Zhang Yunyi

Zhang Yunyi (August 10, 1892 - November 19, 1974), was a revolutionary and military strategist of the People’s Republic of China. Born in Wenchang, Hainan Province, he joined the Communist Party of China in 1926, and took part in the Northern Expedition, the August 1 Nanchang Uprising, the Baise Uprising (百色起义), the Sino-Japanese War (1937-1945) and the Chinese Civil War. Zhang Yunyi held the posts of the army commander of the 7th Red Army, the assistant staff officer of the Military Commission of the Central Committee of the CPC, the commander of a military area, etc. and was awarded senior general in 1955. He is one of the Top Ten Senior Chinese Generals (Da Jiang named in 1955. Other nine generals are Su Yu (粟裕), Huang Kecheng (黄克诚), Tan Zheng (谭政), Xiao Jinguang (肖劲光), Wang Shusheng (王树声), Chen Geng (陈赓), Luo Ruiqing (罗瑞卿), Xu Guangda (许光达), Xu Haidong (徐海东). Chairman Mao once praised him: "He is an exemplary member of the Communist Party and struggled to the very end." The Zhang Yunyi Memorial Hall is located in Wenchang, Hainan Province.

Early Life
Zhang was born in a poor peasant family on August 10, 1892, in Wenchang, Hainan Province. At age eight he began studying at the Guangdong Army Primary School. Zhang`s former name was Zhang Yunyi (云镒). Zhang Shengzhi was his alternate name. After he joined the revolution, he changed his name to Zhang Yunyi (云逸). In 1908, Zhang successfully passed the entrance examination of Whampoa Military Academy in Guangzhou and enrolled. In Oct. 1909, in primary school, Zhang joined the Tongmenghui(United League) secretly with a few of patriotic classmates. Zhang left the Whampoa Military Academy and took part in the Second Guangzhou Uprising in 1911. When the Xinhai Revolution against the Qing Dynasty broke out in 1911 he joined the Revolutionary Army and requested to be the captain of the bomb troops. After the establishment of the Provisional Government of the Republic of China in Nanjing in 1912, Zhang was recommended to the Humen, Guangdong Army accelerated school by the revolutionary government. In the midsummer of 1914, Zhang graduated from the accelerated school with excellent grades and went to work in Hainan. He took part in the National Protection War(护国战争) in 1915. And in 1921 Zhang Yunyi left Hainan Province for Guangzhou and joined Chen Jiongming (陈炯明) with his campaign. In 1926, Zhang took part in the Northern Expedition as the Chief of staff. In the same year he was one of the commanders of wars in Tingsiqiao, Heshengqiao, Wuchang, Henan and so on. In October, 1926, he joined the Communist Party of China, through the recommendation of Wang Zhiren (王之仁).

During the Sino-Japanese War
After the negotiation of the Xi'an Incident(西安事变), Zhang Yunyi was sent to the southern area to unify the people of all ranks to resist the Japanese army. In April 1937, Zhang Yunyi, Zhou Enlai(周恩来)and Kong Shiquan(孔石泉) went to Xi’an. When they arrived at Laoshan Mountain(劳山), they encountered a surprise attack conducted by the Kuomintang. Zhang Yunyi directed the successful evacuation of other people.

In late April 1937, Zhang Yunyi was sent to Hong Kong to lead the south anti-Japanese national united front(抗日民族统一战线). He collected donations in Hong Kong and Macao and persuaded Ye Ting（叶挺） to join the war against Japan. After the Marco Polo Bridge Incident, according to the instruction of the Central Committee of the Communist Party, Zhang Yunyi discussed with Li Zongren(李宗仁) and Bai Chongxi(白崇禧) in Guilin(桂林) in hopes that Li and Bai would join the anti-Japanese national united front.

In January 1938, the New Fourth Army was established in Nanchang(南昌). Ye Ting was the Army commander, while Zhang Yunyi held the concurrent posts of chief of staff and commander of the third detachment. In the middle of December 1938, Zhang Yunyi headed the special task battalion and arrived at Anhui(安徽) where the headquarters of the fourth detachment was located and shouldered the task of the war in the middle area of Anhui Province.

On May 5, 1939, the north Yangtze River command post of the New Fourth Army was established and Zhang Yunyi held the concurrent post of the general director and the Secretary of the CPC of the command post. In December 1940, with Xu Haidong(徐海东), and Luo Binghui(罗炳辉), Zhang Yunyi shattered the military attack of Collaborationist Chinese Army. The army in the north of the Yangtze River grew from 7000 to 10000 people.

At the beginning of 1941, after the New Fourth Army incident, Zhang Yunyi acted as the Deputy Commander of the New Fourth Army and the division commander of the second division. In 1945, from August 9 to 22, under the direction of Zhang Yunyi, the military and civilians of central China emancipated 17 counties and more than 200 towns. More than 12,000 soldiers of the Collaborationist Chinese Army were killed, thus winning the initial victory of the war.

During the Chinese Civil War
In January, 1946, Zhang was concurrently appointed deputy commander of the Shandong Military Region taking charge of logistic maintenance and base construction of the New Fourth Army and the Shangdong Military Region.

