1st Armored Division (United States)

The 1st Armored Division—nicknamed "Old Ironsides" —is the standing armored division of the United States Army, with its base of operations in Fort Bliss, Texas. It was the first armored division of the U.S. Army to see battle in World War II.

On May 23, 2013, Major General Sean B. MacFarland assumed command of the division from Major General Dana JH Pittard.

As of Jun 2013, the division command group consists of: Commander: Major General Sean B. MacFarland; Deputy Commanding General (Operations): Colonel (P) Scott McKean; Deputy Commanding General (Support): Brigadier General Joseph P. Harrington; Chief of Staff: Colonel Patrick Matlock; Command Sergeant Major: Command Sergeant Major Ronnie R. Kelley

Current structure
Since relocating to Fort Bliss, Texas, the division has been reorganized under the new modular design, in which the deployable unit of maneuver is a brigade, rather than a division. The Division consists of four Brigade Combat Teams and a Combat Aviation Brigade.

1st Armored Division consists of the following elements:
 * Division Headquarters and Headquarters Battalion "Gladiator"
 * 1st Stryker Brigade Combat Team "Ready First"
 * Headquarters and Headquarters Company
 * 4th Battalion, 17th Infantry Regiment
 * 1st Battalion, 36th Infantry Regiment
 * 3rd Battalion, 41st Infantry Regiment
 * 6th Squadron, 1st Cavalry Regiment
 * 2nd Battalion, 3rd Field Artillery Regiment
 * 16th Engineer Battalion
 * 501st Brigade Support Battalion
 * 2nd Heavy Brigade Combat Team "Heavy Metal"
 * 2nd Brigade Special Troops Battalion
 * 1st Battalion, 6th Infantry Regiment
 * 1st Battalion, 35th Armor Regiment
 * 1st Squadron, 1st Cavalry Regiment
 * 4th Battalion, 27th Field Artillery Regiment
 * 47th Brigade Support Battalion
 * 3rd Infantry Brigade Combat Team "Bulldogs"
 * 3rd Brigade Special Troops Battalion
 * 1st Battalion, 41st Infantry Regiment
 * 2nd Battalion, 5th Infantry Regiment
 * 1st Squadron, 13th Cavalry Regiment
 * 4th Battalion, 1st Field Artillery Regiment
 * 125th Brigade Support Battalion
 * 4th Heavy Brigade Combat Team "Highlanders"
 * 4th Brigade Special Troops Battalion
 * 4th Battalion, 6th Infantry Regiment
 * 1st Battalion, 77th Armor Regiment
 * 2nd Squadron, 13th Cavalry Regiment
 * 2nd Battalion, 29th Field Artillery Regiment
 * 123rd Brigade Support Battalion
 * Combat Aviation Brigade, 1st Armored Division "Iron Eagle"
 * Headquarters and Headquarters Company
 * 1st Battalion, 501st Aviation Regiment
 * 2nd Battalion, 501st Aviation Regiment "Iron knights"
 * 3rd Battalion, 501st Aviation Regiment
 * 4th Battalion, 501st Aviation Regiment "Pistoleros"
 * 127th Aviation Support Battalion

The division is supported by the 15th Sustainment Brigade.
 * NOTE: 2nd Brigade Combat Team is currently attached to TRADOC's Brigade Modernization Command and is a non-deploying unit.

Insignia
The division was nicknamed "Old Ironsides", by its first commander, Major General Bruce R. Magruder, after he saw a picture of the frigate USS Constitution, which is also nicknamed "Old Ironsides". The large "1" at the top represents the numerical designation of the division, and the insignia is used as a basis for most other sub-unit insignias. The cannon represents fire power, the track represents mobility, and the lighting bolt represents speed and shock force.

The three colors, red, yellow, and blue represent the Artillery, Cavalry, and Infantry Branches respectively, which are the colors of the three original combat arms which, when forged into one, created the field of Armor. This "pyramid of power" was devised by the order of then-Lieutenant Col. George S. Patton, Jr. in Bourg, France in early 1918 during Patton's formation and training of the Tank Corps in support of the American Expeditionary Force under General John J. Pershing.

Origins
Col. Daniel Van Voorhis took a cadre of 175 officers and enlisted men from Fort Eustis to Fort Knox in February 1932, and established a Provisional Armored Car Platoon. This was based on an earlier effort, but was predicated on a new Cavalry Regiment TO&E (Table of Organization and Equipment) which was published that year. Also published, but never implemented, was a Cavalry Division TO&E which reflected the then unnatural assimilation of machines into the Horse Cavalry.

Van Voorhis's cadre and platoon became the kernel for the 7th Cavalry Brigade, which went active on 1 March 1932 at Fort Knox. At first, it was nothing more than a headquarters detachment and the Armored Car Platoon.

On 3 January 1933, the 1st Cavalry Regiment was relieved from assignment to the 1st Cavalry Division, and was moved from Fort D.A. Russell (now Francis E. Warren Air Force Base) to Fort Knox. The earlier Mechanized Platoon was incorporated into the new Regimental TO&E, and the result was the 1st Cavalry Regiment [Mechanized], which went active on 16 January 1933.

The new regimental commander was Colonel Van Voorhis, late of the experimental Mechanized Force, while the executive officer was Adna Chaffee. The Post Commander of Fort Knox was Brigadier General Julian R. Lindsey, another cavalryman. To round out the cavalry nature of the unit, Major Robert W. Grow was on the Regimental Staff.

Van Voorhis added the 13th Cavalry Regiment, the 68th Field Artillery Battalion, the 7th Reconnaissance Squadron, the 7th Signal Troop, the 4th Medical Troop, the 47th Engineer Troop and the 17th Quartermaster Battalion. The 7th Cavalry Brigade was fully formed.

Van Voorhis remained in command until September 1938, when he was promoted to command the V Corps (United States) at Indianapolis, Indiana. Chaffee took over from Van Voorhis.

On 7 May 1940, the 7th Cavalry Brigade took part in the Louisiana Maneuvers at Monroe, Louisiana that were instrumental in developing the armored division concept. The maneuvers concluded on 27 May 1940, and the brigade returned to Fort Knox on 31 May 1940, and preparations began to expand the brigade into a tank division.

After the brutal trench warfare of World War I, the United States was looking for new ways to engage in armed conflict. As the German Army invaded France, Belgium, Luxembourg, and the Netherlands, the United States military hierarchy realized that an armored division was essential for a modern army. While training outside of Alexandria, Louisiana, the commanders of the 7th Cavalry Brigade met in a high school basement to discuss the creation of an American armored division. Major General Frank M. Andrews, Generals Adna R. Chaffee and Bruce Magruder, and Colonel George S. Patton Jr. agreed to recommend to Washington that the U.S. Army establish its first tank division.

On the 10th of June, 1940, in a conference with the Chief of Staff of the Army, the U.S. Army founded an Armored Force. Two weeks later General Adna R. Chaffee was given the order to head the creation of America's first tank division.

Birth of the 1st Armored Division
On July 15, 1940, the 1st Armored Division, largely an expanded and reorganized version of the 7th Cavalry Brigade, was activated at Fort Knox under the command of Major General Bruce Magruder. The 1st Cavalry Regiment was redesignated as 1st Armored Regiment and 13th Cavalry Regiment was redesignated as 13th Armored Regiment under the 1st Armored Brigade, 1st Armored Division.

For more than two years after its activation, the 1st Armored Division trained at Fort Knox and the division pioneered and developed tank gunnery and strategic armored offensives while increasing from 66 medium-sized tanks to over 600 medium and light armored vehicles.

Order of battle
The first order of battle for the 1st Armored Division was as follows:


 * HHC, 1st Armored Division
 * HHC, 1st Armored Brigade
 * 1st Armored Regiment (Light)
 * 13th Armored Regiment (Light)
 * 69th Armored Regiment (Medium)
 * 68th Armored Field Artillery Regiment
 * 6th Armored Infantry Regiment
 * 27th Field Artillery Battalion (Armored)
 * 16th Engineer Battalion (Armored)
 * 81st Armored Reconnaissance Squadron
 * 13th Quartermaster Battalion (Armored)
 * 19th Ordnance Battalion (Armored)
 * 47th Medical Battalion (Armored)
 * 141st Signal Company (Armored)

On 15 April 1941 the 1st AD sent a cadre to form the U.S. 4th Armored Division ("Name Enough") at Pine Camp, New York.

Commanders

 * 1) MG Bruce Magruder (July 1940 – March 1942),
 * 2) MG Orlando Ward (March 1942 – April 1943),
 * 3) MG Ernest N. Harmon (April 1943 – July 1944),
 * 4) MG Vernon Prichard (July 1944 – September 1945),
 * 5) MG Roderick R. Allen (September 1945 – January 1946),
 * 6) MG Hobart R. Gay (February 1946 to inactivation).

Training
The division was trained at Fort Knox, Kentucky, July 15, 1940. It was an experiment in a self-supporting, permanent fighting unit with tanks as the nucleus. This experiment in a self-sustaining blitzkrieg force had never been tried before, and the troops necessary for such an organization were drawn from many army posts.

When the organization was completed, the division had tanks, artillery and infantry in strength. In direct support were tank destroyer, maintenance, medical, supply and engineer battalions. But bringing the division up to its full quota of tanks, guns and vehicles was difficult. Although new equipment was received almost daily, the division had until March 1941, only nine ancient medium tanks. Principal armament of the nine was a 37-millimeter gun.

Fort Knox in 1940 was not unlike other army posts in the nation. There were a few minor differences—the high-crowned overseas cap was worn on the left side of the head, and the few experimental models of the quarter-ton truck that were then on the post were called "peeps" to distinguish them from the command car which had always been called a "jeep" by armored men.

To become expert with their newly acquired tanks, half-tracks and guns, most of the division attended the Armored Force School at Knox. The students stood reveille at 4 a.m., sat at attention during class and at 4 p.m. rushed to the nearest Post Exchange for a bottle of beer, which helped counteract the hot summer weather.

Every day, some unit attacked from the steel observation tower called 'O.P. Six' to capture some part of a 25 square mile patch of Kentucky brush and gullies. The troops made three-day road marches, scraped and polished their vehicles for Saturday morning inspections, sweated out the lines at the bus station and occasionally dropped by Benny's or Big Nell's, the most easily accessible civilian nightspots.

With more than a year's training behind them, the division left in September 1941, for three month's maneuvers in Louisiana. Living was tough, in some respects tougher than combat turned out to be. The weather was uniformly foul. The night driving was hard on the nerves and dangerous. How necessary the incessant practice was the men did not find out until they reached the plains of Tunisia a year later.

The day before Pearl Harbor, the division was back at Fort Knox. The beds seemed almost too soft for sleeping. The draftees, whom the regular army men had looked on as people only a step above the bugler, had proved themselves as soldiers in the maneuvers. They looked forward to discharges after their year's service. The regular army men expected furloughs.

But war and soldiering had become a serious business. Training took on a new intensity. The division was reorganized, and all tanks, both medium and light were put into two armored regiments, the 1st and 13th. A third armored field artillery battalion, the 91st, was formed, and the 701st Tank Destroyer Battalion was organized and attached to the division.

A few months later, in March 1942, the division was en route to the Fort Dix, New Jersey, staging area under command of Major-General Orlando Ward. General Ward relieved Major-General Bruce R. Magruder, who had commanded the division since its organization.

It was a "secret" move, but no surprise to the towns people of Washington Court House, Ohio, who had waited four days for the division to arrive. There were movies, food, hot water for shaving and a mammoth banner saying "Welcome First Armored Division" across the main street.

At Dix there were 36 hour passes to New York and motor parks jammed with division vehicles. Nobody knew when or where the division was going, but if was certain this would be no excursion. There would be fighting before long.

The trip was to Ireland, and the division landed in May and June. Training for the next few months was even more rigid and exacting than during the last months in the United States. The men were mentally and physically at their best. The general feeling was one of impatience.

It was toward the end of the training period that Combat Command "B", with about one-half of the division's troops, was alerted to leave Ireland and prepare for an overseas trip to a shore where "…. You'll get off fighting."

Alerted for the invasion were the 1st Battalion of the 1st Armored Regiment, the 1st and 2nd Battalions of the 13th Armored Regiment, nearly all the 6th Armored Infantry Regiment, the 27th Armored Field Artillery Battalion, "B" and "C" Companies of the 701st Tank Destroyer Battalion, and detachments of the 16th Armored Engineer Battalion, the Supply Battalion, the Maintenance Battalion, 47th Armored Medical Battalion and the 141st Signal Company.

At Fort Knox,the division participated in the Technicolor short movie The Tanks Are Coming (as the "First Armored Force"). It deployed to participate in the VII Corps Maneuvers on 18 August 1941. Once the maneuvers concluded, 1st Armored Division then moved on 28 August 1941, and arrived at Camp Polk for the Second Army Louisiana Maneuvers on 1 September 1941. They then moved to Fort Jackson on 30 October 1941 to participate in the First Army Carolina Maneuvers. 1st AD then returned to Fort Knox on 7 December 1941, but started to prepare for deployment overseas instead of returning to garrison.

Combat operations
The 1st Armored Division was ordered to Fort Dix on 11 April 1942 to await their deployment overseas. The division's port call required them to board the RMS Queen Mary at the New York Port of Embarkation at the Brooklyn Army Terminal on 11 May 1942. They arrived at Northern Ireland on 16 May 1942, and trained on the moors until they moved on to England on 29 October 1942.



