Russian battleship Imperator Pavel I

Imperator Pavel I (Император Павел I - Czar Paul I) was a Andrei Pervozvanny-class battleship predreadnought battleship built for the Imperial Russian Navy in the mid-1900s. The ship's construction was seriously extended by design changes as a result of the Russo-Japanese War and labor unrest after the 1905 Revolution and she took nearly six years to build. Imperator Pavel I was not very active during World War I and her bored sailors were the first to mutiny in early 1917. The ship was laid up in 1918 and she was scrapped in 1923.

Description
Imperator Pavel I was 454 ft long at the waterline and 460 ft long overall. She had a beam of 80 ft and a draft of 27 ft. She displaced 18902 LT at deep load. Her hull was subdivided by 17 transverse watertight bulkheads and the engine rooms were divided by a centerline longitudinal bulkhead. She had a double bottom and a metacentric height of 4 ft.

Imperator Pavel I had two 4-cylinder vertical triple-expansion steam engines with a total designed output of 17600 ihp. Twenty-five Belleville boilers provided steam to the engines at a working pressure of 285 psi. On sea trials, the engines produced 18596 ihp and a top speed of 18.5 knots. She carried a normal load of 800 LT of coal that provided a range of 1300 nmi at a speed of 12 kn and a maximum load of 1500 LT that gave 2400 nmi at the same speed.

The main armament consisted of two pairs of 12-inch Model 1895 40-caliber guns mounted in twin-gun turrets fore and aft. These guns had a maximum elevation of 35° and could depress to -5°. 80 rounds per gun were carried and they could fire one round per minute. Eight of the fourteen 8 in Model 1905 45-caliber guns were mounted in four twin-gun turret at the corners of the superstructure while six were mounted in casemates in the superstructure. For defense against torpedo boats, Imperator Pavel I carried twelve 120 mm guns mounted in casemates above the 8-inch guns in the superstructure. Two underwater 457 mm torpedo tubes were mounted, one on each side, and they were provided with six spare torpedoes.

Based on the Russian experience at the Battle of Tsushima, the sides of the ship's hull were completely protected by Krupp cemented armor. The main waterline belt had a maximum thickness of 8.5 in and the upper belt was 5 in at its thickest. The sides of the main gun turrets were 8 in thick and the armor of the casemates ranged from 3.1 to 5 in in thickness. The greatest thickness of deck armor was 1.5 in.

Service history
Imperator Pavel I was built by the Baltic Works in Saint Petersburg. Construction began on 27 October 1904 and was slowed by labor trouble in the shipyard from the 1905 Revolution. She was launched on 7 September 1907 and began her sea trials in October 1910. The ship entered service on 10 March 1911 before her trials were completed in October 1911. Imperator Pavel I joined the Baltic Fleet on completion and she made a port visit to Copenhagen in September 1912. The following September she visited Portland, Cherbourg, and Stavanger. At the beginning of World War I she covered Russian minelaying operations at the entrance of the Gulf of Finland. She did little else for the rest of the war as the Russian naval strategy in the Baltic was defensive; the four Gangut-class battleship dreadnoughts and the two Andrei Pervozvanny-class battleship predreadnoughts were to defend the entrance to the Gulf of Finland. The ship's lattice masts were cut down in late 1914 and light topmasts were added. Torpedo nets were fitted in early 1915 and the ship's torpedoes were removed in January 1916. In late 1916, four 76 mm anti-aircraft guns were added.

Disgruntled sailors aboard Imperator Pavel I instigated the general mutiny of the Baltic Fleet in Helsinki on 16 March 1917, after they received word of the February Revolution in Saint Petersburg, and the ship was renamed Respublika (Republic) on 29 April. The Treaty of Brest-Litovsk required the Soviets to evacuate their naval base at Helsinki in March 1918 or have their ships interned by newly independent Finland even though the Gulf of Finland was still frozen over. Respublika and her sister ship RUSSIAN BATTLESHIP Andrei Pervozvanny led the second group of ships on 5 April and reached Kronstadt five days later in what became known as the 'Ice Voyage'. The ship was laid up in October 1918 for lack of manpower and she was scrapped beginning on 22 November 1923. Curiously, Respublika was not formally stricken from the Navy List until 21 November 1925.