Joe Engle

Joe Henry Engle (born August 26, 1932 in Chapman, Kansas) is a retired U.S. Air Force Major General and a former NASA astronaut. He was married to Mary Catherine Lawrence of Mission Hills, Kansas and has two grown children and one stepchild. He is currently married to Jeanie Carter Engle of Houston, Texas. Engle's recreational interests include flying (including World War II fighter aircraft), big game hunting, back-packing and athletics. He received a bachelor of science in Aeronautical Engineering from the University of Kansas in 1955. He was a member of the Society of Experimental Test Pilots. Engle helped to flight test the joint NASA-Air Force X-15 rocket airplane. During the course of testing, Engle earned his USAF astronaut wings, a Distinguished Flying Cross and other awards. Engle was one of the first astronauts in the Space Shuttle program, having flight tested the Space Shuttle Enterprise in 1977. He was commander of the second orbital test flight of the Space Shuttle Columbia in 1981.

Background
Engle received his commission in the Air Force through the Reserve Officers Training Program at the University of Kansas. While in school he was a member of the Professional Engineering Fraternity Theta Tau, and decided to become a test pilot. While working at Cessna Aircraft during the summer, he learned how to fly from a fellow draftsman.

Engle entered flying school in 1957. He flew the F-100 Super Sabre with the 474th Fighter Day Squadron and the 309th Tactical Fighter Squadron at George Air Force Base, California. Chuck Yeager recommended Engle for USAF Test Pilot School, and he was later assigned to the second class of the Air Force Aerospace Research Pilot School (ARPS), despite his reluctance to leave "stick and rudder" flying for a space capsule.

After serving as a test pilot in the Fighter Test Group at Edwards Air Force Base, California, Engle was a test pilot in the X-15 research program at Edwards from June 1963 until his assignment to the Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center. Engle had applied with fellow ARPS student Michael Collins to the third NASA astronaut group, but the Air Force withdrew Engle's NASA application and instead chose him to replace Robert M. White in the X-15 program, which pleased Engle.

Engle's parents witnessed his flight of 29 June 1965, which exceeded an altitude of 50 miles (80 km) and qualified him for USAF astronaut wings; he again exceeded 50 miles twice during his career of 16 flights. Despite what he later called "the best flying job in the world", Engle decided to apply again to NASA as he expected to be rotated to another Air Force assignment within a year and hoped to go to the Moon.

Engle has flown over 175 different types of aircraft (25 different fighters) during his career: logging more than 15,400 hours flight time; 9,000 in jet aircraft.

NASA career
Engle was one of 19 astronauts selected by NASA in April 1966. He was back-up lunar module pilot for the Apollo 14 mission and was due to land on the moon as lunar module pilot for Apollo 17, but was replaced by geologist Harrison Schmitt after Apollo 18 was cancelled with pressure from the scientific community to have a scientist explore the Moon, and not just test pilots who had been given geology training. According to Engle, Deke Slayton asked him whether he would prefer to fly on Skylab, Apollo-Soyuz, or the Space Shuttle; Engle responded that he would prefer the Shuttle as it was an airplane.

Engle was commander of one of the two crews that flew the Space Shuttle Approach and Landing Test Flights from June through October 1977. The Space Shuttle Enterprise was carried to 25,000 feet on top of the Boeing 747 carrier aircraft, and then released for its two minute glide flight to landing. In this series of flight tests, Engle evaluated the Orbiter handling qualities and landing characteristics, and obtained the stability and control, and performance data in the subsonic flight envelope for the Space Shuttle. He was the back-up commander for STS-1, the first orbital test flight of Space Shuttle Columbia. Together with pilot Richard Truly he flew as commander on the second flight of the Space Shuttle, STS-2. He was also mission commander on STS-51-I and logged over 225 hours in space.

Engle is the only human being to have flown two different types of winged vehicles in space, the X-15 and the Space Shuttle. He is the only astronaut to have manually flown the shuttle through reentry and landing.

He served as Deputy Associate Administrator for Manned Space Flight at NASA headquarters from March 1982 to December 1982. He retained his astronaut flight status and returned to the Johnson Space Center in January 1983. He also participated in the Challenger disaster investigation in 1986, and did other consulting work on the Shuttle well into the 1990s.

Post-NASA career
Joe Engle retired from NASA on November 28, 1986 and the USAF on November 30, 1986. On December 1, subsequently promoted to the rank of Major General. In 1986 he was appointed to the Kansas Air National Guard and 1992, he was inducted into the Aerospace "Walk of Honor". On July 21, 2001, Engle was enshrined at Dayton, Ohio, in the National Aviation Hall of Fame class of 2001, along with USAF ace Robin Olds, Marine Corps ace Marion Carl, and Albert Ueltschi. In December, 2001, he was inducted into the Astronaut Hall of Fame in Florida.

He is currently an aerospace and sporting goods consultant, and continues an active flying career in high performance aircraft.

Honors and awards

 * USAF Astronaut Badge (1964)
 * American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics (AIAA) Pioneer of Flight Award 1965
 * AIAA Lawrence Sperry Award for Flight Research 1966
 * Distinguished Flying Cross, twice (1964 and 1978) - "for outstanding achievements"
 * Defense Distinguished Service Medal - "for outstanding achievements"
 * Two NASA Space Flight Medals
 * Ivan C. Kincheloe Prize awarded by the Society of Experimental Test Pilots (1977) - for taking part in testing the Space Shuttle Enterprise
 * NASA Exceptional Service Medal
 * NASA Special Achievement Award
 * NASA Distinguished Service Medal
 * AIAA Haley Space Flight Award (1980),
 * W.M. Komarov diploma (Fédération Aéronautique Internationale (FAI), 1981)
 * Yuri A. Gagarin Gold Medal, (FAI 1981)
 * Goddard Memorial Trophy
 * Robert J. Collier Trophy
 * Harmon International Trophy
 * University of Kansas Distinguished Service Award (1982)
 * Air Force Distinguished Service Medal, (1985)
 * General Thomas D. White USAF Space Trophy
 * Aerospace Walk of Honor, Lancaster, California (1992)
 * National Aviation Hall of Fame, Dayton (Ohio)
 * Astronaut Hall of Fame, Florida (2001)
 * Award of Air Force Space and Missile Pioneers (2007)