The unit's first contact with an enemy was as part of the Allied invasion of Northwest Africa, Operation Torch, on 8 November 1942. Elements of the division were part of the Northern Task Force and became the first American armored division to see combat in World War II. Combat Command B (CCB) of the division landed east and west of Oran under the command of Brigadier General Lunsford E. Oliver, and entered the city on 10 November 1942. On 24 November 1942, CCB moved from Tafaroui, Algeria to Bedja, Tunisia, and raided Djedeida airfield the next day. Djedeida was finally conquered on 28 November 1942. CCB moved southwest of Tebourba on 1 December 1942, engaged German forces on El Guessa Heights on 3 December 1942, but its lines were pierced on 6 December 1942. CCB withdrew to Bedja with heavy equipment losses between 10 and 11 December 1942, and was placed in reserve. CCB next attacked in the Ousseltia Valley on 21 January 1943, and cleared that area until 29 January 1943 when sent to Bou Chebka, and arrived at Maktar on 14 February 1943. Combat Command A (CCA) fought at Faid Pass commencing on 30 January 1943, and advanced to Sidi Bou Zid, where it was pushed back with heavy tank losses on 14 February 1943, and had elements isolated on Djebel Lessouda, Djebel Kasaira, and Garet Hadid. Combat Command C (CCC), which had been constituted on 23 January 1943 to raid Sened Station on 24 January, advanced towards Sbeita, and counterattacked to support CCA in the Sidi Bou Zid area on 15 February 1943, but was repulsed with heavy losses. The division withdrew from Sbeita on 16 February 1943, but – by 21 February 1943 CCB contained the German attack toward Tebessa. The German withdrawal allowed the division to recover Kasserine Pass on 26 February 1943 and assemble in reserve. The division moved northeast of Gafsa on 13 March 1943 and attacked in heavy rains on 17 March 1943 as CCA took Zannouch, but became immobilized by rain the next day. The division drove on Maknassy on 20 March 1943, and fought the Battle of Djebel Naemia on 22–25 March 1943, and then fought to break through positions barring the road to Gabès between 29 March and 1 April 1943. It began to follow up the withdrawing German forces on 6 April 1943, and attacked towards Mateur with CCA on 27 April 1943, which fell after hard fighting on Hill 315 and Hill 299 on 3 May 1943. The division fought the Battle for Djebel Achtel between 5 and 11 May 1943, and entered Ferryville on 7 May 1943. The German forces in Tunisia surrendered between 9 and 13 May 1943. The division was reorganized in French Morocco, and began arriving in Naples, Italy on 28 October 1943.



After the fall of Sicily, the unit, part of the U.S. Fifth Army, invaded mainland Italy. It took part in the attack on the infamous Winter Line in November 1943. It then flanked the Axis armies in the landings at Anzio, and then passed through the city of Rome and pursued the retreating enemy northward until mid-July 1944. At that point, Major General Harmon was replaced by Major General Prichard, who led the 1st AD through the rest of the war. Three days after Major General Prichard took command, the division was reorganized, based on experiences in the North Africa Campaign. The change was drastic. It eliminated the armored and infantry regiments in favor of three separate tank and infantry battalions, disbanded the Supply Battalion, and cut the strength of the division from 14,000 to 10,000. The result of the re-organization was a more flexible and balanced division, with roughly equivalent infantry and tank battalions. These forces could be combined or custom-tailored by the command to meet any situation. The additional infantry strength would prove particularly useful in the future campaigns in the largely mountainous combat of the Italian campaign. The division continued in combat to the Po Valley until the German forces in Italy surrendered on 2 May 1945. In June, the Division moved to Germany as part of the occupation forces.

The division's casualties included:
 * KIA (killed in action): 1,194
 * WIA (wounded in action): 5,168
 * DOW (died of wounds): 234

During the war, the Old Ironsides division captured 41 towns and cities and 108,740 prisoners. 722 Iron Soldiers were awarded the Silver Star, 908 received the Bronze Star. The division received 5,478 Purple Hearts and two Medal of Honor recipients.

Two division soldiers were awarded the Congressional Medal of Honor during World War II, Private Nicholas Minue and Second Lieutenant Thomas Weldon Fowler.

Return to the US
The 1st Armored Division flag returned to the New York Port of Embarkation on 24 April 1946, and was inactivated at Camp Kilmer, New Jersey on 25 April 1946. The component Headquarters and Units stayed in Germany were retasked and renamed as a component of the United States Constabulary.

1950s
The success of the Russian made T-34 tank at the outbreak of the Korean War in 1950 brought renewed enthusiasm for armor. As part of the Korean War build up of American forces, the 1st Armored Division was reactivated at Fort Hood, Texas on March 7, 1951.

Continuing its tradition of “firsts”, Old Ironsides became one of the first divisions in the Army to integrate black soldiers throughout the ranks. It was also the only combat-ready armored division in the continental United States and the first to receive the M48 Patton Tank. Training for nuclear war became a major theme in the mid-1950s. Accordingly, the 1st Armored Division participated in tests of the “Atomic Field Army” at Fort Hood and in Operation Sagebrush, the largest joint maneuver conducted since World War II. Upon completion of the exercise in February 1956, the 1st Armored Division moved to its new home at Fork Polk, Louisiana.

Cuba
Toward the end of the 1950s, the Army’s preoccupation with a nuclear battlefield waned. The Army experienced years of austere budgets. Reduced in size and moved back to Fort Hood, the 1st Armored Division reverted to a training cadre for new inductees. The start of the 1960s, however, inaugurated a period of military renewal. Important changes in organization, doctrine, and equipment stemmed from the realization that the Army must be prepared to fight anytime, anywhere.

In 1962, the 1st Armored Division was brought back to full strength and reorganized. Brigades replaced Combat Commands, and the Division’s aviation assets doubled.

Intense training followed the reorganization. In October 1962 the 1st Armored Division was declared combat ready, just in time for the Cuban Missile Crisis. In response to the Soviet stationing of missiles in Cuba, Old Ironsides deployed from Fort Hood, Texas to Fort Stewart. The entire operation took just 18 days.

For the next six weeks, the 1st Armored Division conducted live-fire training and amphibious exercise on the Georgia and Florida coasts. One highlight was visit from President John F. Kennedy on November 26, 1962.

Shortly thereafter, tensions eased and the 1st Armored Division returned to Ft. Hood.

Vietnam
Although the 1st Armored Division did not participate as a Division in the Vietnam War, two units, Company A, 501st Aviation and 1st Squadron, 1st Cavalry served with distinction. Both earned Presidential Unit Citations, and 1-1 Cavalry received two Valorous Unit Awards and three Vietnamese Crosses of Gallantry. Neither unit was officially detached from the 1st Armored Division and veterans of both units may wear the Old Ironsides as a combat patch. In addition, in 1967 the 198th Infantry Brigade was formed from three of the Division’s Infantry Battalions and deployed from Fort Hood to Vietnam. After the war, two of the three battalions, 1-6 Infantry and 1-52 Infantry, returned to the 1st Armored Division.

1968 was a crisis-filled year of domestic unrest. After the assassination of Martin Luther King, several inner cities exploded into violence. The 3rd Brigade deployed to Chicago to assist in restoring order.

The early 1970s brought the withdrawal of American Forces from Vietnam and a major restructuring of the Army. Old Ironsides was rumored to be on the list of units to be inactivated. Veterans of the Division organized a letter-writing campaign to “save” the 1st Armored Division. .

As part of the Army's post-Vietnam reorganisation, the 1st Armored Division was moved to West Germany in 1971. It replaced the 4th Armored Division in the Bavarian city of Ansbach. The Division headquarters remained in Ansbach, with brigade units in the neighboring towns of Bamberg, Illesheim, Fürth (Nuremberg), Katterbach, Crailsheim, Erlangen and Zirndorf for the next twenty years, as part of V Corps, itself part of NATO's Central Army Group.

1st Battalion, 51st Infantry (Mech), at Crailsheim, part of the 1st Brigade, was inactivated on June 16, 1984. This was a result of the division's conversion to the Division 86 force structure. Under the Division 86 structure, each heavy division decreased by one infantry battalion, while remaining infantry battalions gained one additional rifle company.

On 16 April 1986, the Aviation Brigade, 1st Armored Division, was activated in Germany.

Gulf War
In August 1990, Iraq invaded Kuwait. On Nov. 8, 1990, the First Armored Division received orders to deploy to Southwest Asia to provide an offensive option, should Saddam refuse to withdraw from Kuwait. This provided an abrupt change of focus for Iron Soldiers, from a U.S. forces "build down" in Europe to a sudden "buildup" in Southwest Asia.

Division leaders and soldiers reacted swiftly to the new mission in three critical areas: planning, training and unit deployment. Planning offered two unprecedented challenges. First, the division had to be shipped to Saudi Arabia in a logical order to support the build up for combat operations. European heavy divisions had never practiced this monumental task.

Commanders and their staffs rapidly integrated new equipment into their units for deployment to the Persian Gulf region. The division also prepared to receive new units: 3rd Brigade, 3rd Infantry Division replaced 1st Brigade, 1st Armored Division. Round-out units such as the 312th Support Center (RAOC) composed of reservists from throughout Germany, also joined the division. Other units, such as the 54th and 19th Engineer battalions, the 218th Military Police Company, and the 7th Support Group, joined 1St AD in Kuwait.

The All units concentrated on individual and unit training, to include gunnery, in the few weeks available prior to personnel deployment, concurrently preparing vehicles for overseas movement. The division qualified 355 tanks and 300 Bradley crews on Tables VII and VIII, conducted division artillery howitzer section gunnery, fired modified Vulcan Table VIII and qualified Stinger and Chaparral crews. Battle drill rehearsals and wargaming seminars were also part of the rigorous training agenda.

Vehicle deployment provided another challenge for the division. 1AD transported equipment by rail, wheeled convoy, and rotary wing self -deployment. These movements unavoidably occurred on short notice or in bad weather, with challenges of coordination and logistics. Units labored long days, including weekends, to deploy. The first trains departed for port the last week of November 1990, a movement that continued into the second week of December 1990

Movement to TAA Thomson
The division convoyed on Tactical Assembly Area (TAA) Thompson, southeast of Hafar Al Batin in Saudi Arabia, between December 14 and January 24, 1991, from the Persian Gulf. One of the great dangers Iron Soldiers faced during "Operation Desert Shield" and "Desert Storm" was that of traffic accidents during the convoy to TAA Thompson, as they convoyed from the Port of Entry. The Tapline (Trans Arabian Pipeline) Road was a paved but bumpy road, wide enough for two and a half vehicles but regarded by Saudi truck drivers as a four-lane super highway.

Convoys from the Intermediate Staging Area to Thompson took 15–20 hours and entailed numerous hazards and obstacles: traffic jams, long refueling stops, driver fatigue and reckless Saudi truck drivers. Fortunately, "Old Ironsides" sustained no fatalities on "Suicide Alley" during the move to TAA Thompson.

Prior to the air campaign, the division's main challenges in the TAA were security, life support - particularly hygiene, the build up of the division's combat power, contingency planning and mental preparation for combat. Preparation for an Iraqi pre-emptive strike in conjunction with terrorist attacks increased security measures during the division's concentration. All units maintained a high security profile to include daily stand-to, around-the-clock security and constant improvement of fighting positions. If any terrorists entered the TAA, they made no effort to challenge "Old Ironsides" readiness.

Life support issues also received a high priority. Key concerns were proper waste disposal, personal cleanliness, creature comforts and most important, mail and the use of telephones. Wooden showers and latrines raised morale, while burning human waste became a daily ritual. The highlight of each day was mail call, while the 120-phone AT&T "fest tent" made a phone call home the highlight of the stay in the TAA. Thompson was not home, but it was far better than the ISA.

Another challenge during the build up in Thompson was preparation for an Iraqi pre-emptive attack. Despite his numerous heavy divisions, Saddam failed to seize the initiative from the Coalition and continued to tie his units to fixed defenses. The threat of an Iraqi attack spurred the 1st AD build up of combat power in Thompson. Logisticians vied daily with corps for more HETs for tank, BFV and artillery transport. Ammunition was another critical issue as Hellfire missiles, artillery Copperhead rounds, M1A1 SABOT rounds, Stingers, TOWs and .50 caliber rounds required intense management. Long hours of hard work ensured that combat power increased daily. All soldiers knew that the division's preparation was not a drill. The failure of the Baker-Aziz talks on Jan. 9 showed that the Iraqis were not ready to withdraw. Offensive operations were imminent.

Air campaign
In the early hours of Jan. 17, Coalition air and naval forces struck devastating blows against the Iraqi Air Force, air defense, command, control, communications and intelligence systems. The first day of war also exposed Iraqi ineptness as the Iraqi response was uncoordinated and unsuccessful. Coalition air strikes quickly gained air supremacy. The air campaign focused on strategic targets, such as Iraq's nuclear, biological and chemical capabilities, and operational targets, primarily Iraq's Republican Guard heavy divisions. The air attacks continued for 39 days, making life tough for an army weakened by the UN blockade and led by a demagogue like Saddam.

Much training occurred in the four weeks prior to movement to Forward Assembly Area (FAA) Garcia. The division maneuvered under a "crawl, walk, run" concept that progressed from leader walk-throughs to unit rehearsals at squad to brigade level. Training peaked with brigade maneuver of combat, combat support and combat service support elements over long distances. Firing at Eskey Range, by maneuver and fire support units, occurred regularly. Units focused on offensive tactics, including movement techniques, attack formations, actions on contact and breaching obstacles in stride. Combat service support units worked two missions simultaneously. They provided needed life support for the brigades and separate battalions and focused on desert fundamentals to support mobile armored warfare.

