Rudolf Nadolny

Rudolf Nadolny (12 July 1873 – 18 May 1953) was a German diplomat and military officer. During the First World War he worked in a branch of the German General Staff, which experimented in biological warfare. He was the German Ambassador to Turkey (1924–1933) and the Soviet Union (1933–1934) and head of the German delegation at the World Disarmament Conference (1932–1933). He sought to pursue close relations between Germany and the Soviet Union. Nadolny left the diplomatic service in opposition to Hitler's policy towards the Soviets.

Biography
Nadolny was born in Groß Stürlack, East Prussia (modern Sterławki Wielkie, Poland) to Heinrich (1847–1944) and Agnes Nadolny née Trinker (1847–1910). His father's family had been landowners in East Prussia since the 14th century. His mother's ancestors were Protestant exiles from Salzburg.

Nadolny passed his Abitur at the gymnasium (school) of Rastenburg in 1892 and studied law at the University of Königsberg. Nadolny joined the German diplomatic service in 1902 and was deployed in St. Petersburg in 1903 -1907 where he witnessed the Russian Revolution of 1905 and the Russo-Japanese War. Nadolny was then sent to Persia, Bosnia and Albania.

First World War
During the First World War Nadolny led the political section of the German General Staff the so-called ""Sektion Politik Berlin des Generalstabs". This group and Nadolny himself were responsible for acts of sabotage using explosives and biological warfare. In 1915 Nadolny shipped anthrax and glanders (a horse disease that is also deadly to humans) cultures to the German embassy in Romania using them to target animals traded with the Russian Empire. The operation lasted till August 1916.  Bacteria used by Nadolny were prepared in Berlin, and from there Nadolny sent out the biological agents to Spain, United States, Argentina and Romania It was Nadolny who sent the infamous Anton Dilger to the still neutral United States, where Dilger engaged in one of the first acts of state sponsored bioterrorism during the 20th Century,

In July 1916 he became the German chargé d'affaires in Persia, but returned to Germany in November 1917 to serve as the acting head of the Eastern department of the German Foreign Office. As such, Nadolny took part in the negotiations which led to the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk.

Interwar era
After the end of the First World War, Nadolny was the Foreign Office's representative in the Office of the German President. From January 1920 he led the German legation in Stockholm and became German ambassador to Turkey in May 1924. During the interwar era Nadolny wrote that out of mixing of German and "Slavic" blood a new species and race would be born, an "East-Elbian" race, and attacked the Czech national leader Masaryk for criticizing "Prussian Spirit", claiming that Czechs are just relatives of Prussians.

In November 1928, after the death of Ulrich von Brockdorff-Rantzau, the German ambassador in Moscow, Nadolny applied for this post but his efforts were vetoed by Gustav Stresemann, who appointed Herbert von Dirksen instead. From February 1932 to October 1933, Nadolny was the head of the German delegation at the World Disarmament Conference in Geneva. In the spring of 1932, when General Kurt von Schleicher brought down the government of Heinrich Brüning and had his friend Franz von Papen appointed Chancellor, Nadolny was of the three men interviewed by Scheicher as a possible foreign minister for the Papen government. The other two men interviewed to be Foreign Minister were Baron Leopold von Hoesch, the German ambassador to France, and Baron Konstantin von Neurath, the German ambassador to Great Britain. Ultimately, Neurath was chosen by Schleicher to be the foreign minister in the "Cabinet of the President's Friends" as the Papen government was known, and he never forgot that Nadolny was disappointed that he did not get the portfolio, which he wanted very badly. Neurath stayed on as Foreign Minister, serving in the Papen, Schleicher and Hitler governments, lasting until 4 February 1938 when Hitler fired him. Nadolny became the German ambassador to the Soviet Union in October 1933. Neurath-who saw Nadolny as a rival-and knowing of Hitler's anti-Soviet inclinations and Nadolny's advocacy of better relations with the Soviet Union, gave him the Moscow appointment in order to ruin his career. Nadolny's attempts to enhance German–Soviet relations on the basis of the Treaty of Rapallo (1922) were largely unsuccessful as this contradicted Hitler's policy. Nadolny believed in 1933 that it was feasible for Nazi Germany to annex Polish territories in Pomerania in exchange for promising the Poles Lithuanian Memel

Nadolny argued against the German–Polish Non-Aggression Pact of 1934 because of its influence on German–Soviet relations and urged "decent treatment" of Litvinov "even if he is Jewish". In a conference with Hitler, Nadolny pointed out that in his view close ties with Russia were of essential interest, while Hitler rejected any compromise with Bolshevism. However, Nadolny admitted that a really friendly relationship with Russia was impossible. The meeting, which was described as a "stormy one", ended with Hitler declaring the conversation finished while Nadolny answered that "the conversation had just begun". On another occasion he addressed Hitler as "Herr Reichskanzler", as opposed to the common "Mein Führer", and refused to use the Nazi salute. Nadolny resigned on 16 June 1934 and worked as an administrator of an estate. In World War II he served as a captain and later major at the Wehrmacht's High Command and on the staff of Admiral Canaris.

Postwar
In 1945 Nadolny, without a compromising Nazi party affiliation, became president of the German Red Cross and was active in the "Society for German reunification" and the "German Unity Association". With the growing tensions between the Western Allies and the Soviets, Nadolny was sometimes seen as a Soviet agent and generally mistrusted.

During the Blockade of Berlin in 1948–49, Nadolny moved to West Germany. He died in 1953 in Düsseldorf.

Family
Nadolny married Änny Matthiessen (1882–1977) in 1905. Burkard Nadolny (1905–68) was their son and Sten Nadolny their grandson.