Chemical mortar battalion

The United States chemical mortar battalions were army units attached to U.S. Infantry divisions during World War II. They were armed with 4.2 in (107 mm) chemical mortars. For this reason they were also called the "Four-deucers".

Chemical mortar battalions
Originally, chemical mortar battalions consisted of four mortar companies and a HQ company. In 1943, this "square" organization was modified to three mortar companies for a better fit with the three rifle regiments of the "triangular" infantry divisions.

After the 1943 reorganization, a typical chemical mortar battalion had an establishment of 37 officers, 138 NCOs and 481 junior enlisted men. It consisted of:


 * 1 chemical mortar battalion HQ company
 * 1 company HQ section
 * 1 battalion HQ section
 * 1 maintenance section
 * 3 ammo sections
 * 3 chemical mortar companies

A chemical mortar company usually had an establishment of 9 officers, 40 NCOs and 118 junior enlisted men. It consisted of:
 * 1 mortar company HQ section
 * 3 mortar platoons

A mortar platoon consisted of:
 * 1 platoon HQ
 * 4 squads each of which had 1 Squad leader (Sgt), 1 Gunner (Cpl), 3 Ammo Bearers (Jr. EM), 2 Truck drivers (Jr. EM), 1 Asst. Gunner (Jr. EM)

Chemical mortar battalions were not assigned as integral parts of divisions or other units. As other units went into combat, chemical mortar battalions were attached to them as support. In 1943, General Mark Clark's Fifth Army established a policy that no infantry division would be committed to combat without a chemical mortar battalion attached. As a result, when infantry units were rotated out of combat, the mortar battalions often stayed in the line and were attached to the fresh infantry unit. Chemical mortars were in such high demand that often the companies of a battalion would be split up and assigned to different divisions. Two Fifth Army antiaircraft battalions were retrained as chemical mortar battalions (99th and 100th.) On the first day that General George Patton's Third Army became operational, in the summer of 1944, he issued a standing order to his staff that no infantry division would be committed to combat without a chemical mortar battalion attached, and no infantry regiment would be committed without a mortar company attached.

The numbers of the battalions
During World War II, 25 chemical mortar battalions were sent overseas:
 * the 2nd and 3rd Battalions
 * the 71st and 72nd Battalions
 * the 80th to 100th Battalions

Seven additional Battalions (the 443rd, 483rd, 534th, 537th, 560th, 781st and 782nd) were converted from Field Artillery Battalions during the war, but were activated too late to serve overseas.

After World War II, the U. S. War Department transferred the operations and development of chemical mortars to the Ordnance Department, in this way making the mortar an official infantry weapon.

The 2nd Chemical Mortar Battalion was the last of the chemical mortar battalions; and the only one to see combat after World War II. It was reactivated in 1949 and saw 1,008 days of combat during the Korean War. In January 1953, its combat personnel were transferred to the 461st Infantry Battalion (Heavy Mortar.)

Chemical mortars
Chemical mortars are so named because of their capability of firing not only high explosive, but also chemical, gas, incendiary and smoke marker shells. Chemical shells were on stand-by during World War II, to be used in retaliation should the enemy employ chemical weapons first.

These same mortars, using high-explosive shells, came to be acknowledged by the U.S. Army command and army personnel as being one of the most effective means of striking at stationary targets, such as machine gun nests, prepared strong points, pillboxes and even the powerful German 88 mm guns. Other advantages chemical mortars offered were their maneuverability, easy assembly, disassembly and reassembly from one location to another. The mortars were able to fire high-explosive shells from concealed positions, such as natural escarpments on hillsides, or from woods. The rifled barrel gave the mortar remarkable accuracy; fire was often called on targets within fifty yards of friendly positions. The low-velocity shell was totally silent in transit and gave no warning of the huge thump of the explosion, which tended to create panic among enemy forces who were subjected to their firepower. The mortar was called the "grass-cutter" by German troops because its HE shell exploded and fragmented just a few inches above ground level. The mortars often fired white phosphorus (WP) shells to block enemy observation with smoke; WP also caused casualties and fires, being especially effective against dug-in troops because the burning WP particles arced upward and fell directly down into foxholes.

The development and capabilities of the chemical mortar
The 4.2 in (107 mm) chemical mortar was developed from the British World War I 4 inch Stokes mortar.

A Stokes mortar could fire twenty shells a minute and had a range of 1,100 yards (1,006 m) and in this way was capable of overwhelming enemy trenches. The 4.2 in (107 mm) mortar, which by then had a rifled barrel installed and was firing shells with fins attached, had a range of 2,300 yards by 1924. After modifying the bore, improving the two-legged support and the recoil mechanism, and producing barrels made of seamless nickel steel, the M1A1 model was capable of sending shells 2,400 yards (2,195 m) during the 1930s.

By 1942, after authorization had been sought and granted to use high explosive shells, the new M2 model was being built with stronger barrels.

History
In 1935, the 2nd Chemical Mortar Battalion was established at Edgewood Arsenal Maryland with the chemical mortar as its primary weapon. At the onset of World War II, there were a few other mortar battalions and companies, including one that was lost on Bataan in the Philippines. In 1942, General George Marshall ordered the formation of five additional chemical mortar battalions equipped with the mortar. (These were the 3rd, and the 81st through 84th.) Later, the mortar was developed to be capable of instantly firing shells from a mere 565 yards (517 m) at minimum propellant charge, to a range of 4,400 yards (4,023 m) by having propellant-charge disks of powder added that by then were being manufactured as square disks with a hole in the middle, strung together, fitted into cartridges and sewn together into bundles of various thickness. Its rate of fire was 40 rounds in the first two minutes, 100 rounds in the first 20 minutes and thereafter a sustained rate of 80 rounds per hour. These variations were caused by the stresses and strains on the barrels and the rest of firing mechanisms that were being imposed by different firing conditions.

The mortars were transported in 3/4 ton trucks or on hand carts, in island engagements in the Pacific by boat, and in difficult terrain by mule.

During the Allied invasion of Sicily in the summer of 1943 - the first time the mortar had been used in war-time - 35,000 rounds were fired in 38 days, of which more than 90% were HE.