The VII Corps mission was to breach defensive positions in Iraq and set the stage for 1st AD's envelopment of the RGFC west of the breaching site. The plan's success depended on a successful air campaign, effective intelligence and a theater level deception plan. Prior to ground combat, the Coalition succeeded in attriting Iraqi tanks and fighting vehicles by at least 23 percent and artillery by 47 percent. Iraqi units in the KTO continued to take a tremendous beating. Front line infantry divisions were the worst equipped and least supported, and they suffered most from allied air. While mechanized and armor divisions serving as operational and strategic reserves also suffered from Coalition air, they were in much better shape and prepared to conduct combat operations.

Intermediate Staging Area (ISA)
For most 1st AD soldiers the deployment to Saudi Arabia entailed an eight-hour plane flight, interrupted by a maintenance halt in Rome. After arrival at either Dhahran or King Fahd Airfield, soldiers experienced a 100 kilometer bus ride to the Intermediate Staging Areas (ISA) near the port of Jubayl or Dammam. All recall the tense atmosphere of the flight to the theater of operation. The crowded bus ride, in day or night, did little to allay this anxiety. Nor did the initial bustle and confusion upon reaching the ISA with the hazards of finding living space and carrying two duffel bags, weapon, kevlar, rucksack LBE and protective mask to the right, and sometimes wrong, tent.

The division occupied two ISAs: ISA North at Al Jabayl, and ISA South at Dammam. Conditions at the ISA North left much to be desired. The "Scud Bowl" was dusty, crowded (10,000 or more soldiers crammed 16-20 persons in each tent), and often unsanitary. Contracted food ranged from acceptable to poor, and caused some illness. Conditions at the ISA South were somewhat better. Both camps contained some amenities: a WolfBurger stand, Baskin Robbins, a PX, MARS phones and occasional mail. Some units spent Christmas at the ISA by contracting for their own food and preparing it themselves. The emphasis on individual training continued, as leaders held classes on desert survival skills. In many ways, the ISA prepared soldiers for desert life, because it forced them to face up to dust, moisture, sanitation and maintenance problems. Everyone learned that discipline in the desert was a prerequisite for survival.

While soldiers trained and maintained, division and brigade staff officers continued planning. Planners devised an operational concept, which they wargamed and refined vigorously. The All Source Intelligence Center (ASIC) received, processed and disseminated useful intelligence products, templates and maps. Maps remained a key issue- 1AD needed 1: 10,000 maps, but ARCENT opted for 1:50,000 maps as the theater standard, a decision unacceptable for mobile armored warfare. Feb. 14 - 21, 1991

Movement from TAA Thompson and operations in FAA Garcia
After completing pre-combat training, inspections and preparations in TAA Thompson, home for the last six weeks, the division's march to victory began with a 150-kilometer westward move to FAA Garcia. At the time of the march to Garcia the division was working under the planning assumption that G-Day (the anticipated start of the allied ground offensive) would be on or about Feb. 21. Shifting the division west was expected to accomplish three things: reposition the division to its eventual attack sector, contribute to the theaterwide deception plan designed to fix Iraqi forces in Kuwait and to rehearse division, brigade and battalion battle formations as well as command and control procedures over a distance similar to the plan of attack.

On Feb. 14, the move started with 1st Squadron, 1st Cavalry crossing Main Supply Route (MSR) Sultan, the road from Hafr Al Batin to Riyadh at 5:36 a.m. Using well-marked routes set up by the 16th Engineer Battalion and guided by military policemen from the 501st and 218th Military Police companies, the cav squadron led the 1st, 3rd and 4th Brigades, Force Artillery and DISCOM over the northern crossing sites, while 2nd Brigade, the Division Main Command Post (DMAIN) and elements of 141st Signal Battalion crossed further south.

After completely closing into Staging Area (SA) Mac, just north of King Khalid Military City (KKMC), the division prepared for the rehearsal phase of the move. 1st AD moved out early on Feb. 16 behind the 2nd Armored Cavalry Regiment and south of 3rd Armored Division with all battalions practicing movement to contact battle drills and movement techniques. The entire move to FAA Garcia took two days with the division making another crossing of an MSR (the Tapline Road west of Hafr Al Batin) and closing into the FAA on Feb. 18. Commanders at all levels conducted after action reviews and refined movement plans and other key warplanning factors. With the final G-Day determination not yet made, allied attack helicopter feints and artillery raids kept the Iraqis guessing about operations over the next several days. Iron Soldiers used time available in FAA Garcia to continue pre-combat preparations, conduct rehearsals and get some rest before the expected attack. The division's combat support soldiers from the DISCOM and forward support battalions continued to build up supplies and equipment in Log Base Echo, about 25 km east of the division's main body in Garcia. G-3 (Feb. 21)

Though the division's main combat effort did not occur for another four days, the division's first actual combat operation was conducted as part of a theater-wide deception effort. In the days before the actual ground offensive, deep artillery fires and attack helicopter raids were executed to fix Iraqi forces in the vicinity of the Wadi Al Batin. On the night of Feb. 20, 4th Battalion, 27th Field Artillery and Battery A, 94th Field Artillery,equipped with a Multiple Launch Rocket System (MLRS), moved east from FAA Garcia some 50 kilometers to the 1st Cavalry Division's sector near the Kuwait-Iraq-Saudi Arabia tri-border area. The next day, the two artillery units joined with elements of the 1st Cav's division artillery to attack known and suspected enemy locations in Iraq at noon and 3 p.m. During the first mission 26 of 27 self-propelled launchers (SPL) fired 312 rockets while 23 of the SPLs fired 276 more rockets on the second mission. Upon completion of the mission, the units returned to division control in FAA Garcia and continued to prepare for future combat operations. G-1 (Feb. 23)

As part of the final preparation for the operation, the division's leaders conducted a two-hour sand model exercise at the Division Tactical Command Post (DTAC) which began at 1 p.m. All commanders and key staff officers down to battalion task force and separate company level rehearsed the opening phases of the division's operational plan during the walk-through. While the rehearsal was underway elements of the 19th Engineer Battalion moved earth-moving equipment to within six kilometers of the Saudi Arabia-Iraq international border berm. Sixteen bulldozers poised to breach the berm, the first anticipated obstacle to the division's northward movement. After the rehearsal confirmation of enemy positions throughout the sector of operations to the vicinity of Al Busayyah was finalized using aerial photos received from U-2 reconnaissance planes and analyzed by crack intelligence soldiers like Sgt. Tamara Kalwaitis, "Sergeant K," and PFC Sandra Larsen from the division G-2 section. The Force Artillery and direct support artillery battalions (2nd and 3rd Battalions, 1st Field Artillery and 2nd Battalion, 41st Field Artillery) adjusted target areas and brigade S2s were updated. At 9:15 p.m., an attack helicopter company from 3rd Battalion, 1st Aviation Regiment of the division's 4th Brigade, equipped with AH-64 Apache helicopters, conducted armed reconnaissance missions in zone out to Phase Line (PL) MELON. The results of the recon added further credence to the G2's sector template which anticipated few enemy forces capable of impeding the division's initial attack.

War begins, February 24, 1991 G-Day
At approximately 6:30 a.m. 19th Engineers began berm breaching operations. By mid-afternoon more than 250 eight-meter-wide lanes were constructed along the division's 18 km front. Earlier in the day the VII Corps Headquarters received word of unexpected success of offensive operations already underway in the XVIII Airborne Corps sector (to the far west) and US Marines' (MARCENT) sector (near the coast) of the allied front. The Corps instructed 1st Armored Division to be prepared to launch its attack at noon, a full 18 hours ahead of schedule. At noon, the Corps further placed the division on a two-hour alert to initiate the attack. When ordered, the division crossed its assigned line of departure (LD) at 2:34 p.m. when lead elements of 1-1 Cavalry crossed the border berm.

In spite of limited visibility caused by an intense sand and dust storm, 1st AD moved rapidly northward in a narrow front employing a compressed "division wedge" formation. 3rd Armored Division accompanied the division on its eastern flank as the main effort of the Corps' deep envelopment of Iraqi defenses west of the Wadi Al Batin. 1st Brigade (the PHANTHOM Brigade: TF 1-7 Infantry, TF 4-7 Infantry, TF 4-66 Armor, 26th Support Battalion and 2-41 Field Artillery) the division advance guard, followed 10 km behind the 1-1 Cav screen. Accompanying the Phantom Brigade was 2nd Lt. Nora Ramirez, the brigade's signal platoon leader from 141st Signal, one of the first women in the division to cross the line of departure. 2nd Brigade (the IRON Brigade: TF 6-6 Infantry, TF 1-35 Armor, TF 2-70 Armor TF 4-70 Armor, 47th Support Battalion and 2-1 Field Artillery) followed on the left (west) of sector and 3rd Brigade (the BULLDOG Brigade: TF 7-6 Infantry, TF 1-37 Armor, TF 3-35 Armor, 125th Support Battalion and 3-1 Field Artillery) followed on the right (east) as Maj. Gen. Ronald Griffith, commander, 1st AD, centered the Force Artillery behind the 1st Brigade and between the wing brigades. The division's support elements (including 123rd Support Battalion), totaling nearly 1000 vehicles of tailored logistics support, brought up the rear of the division's battle formation.

The division moved forward with 2nd Brigade encountering difficult terrain in the west which combined with the poor weather conditions to briefly slow its movement. Foreword of the division, 1-1 Cav reported the division's first battle casualties-three soldiers wounded by fragments from unexploded ordinance encountered in sector. At 3 p.m. the Corps shifted the fire support coordination line out to PL Pear to ease control of artillery fires and U.S. Air Force close air support. Soon after that the division encountered its first enemy prisoners of war (EPW), the processing of which also slowed the attack somewhat. At 4 p.m. the division air force liaison officer (ALO) reported that deteriorating weather conditions precluded the use of close air support for the rest of the day though selected air engagement areas remained open in case the weather improved. At 4:20 p.m. 3rd AD, in the east, reported crossing the 30 East-West gridline, somewhat behind the 1st AD. The division's advance reached the area just north of PL Apple (see Figure 6), 30 km past the LD, at 6:05 p.m. Nearing dark the division received instructions from Corps to halt its attack so that it could realign flank units (3rd AD and 3rd Armored Cavalry Regiment in the west). 1st AD units took advantage of the pause to conduct refueling operations and prepare to continue the attack.

With elements of Iraqi 26th Division believed to be in the vicinity PL Colorado (northwest of Al Thamarya) the CG decided to continue the attack the following morning at 6:30. At 10:22 p.m. intelligence reports indicated that the Iraqi III Corps commander had ordered his units in Kuwait to begin a withdrawal, the first indication that Iraqi defenses were cracking.

G + 1 Feb. 25, 1991
All units reported refuel operations completed by 2:06 a.m. and there was no significant enemy contact during the remainder of the night. The division continued the attack at 6:30 a.m. with 1st Brigade crossing PL Louisiana and making initial contact with elements of the 26th Iraqi Infantry Division as expected. Displaying exceptional agility, the brigade's easternmost battalion task force, TF 4-7 Infantry, handed off the battle to the 3rd Brigade as the remainder of the Phantom Brigade shifted west to bypass the pocket and continue the attack north ahead of the 2nd Brigade. At 7:37 a.m. the coordinated fire line (CFL) shifted to PL Grape. 3rd Brigade quickly destroyed one T-62 tank, eight armored personnel carriers (APC), and three artillery pieces. The division crossed PL Melon at 8:15 a.m. when the 1st Brigade, led by the 1-1 Cav, made contact with additional elements of the 26th Division between PL Colorado and PL Arizona. After 2-41 FA put effective indirect fires on the Iraqis, TF 1-7 Infantry used psyops loudspeaker teams to flush out a large group of prisoners. During the TF 1-7 fight 26 year old SSgt. Todd Wright, a scout section sergeant, and his crew quickly destroyed an Iraqi BMP and a tank in rapid succession. 1-1 Cav continued moving, reporting its crossing of PL Kansas at 8:38. To ease fire control coordination, Corps shifted the CFL twice during the next hour to PL Arkansas (8:42) then PL Arizona (9:30). At 10:32 a.m. 3rd AD reported its lead units were crossing PL Melon. After the CFL was again shifted to PL Pear, Force Artillery initiated an MLRS fire mission against an enemy multiple rocket launcher (MRL) in the 3rd AD sector. At 1:22 p.m. the 2nd Brigade reported crossing PL Arkansas. After destroying eight APCs, four artillery pieces, several trucks and capturing 272 EPWs, the 1st Brigade reported its objective secured at 2:48. At 3:08 p.m. the CFL was shifted once more to PL New Mexico and the FSCL to PL Orange.

While the ground action was occurring, the 4th Brigade conducted afternoon AH-64 deep attacks against Al Busayyah (Attack Position Python and Objective Collins), the anticipated site of the division's next fight. The weather deteriorated rapidly with heavy thunderstorms developing by late afternoon. Because Al Busayyah had been templated as the likely site of the headquarters for the 26th Division and was a known logistics center, the CG decided to conduct a deliberate attack the following morning at 6:30, preceded by an intense artillery preparation. At dark the division was disposed with 1st Brigade holding PL North Carolina in the east, 2nd Brigade holding PL North Carolina, in the west, 3rd Brigade consolidating along PL South Carolina, and 1-1 Cav extending its screen north from PL Smash to PL New Mexico. With further reports coming in from Corps indicating that Iraqi resistance was crumbling rapidly in the XVIII Airborne Corps and MARCENT sectors, the division took advantage of this second tactical pause to finalize plans to push through Al Busayyah and exploit its early success. The commanding general decided to execute a rapid turning movement to the east to continue the attack to destroy elements of the elite Republican Guards forces. In its first day of significant enemy contact the division destroyed two tanks (T-62 and T-55), 25 APCs, nine artillery pieces, 48 trucks, 14 air defense artillery (ADA) systems and captured 314 prisoners.

