231st Brigade (United Kingdom)

231st Brigade was an infantry brigade of the British Army in World War I and World War II. In each case it was formed by redesignation of existing formations. In WWI it fought in Palestine and on the Western Front, while in WWII it served in the Allied invasion of Sicily and the Normandy landings.

World War I
In March 1916 the South Wales Mounted Brigade and Welsh Border Mounted Brigade, both composed of Yeomanry regiments of the Territorial Force in 1st Mounted Division, were dismounted and sent to Egypt to serve as infantry. Together, they formed 4th Dismounted Brigade. Between January and March 1917 the small Yeomanry regiments were amalgamated and numbered as battalions of infantry regiments recruiting from the same districts. The brigade was renumbered 231st Brigade and joined 74th (Yeomanry) Division in the first week of April 1917.

Order of Battle
231st Brigade was constituted as follows during World War I:
 * 24th (Denbighshire Hussars) Battalion, Royal Welsh Fusiliers (left 21 June 1918)
 * 25th (Montgomery & Welsh Horse Yeomanry) Battalion, Royal Welsh Fusiliers
 * 24th (Pembroke & Glamorgan) Battalion, The Welsh Regiment
 * 10th (Shropshire & Cheshire Yeomanry) Battalion, King's Shropshire Light Infantry
 * 210th Company, Machine Gun Corps (joined 74th Battalion MGC 11 April 1918)
 * 231st Trench Mortar Battery (formed 15 May 1917)
 * 231st Field Ambulance

Commanders
The following officers commanded 231st Brigade during World War I:
 * Brigadier-General E.A. Herbert (commanding Welsh Border Mounted Brigade since 1912)
 * Lieutenant-Colonel Lord Kensington (acting, 28 April–5 May and 21 July–2 September 1917)
 * Brigadier-General W.J. Bowker (from 5 May; sick 21 July 1917)
 * Brigadier-General C.E. Heathcote (from 2 September 1917)

Palestine
Shortly after joining 74th Division, the brigade took part in the Second Battle of Gaza (17–19 April 1917). Then in the autumn it fought in the Third Battle of Gaza (27 October–7 November) including the Battle of Beersheba (31 October) and the capture of the Sheria Position (6 November). Shortly afterwards it was involved in the Capture of Jerusalem (8–9 December) and its subsequent defence (27–30 December). In March 1918, the brigade was in the Battle of Tel 'Asur, but shortly afterwards was warned that it was to move to France, where reinforcements were urgently required to stem the German Spring Offensive.

Before departure for France, the 210th Machine Gun Company joined 4th (of 229th Brigade), 209th (of 230th Brigade) and 261st MG Companies to form 74th Battalion, Machine Gun Corps. It concentrated at Alexandria between 17 and 30 April and departed for France with the division on the latter date.

Western Front
The 74th Division embarked at Alexandria for Marseille on 29–30 April 1918, and was concentrated in the Abbeville district by 18 May. Here the dismounted Yeomanry underwent training for service on the Western Front, including gas defence. Infantry brigades on the Western Front had been reduced to three battalions, and 231st Brigade lost the 24th Royal Welsh Fusiliers, which went to form part of the 94th (Yeomanry) Brigade in the reconstituted 31st Division.

On 14 July 1918 the Yeomanry Division went into the line for the first time. During the Allies' victorious Hundred Days Offensive it fought in the Second Battle of Bapaume (2–3 September) and the Battle of Épehy (18 September), and took part in the succession of small fights during the final advance. On 18 October, while advancing towards Lille, 231st Brigade 'found the machine-gun defenders of Sainghin assisted by a field battery, and they resisted stoutly; although the village was cleared during the morning, it was dusk before the Germans were driven out of the wood beyond and across the la Marque, and all the bridges being destroyed they could not be followed'.

During the night of 8/9 November, patrols from 231st Brigade probed the German defences of Tournai and worked their way down to the River Scheldt. The Germans had withdrawn to the east bank, and 231st Brigade seized the northern bridge but could get no further against machine-gun fire from the far bank, and all the other bridges in the town had been blown up. At 07.00 on 9 November, 10th King's Shropshire Light Infantry crossed by a footbridge laid by the engineers at the northern end of the town, and the rest of the brigade followed through this bridgehead. When the Armistice with Germany came into effect on 11 November, the division was across the River Dendre at Ath.

After the fighting ended, the troops of 74th Division were engaged in railway repair while demobilisation began. The division and its subformations were disbanded on 10 July 1919.

World War II
A new 231st Infantry Brigade was created on 1 April 1943 by the redesignation of 1st (Malta) Infantry Brigade. This was composed of regular British Army battalions that had been stationed on or been transported to Malta since the start of the Second World War and had served there during the siege. After Rommel’s defeat at El Alamein, Malta lost some of its strategic significance and 231st Brigade, joined the 8th Army in North Africa, who were preparing for the invasion of Sicily.