In January, 1947, Zhang was appointed deputy commander of the East-China Military Region. In August, the East-China Military Region Office was moved to Huimin, Shandong(山东惠民县) and the Rear Committee of the East-China Military Region Office was founded. Zhang was appointed as secretary. He led the Land Reform, Yan'an Rectification Movement, front-line support, and local armed forces construction. He also extended the East-China Field Army.

In November, 1948, Zhang was concurrently appointed commander of the Shandong Military Region.

In January, 1949, Zhang proposed the preparation for Changjiang-crossing Campaign(渡江战役) and formulated strategic plans. In March, Zhang attended the Second Plenary Session of the Seventh Central Committee of the Communist Party. On September 22, Zhang was appointed secretary of the Guangxi Provincial Party Committee and chairman of People's Government of Guangxi Province. On September 21, the First Plenary Session of Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference was held. Zhang attended the conference as the chief representative of the South-China Chinese People’s Liberation Army. Zhang was appointed Committee member of Chinese People's Government Committee and Chinese People's Revolutionary Military Committee. In December, Zhang went to Guangxi(广西) for work and was concurrently appointed committee member of Central South Military Region Party Committee.

After the establishment of PRC
Not long after the establishment of the Peoples Republic of China, General Zhang Yunyi was appointed to be the CPC party chief of Hunan Province.

It was in Guangxi where General Zhang Yunyi had initiated the Baise Uprising(百色起义)with Deng Xiaoping in 1929. When he arrived in Guangxi, he launched the counterinsurgency immediately. It was quite hard due to the lack of manpower so General Zhang Yunyi had to personally fight with the opposition. In February, 1950, the lead agency of Guangxi Province formally founded.

Geneal Ye Jianying and Tao Zhu were assigned to help the counterinsurgency. After a year's struggle, they won, with 330,000 people wiped out.

Because of health problems, he returned to Beijing in 1953. General Zhang Yunyi was re-appointed as the Deputy Secretary of the Commission of PRC.

In the fall of 1955, Zhang Yunyi was endowed as the "Great General".

On November 19, 1974, General Zhang Yunyi passed away.

The Eulogy of General Zhang Yunyi: "Mr. Zhang Yunyi, from Wenchang of Guangdong Province, joined the Communist Party of China in 1926. He led the armed uprising in Guangxi and took part in the Red Army in 1929. He was appointed as the Commander of the Seventh Army, the Chief of staff Central Military Commission, the Commander of the army from Guangdong and Jiangxi Provinces. In the Sino-Japanese War, he was assigned as the Chief of Staff of New Fourth Army, the Commander of Jiangbei headquarters of New Fourth Army, the Deputy Commander of New Fourth Army orderly. In the China War of Liberation, he was the Deputy Commander of Shangdong, the Commander of Shangdong, member of the Central China Bureau, CPC Central Committee, member of the East China Bureau, CPC Central Committee orderly. After the National Liberation, he became the Chairman of Guangdong Province.

Zhang Yunyi was an excellent party member of the Communist Party of China. After decades of years, he was faithful to the Party, to the people and to the theories of Marx, Lenin and Mao Zedong. He walked straight on the way of Chairman Mao's proletarian revolution. He worked hard, communicated with people firmly, served for people, sacrificed his whole life to the revolutionary cause under the leadership of Chairman Mao and the CPC, under the construction of the Socialism. The leave of Mr. Zhang Yunyi is a great loss of our Party and army. We lose an old comrade as well as an old friend. We stand here in memory of this great person with great grief. His spiritual and style should be well learned. We must turn the grief into strength, promote the production, and unite under the leadership of Chairman Mao to achieve a more ambitious success."

This Eulogy was read by Deng Xiaoping.

Marriage
Zhang Yunyi is the only one of the ten great generals who had a concubine.

His first wife, Wang Bizhen(王碧珍), married Zhang in 1914, and died in an air raid in Guangzhou.

His second wife, Hanbi(韩碧), married Zhang in 1923, and died in 1984.

Children
The second son, Zhang Yuanzhi(张远之), born in 1928 by Han Bi, was the deputy secretary of Ministry of Nuclear Industry.

The younger son, Zhang Guangdong(张光东), born in 1946 by Han Bi, was the headmaster of the Shijiazhuag Army Command College(石家庄陆军指挥学院).

Zhang Yunyi Memorial Hall
The Zhang Yunyi Memorial Hall is to the north of Wenchang Middle School in Wenchang, Hainan Island. It was built in memory of the 100th anniversary of the birth of General Zhang Yunyi. Sitting east to west, the memorial hall covers an area of 7962 square meters, 8 meters high, 12 meters wide, and the roof top is decorated with green glaze. Six golden words, “张云逸纪念馆”, which is written by Nie Rongzhen(聂荣臻), is engraved in the middle of the lintel. Between the gate and the exhibition room lies Zhang Yunyi’s bronze body sculpture at a height of 8 meters, with the golden words “张云逸大将” written by Peng Zhen(彭真) engraved on its base. In the exhibition room behind the structure, photographs, graphs, pictures, manuscripts and entities are exhibited, presenting the life of Zhang Yunyi systematically.

Writings
A Serious Mistake(一次重大失误), published on 《星火燎原 Unpublished manuscripts》in 2007.