G + 2 Feb. 26, 1991
Throughout the night continuous artillery fire was placed on Al Busayyah culminating in a massive combined 155mm and MLRS barrage at 6:15 a.m. The prep was followed immediately by a coordinated attack which had 1st Brigade attacking in the south, 2nd Brigade in the north and 3rd Brigade following 1st Brigade, prepared to exploit success by passing the Phantom Brigade to the southeast and continuing the attack in zone. 1-1 Cav again extended its screen line out to PL Texas to facilitate future operations.

1st and 2nd Brigades had significant contact with 26th Division elements in and around Al Busayyah but were able to overcome it rapidly and continue the attack to the north and east out to PL Texas with 2nd Brigade in the north, 1st Brigade in the south and 3rd Brigade trailing the 1st as the division reserve.

2nd Brigade left a mechanized infantry battalion task force (TF 6-6 Infantry) and an engineer company (Company A, 16th Engineer Battalion) to mop up the Al Busayyah area, discovering large stockpiles of fuel, water and ammunition in the process. TF 6-6 rubbled the town and log sites with 155mm artillery fires and 165mm main gun fire from a combat engineer vehicle (CEV), commanded by engineer Sgt. Darryl Breedlove of the 16th. This fight relieved some of the prebattle apprehension as PFC James F. Day III, a TF 6-6 FIST put it, "A feeling of pride and certainty swept over us. We were ready to face the "elite" Republican Guards." Five enemy tanks, numerous wheeled command and control and support vehicles, bunkers and arms caches were destroyed. In anticipation of future operations the G2 updated the division with a new enemy template for the Iraqi Madinah Republican Guards Armored Division situated well to the east near Objective Bonn.

The division completed most of the action around Al Busayyah by noon when the 75th Artillery Brigade (MLRS, Army Tactical Missile System (ATACMS), 8", and 155mm) linked up with the division to reinforce the Force Artillery. At 4:24 p.m. USAF A-10s sighted 17 enemy tanks in the vicinity of PL Tangerine, the planned LD for the next phase of the operation-the attack to destroy the Republican Guards. The A-10s destroyed three tanks and more close air support (CAS) attacked while the division moved forward. By 6 p.m., when the division crossed PL Tangerine, it had completed a sweeping turning movement, reorienting its attack a full 90 degrees in less than six hours. Displaying superb tactical agility, the division shifted its attack formation to three brigades abreast-2nd in the north, 1st in the center and 3rd in the south-to maximize its firepower and shock effect against the Republican Guards.

Upon crossing PL Tangerine air scouts reported elements of the Tawakalna Republican Guards Armored Division and the 52nd Mechanized Infantry Division to the east. 1-1 Cav made contact with the two divisions in the vicinity of PL Poland where the unit's scouts identified 52 tanks. Air scouts and AH-1 Cobra attack helicopters stayed on station while air strikes and artillery fires from the Force Artillery destroyed 30 of the enemy's tanks. 3rd Brigade attacked in the south to destroy 22 more tanks and numerous other armored and wheeled support vehicles. The night attack continued with lead brigades reporting their arrival at PL Libya at 10: 10. Again, as with the engagement at Al Busayyah, AH-64s from 4th Brigade and CAS attacked deeper targets in vicinity of Objective Bonn, confirmed to be the site of the Madinah Division as well as the site of numerous logistics facilities. In the northern portion of the division sector near PL Spain, the Force Artillery conducted MLRS raids on positions of the ADNAN Republican Guards Infantry Division. The strikes effectively eliminated resistance from the ADNAN while pilot reports indicated heavy enemy presence at OBJ BONN. By midnight February 26, the division had destroyed 112 more tanks, 82 APCs, two artillery pieces, 94 trucks, two ADA systems and captured another 545 EPWs.

G + 3 Feb. 27, 1991
Night fighting continued into the early hours with the most significant contact in the 3rd Brigade sector against the northern brigade of the TAWAKALNA. Across the division boundary 3rd Armored Division engaged the southern brigade of the TAWAKALNA. During the heat of the fighting in this sector four M1A1 tanks of the 3rd Brigade were hit by direct fire. As a testimony to the quality of the M1A1 all four crews survived the incident with only a few light injuries. At 3:10 a.m. 1-1 Cav's command post received incoming artillery fire, again with no fatalities and remarkably light injuries to 22 soldiers, only three of which were litter urgent, thanks to the work of unit combat life savers like PFC Marty Coon and combat medics like PFC Tammy R. Reese from the 26th Support Battalion. In an unrelated action the first division fatality of the battle also occurred during the night when an engineer soldier from Company C, 54th Engineer Battalion was killed at Umm Hajul Airfield near Al Busayyah.

At 4:40 a.m. 1-1 Cav reported destroying seven BMPs west of PL Spain. Later, at 6:18 VII Corps reported that the MADINAH and HAMURABI Republican Guards Divisions were still in place in templated positions further east. Because of the rapid pace of operations over the preceding 36 hours, by first light all brigades were reporting serious fuel shortages, especially in tanks and helicopters. The division spent much of February 27 marshalling all available fuel assets including an emergency push of fuel from Corps and 3rd AD. A major contributor to the effort was Spec. Krist R. Johnson, a crew chief from 2-1 Aviation Battalion, who braved a suspected enemy minefield and area littered with unexploded munitions to lead a convoy of fuel trucks to the thirsty Apaches.

The attack again halted in the vicinity of PL Spain as 2nd Brigade received incoming artillery fire from north of the division boundary. Force Artillery nominated two Iraqi FROG missile battalions and one cannon artillery battalion as ATACMS targets. XVIII Airborne Corps cleared elements of the 3ACR from the proposed target area and VII Corps cleared 1AD (6th Battalion, 27th Field Artillery) for target destruction. By 8:10 a.m. 1st and 2nd Brigades began destroying elements of the MADINAH Division along PL Lime with 3rd Brigade joining the fight at about 8:35. At 9:50 counterfire radars of the Force Artillery acquired enemy artillery emplacements firing on the 2nd Brigade. During several intense counterbattery engagements Sgt. David Norby and his fellow "redlegs" from A Battery, 94th FA (MLRS) launched rocket after rocket to quickly reduce the effects of the enemy fire, permitting the 2nd Brigade attack to continue. When enemy prisoners began surrendering in mass across the division's sector at 10:00 a.m. the 4th Brigade sent AH-64s on an armed reconnaissance mission destroying a number of withdrawing armored vehicles in the vicinity of PL MONACO.

Throughout the day reports arrived from 3rd U.S. Army headquarters that 21 Iraqi divisions were already combat ineffective or destroyed and that elements of the 17th, 10th, 6th and 51st Divisions were believed to be moving north toward Al Basrah. BBC news also reported that Kuwait City had been liberated by MARCENT and allied forces with the allies holding over 30,000 EPWs.

By midday the 2nd Brigade was fully engaged with the MADINAH's 2nd Brigade and, in the largest single engagement of the war, destroyed 61 Iraqi T-72/T-55 tanks, 34 APCs and five SA13 air defense systems in less than one hour. The division spent the rest of the day destroying the MADINAH's equipment in detail and paused east of PL ITALY. But not before SSgt. Charles A Peters, master gunner for D/4-7 Infantry, and his Bradley crew quickly and calmly destroyed a T-72 tank and three BMPs. At 5 p.m. the Corps passed information to the division that a theater-wide cease-fire was imminent. The division was urgently instructed to continue the attack as soon as possible with a limit of advance designated as PL Brazil and a limit of fire at PL Kiwi. Because there were still significant elements of the MADINAH Division in OBJ Bonn, General Griffith intended to continue the attack early on Feb. 28, stating that he wanted the accompanying artillery preparation "to be the most awesome artillery prep known to man."

In its heaviest day of fighting OLD IRONSIDES' battle damage assessment for Feb. 27 was 186 enemy tanks, 127 APCs, 38 artillery pieces, five air defense systems, 118 trucks destroyed and 839 prisoners captured. The division lost one soldier, a scout from 4th Battalion, 66th Armor, killed in action during the day's fighting.

G + 4 Feb. 28, 1991
At 5:30 a.m. the Force Artillery's preparatory barrage began with 155mm, 8", and MLRS strikes that lasted until 6:15. Cannoneers like PFC Richard D. McRae of 2-41 Field Artillery, who rammed 48 155 mm projectiles during the 45-minute prep, launched a devastating attack that was immediately followed by a series of AH-64 strikes which were completed shortly before 7 a.m. The ground maneuver brigades attacked abreast and crossed PL Italy at 7:05. The brigades made contact with remnants of the MADINAH Division and other Iraqi divisions fleeing northeast toward Al Bashrah. A Corpswide cease-fire was called at approximately 6:45 when a MLRS battery commander located in the 3rd AD sector put out an emergency call when he thought his unit was under friendly fire. About 20 minutes later the Corps commander ordered the attack to continue after the situation was sorted out. Though the delay prevented the division from moving further east than PL Monaco when the cease-fire went into effect at 8 a.m., it had accomplished its mission by destroying two brigades of the MADINAH. In the morning mist, 1st Lt. Fred Renzi of A Company, 1-37 Armor, saw the American flag flying over one of the company's tanks and later remarked, "At that moment, no one had to tell me what it meant to be an American or a U.S. soldier, or how proud America was of us, or how much the people back home believed in us. There was no need for words at all. I knew."

The division consolidated along PL Italy, a few miles from the Iraq-Kuwait border, and prepared a hasty defense with 2nd Brigade in the north, 1st Brigade in the center, 3rd Brigade and 1-1 Cav lagering to the rear of PL Italy. Wartime rules of engagement remained in effect, but the division's chemical protective MOPP level was downgraded to 0.

In the brief engagements of Feb. 28 the division destroyed 41 more Iraqi tanks, 60 APCs, 15 Artillery pieces, 244 trucks, 11 ADA systems and captured 281 additional EPWs. Unfortunately, within hours of the cease-fire unexploded ordnance in the sector claimed the life of a third soldier, an engineer from the 19th Engineers.



Summary
During 89 hours of sustained offensive combat and mopping up operations in the first several days after the cease-fire, the First Armored Division destroyed a total of 418 enemy tanks, 447 armored personnel carriers, 116 artillery pieces, 1211 trucks and 110 air defense systems. The division drove deeper and faster into the enemy's rear areas than any other division-size force in the Kuwait Theater of Operations.

Along its 259 kilometer march to victory, the division destroyed the 1st Brigade of the 26th Iraqi Infantry Division, along with two brigades of the elite MADINAH Republican Guards Armored Division, one brigade of the elite TAWAKALNA Republican Guards Mechanized Division, two brigades of the 52nd Armored Division, several battalions of the 17th Armored Division and elements of 10 other Iraqi Army divisions.

Iron Soldiers were responsible for destroying the major base of the 26th Infantry Division, eight other theater level logistics sites and four log bases from the MADINAH Division as well as capturing 2234 Iraqi prisoners of war from the MADINAH, TAWAKALNA, ADNAN and HAMURABI Republican Guards Divisions; the 7th, 20th, 25th, 26th, 27th, 28th, 30th, 31st and 48th Iraqi Infantry Divisions; and the 10th, 12th, 17th and 52nd Armored Divisions. As a result of detailed planning and preparation, near-flawless execution, and tenacious leadership, the division's own battle losses were extremely light: 1 M1A1 Abrams main battle tank was destroyed and three others damaged and repaired, two M3A2 Bradley cavalry fighting vehicles damaged, one M113A2 armored personnel carrier destroyed, two AH-64 Apache attack helicopters damaged, one HEMMT fuel truck damaged, four high mobility multipurpose wheeled vehicles (HMMWV) destroyed, and one commercial utility cargo vehicle (CUCV) destroyed. The human cost of the battle was two fellow soldiers killed in action during the fight (Cpl Douglas L. Fielder, Company C, 54th Engineer Battalion and Spec. Clarence A. Cash, HHC, 4-66 Armor), two killed after the fight (SSgt. Steven Hanson, 19th Engineer Battalion, and Spec. Manuel Sapien Jr., HHB, 6-3 ADA), and 52 wounded in action.

The division's performance in mobile armored combat operations against a numerically superior enemy in a distant theater of operations was far above the expectations of General Schwarzkopf, the Commander-in-Chief, United States Central Command. The gallantry in action, professionalism and determination exhibited by all Iron Soldiers reflected great credit upon the division, the VII (US) Corps, the United States Army and the United States of America.



During the war, in eighty nine hours, the division moved 250 kilometers, destroyed 768 vehicles, and captured 1,064 prisoners of war, at the cost of four dead. 1AD returned to Germany on 8 May 1991, and celebrated with a visit from Vice President Dan Quayle.

1AD Commanding General Letter to Soldiers
Below is the text of a letter sent by Major General Ronald Griffith, 1AD Commanding General, on April 22, 1991, to all First Armored Division Soldiers who participated in the Gulf war.

