Great Lakes Patrol

The Great Lakes Patrol was carried out by American naval forces, beginning in 1844, mainly to suppress criminal activity and to protect the maritime border with Canada. Only a small force of United States Navy, Coast Guard, and Revenue Service ships served in the Great Lakes throughout the operations, though they were involved in several incidents with pirates and rebels. The patrol ended in 1920 when the Coast Guard assumed full command of the operations as part of the Rum Patrol.

Origin
The USS Michigan led the patrol, mostly singlehandedly, from its beginning on October 1, 1844 until the ship was retired in 1912. Michigan was the only American gunboat to patrol the huge Great Lakes and she was the navy's first steam-powered, iron-hulled warship. The Michigan was built to defend the lakes due to the construction of two British steamers during the Canadian rebellions in 1837. Based out of Erie, Pennsylvania throughout her career, the gunboat was commissioned on September 29, 1844 under Commander William Inman. Because the Great Lakes are vast inland seas in the north of the continent, during every winter parts of the lakes would freeze over or icebergs would make navigation extremely hazardous and difficult. The Michigan usually sailed from about March to December before heading back for Erie for the winter where a type of house was built to protect the ship from the elements. The officers and crew of the ship either stayed at their homes in Erie or at a government owned hotel near the wharf.

Timber Rebellion
In 1853 the USS Michigan was assigned to operate against criminals who were ravaging the logging industry. These so called timber pirates were involved in the illegal cutting of timber on federal land then smuggling it out of the area in order to sell it. The areas most affected were in the western Great Lakes region along the coasts of Michigan, Wisconsin, Illinois and Minnesota where much of the forested areas were reserved for the building of new warships. The illegal timber trade centered around Chicago and Milwaukee and was nearly as violent as the alcohol trade which was carried out over the same waters during the Prohibition era. In 1851 the government sent timber agents from the Department of the Interior to survey the land and work with local police and naval forces to stop the crime. When loads of wood were found to have been acquired illegally, the agents confiscated it and auctioned it off to the public, and later, in foreign markets. This upset the timber barons of the Great Lakes, who were involved in the illegal trade, and they began stealing back the wood or burning it before it could be shipped away.

There was also conflict between the timber agents and smugglers on the northern Mississippi River as well as a whole separate United States Navy operation in the Calcasieu River of Louisiana. In 1852 one agent was killed by the pirates while sailing a raft loaded with stolen timber to Dubuque, Iowa. Newspapers such as The Chicago Tribune and The Chicago Democratic Press openly advocated armed resistance against the agents. One article in the Chicago Tribune read as follows; "if they [the agents] regard their personal welfare, they had better keep clear of a such transactions as that which they are about to engage in. If men cannot have a law protect their property, they will protect it themselves." The newspapers also pointed out that most of the timber smugglers were from Wisconsin and Illinois, and usually raided Michigan's timberlands and apparently caused much damage to the reserves. Agent Isaac W. Willard was sent to the Great Lakes in 1853 and he observed gangs of timber pirates defy and intimidate federal authorities and burn government owned property, including boats loaded with logs at Grand Haven as a re-enactment of the Boston Tea Party in 1773.