Order of Battle
The following units constituted 231 Brigade during World War II:
 * 1st Bn, Dorsetshire Regiment
 * 1st Bn, The Hampshire Regiment
 * 2nd Bn, The Devonshire Regiment (until 30 November 1944)
 * 1/6th Bn, The Queen's Royal Regiment (from 4 December 1944)

Between 1 May and 24 September, 231 Brigade was constituted as an independent brigade group with the following additional units under command:
 * 165 Field Regiment, Royal Artillery
 * 300 Anti-Tank Battery, RA
 * 352 Light Anti-Aircraft Battery, RA
 * 66 Field Company, Royal Engineers (1 May– 5 August 1943)
 * 295 Field Company, RE (7 August–23 September 1943)
 * 200 Field Ambulance

Commanders
The following officers commanded 231 Brigade during World War II:
 * Brig. K.P. Smith
 * Brig. R.E. Urquhart (from 19 May 1943)
 * Brig. A.D. Ward (from 30 September 1943)
 * Brig. G.W.B. Tarleton (from 9 October 1943)
 * Brig. G. Murray (from 11 December 1943)
 * Brig. Sir Alexander Stanier, Bart (from 23 February 1944)
 * Brig. J.D. Russell (from 14 February 1945)

Sicily
This was to be the first of three amphibious assault landings conducted by 231st Brigade during the war. The brigade was constituted as an independent brigade group under the command of Brigadier Roy Urquhart, later famous as commander of the 1st Airborne Division. After some hard fighting, including 2nd Devons at Regalbuto amongst the foothills of Mount Etna, the Germans were driven from Sicily and the Allies prepared to invade Italy.

Italy
The Brigade's second assault landing was at Porto San Venere on 7 September 1943. They were now experienced amphibious assault troops. After this, 231 Brigade became an integral part of 50th (Northumbrian) Infantry Division and was recalled home with the division, to prepare for the invasion of France.

Gold Beach
Gold Beach was the Allied codename for the centre invasion beach during the World War II Allied invasion of Normandy, June 6, 1944. It lay between Omaha Beach and Juno Beach, was 8 km wide and divided into four sectors. From West to East they were How, Item, Jig, and King. This was the hardest and costliest of the Brigade's three assault landings and the battle of Normandy exacted a heavy toll on the Brigade.

The task of invading Gold Beach was given to the 50th (Northumbrian) Infantry Division and the 8th Armoured Brigade. The beach was assaulted in multiple brigades of the 50th Infantry Division; on the West was the 231st Infantry Brigade, followed by the 56th Brigade, attached to this was a regiment of DD tanks from The Nottinghamshire Yeomanry (Sherwood Rangers), the infantry assault battalions that attacked in the West were; the 1st Battalion Hampshire Regiment, and the 1st Battalion Dorset Regiment. On the East 69th Brigade, followed by 151st Brigade, again a regiment of DD tanks was attached, they were from the 4th/7th Royal Dragoon Guards.

Their primary objective was to seize the town of Bayeux, the Caen-Bayeux road, and the port of Arromanches with the secondary objectives being to make contact with the Americans landing at Omaha Beach to the West and the Canadians landing at Juno Beach to the East. The 716th Static Infantry Division commanded by Generalleutnant Wilhelm Richter, and elements of the 1st Battalion of the German 352nd Infantry Division commanded by Generalleutnant Dietrich Kraiss, defended the Channel coast for the Germans.H-Hour for the Gold beach landing was set for 0725 hours,

At 0725 hours, the 50th (Northumbrian) Division assault landed Gold beach with the objective of taking the beach, then moving to Bayeux and making a rendezvous with the American troops at Omaha beach. The landing crafts were deployed seven miles off the beach, compared to the American ones that were deployed 12 miles off the beaches, this meant they had a shorter run in.

The first battalion to come ashore suffered heavy casualties, among them their CO and the second-in-command, because their higgins boat's grounded earlier than expected and they had to wade ashore.

By midnight on the June 6, 1944, 24,970 men had landed on Gold Beach, and had penetrated six miles into occupied France. They fulfilled one of their secondary objectives by meeting up with the Canadians who had landed at Juno Beach, but failed in their primary objective of reaching the Caen-Bayeux road and in their secondary objective of meeting the Americans from Omaha Beach. However they had established a foothold into Fortress Europa that would ultimately be a stepping stone to victory. The Longues-sur-Mer gun battery (as seen in the movie The Longest Day where the German officer looks out at the Invasion fleet), surrendered on the 7th June to 231st Brigade.

North West Europe
After Normandy the brigade followed the armoured divisions across northern France to Belgium, where they assisted the Guards Armoured Division, in liberating Brussels, and on the Dutch border. They held Joe's Bridge in Lommel across the Escaut Canal at the start of XXX Corps, advance to Arnhem and was then present during the Nederrijn campaign in North West Europe.

Much depleted, 231 Brigade was transferred back to the United Kingdom in December 1944, to serve as a Training Brigade. At the same time, it exchanged the 2nd Battalion Devonshire Regiment, for the 1/6th Battalion Queen's Regiment.