Office of the Commanding General Headquarters, 1st Armored Division "Operation Desert Storm" APO New York 09761

April 22, 1991

Fellow "Iron Soldiers":

This pamphlet stands as testimony to the personal sacrifice of all members of the Old Ironsides team, who deployed from Europe in support of Operation Desert Shield and fought with valor and distinction while defeating the "best" of the Iraqi Army during Operation Desert Storm. Our odyssey began on 8 November 1990 when President Bush ordered us to deploy to Southwest Asia. Through the weeks and months which followed, you persevered in the face of extra ordinary challenges, overcame anxiety and fear and ultimately made the impossible seem routine. You met every challenge from shipping equipment and deploying to a foreign country, to learning the ways of the desert and dramatically winning on the battlefield on a scale unparalleled in the annals of modern warfare. In the years to come this pamphlet will remind you of your magnificent contributions in freeing the people of Kuwait from the tyranny and oppression of Saddam Hussein and the Iraqi Army. I'm exceptionally proud of each and every one of you - you have earned a place in the history of our great Division, and the U.S. Army, and, the admiration of a grateful nation and the free world! I am honored to have led you in this historic endeavor! "IRON SOLDIERS”! Ronald H. Griffith Major General, U.S. Army Commanding

1AD battle damage assessment, Gulf War

 * 25 Feb: 2 Tanks, 25 APC, 9 Artillery, 14 ADA, 48 Trucks, 314 EPW
 * 26 Feb: 112 Tanks, 82 APC, 2 Artillery, 2 ADA, 94 Trucks, 545 EPW
 * 27 Feb: 186 Tanks, 127 APC, 66 Artillery, 5 ADA, 118 Trucks, 839 EPW
 * 28 Feb: 41 Tanks, 60 APC, 15 Artillery, 11 ADA, 244 Trucks, 281 EPW
 * 01 - 12 Mar: 99 Tanks, 191 APC, 98 Artillery, 105 ADA, 879 Trucks, 4,707 EPW
 * Total: 440 Tanks, 485 APC, 190 Artillery, 137 ADA, 1,383 Trucks, 6,686 EPW

Four 1AD Soldiers were KIA and 52 WIA during the Gulf War

Task Force Eagle
On 18 December 1995, under the command of Major General William L. Nash, the division deployed to northeast Bosnia as the command element of Task Force Eagle, a powerful, multinational unit intended to keep the peace. (A Russian brigade, initially under the command of Colonel Aleksandr Ivanovich Lentsov, was part of that effort. An account of the interactions of the Americans and Russians in Bosnia in 1996 may be found in James Nelson's Bosnia Journal.) The 1AD returned in late 1996 to Germany.

In 1999, the unit was once again deployed, this time to Kosovo, for Operation Allied Force, and Operation Joint Guardian.

Afterwards, the unit trained heavily in Hohenfels and Grafenwöhr Training Areas in Germany, with realistic OPFOR (Opposition Forces) exercises.

The 1st Armored Division began the year 2000 with a bang as the 1st Brigade Combat Team blasted its way through the rolling fog of Grafenwoehr Training Area (GTA) in a challenging January gunnery. February 2000 saw 1st Armored Division Headquarters announce the closure of military facilities in Bad Kreuznach and subsequent relocation to Wiesbaden scheduled for June 2001. The 1st Armored Division rocked HTA and GTA in 3 separate exercises in March 2001. Ready First stormed into Hohenfels Training Area for Mountain Guardian III, a Mission Rehearsal Exercise designed to test the limits of Iron Soldiers preparing to deploy to Task Force Falcon 2A.

The 1st Armored Division's command and control elements pushed the envelope during a highly effective Warfighter in GTA between March 21 and April 17, 2001. The 1st Armored Division took command of Task Force Falcon in Kosovo as Brigadier General Randal Tieszen accepted the colors from 1st Infantry Division's Brigadier General Ricardo Sanchez. The 1st Armored Division celebrated its 60th birthday at home and abroad in Kosovo, on 15 July 2001. Major General George W. Casey, Jr. traveled to Boston Harbor in August 2001 where he forged a new bond with Commander Bill Foster, of the USS Constitution. The meeting rekindled the fires of a 60-year love affair between the prestigious ship "Old Ironsides" and 1st Armored Division.

Iraq
In the build-up in the months prior the March 2003 invasion of Iraq, two battalions of the 1st Armored Division's 3d Brigade were deployed in support of Operation Iraqi Freedom. The 2–70 Armor and 1–41 Infantry battalion task forces augmented the 82nd Airborne Division ("All-American"), the 3d Infantry Division ("Rock of the Marne"), and the 101st Airborne Division ("Screaming Eagles") throughout the campaign to oust Iraqi dictator Saddam Hussein. These units spearheaded the U.S assaults in As Samawah and Karbala and later occupied the southern area of Baghdad. The 1–13 Armor battalion followed shortly behind towards the end of March 2003.

In May 2003, the division deployed to Iraq and assumed responsibility for Baghdad, under command of Brigadier General Martin E. Dempsey, relieving the 3d Infantry Division. The division was scheduled to return to Germany in November 2003, but was extended an additional 3 months in October in order to defeat a Shia militia led by Moqtada Al Sadr. Near the end of that period the Division was again extended an additional three months. During the first three-month extensions Task Force 1–37 AR ("Bandits") fought Al Sadr's forces in Karbala while Task Force 2–37 AR ("Dukes") along with elements of 2–3 FA (Gunners) fought in Diwaniya, Sadr City, Al-Kut, and Najaf. Task Force 1–36 IN ("Spartans") became the CJTF-7 Operational Reserve and conducted operations throughout the theater in support of the 1st Cavalry Division. Forces from the 2d Brigade fought in Kut. During Operation Iraqi Freedom, the division lost 133 soldiers.

Bulldog Brigade deploys, redeploys, deploys again
In early 2003, approximately 1,300 Soldiers with the 3rd Brigade, 1st Armored Division received orders to deploy to Iraq. Additionally, 400 more reservists received orders to mobilize through Fort Riley to deploy with the Brigade. The Bulldog Brigade was at the time stationed at Fort Riley, having activated their on 16 February 1996. The brigade deployed to Baghdad from 20 February 2003 to 15 April 2004.

Under the command of Colonel Russ Gold, the brigade participated in both the ground war and the immediate fight to stop a growing insurgency. In September 2003, the brigade participated in “Operation Bulldog Flytrap,” in which the brigade captured insurgents they called the Mad Mortar Men from the Abu Ghraib area. They killed seven insurgents who were responsible for improvised explosive devices and roadside bombs. The mission also was the first to use helicopters to fire in Iraqi cities.

During Operation Bulldog Mammoth, the brigade captured 58 terrorists and foreign fighters and recovered hundreds of weapons from an area near the Abu Ghraib Prison.

In November 2003, the brigade executed Operation Cancer Cure. After a lieutenant from the unit was killed in a firefight, the brigade discovered the Sunni extremist group responsible. The insurgents were using mosques as their meeting places because U.S. troops were not allowed to enter the holy sites. After gathering several sources of intelligence, the brigade was given permission by the local citizenry to enter the mosque after prayer services. The mission opened the rules of engagement for troops to be allowed to enter mosques to capture terrorists. On November 10, 2003 the brigade conducted raids in and around Baghdad, Iraq, and detained 18 men suspected of taking part in the Oct. 26 Al Rasheed Hotel missile attack killing one Army officer and wounding 16 personnel. The brigade was also responsible for the capture of 19 members of the black list, better known as the "deck of cards." The brigade was awarded the Valorous Unit Award for their actions during the deployment.

After only nine months at home station, Third Brigade once again deployed to the Iraqi Theatre in Feb 2005 for Operation Iraqi Freedom Three from Fort Riley, Kansas. The brigade spent the deployment attached to the 3d Infantry Division aoperating in Taji, north of Baghdad.

2nd Brigade Combat Team deploys to Kuwait and Iraq: November 2005 – November 2006
2nd Brigade Combat Team, 1st Armored Division, led by Col. Robert Scurlock, Jr. and Command Sgt. Maj. Jose Santos, deployed in early November 2005 from Baumholder, Germany in support of Operation Iraqi Freedom 05-07. The Iron Brigade was the first Heavy Brigade Combat Team to serve as the Central Command Theater Reserve, deployed to Kuwait, ready to respond anywhere in Iraq. The brigade consisted of seven battalions: 1st Battalion, 6th Infantry; 2nd Battlion, 6th Infantry Regiment; 4th Battlion, 27th Field Artillery Regiment; 1st Battalion, 94th Field Artillery Regiment; 1st Battalion, 35th Armor Regiment; 4th Engineer Battalion; and the 47th Forward Support Battalion – in all about 3500 troops. The brigade trained at Camp Buehring, Kuwait. While there, the Soldiers planned, built, and executed the first Expert Infantryman badge and Expert Field Medical Badge training in a combat environment. To stay proficient on all weapon systems, the Iron Birgade built a fully functional multi-purpose range complex, which allowed units to conduct full mounted and dismounted gunnery qualifications tables, which facilitated both Abrams tanks and Bradley Fighting Vehicles.

On March 12, 2006, Task Force 2-6 (2nd Battalion, 6th Infantry Regiment) linked up with 4th Infantry Brigade in Baghdad. By May, the remainder of the brigade was in position in Iraq with 2-6 Infantry in southern Baghdad and 1-6 Infantry, 1-35 Armor, 2nd Platoon of the 501st MP Company, and a Forward Logistics Element from the 47th Forward Support Battalion in Ramadi supporting Colonel MacFarland’s 1st Brigade, 1st Armored Division. In Ramadi, those Soldiers who participated in the 2003-2004 deployment found it to be a very different war. Within the first month of arriving, over 100 IEDs were found, as roadside bombs had become the main tool for the insurgents.

In late July, at the request of the Government of Iraq and Multi-National Division-Baghdad, the brigade headquarters moved to Western Baghdad to begin Operation Together Forward. The Iron Brigade received control of several units, including 1st Battalion, 22nd Infantry Regiment, 4th Infantry Division; 8th Squadron, 10th Cavalry Regiment, 4th Infantry Division; and 1-23 Infantry, 3rd SBCT, 2nd Infantry Division. During Operation Together Forward, the brigade went into areas where violence was much higher than anywhere else in Baghdad. TF 2-6 was assigned the Amariyah, Ghazaliyah, and Shulah areas with a mission to isolate and clear out the violence along with the Iraqi army. TF 2-6 was also assigned the Abu Ghraib area and turned the Abu Ghraib internment facility over to ministry of justice.

A major difference in this deployment was the interaction and cooperation from the local populace. More Iraqi civilians were willing to help and there was a greater presence of local Iraqi police and military operations. The objective was to cut the flow of weapons and insurgents coming in from Ramadi and Fallujah. As a result of the efforts of TF 2-6, hundreds of Iraqi insurgents and foreign fighters were killed or captured, weapons caches seized, criminals and terrorists cleared out and reconstruction efforts underway. The brigade conducted counter-IED operations, route reconnaissance, civil-military operations and counter-mobility operations.

The deployment provided the Iron Soldiers of the 2nd BCT the opportunity to demonstrate their remarkable flexibility and make history in the process. The Soldiers of the Iron Brigade performed many diverse mission throughout the deployment. All across Iraq, the 2nd BCT affected the lives of the citizens of Iraq and help secure the populace. The Soldiers of the 2nd Brigade Combat Team returned to Baumholder, Germany in November, 2006 but without 28 Heroes who died in Ramadi and the Al Rashid district of southern Baghdad.

Ready First turns the tide of war
The division's 1st Brigade Combat Team ("Ready First") under the command of Colonel Sean B. MacFarland deployed again to Iraq in January 2006 after months of intensive training in Grafenwöhr and Hohenfels, Germany. Many of the soldiers who fought with units like 1–36 Infantry("Spartans"), 2–37 Armor("Iron Dukes"), and 1–37 ("Bandits") during the invasion of Iraq returned to Iraq for a second time. The majority of the Ready First Brigade was initially deployed to Northern Iraq in Nineveh province concentrating on the city of Tal' Afar. In May 2006, the main force of 1st Brigade received orders to move south to the city of Ramadi in volatile Al Anbar Province.



Since 2003, Al Anbar served as a microcosm of a war effort gone awry, a human laboratory of failure, violence, and extremism. The province served as a base of operations for the Sunni rejectionist insurgency and al Qaeda. Ramadi, it’s capital, had neither a government nor a police force when the Ready First arrived. Most military strategists inside and outside of the Bush administration believed that the war in Anbar had already concluded unsuccessfully prior to the arrival of the “Ready First,” that the province and its population were hopelessly lost. They had every reason to think so. Al Qaeda in Iraq publicly announced Ramadi as now the capital of their new caliphate, the city alone averaged more than twenty attacks per days, the province was statistically the most dangerous location in the country, and the insurgency enjoyed free rein throughout much of the province.

Most dangerous place in Iraq
When the Ready First arrived in Ramadi in June 2006 with more than 70 M1 Abrams tanks and 84 Bradley Fighting Vehicles, many locals believed the brigade was preparing for a Fallejuah-style block-by-block clearing assault on the city and many insurgents fled the city. Colonel MacFarland and the leaders of the Ready First were too smart for that. Taking a cue from Colonel H.R. McMaster’s “Clear, Hold, Build” strategy, the brigade developed a plan to isolate the insurgents, deny them sanctuary, and build Iraqi security forces.



1-1 moved into some of Ramadi's most dangerous neighborhoods and, beginning in July 2006, built four of what would eventually become eighteen Combat Outposts. The soldiers brought the territory under control and inflicted many casualties on the insurgents in the process. On 24 July, AQI launched a counterattack, initiating 24 assaults, each with about 100 fighters, on American positions. Despite the reported presence of AQI leader Abu Ayyub al-Masri, the insurgents failed in all of their attacks and lost about 30 men. Several senior American officers, including General Petraeus, later compared the fighting to the Battle of Stalingrad.