At this time the only American warship on the Great Lakes was the USS Michigan under Commander Abraham Bigelow. The only other vessel in the lakes which could have been used against the pirates was the revenue cutter USRC Ingham, described by one Detroit newspaper as being "burlesque" and unfit for duty. Because the Ingham had no steam engine, and was propelled solely by sails and wind, the more advanced steam powered vessels, used by the smugglers, could easily escape her. In late April the Michigan headed for Buffalo to resupply before her yearly patrol. After that Commander Bigelow sailed west across Lake Erie and passed Detroit on Thursday, May 5, 1853 and then went into Lake Huron via Saint Clair River. On the following morning, at about 2:15 am, a lookout sighted a light in the darkness ahead of the Michigan. The officer on duty, Lieutenant George M. Ransom, ordered the helmsman to steer north by northwest, so as to avoid the light, but by 2:40 am the light was still ahead and "close upon us" according to one sailor. At 3:00 am the two ships were only a few hundred yards from each other and appeared as though the two would pass closely by. However, suddenly the unknown ship turned ninety degrees to port side and headed straight for the Michigan's port bow. Lieutenant Ransom had only a few seconds to react and he ordered the ship hard to port but just as he was ringing the ship's bell to alarm the crew, the unknown ship then crashed into the Michigan. Damage to the gunboat was heavy though because of her iron hull, there was no leaking and the ship was not in danger of sinking. Commander Bigelow later said to Secretary of the Navy James Cochran Dobbin; "Had the Michigan been built of wood instead of iron, there is no doubt but that she would have been cut down before the water's edge and sunk." The other ship bounced off the Michigan's metal hull just after impact and her commander turned his ship back onto course and continued on without stopping. This angered Bigelow who then proceeded in giving chase to the fleeing steamer. After a brief pursuit the American gunboat was shortly behind the steamer in order for her crew to read the vessel's nameboard. The steamer proved to be the Buffalo and at the time she was the largest steam powered timber ship to sail the lakes. She was owned by a Mr. Walbridge and was headed for Chicago.

Though Lieutenant Ransom felt the ramming was deliberate, Commander Bigelow thought it must have been an accident so he then moved his ship along side the Buffalo and asked if the crew of the steamer needed any assistance. The crew answered to the negative so Bigelow let the ship go but he followed it into Chicago for repairs. While it is not certain that the ramming was intentional or not, Bigelow endeavored to find evidence that is was. The commander then filed a lawsuit against Mr. Walbridge on the account that his ship was either neglectfully manned at the time of the incident or was indeed trying to sink the Michigan. The crew of the merchant ship Republic witnessed the Buffalo swerve off course to ram the gunboat and the ship's captain submitted his report in writing, however, because all the gathered evidence was circumstantial, the case never went to trial. USS Michigan was put out of action for two months for repairs which cost $1,674 to complete. Over the course of the next few weeks after refitting, the Michigan captured several timber pirates with the assistance of Agent Willard and a Marine Corps detachment. These operations are credited with ending the 1853 Timber Rebellion in a federal victory though the illegal logging trade continued on as late as the 1870s.

Beaver-Mackinac War
The second notable incident involving the Michigan was that of the Beaver-Mackinac War. James Strang crowned himself the king of Beaver Island, at the head of Lake Michigan in 1850 but eventually he began forcing his radical beliefs on some of his mainstream Mormon followers, known as Strangites. So to deal with the problem, the commander of the Michigan was ordered to arrest Strang in May 1851 which was done without conflict. The king was held for some time and then released but on Monday, June 16, 1856, he was assassinated at St. James, in front of the Michigan. Captain Charles H. McBlair, commander of the gunboat, had invited the king aboard the ship and he accepted only to be shot in the back with a pistol at close range as he was waiting on the docks. The assassins, Alexander Wentworth and one "Dr. J. Atkyn [sic]", who were said to be blackmailing the Strangites, fled to the Michigan for sanctuary and were later released at Mackinac without being charged. Strang was shot three times, once in the head, but survived for three weeks before dying on July 9 from his injuries.

The Mormons assumed that Captain McBlair knew about the plot beforehand and others accused him of being in on it. On July 5, a large mob from Michigan landed on Beaver Island and forcibly removed nearly 3,000 inhabitants with small steam boats. Many people were robbed first in what Byron M. Cutcheon later called "the most disgraceful day in Michigan history". The Mormons were taken to Voree, where some of them stayed while most others dispersed across the country. Beaver Island was later reoccupied by Irish-Americans who established their own colony that flourished in the 1860s and 1870s.

