, and local people practised for their driving tests on the remaining concrete road surfaces.

Molesworth did serve as an American education and housing centre, offering military family housing for personnel assigned to RAF Alconbury, along with an elementary and junior high/high school offering grades 1 - 6 and 7 - 10 respectively, for dependents of servicemen and women from nearby bases including RAF Chicksands, RAF Chelveston and RAF Alconbury.

303d Tactical Missile Wing
In early 1980, RAF Molesworth was chosen to become a base for the US Air Force's mobile nuclear armed Ground Launched Cruise Missiles or GLCMs (although the majority of GLCMs were deployed at RAF Greenham Common).

During the early 1980s, the Ministry of Defence completely rebuilt Molesworth. All of the World War II runways, taxiways, bomber hardstands, as well as a 9,000 ft jet runway laid down in the 1950s were removed. Crumbling buildings, mostly from the 1950s were also demolished and removed. In its place an infrastructure to accommodate nuclear missiles (storage bunkers, watch tower, machine guns pits, and such) was built.

On 12 December 1986 the 303d Tactical Missile Wing was activated. However, the missiles and the wing did not stay long; the United States and the Soviet Union signed the Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces Treaty in 1987 which led to the removal of all nuclear missiles from the base by October 1988. The 303d TMW inactivated on 30 January 1989.

The infrastructure from the 303d TMW is still intact and offers a unique reminder of the Cold War.

Joint Analysis Center
On 11 January 1990 the RAF announced new construction would begin later that year to house the US European Command's new intelligence analysis center. This facility would become known as the Joint Analysis Center (JAC). The original name of the Joint Analysis Center was supposed to be Joint Intelligence Center. Then UK Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher objected to the name and it was changed.

With the end of the Cold War, the JAC found it necessary to redefine itself in a new era. During the 1990s and into the 21st Century the JAC has provided intelligence support for US and NATO missions in the Middle East and the Balkans while also providing global assistance in the War on Terrorism.

Anti-nuclear protests
The decision in 1981 to base 64 GLCMs at Molesworth made the base a focus of protest. On 28 December 1981, members of the Fellowship of Reconciliation on a pilgrimage from Iona Abbey to Canterbury Cathedral established a peace camp at the south-east gate of the base for the purpose of permanent witness and protest against the planned deployment. Unlike its forerunner and inspiration Greenham Common Women's Peace Camp, Molesworth People's Peace Camp included men as well as women. The Christian (particularly Quaker) presence at the Camp remained constant throughout its existence, and was soon supplemented by people of many other faiths (particularly neo-paganism) and of none, and by people of various leftist and counter-cultural persuasions. The camp became a link in a Europe-wide network of centres for non-violent direct action in opposition to NATO's plans to deploy Pershing II and GLCM missiles. In spite of deliberately provocative activity by camp residents, including numerous trespasses onto the base, there was little in the way of direct confrontation between protesters and the very few military service personnel who used the base during the first three years of its existence.

In the summer of 1983, the original Peace Camp's small collection of caravans and buses was evicted from the land adjoining RAF Molesworth's south-east gate. Its small wood-framed multi-faith peace chapel, Eirene (Greek for "Peace"), was demolished. A small band of determined and hardy protesters remained there in defiance of the eviction order, living in tents and hand-made temporary structures. A new Eirene was built from planks and polythene sheeting.

The evicted vehicles relocated on a bridleway to the west of the base. It turned out that not only was this bridleway the border between Cambridgeshire and Northamptonshire, but the border actually crossed from one side of the track to the other halfway along its length, right in the middle of the new site. This confused the issue of legal ownership so that no attempt was ever made to evict the protesters there.

On 6 February 1985, 1500 police and troops were deployed to the site to secure the seven-mile base perimeter for the MOD. This was the single largest mobilisation of police and troops since the war. For the Royal Engineers it was their largest operation since the bridging of The Rhine in 1944. The troops had been training for weeks in the rapid deployment of a three metre high, six roll, razor wire fence behind which a 5 metres wide no-man's land concrete roadway was constructed along the line of the fence and finally a three metre high, supposedly protester proof, strong welded steel fence was erected beyond that. Powerful floodlights were installed every 100 metres and MOD police and armed guards were to patrol the fence 24 hours a day.

One aim of occupation of the site was to goad the Tory government by claiming that given their numbers the protesters could dismantle the fence by night faster than it could be erected with hundreds of contractors working by day and provoke an overreaction by the Minister of Defence Michael Heseltine thereby gaining global publicity for the anti-nuclear cause. Michael Heseltine duly obliged with his massive operation and arrived in person by RAF Helicopter at dawn dressed in full camouflage gear to see his handiwork, when a horse, several cats and dogs, a chicken, two Quakers, around thirty activists, and about ten children, were all who were discovered on the site. The roads around the base were blocked for days by hundreds of lorries carrying construction materials and fencing. One caravan remained in Peace Lane. Halcyon Spirit belonged to Ian and Jennifer Hartley who had joined Rainbow village only weeks before the eviction. The Hartleys were Quakers from Suffolk who had been inspired by the witness of Tim and Bridie Milne Wallis and the building of the second Eirene. This half built peace chapel now lay just inside the perimeter fence. It became the focus of daily acts of witness and worship. Following the eviction of Rainbow Village, Molesworth was the focus of large anti-nuclear protests at Easter 1985 and February 1986, during one of which Bruce Kent, one of the leaders of CND, symbolically attempted to cut through the fence in full view of the police. A dedicated protest presence remained outside the base well into the 1990s observing and recording the arrival of Cruise Missiles and helping to organise Cruise Watch. The last permanent residents of Molesworth Peace Camp were Veronica Dignam (An earlier resident of Alconbury Peace Camp and one of the Alconbury 9) and her mother Margaret Dignam.