Independence Day
Simultaneous with combat operations, the brigade was working on the “hold” portion of clear, hold, build. Lieutenant Colonel Tony Deane, commander of Task Force 1-35 Armor, approached Sheik Abdul Sattar Bezia al-Rishawi of the Abu Risha tribe in an attempt to recruit his tribesmen to the police force. This was a brazen move that worked against the US administration in Iraq’s plan to develop representative government and modernity throughout Iraq, a plan that would remove power from sheiks.

Jim Michaels, in his book “A Chance in Hell” about the Ready First’s operation in Al Anbar wrote that the US had a flawed on civil government, one that ignored the tribal history of Iraq. “The sheik may not be elected,” wrote Michaels,” but nor is he born into his job. Sheiks are generally selected by a group of elders….Throughout history, ignoring the tribes [in Iraq] has never been a smart move. Sheiks have wielded power for thousands of years and survived countless efforts to blunt their influence in the name of modernity.”

To facilitate Sheik Sittar, Colonel MacFarland's deputy, Lieutenant Colonel Jim Lechner, and his Police Implementation Officer, Marine Major Teddy Gates, changed the location for Iraqi Police recruiting. They wanted a more secure location close to Sattar's house, as this would enable them to build a police station north of the Euphrates River in an area where many potential recruits lived. Having already had his father and three brothers killed by AQI, Sattar appreciated the idea. The local response was overwhelming, as residents stood in line to serve as IP’s at the next IP recruiting drive.

In August, the new Jazeera police station north of the river, manned mostly by Abu Ali Jassim tribe members, was attacked and the sheikh of the tribe killed. AQI then hid the sheikh's body so it was not found for several days, a gross violation of Islam's strict burial rules that call for interment within 24 hours.

The attack on the station killed several Iraqi police and also caused a number of burn casualties. Colonel MacFarland offered the police evacuation to Camp Blue Diamond, an American Army camp outside of Ramadi, while they repaired the station, but the Iraqis refused to abandon their post. Instead, in a scene reminiscent of Iwo Jima, they put their flag back up, and began patrolling again that same day.

Awakening
With the locals outraged by AQI's disregard of Islamic funeral laws, the charismatic Sattar stepped forward to continue the push toward working with the Americans. On 9 September 2006, he organized a tribal council, attended by more than 50 sheiks as well as Col. MacFarland, at which he declared an “Anbar Awakening” officially underway, with an Awakening Council dedicated to driving AQI out of Ramadi, then establish rule of law and local governance. The Anbar Awakening was suddenly a real movement and Sittar its leader. McFarland, speaking later about the meeting, said, "I told them that I now knew what it was like to be in Independence Hall on 4 July 1776 when the Declaration of Independence was signed." While attacks remained high through October 2006, the Awakening, and with it, Sittar’s influence, began to spread. AQI, realizing it was losing its grip on the human terrain, launched a counterattack on the Sufia tribal area on November 25. The attack, intended to terrorize and insult the Sufia tribe, as the Ready First’s M1A1 tanks reinforced tribal defenders, further reinforcing a growing bond.

By early 2007, Al Anbar was a symbol of success in war effort that had gotten almost everything else wrong. The combination of tribal engagement and combat outposts was defeating AQI’s in Ramadi and throughout the province. President Bush, in his January 23, 2007 State of the Union referred to Al Anbar as a place “where al Qaeda terrorists have gathered and local forces have begun showing a willingness to fight them.”

"The Gettysburg of Iraq"
By February 2007, contacts with insurgents dropped almost 70 percent compared to the numbers in June 2006, and they had dramatically decreased in complexity and effect. By the summer of 2007, the fighting in Al Anbar was mostly over. Frederick Kagan, resident scholar at the American Enterprise Institute called Al Anbar “The Gettysburg of Iraq,” writing “Progress in Anbar and throughout the Sunni community has depended heavily on a skillful balance between military force and political efforts at the local level.” Kagan argued that COL MacFarland and the Ready First established a plan for the rest of the country and it was now up to American political leaders to provide the time and conditions conducive to the type of reconciliation among political and ethnic factions that the Ready First developed in Al Anbar.

The tactics, techniques, and procedures used by the Ready First were groundbreaking at the time, but came to serve as the philosophical basis for the surge in Iraq. The men assigned and attached to the brigade turned the tide of the Iraq war, but paid a terrible price along the way. In nine months, 85 Soldiers, Sailors, and Marines were killed, and over 500 wounded in some of the toughest fighting of the war.

Division Headquarters redeploys
In September 2007, in the midst of a national debate about troop levels in Iraq and, more broadly, about the US strategy in Iraq, the 1st Armored Division Headquarters deployed again to Iraq. General Petraeus’ surge strategy was in effect, with major counterinsurgency operations across the country. “This is a pivotal and historic time for the 1st AD, for the forces in Iraq and for the nation,” said Brig. Gen. James C. Boozer, a deputy commanding general for 1st AD at the time of the division’s deployment. The division began its deployment the same day Petraeus delivered his Report to Congress on the Situation in Iraq, concluding that "the military objectives of the surge are, in large measure, being met."

The division, commanded by then-Major General Mark Hertling, conducted a relief in place with the 25th Infantry Division and assumed command of Multi-National Division North, headquartered in Tikrit, Iraq, on 28 October 2007, just as Colonel MacFarland’s Anbar Awakening was being lauded for pushing AQI out of Anbar. At the time in northern Iraq, enemy attacks averaged 1,800 a month, the Iraqis had little trust in their central government, and the unemployment rate was staggering.

General Hertling assumed responsibility of all Coalition Forces in Northern Iraq. Multi-National Division North was composed of five Maneuver Brigade Combat Teams, a Combat Aviation Brigade, a Fires Brigade, and an Engineer Brigade. The division had responsibility includes the Iraqi provinces of Ninawa, Kirkuk (formerly at Tamin), Salah ad Din, and Diyala along with Dahuk, and As Sulaymaniah. The area included the critical cities of Tal Afar, Mosul, Bayji, Tikrit, Kirkuk, Samarra, Balad, Baqubah, Dahuk, and Sulaymaniah. Arbil province remained aligned as a separate Multi-National Division, North-East. The division area of operations included ethnic fault lines between Arabs and Kurds, religious fault lines between Sunni and Shia Muslims, numerous tribal regions, and the complexities involving significant Former Regime Elements. 1AD immediately applied an aggressive mix of lethal and non-lethal counterinsurgency tactics, as maneuver battalions worked in a partnered capacity with State Department officials and Provincial Reconstruction Teams. Commanders worked to apply a focused lethality, protecting the Iraqi population while killing insurgents in large volumes.

Rather than viewing every Iraqi as a potential enemy, 1AD took a page of Colonel MacFarland’s playbook, building relationships and getting cooperation from the Iraqis against Al Qaeda and minimizing the number of enemies for U.S. forces. Soldiers were asked to use courageous measures of restraint, often putting themselves at risk to avoid killing civilians or damaging property.

The strategy worked and over a 15-month tour, northern Iraq demonstrated monumental change. The Iraqi government developed slowly, but had systems of economy, infrastructure development, and security in place. More importantly, the Iraqi people believed in their security forces. The progress in the region came at great cost with 104 U.S. soldiers assigned to 1AD killed and 891 wounded. The Division conducted RIP/TOA with Headquarters 25th Infantry Division on 8 December 2008 and conducted a successful redployment back to Wiesbaden Army Airfield in Germany.

2/1 AD in Mada'in Qada, April 2008 to May 2009
In April 2008 the 2nd BCT out of Baumholder, Germany deployed to the Mada'in Qada region of Southeast Baghdad. The Brigade, commanded by Colonel Pat White, replaced the Third Brigade of the Third Infantry Division, commanded by Colonel Wayne Grigsby who, four years later, would serve as the Deputy Commannding General for Operations for the 1st Armored Division. The "Iron Brigade" conducted 14 months of combat operations, partnering with the 2nd Battalion, 25th Iraqi Army Brigade. The brigade would largely build on the work of Colonel Grigsby's 3/3 ID, which cleared Salman Pak, an insurgent safe haven in 2006. Throughout their deployment, the Iron Brigade helped the local leaders of the Mada'in Qada communities and with the Iraqi Security Forces stationed there to rebuild and rejuvenate the area. While 3/1 ID quelled the AQI forces operating in the area, 2/1 built capacity in the local government and security forces, rebuilding and rejuvenating a community that served as an urban battlefield for much of the war. 2/1 successfully redeployed back to Germany in May 2009.

On 30 Jul 2009 the 2nd BCT cased its colors and reflagged to the 170th BCT, initiating the brigade's move to Fort Bliss, Texas.

4/1 AD deploys as First Advise and Assist Brigade
In March 2008, the First Cavalry Division's Fourth Brigade Combat team reflagged as the 4/1 AD on Fort Bliss. In April 2009, the brigade deployed to the southern Iraqi provinces of Dhi Qar, Maysan, and Al-Muthanna, as the Army's First "Advise and Assist Brigade," a concept in which US forces would take a backseat to Iraqi Security Forces and local government officials. The brigade, under the command of Col. Peter A. Newell and Command Sgt. Maj. Phillip D. Pandy, partnered with Provincial Reconstruction Teams, Civil Affairs Teams, Department of State officials, and MIlitary Transition Teams, while assisting ISF and the Government of Iraq. The brigade's partnership allowed over one million voters to participate in an incredibly successful election in 2010.

1AD Headquarters deploys in support of Operation New Dawn
On 14 July 2009 the Department of Defense announced that Headquarters 1st Armored Division and the 1st HBCT would return to Iraq in late 2009 in support of Operation Iraqi Freedom. From December 2009 to December 2010 Soldiers of the 1st Armored Division headquarters spent a year in Iraq working the transition from a combat role, Operation Iraqi Freedom, and into an advise and assist role, Operation New Dawn.

Halfway through its tour, in the summer of 2010, the division began to dramatically cut its combat role in Iraq, in support of Secretary of Defense Robert Gates' the withdrawal of all U.S. ground forces designated for active combat operations. 1AD begean sending convoys of U.S. troops out of Iraq to Kuwait for the remainder of the deployment.

4/1 AD Again deploys as Advise and Assist Brigade
In July 2011, the 4/1 AD Highlanders deployed to Iraq in support of Operation New Dawn. The brigade deployed under the command of Colonel Scott McKean, who currently serves as the 1AD Deputy Commanding General for Operations. With the exception of 1st Battalion, 77th Armor Regiment, all 4/1 AD's battalions were assigned to Forward Operating Bases in the North and West of Iraq. 1st Battalion, 77th Armor, meanwhile, remained in Kuwait as the theater wide Quick Reaction Force (QRF) directly under US 3rd Army.

When the governments of the United States and Iraq could not come to an agreement regarding immunity for US service member in Iraq, 4th Brigade was one of the last units to withdraw from Iraq as part of the closing of Operation New Dawn.

3-1 AD deployment to Regional Command East – October 16, 2011 to July 15, 2012


The 3rd Brigade Combat Team, 1st Armored Division, Task Force (TF) 3-1 Armored Division (AD), deployed from Fort Bliss to eastern Afghanistan from 16 October 2011 to 15 July 2012. The brigade conducted combined, population-centric counterinsurgency operations in Logar, Wardak, and Bamyan provinces, relieving the 4th Brigade, 10th Mountain Division. TF 3-1 AD consisted of the brigade headquarters, two infantry battalions, a cavalry squadron, an artillery battalion, a brigade support battalion, and a brigade special troops battalion. The brigade also partnered with a Security Force Advisor Team (SFAT), a Georgia Nation Guard Agribusiness Development Team (ADT), three coalition Provincial Reconstruction Teams, Special Operations Forces, and numerous government agencies such as the US State Department. TF 3-1 AD and partners worked to secure Highway 1, a vital line of communication, neutralize insurgent and criminal networks, increase Afghan National Security Forces security primacy in order to expand the Kabul Security Zone and extend Government Islamic Republic of Afghanistan (GIRoA) influence among the Afghan people. The main effort for Regional Command-East (RC-E), TF 3-1 AD’s leadership, tactical expertise, and operational precision was vital to securing and expand the Kabul security zone in these provinces.

In mid-October, TF 3-1 AD launched the brigade’s first operation, Operation Shamshir. Planned in support of a RC-East operation to disrupt insurgents from the Haqqani Network across eastern Afghanistan, the operation disrupted and dislodged insurgents from their entrenched positions and forced them into the open. The brigade’s partners, the 4th Brigade, 203rd Afghan National Army (ANA) Corps, worked shoulder-to-shoulder at all echelons through all phases of the operation. A total of fourteen villages in the Kherwar district were cleared and the operation concluded with a Shura, joining the ANA, TF 3-1 AD, and local leaders in Muchkel village, establishing the foundation of an outstanding working relationship between the Afghan National Security Forces (ANSF) and TF 3-1 AD.