American Civil War
During the American Civil War USS Michigan kept up with her yearly patrol against smugglers and other criminals. At that time the gunboat was still the only American warship in those waters other than six revenue cutters that were largely ineffective in their operations against crime. Because the Civil War was such a bloody conflict, a military draft in the North was enforced and this, among other things, led to riots, most notably in New York City. There was also a race riot in Detroit, and another in Buffalo, New York, so the USS Michigan spent much of the war patrolling back and forth in between those areas.

By 1863 Johnson's Island in Lake Erie was a prisoner of war camp for Confederates. The Southern government knew of the camp and in 1863 Lieutenant William Henry Murdaugh of the Confederate States Navy suggessted to President Jefferson Davis a plan to gain control of the lakes by capturing the Michigan. Ultimately Murdaugh's plan never materialized but in 1864 Davis authorized Captain Charles H. Cole of the Confederate States Army to go to the Great Lakes with Captain John Yates Beall and organize the escape of prisoners from Johnson's Island and Camp Chase.

Captain Cole had been a prisoner at Johnson's Island before his escape so he knew the area and the people well. With Beall, Cole collected thirty-five volunteers to take over the Michigan and he cunningly befriended several of the gunboat's officers. Cole also contacted with the Sons of Liberty secret society which sympathized with the Confederate cause. The captain organized the successful infiltration of the 128th Ohio Infantry Regiment which guarded the prison camps, ten of the volunteers posed as Union troops with orders to assist in the capture of Johnson's Island after the Michigan had been secured. On September 19 of 1864 the rebels launched their attack. That night Captain Cole went aboard the Michigan at Sandusky to dine with his so called friends when really his mission was to wait for Captain Beall and the volunteers to arrive in a captured merchant man. Unfortunately for the rebels, the Union knew all about the plot due to a Confederate colonel at Johnson's Islands who learned of the Cole's plan and informed the prison guards. The colonel did not know when the attack would take place so the men of USS Michigan were ordered to stay on high alert. While Coe was gaining access to the Michigan, Captain Beall was preparing to take over the ferry Philo Parsons. The ferry constantly cruised Lake Erie in between American and Canadian ports so Beall separated his men into small groups who boarded the Philo Parsons as passengers in Canada. When all of the volunteers were aboard Captain Beall waited until after the ship had left Kellys Island, Ohio to take over the ship which was done without bloodshed. Beall then allowed the passengers to leave, of whom there were several recently discharged men from the 130th Ohio Infantry. A little later, as the rebels were sailing to meet up with Captain Coe and the Michigan, the steamer named Island Queen came alongside the Philo Parsons, and a sailor tied the two vessels together. When the rebels realized this they attacked the Island Queen and a brief gunfight erupted between Beall's men and the steamer's crew, leaving one man wounded in the northern most naval skirmish of the war. The rebels then tried to sail the ship with the Philo Parsons on to Sandusky, but, at a position three miles off Middle Hull Island, Captain Beall ordered the Island Queen to be run aground on a reef and burned.

It was about the same time that seventeen members of the Confederate boarding party became convinced that the Union knew what they were up to so they refused to participate any further. As result, Beall had no choice but to abandon his cruise. Thus the plot to capture the Michigan and liberate the prisoners on Johnson's Island failed before it really began. Rebel activity in the Northern states was not completely over with though, Confederate agents in Canada launched an expedition to the coastal town of St. Albans, Vermont on Lake Champlain, exactly one month after the incident on Lake Erie. There the rebels, under Lieutenant Bennett H. Young, robbed two banks and killed or wounded three civilians.

