Voćin massacre

The Voćin massacre was the killing of 43 civilians, mostly Croats, by the Serbian White Eagles paramilitary unit in Voćin, Croatia on 13 December 1991, during the Croatian War of Independence. The massacre was carried out after the unit was ordered to abandon the village before the Croatian Army (Hrvatska vojska – HV) recaptured the area in Operation Papuk-91. The unit generally targeted Croats living in the village, but also killed a Serb civilian who tried to protect others. Most of the victims were killed by gunfire, but some of them were killed with axes or chainsaws, or were burned to death. The victims exhibited signs of torture and were left unburied. On the night of 13/14 December, the unit also demolished a 550-year old church in the village using explosives.

The HV secured Voćin on the night of 14/15 December, the Serb population having left the previous night. Afterwards, Croatian soldiers torched many homes belonging to the Serbs who had once inhabited the village. The area was toured by US Congressman Frank McCloskey shortly afterwards. McCloskey publicised the killings at a news conference held in Zagreb the next day, deeming them genocide. He then persuaded Jerry Blaskovich, an Associate Clinical Professor at the University of Southern California Los Angeles County Hospital Medical Center to take part in the investigation of the killings. The International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia (ICTY) later charged Slobodan Milošević with the killings and Vojislav Šešelj with the deportation of non-Serbs from Voćin.

Background
Within the 1991 Yugoslav campaign in Croatia, the 5th (Banja Luka) Corps of the Yugoslav People's Army (Jugoslovenska Narodna Armija – JNA) was tasked with advancing north through western Slavonia, from Okučani to Daruvar and Virovitica, and with a secondary drive from Okučani towards Kutina. This task was essentially consistent with the line expected to be reached by the main thrust of the JNA advancing from eastern Slavonia in about a week. The linkup was designed to facilitate a further advance west to Zagreb and Varaždin. The JNA was stopped by the Croatian National Guard (Zbor Narodne Garde – ZNG) between Novska, Nova Gradiška and Pakrac, even though SAO Western Slavonia Territorial Defense Forces (Teritorijalna odbrana – TO) units took positions on the Bilogora and Papuk north of Pakrac, near Virovitica and Slatina with no JNA support. The TO was supported by Serbian paramilitaries deploying to the village of Voćin on the Papuk Mountain in October. The paramilitaries were the White Eagles under control of Vojislav Šešelj. He visited Voćin in the following month and incited the paramilitaries to persecute the Croat population. According to testimonies of surviving residents of Voćin, the White Eagles and several local Serbs terrorised the Croat population, reduced to 80 by late 1991. Prior to the war, ethnic Serbs formed eighty percent of the village's population.

On 29 October, the ZNG launched Operation Hurricane-91 against positions held by the JNA and the TO near Novska and Nova Gradiška, and Operation Swath-10 against the TO positions on the Bilogora Mountain south of Virovitica. Aiming to exploit the success of Operation Swath-10 and recapture Papuk area, Croatian forces, renamed the Croatian Army (Hrvatska vojska – HV) instead the ZNG since 3 November, launched Operation Papuk-91 on 28 November.

Killings
The HV started to advance in the area of Đulovac, located approximately 5 km west of Voćin, on 12 December, and the TO were forced to retreat from the area. In turn, the White Eagles were to abandon Voćin, but were ordered to take no prisoners. They were also instructed to ensure evacuation of Serb population. Those who refused to leave were threatened and one person was killed in front of his home.

Killing of civilians living in Voćin and two nearby smaller villages began on 13 December at noon. The White Eagles infantry, supported by at least one tank, moved through Voćin bombing Croat-owned houses and killing civilians. The killings and the destruction took twelve hours and claimed lives of 43 civilians. Bodies of the victims were mutilated and left on display, presumably as a warning to others, outside Voćin itself, to flee or perish. All the victims were Croat civilians, except one 77-year old Serb who was reported to had tried to protect his neighbours from the paramilitaries. Most of the victims were elderly, including twelve women aged 56–76 and eleven men aged 60–84.

Many of those killed were tortured, beaten using chains and burned. Most of the victims were killed by gunshots, but the cause of death proved hard to establish for eight victims whose bodies were severely burned. A couple was bound with chains and burned alive, two women were killed using axes or similar sharp objects, one of them by several axe blows to her head. Another couple was beheaded and their heads were placed in bags. One of the victims was cut by a chain saw while still alive, and another died trapped in her house which was torched by the paramilitaries. The Serb civilian who attempted to protect the others was also beaten, tortured using lighted cigarettes and heated chains, and then flayed.

At 3:00 a.m., the paramilitaries demolished the Roman Catholic church of the Pilgrimage to the Blessed Virgin Mary in Voćin. They used the 550-year old structure as an ammunition depot. In the wake of the explosion, a single wall of the structure remained standing. It is estimated that several tons of explosives were used for the purpose. At the same time, approximately 20 other Croat inhabitants of villages of Bokane, Krašković, Miokovićevo and Zvečevo, further to the south, were reported to have been killed.

Aftermath
The HV captured Voćin on the night of 14/15 December, the village's Serb population having withdrawn the night before. Afterwards, Croatian soldiers torched many homes that belonged to the Serbs who had once inhabited the village. One of the first to arrive in the village following its re-capture was US Congressman Frank McCloskey, who was in Croatia on a fact-finding mission. McCloskey asked Pat Mackley to arrange a press conference in Zagreb the next day, while Mackley persuaded Jerry Blaskovich, an Associate Clinical Professor at the University of Southern California Los Angeles County Hospital Medical Center, sent to Croatia to investigate alleged use of chemical weapons, to take part in the investigation of the killings. At the conference, McCloskey described the killings as an act of genocide. CNN reporter Mark Dalmish refused to attend the press conference because the network distrusted the reports of the killings, and only became interested in the event once Blaskovich's involvement was announced.

The victims' bodies were taken to the nearby town of Slatina for forensic examination on 17 December. Mackley contacted Croatian authorities and obtained permission to document the autopsies of the victims, but was denied access by authorities in Slatina. Mackley in turn telephoned Croatian Defence Minister Gojko Šušak asking him to intervene on his behalf, but the local police disobeyed Šušak as well. The special police was deployed to Slatina to enforce Šušak's order to cooperate, almost causing an armed clash over the issue. In order to settle matters, a team was sent to Slatina by Zagreb University's Institute for Forensic Medicine to perform several autopsies, retrieve bodies and perform the rest of the procedures in Zagreb.

Survivors who took shelter in basements or cornfields, as well as a captured member of the paramilitary forces, later testified about the killings and identified the White Eagles as the perpetrators. In addition, the withdrawing paramilitaries left critical evidence behind, including personnel records confirming the force was indeed the White Eagles associated with Šešelj. US investigator for the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia (ICTY) John Cencich later corroborated the information in an interview with a witness linking Slobodan Milošević, then president of Serbia to the killings. The ICTY charged Milošević with the deaths of 32 civilians in Voćin. Milošević was subsequently arrested and tried, but he died before his trial was completed. The ICTY also charged Šešelj with involvement in the forced deportation of non-Serb civilians from Voćin, but his trial is still in progress.