Battle of Memel

The Battle of Memel or the Siege of Memel (Erste Kurlandschlacht) took place when the Soviets launched their Memel Offensive Operation (Мемельская наступательная операция) in late 1944. The offensive led to a three-month siege against German forces in a small bridgehead in the town and its port.

The bridgehead was finally crushed as part of a subsequent offensive, the East Prussian Offensive of early 1945.

Prelude
The Soviet Belorussian Offensive of June–August 1944 (commonly known as Operation Bagration) had seen the German Army Group Centre nearly destroyed and driven from what is now Belarus, most of what is now Lithuania and much of Poland. During August and September of that year, a series of German counter-offensives - Operations Doppelkopf and Casar - succeeded in stalling the Soviet advance and maintaining the connection between the German Army Groups Centre and North; however Stavka made preparations for an attack by the 1st Baltic Front against the positions of Third Panzer Army and thence towards Memel, splitting the two Army Groups.

Planning
Bagramyan planned to make his main attack in a 19 km sector to the west of Šiauliai. He concentrated up to half of his entire force in this area, using concealment techniques to ensure there was not a corresponding build-up of German forces, and attempting to convince the German command that the main axis of attack would be towards Riga.

Wehrmacht

 * Northern wing of Third Panzer Army (General Erhard Raus)
 * XXVIII Corps (General Hans Gollnick)
 * XXXX Panzer Corps (General Sigfrid Henrici)

Red Army

 * 1st Baltic Front (General Hovhannes Bagramyan)
 * 5th Guards Tank Army (General Vasily Volsky)
 * 33rd Army (Lieutenant-General Viacheslav Tsvetaev)
 * 43rd Army (Lieutenant-General Afanasii Beloborodov)
 * 51st Army (Lieutenant-General Yakov Kreizer)
 * 4th Shock Army (Lieutenant-General Petr Malyshev)
 * 6th Guards Army (Lieutenant-General Ivan Chistyakov)

The offensive
On 5 October, Bagramyan opened the offensive against Raus' Third Panzer Army on a sixty-mile front, concentrating his breakthrough force against the relatively weak 551st Volksgrenadier Division. The latter collapsed on the first day, and a 16 km (10 mile) penetration was achieved; Bagramyan then committed Volsky's 5th Guards Tank Army into the breach, aiming for the coast to the north of Memel. There was a general collapse of the Third Panzer Army's positions by 7 October, and a penetration further south by Beloborodov's 43rd Army. Within two days, it had reached the coast south of Memel, while Volsky had encircled the town from the north. In the south, the northern flank of Chernyakhovsky's 3rd Belorussian Front was advancing on Tilsit. Third Panzer Army's headquarters were overrun by the 5th Guards Tank Army, and Raus and his staff had to fight their way into Memel.

The neighbouring Army Group commander, Ferdinand Schoerner, signalled on 9 October that he would mount an attack to relieve Memel if troops could be freed up by evacuating Riga. A decision on this matter was delayed, but the Kriegsmarine managed to withdraw much of the garrison and some civilians from the port in the meantime. The German XXVIII Corps under Gollnick held a defensive line around the town itself.

The success of the offensive in the northern sector encouraged the Soviet command to authorise the 3rd Belorussian Front to attempt to break through into the main area of East Prussia. This offensive, the Gumbinnen Operation, ran into extremely strong German resistance and was halted within a few days.

The siege
The stalling of the Gumbinnen Operation meant that Soviet forces (mainly from the 43rd Army) settled down to a blockade of the German troops that had withdrawn into Memel. The German force, largely made up of elements from the Großdeutschland and 58th Infantry Divisions and the 7th Panzer Division, was aided by heavily fortified tactical defences, artillery fire from ships (including the Prinz Eugen) in the Baltic, and a tenuous connection with the remainder of East Prussia over the Curonian Spit.

The blockade, and defence, was maintained through November, December and much of January, during which period the remaining civilians who had fled into the town, and military wounded, were evacuated by sea. During this time, the Großdeutschland and 7th Panzer Divisions were withdrawn, having suffered heavy losses, and replaced by the 95th Infantry Division which arrived by sea.

Fall of Memel
The town was finally abandoned on 27 January 1945. The success of the Soviet East Prussian Offensive to the south made the position of the bridgehead untenable, and it was decided to withdraw the XXVIII Corps from the town into Samland to assist in the defence there; the remaining troops of the 95th and 58th Infantry Divisions were evacuated to the Curonian Spit, where the 58th Division acted as a rearguard for the withdrawal.

The last Germans units left at 4am on 28 January, Soviet units taking possession of the harbour a few hours later. Germans who had not surrendered were subsequently killed by the Soviets.

Aftermath
Memel, which had been part of Lithuania between 1923 and 1939 prior to being incorporated into Germany, was transferred to the Lithuanian SSR under the Soviet administration. In 1947 it was formally renamed using the Lithuanian name, Klaipėda.