Fenian Raids
The next conflict involving the patrol was the Fenian Raids into Canada and New Brunswick by Irish rebels from the United States. Fenian volunteers, many of whom were veterans of the American Civil War, organized a small army spread out across the international border. There were five notable raids in between 1866 and 1871, all launched from the United States, against British Army targets. The Fenians, who spit into two rival factions, were under the leadership of John O'Mahony and the more violent group under William R. Roberts. Both were of the opinion that if they could launch a successful invasion of British territory they could force the British to cede their political control over Ireland. The first notable raid was launched in 1866 by about 700 men of O'Mahony's faction. They crossed the St. Lawrence River border from Maine and attacked Campobello Island. When the American government learned of this they sent a force to the island which dispersed the rebels. Shortly after Robert's followers attacked Ridgeway, Ontario and Fort Erie. At the Battle of Ridgeway, on June 2, about 750 Fenians under Brigadier General, James O'Neill, routed a force of 850 Canadian troops.

The battle was the largest during the raids and the first Industrial era engagement to have involved the Canadian military. It was also the last battle in Ontario against a foreign invasion. After that the rebels attacked Fort Erie the same day and forced its surrender. In all the Fenians lost about ten men killed and twenty wounded in the two battles while the Canadians lost nine killed and forty-three wounded, as well as fifty-nine men captured. Fearing that the British Army would arrive soon, O'Neill tried to cross the Niagara River, back into New York but the men of USS Michigan were waiting for them. The gunboat, had arrived the day before to intercept rebel reinforcements and her crew accepted the surrender of hundreds of Fenians. Meanwhile, General Ulysses S. Grant, a future American president, and General George Meade went to Buffalo to examine the situation, prevent further raids, and disarm the rebels. They coordinated their operations with the USS Michigan which helped lead to the capture of General Thomas William Sweeny who was in overall command of the invasion and guilty of violating American neutrality. However, Sweeny had only recently been a Union commander in the Civil War so he was released from custody not long after his arrest.

Nellie Johnson Mutiny
Captain Dan Seavey is the most remembered pirate to sail the Great Lakes. He was born in 1867 and had briefly served in the United States Navy before becoming a criminal. Seavey was known as a fighting man for many exploits, including bar fights and episodes of that nature. His ship was the small fourteen-ton topsail schooner named Wanderer, which was allegedly armed with a cannon at one point or another. She was built around 1900 and was originally intended for the Pabst family who owned the Pabst Brewing Company though it is not known how Seavey acquired her. Other than sneaking into a port at night and stealing freight from the docks, Captain Seavey had several different, legitimate professions over the course of his lifetime. He owned a saloon at one point, worked in the timber trade, and had participated in the Yukon Gold Rush from 1896 to 1899. Seavey also claimed to have sunk a rival fishing ship with his cannon, killing everyone on board. While it is not known if this story is true, according to author Fred Neuschel, Seavey was guilty of manslaughter at least. The most remembered story of the pirate was that of the schooner Nellie Johnson, on which Seavey was a crewman. In 1908, Seavey was serving on the Nellie Johnson when he decided to incite two of his fellow crew members to mutiny and take the schooner from either Grand Haven, Michigan or Chicago, depending on varying sources. Some sources say the pirate acted alone, but either way Seavey supposedly provided the ship with alcohol and one night, when most of the crew were drunk, he threw all of them from the ship and sailed the vessel out of the harbor. In response, the captain of the Nellie Johnson contacted the authorities who dispatched the revenue cutter USRC Tuscarora to find the ship, USS Michigan was apparently busy elsewhere. The Tuscarora was a small steam-powered vessel launched in 1901 and she went after the pirates for a few days until they abandoned their prize and escaped to shore. According to Neuschel, there are several exaggerated accounts of the chase, some of which say that the Tuscarora found Seavey and opened fire but the captain was able to steer the schooner out harm's way. Others say that after one warning shot Seavey surrendered and the Nellie Johnson was boarded by the Tuscarora's crew. Neither story is true and Seavey was eventually apprehended on land by a United States Marshal. He was arrested for "mutiny and revolt" but was released when the ship's owner failed to press charges. Seavey later became a marshal himself and he is generally accepted to have retired to his home somewhere around Beaver Island in the 1920s.