As the Afghan winter set in, TF 3-1 AD refused to cede the initiative, continuing to target insurgent supply caches, disrupt support zones, and expand the Afghan government’s authority. The brigade and their Afghan partners continued to push the enemy south, expanding the Kabul security zone, even as ANSF units assumed responsibility of the security of northern Wardak and Logar. As ANSF took the lead, TF 3-1 AD realigned its forces in March, transitioning the brigade’s cavalry squadron to assume responsibility of Laghman province. Further assisting the realignment across the RC-East area of operation (AO), TF 3-1 AD supported the arrival of TF 1-82 in southern Ghazni Province during Operation Ibex. This realignment postured the brigade to successfully engage the enemy upon the return of fighters from Pakistan in the spring. In early April, TF 3-1 AD, partnering with the 4/203rd ANA Brigade, Special Operations Forces, Afghan National Police (ANP), and other Afghan elements, planned and executed Operation Welcome Home, a brigade-level operation attacking the heart of the insurgency throughout Logar and Wardak. Executed over six days, a combined force cleared 12 objectives, removing insurgent leaders, fighters, and weapons from the battlefield and discouraging local citizens from joining or supporting the enemy. Most significantly, TF 3-1 AD’s ANSF partners led throughout the operation, proving their capabilities and the success of the brigade’s partnership efforts.

Following Operation Welcome Home, and based on intelligence gained form that operation, the brigade’s ANA partners launched Operation Maiwand, the first Kandak (battalion) level operation planned and executed without the brigade’s oversight. Continuing through April 15, the operation netted two enemy weapons caches, including seven rocket-propelled grenades, 12 land mines, six rifles, a machine gun, and ammunition. Operation Maiwand was a significant milestone for RC-East, TF 3-1 AD and the 4/203rd ANA Brigade, as the brigade’s partners demonstrated their ability to plan and execute complex missions involving ground and air movement to target multiples objectives.

On April 15, 2012, insurgents launched the opening salvoes of their spring offensive. Coordinated attacks targeting coalition and Afghan military bases and embassies were carried out in Kabul, Paktiya, Kunar, and Logar Provinces. In TF 3-1 AD’s AO, insurgents attacked the Pul-e-Alam Patrol Base, in the district center of the provincial capital. The enemy took firing positions in a nearby building and began shooting small arms and rocket-propelled grenades (RPG) at the patrol base. TF 3-1 AD and Afghan forces at the patrol base immediately reacted, and the brigade coordinated with their Afghan partners to neutralize by providing air weapons teams and close air support to defeat the enemy. In all, 11 insurgents were killed in action, while one US law enforcement professional (LEP) was killed, two US Soldiers wounded, and four Afghan service members were wounded. Most significantly, TF 3-1 AD’s Afghan partners had once again demonstrated the progress made since TF 3-1 AD’s arrival. With the brigade’s Afghan National Army partners consistently demonstrating their increasing capabilities, the brigade planned and resourced Operation Shamshir II. This operation was led by Afghan forces, which provided the majority of the troops involved. In the two-week period of May 6–20, troops from 1st, 3rd, and 6th Kandaks of the 4th Brigade, 203rd ANA Corps, disrupted insurgents in Kherwar, Jaghato, and Chak districts, and cleared weapons caches, thereby demonstrating to the local population their ability to provide security.

In May, the brigade undertook another major realignment of forces to posture their replacements, the 173rd Airborne Brigade Combat Team, and their ANA partners to further disrupt the enemy and secure the population. TF 1-13 Cavalry transitioned back into AO 3-1 AD, assuming responsibility for northern Logar Province. The brigade also planned and resourced the movement of two additional ANA Kandaks into the area, increasing ANA capabilities and overall security.

As Relief in Place (RIP) /Transition of Authority(TOA) and redeployment approached, TF 3-1 AD remained focused on its relentless pursuit of the enemy and developing partnership with the ANSF, enabling governance and development throughout Logar, Wardak, and Bamyan provinces. At the brigade’s core was a battle-hardened staff consisting of numerous sections, a team of teams, which enabled the brigade’s achievements through their professionalism, dedication, and outstanding mission support.

4/1 AD deployment as Security Forces Assistance Advisory Teams
Shortly after 4/1 AD returned from its Advise and Assist mission in Iraq in February 2012, the brigade received orders to deploy to Afghanistan as a series of Security Forces Assistance Advisory Teams (SFAAT) in support of Operation Enduring Freedom. In May 2012, the brigade deployed nearly 400 of its most senior soldiers, led by brigade commander Colonel Terry Cook.

With teams embedded at every level from Afghan Battalions to the Afghan Corps Command, the effects of the Highlanders were felt across the entire breadth of Regional Command - East. The Highlanders' experience proved critical as the complexities of the problems they overcame were as unpredictable as they were critical to the efforts of the United States and NATO Forces in Afghanistan. Their challenges ranged from advising Afghan Battalion Commanders in combat, to helping Afghan brigades establish comprehensive training plans. The Highlanders assisted the Army and the Police Force in collaborative planning and joint patrolling. The leadership of the Highlander Brigade was infectious, as the Afghan Army, Police Force, and Border Patrol grew visibly more competent, independent, and professional as the tour drew on.

The brigade began redeploying in May 2013. Colonel Terry Cook returned with the last of the teams and the brigade colors in June 2013.

Ready First deploys to Southern Afghanistan, December 2012 to September 2013
1st Brigade, 1st Armored Division, the "Ready First" Combat Team, lead by brigade commander Colonel Kenneth P. Adgie and Command Sergeant Major Russell K. Reimers, deployed to Kandahar, Afghanistan in December 2012 under the command of Regional-Command South. The brigade focused on promoting stability in the region and defending the population. Elements of 1st Brigade routinely conducted patrols of their areas of responsibility and worked closely with Afghan National Security Forces, providing them with training and operational support.

One of the highlights of the brigade's mission was fielding a company sized Female Engagement Team, or FET. The FET was part of 4th Battalion, 17th Infantry Regiment, 1st Brigade Combat Team, 1st Armored Division and included over 50 female soldiers, initially from various units on Fort Bliss, who volunteered for the mission early in 2012 and trained together for half a year before deploying with 1st Brigade in December. The purpose of Female Engagement Teams in Afghanistan is to provide a culturally appropriate means to talk to Afghan women and children. After arriving in Afghanistan, the Soldiers assigned to the FET were spread out across the brigade's area of operations and assigned to work with various smaller units within 1st Brigade.

Another proud moment for the Ready First Combat Team came at the end of July, when they transferred their ownership of Camp Nathan Smith to the Afghan Uniformed Police. Previously a headquarters for ISAF's Canadian Forces, Camp Nathan Smith became a base of operations for U.S. Forces and the Afghan Department of State's Provincial Reconstruction Teams in 2010. Now, it belongs fully to the Afghan government. The Afghans' plans are to make full use of the current infrastructure, which includes a fuel point, generators, and a laundry facility, and to create a school for women on the camp. In all, 1st Brigade closed or turned over 26 installations to the Afghan government.

Not only did 1st Brigade soldiers work with soldiers from other countries, but they had the opportunity to work with U.S. units in Afghanistan that they otherwise would never have had contact with. The Kentucky National Guard's Agribusiness Development Team teamed up with the 1st Brigade chaplain and chaplain's assistant to coordinate donations of clothes and school supplies to the Afghan National Army. The ANA soldiers in turn distributed the donated items to local villages in Kandahar Province.

Col. Ken Adgie and Cmd. Sgt. Maj. Russell Reimers returned from Afghanistan on Sunday, Sept. 15th. Their return was marked by a ceremony in which the Brigade's colors were "uncased," signifying that the Ready First Combat Team's latest mission in Afghanistan has been completed.

1AD Combat Aviation Brigade deploys its battalions in support of Operation Enduring Freedom, 2013
The 1-501st Attack Reconnaissance Battalion, 1st Armored Division Combat Aviation Brigade (CAB), deployed to Afghanistan in February 2013 in support of Operation Enduring Freedom. The unit will redeploy between October and November 2013. The 1AD CAB's 2-501st General Support Attack Battalion deployed the largest task force within the brigade with over 600 Soldiers and 41 air craft to Afghanistan,  then, receiving a sudden change-of-mission, immediately redeployed a third of the battalion's personnel, aircraft and  equipment without loss. The CAB's 3-501st Assault Helicopter Battalion deployed to western Afghanistan in February 2013 in support of Operation Enduring Freedom. The unit returned September 2013 after an eight month deployment. The CAB's 4-501st Attack Reconnaissance Battalion deployed in December 2012. The unit returned in August 2013 after a nine-month deployment to Kuwait in support of Operation Enduring Freedom.

During the deployments, the 1st, 2nd, 3rd, and 4th Battalion provided rotary wing reconnaissance, security platforms and relief assistance with MEDEVAC and medium lift aircraft. Elements of the 127th ASB deployed with these battalions to provide continuous sustainment logistics support. These support elements will redeploy with their unit of attachment.

Jordan
As part of a long-standing U.S. military partnership with Royal Jordanian Armed Forces, the 1st Armored Division has conducted several theater engagements with Jordan. Two of the most significant events were:

1. In October 2012, more than 70 1AD Soldiers deployed to Jordan to conduct Exercise Eager Light, a 30-day command post exercise that focuses on brigade-level warfighting tactics and procedures. This exercise dates back to the mid-1980s, as a commitment to work and train as a more cohesive force focused on enhancing contingency crisis management capabilities, increasing interoperability and strengthening military-to-military relations.

2. In May 2013, more than 100 1AD Soldiers deployed to Jordan to partner with more than a dozen Middle Eastern militaries to support Exercise Eager Lion, which has been held annually since 2011. The exercise featured both field-based (air, sea, land and amphibious) and computer-based scenarios that were designed to replicate modern-day security challenges of the region."

On 17 April 2013, US Secretary of Defense Chuck Hagel announced the deployment of elements of the 1st Armored Division headquarters to Jordan in response to the ongoing crisis in Syria. The elements from 1st Armored Division joined forces already in Jordan, providing a cohesive command and control element in cooperation with Jordan forces. If directed, this element can establish a joint task force headquarters that would provide command and control for chemical weapons response, humanitarian assistance efforts, and stability operations. The First Armored Division planners in Jordan are facilitating the exchange of information with the Jordanian Armed Forces.

Move to Fort Bliss
In 2005 the Base Realignment and Closure or BRAC commission decided to move the 1st Armored Division to Fort Bliss, Texas no later than 2012. As part of the current Army-wide transformation, several division units were inactivated or converted to other units. 1AD officially uncased its colors at Fort Bliss 13 May 2011.


 * 1st Brigade: The 1st Brigade, 1st Armored Division cased its colors at Friedberg, Germany on 20 April 2007, ending 62 years of military presence in Germany. 1st Brigade reactivated and uncased its colors on 27 October 2008. and began reconfiguring as a Stryker brigade (SBCT). Denoted 1-1AD "Ready First", the 1st BCT, 1st AD deploys to Afghanistan in December 2012. The first female engagement team to deploy from Fort Bliss had already been trained in 2012, in advance of Secretary of Defense Leon Panetta's order rescinding restrictions on women in combat roles.
 * 2d Brigade: 2d Brigade, 1st Armored Division in Baumholder, Germany, remained assigned to USAREUR until 15 July 2009, when it was reflagged as the separate 170th Infantry Brigade. It is scheduled to relocate to the U.S. in 2012. As part of the Grow the Army Plan announced 19 Dec 2007, the 170th is one of two Infantry Brigades to be activated and retained in Germany until 2012 and 2013. (The other Brigade is the 172nd Infantry Brigade in Schweinfurt, Germany, which reflagged from 2d Brigade, 1st Infantry Division on 16 March 2008. ) In 2010, the U.S. Army attached 2nd Brigade, 1st Armored Division to the Brigade Modernization Command, assigning it the evaluation mission previously held by the 5th Brigade, 1st Armored Division, AETF.
 * 3d Brigade: On 28 March 2008, the 3rd Brigade, 1st Armored Division (HBCT) inactivated at Fort Riley and reflagged as 2d (Dagger) Brigade, 1st Infantry Division (HBCT). The 3rd Brigade was reactivated as an Infantry Brigade Combat Team on 2 July 2009 at Fort Bliss.
 * 4th Brigade: On 4 March 2008, 4th Brigade, 1st Armored Division activated at Fort Bliss as a HBCT and reflagged from the 4th Brigade, 1st Cavalry Division.
 * 5th Brigade: In 2007, a new unit, 5th Brigade, 1st Armored Division, activated at Fort Bliss as an Army Evaluation Task Force. 5th BCT tested the Future Force Warrior system. Fifth BDE 1 AD evaluated multiple types of Spin Out Equipment and prepared them for fielding to the rest of the Army. 5th Brigade was deactivated in 2010. (Fifth Brigade now serves to train Reserve and National Guard components for deployment as part of First Army Division West, at Fort Bliss.)
 * Aviation Brigade: The Aviation Brigade, 1st Armored Division inactivated on 7 June 2006 at Fliegerhorst Kaserne, Hanau, Germany and relocated to Fort Riley, Kansas to reflag as the modular Combat Aviation Brigade, 1st Infantry Division. The Combat Aviation Brigade, 4th ID has been reflagged to CAB, 1st AD. 4–501st Aviation (4th Battalion "Pistoleros", 501st Regiment, Combat Aviation Brigade, 1st Armored Division) deployed to Kuwait in November 2012.
 * Engineer Brigade: The Engineer Brigade, 1st Armored Division, the last of its kind in the Army, cased its colors and inactivated at Giessen, Germany on 26 April 2007.
 * Division Artillery: Division Artillery, 1st Armored Division cased its colors and inactivated at Baumholder, Germany on 1 May 2007. The 1st AD DIVARTY was the last standing Division Artillery unit in the Army.

The division's colors were officially moved from Germany to Fort Bliss beginning on 13 May 2011.

On June 25, 2013, General Raymond T. Odierno, Chief of Staff of the Army, announced Army force restructuring plans. As part of the plan, the division will deactivate its 3rd Brigade Combat Team following its 2014 deployment to Afghanistan.

Lineage

 * Note: HHC denotes a Headquarters and Headquarters Company.

HHC, 1st Armored Division

 * Constituted 16 January 1932 in the Regular Army as Headquarters and Headquarters Troop, 7th Cavalry Brigade (Mechanized)
 * Headquarters activated 1 March 1932 at Fort Knox, Kentucky; Headquarters Troop activated in December 1934 at Fort Knox, Kentucky
 * Reorganized and redesignated 15 July 1940 as Headquarters and Headquarters Company, 1st Armored Division
 * Inactivated 25 April 1946 at Camp Kilmer, New Jersey
 * Activated 7 March 1951 at Fort Hood, Texas

HHC, 1st Brigade, 1st Armored Division

 * Organized 1 January 1942 in the Regular Army at Fort Knox, Kentucky, as Headquarters and Headquarters Detachment, Combat Command A, 1st Armored Division
 * Reorganized and redesignated 20 July 1944 as Headquarters and Headquarters Company, Combat Command A, 1st Armored Division
 * Converted and redesignated 1 May 1946 as Headquarters and Headquarters Troop, 3d Constabulary Regiment, and relieved from assignment to the 1st Armored Division
 * Inactivated 20 September 1947 in Germany
 * Converted and redesignated 27 February 1951 as Headquarters and Headquarters Company, Combat Command A, 1st Armored Division
 * Activated 7 March 1951 at Fort Hood, Texas
 * Reorganized and redesignated 3 February 1962 as Headquarters and Headquarters Company, 1st Brigade, 1st Armored Division

HHC, 2nd Brigade, 1st Armored Division

 * Organized 1 January 1942 in the Regular Army at Fort Knox, Kentucky, as Headquarters and Headquarters Detachment, Combat Command B, 1st Armored Division
 * Reorganized and redesignated 20 July 1944 as Headquarters and Headquarters Company, Combat Command B, 1st Armored Division
 * Inactivated 9 April 1946 at Camp Kilmer, New Jersey
 * Activated 7 March 1951 at Fort Hood, Texas
 * Inactivated 23 December 1957 at Fort Polk, Louisiana
 * Redesignated 3 February 1962 as Headquarters and Headquarters Company, 2d Brigade, 1st Armored Division, and activated at Fort Hood, Texas

HHC, 3rd Brigade, 1st Armored Division

 * Constituted 27 June 1944 in the Regular Army as Headquarters, Reserve Command, 1st Armored Division
 * Activated 20 July 1944 in Italy
 * Inactivated 25 April 1946 at Camp Kilmer, New Jersey
 * Redesignated 27 February 1951 as Headquarters and Headquarters Company, Reserve Command, 1st Armored Division
 * Activated 7 March 1951 at Fort Hood, Texas
 * Reorganized and redesignated 26 June 1954 as Headquarters and Headquarters Company, Combat Command C, 1st Armored Division
 * Inactivated 23 December 1957 at Fort Polk, Louisiana
 * Redesignated 3 February 1962 as Headquarters and Headquarters Company, 3d Brigade, 1st Armored Division, and activated at Fort Hood, Texas
 * Inactivated 15 April 1995 at Fort Lewis, Washington
 * Activated 16 February 1996 at Fort Riley, Kansas
 * Inactivated 28 March 2008 at Fort Riley, Kansas

HHB, 1st Armored Division Artillery

 * Constituted 15 July 1940 in the Regular Army as the Artillery Section, Headquarters, 1st Armored Division, and activated at Fort Knox, Kentucky
 * Redesignated 15 November 1940 as the Artillery Section, Division Headquarters, 1st Armored Division
 * Reorganized and redesignated 1 March 1942 as Headquarters, Division Artillery Command, Headquarters, 1st Armored Division
 * Consolidated 20 July 1944 with the Service Company, 1st Armored Division (less Military Police Platoon) (constituted 1 January 1942 in the Regular Army and activated 8 January 1942 at Fort Knox, Kentucky), and consolidated unit reorganized and redesignated as Headquarters and Headquarters Battery, Division Artillery, 1st Armored Division
 * Inactivated 18 April 1946 at New York Port of Embarkation, New York
 * Activated 7 March 1951 at Fort Hood, Texas
 * Reorganized and redesignated 1 July 1955 as Headquarters and Headquarters Battery, 1st Armored Division Artillery
 * Inactivated 23 December 1957 at Fort Polk, Louisiana
 * Activated 3 February 1962 at Fort Hood, Texas
 * Inactivated 1 May 2007 at Smith Barracks, Baumholder, Germany

HHC, 1st Armored Division Support Command

 * Constituted 1 January 1942 in the Regular Army as Headquarters and Headquarters Detachment, 1st Armored Division Trains
 * Activated 10 January 1942 at Fort Knox, Kentucky
 * Reorganized and redesignated 24 January 1942 as Headquarters and Headquarters Company, 1st Armored Division Trains
 * Inactivated 25 April 1946 at Camp Kilmer, New Jersey
 * Activated 7 March 1951 at Fort Hood, Texas
 * Reorganized and redesignated 15 February 1957 as Headquarters and Headquarters Detachment, 1st Armored Division Trains
 * Consolidated 3 February 1962 with the 1st Armored Division Band (organized in 1943) and consolidated unit reorganized and redesignated as Headquarters, Headquarters and Band, 1st Armored Division Support Command
 * Reorganized and redesignated 15 April 1968 as Headquarters, Headquarters Company and Band, 1st Armored Division Support Command
 * Reorganized and redesignated 21 August 1972 as Headquarters and Headquarters Company, 1st Armored Division Support Command (Band element concurrently withdrawn – hereafter separate lineage)
 * Inactivated 15 August 2008 at Wiesbaden Army Airfield, Wiesbaden, Germany

Campaign participation credit

 * World War II:
 * 1) Tunisia;
 * 2) Naples-Foggia;
 * 3) Rome-Arno;
 * 4) Anzio;
 * 5) North Apennines;
 * 6) Po Valley
 * Southwest Asia:
 * 1) Defense of Saudi Arabia;
 * 2) Liberation and Defense of Kuwait;
 * 3) Cease-Fire
 * Global War on Terrorism
 * 1) Operation Iraqi Freedom; May 2003 – July 2004 (Baghdad,Najaf,Karbala)
 * 2) Operation Iraqi Freedom; Oct 2007 – Dec 2008 (Tikrit)
 * 3) Operation Iraqi Freedom; Dec 2009 – Dec 2010 (Baghdad, Al Anbar)

Decorations

 * 1) Meritorious Unit Commendation (Army) for SOUTHWEST ASIA
 * 2) Army Superior Unit Award for 1995–1996
 * 3) Valorous Unit Award For Operation Iraqi Freedom I
 * 4) Presidential Unit Citation For Operation Iraqi Freedom I
 * 5) Joint Meritorious Unit Award For Operation Iraqi Freedom I
 * 6) Meritorious Unit Commendation (Army) for Operation IRAQI FREEDOM 07-09
 * 7) Meritorious Unit Commendation (Army) for Operation IRAQI FREEDOM 10-11/ Operation NEW DAWN

Campaign participation credit

 * World War II:
 * 1) Tunisia;
 * 2) Naples-Foggia;
 * 3) Anzio;
 * 4) Rome-Arno;
 * 5) North Apennines;
 * 6) Po Valley

Decorations

 * 1) Army Superior Unit Award for 1995–1996
 * 2) Presidential Unit Citation for Operation Iraqi Freedom
 * 3) Joint Meritorious Unit Award for Operation Iraqi Freedom
 * 4) Valorous Unit Citation for Operation Iraqi Freedom
 * 5) Navy Unit Commendation for Operation Iraqi Freedom

Campaign participation credit

 * World War II:
 * 1) Algeria-French Morocco (with arrowhead);
 * 2) Tunisia;
 * 3) Naples-Foggia;
 * 4) Anzio;
 * 5) Rome-Arno;
 * 6) North Apennines;
 * 7) Po Valley
 * Southwest Asia:
 * 1) Defense of Saudi Arabia;
 * 2) Liberation and Defense of Kuwait;
 * 3) Cease-Fire

Decorations

 * 1) Presidential Unit Citation for OIF 1 (2003–2004)
 * 2) Valorous Unit Award, IRAQ 1991
 * 3) Meritorious Unit Commendation, SOUTHWEST ASIA 2005–2006
 * 4) Meritorious Unit Commendation, IRAQ 2008–2009
 * 5) Army Superior Unit Award for 1995–1996

Campaign participation credit

 * World War II:
 * 1) Rome-Arno;
 * 2) North Apennines;
 * 3) Po Valley
 * Southwest Asia:
 * 1) Defense of Saudi Arabia;
 * 2) Liberation and Defense of Kuwait;
 * 3) Cease-Fire

Decorations

 * 1) Valorous Unit Award for IRAQ-KUWAIT
 * 2) Valorous Unit Award for Operation Iraqi Freedom (OIF 1)

Campaign participation credit

 * World War II:
 * 1) Tunisia;
 * 2) Naples-Foggia;
 * 3) Rome-Arno;
 * 4) Anzio;
 * 5) North Apennines;
 * 6) Po Valley
 * Southwest Asia:
 * 1) Defense of Saudi Arabia;
 * 2) Liberation and Defense of Kuwait

Decorations

 * 1) Meritorious Unit Commendation (Army) for SOUTHWEST ASIA

Campaign participation credit

 * World War II:
 * 1) Tunisia;
 * 2) Naples-Foggia;
 * 3) Rome-Arno;
 * 4) North Apennines;
 * 5) Po Valley
 * Southwest Asia:
 * 1) Defense of Saudi Arabia;
 * 2) Liberation and Defense of Kuwait;
 * 3) Cease-Fire

Decorations

 * 1) Meritorious Unit Commendation (Army) for SOUTHWEST ASIA

Campaign participation credit

 * Southwest Asia:
 * 1) Defense of Saudi Arabia;
 * 2) Liberation and Defense of Kuwait;
 * 3) Cease-Fire

Decorations

 * 1) Valorous Unit Award for IRAQ-KUWAIT
 * 2) Army Superior Unit Award for 1995–1996

1AD Division Commanders

 * MG 	Magruder	Bruce	       R.	July 1940 - March 1942
 * MG 	Ward	       Orlando		        May 1942 - April 1943
 * MG 	Harmon	       Ernest	        N.	April 1943 - July 1944
 * MG 	Prichard	Vermont	       E.	July 1944 - May 1945
 * MG 	Allen	       Rodrick	        R.	August 1945 - February 1946
 * MG 	Gay, Jr.	Hobart 	       R.	February 1946 - April 1946
 * MG	Clark	       Bruce 	        C. 	March 1951 - April 1953
 * MG	Doan	       Leander	        L.	April 1953 - June 1953
 * MG	Biddle	       William	        S.	October 1953 - January 1955
 * MG	Howze	       Robert	        L.	July 1955 - March 1957
 * MG	Ferrand	       Edward	        G.	March 1957 - December 1957
 * BG	Wing	       Franklin	F.	May 1959 - August 1960
 * BG	Delmar	       Roland	        H.	March 1960 - May 1961
 * BG   Lassetter, Jr. 	Roy		        May 1961 - February 1962
 * MG	Haines	       Ralph	        E.	February 1962 - May 1965
 * MG	Jablonsky	Harvey	       J.	May 1963 - May 1965
 * MG	Ruhlen 	George		        June 1965 - July 1967
 * MG	Stillwell	Richard	       G.	August 1967 - April 1968
 * MG	Boles, Jr. 	John 	       K.	April 1968 - February 1970
 * MG	Desobry	       William	        K.	February 1970 - March 1971
 * MG	Smith	       James	        C.	March 1971 - May 1971
 * MG	Galloway	James 	       V.	May 1971 - August 1972
 * MG	St. John II	Adrian		        August 1972 - March 1974
 * MG	Heiser	       Roland	        V.	March 1974 - August 1975
 * MG	Webb, Jr.	William	       L.	August 1975 - January 1978
 * MG	Otis	       Glenn	        K.	January 1978 - August 1979
 * MG	Faith	       John 	        C.	September 1979 - November 1981
 * MG	Healey	       Thomas	        C.	November 1981 - October 1983
 * MG	Saint	       Crosbie	        E.	November 1983 - June 1985
 * MG	Palmer	       Dave	        R.	June 1985 - July 1986
 * MG	Leland, Jr.	Edwin 	       S.	July 1986 - July 1988
 * MG	Franks	       Frederick	M.	July 1988 - August 1989
 * MG	Griffith	Ronald	       H.	October 1989 - July 1991
 * MG	Boice 	       William	        M.	July 1991 - July  1993
 * MG	Carter III	William	       G.	July 1993 - June 1995
 * MG	Nash	       William	        L.	June 1995 - May 1997
 * MG	Ellis	       Larry 	        R.	May 1997 - July 1999
 * MG	Casey, Jr.	George	       W.	1999 - 2001
 * MG	Sanchez	       Ricardo	        S.	July 2001 - May 2003
 * MG	Dempsey	       Martin	        E.	July 2003 - July 2005
 * MG	Robinson, Jr.	Fred	       D.	July 2005 - May 2007
 * MG	Hertling	Mark	       P.	May 2007 - May 2009
 * MG	Wolff	       Terry	        A.	May 2009 - May 2001
 * MG	Pittard	       Dana	        J. H.	May 2011 - May 2013
 * MG	MacFarland	Sean	       B.	May 2013 – Present