United States Army Bermuda Garrison

The United States Army's Bermuda Garrison was a Second World War establishment of US military defences of the British Colony of Bermuda, located 640 miles off Cape Hatteras, North Carolina.

Historic relationship of Bermuda and the United States
Bermuda, or the Somers Isles, had been settled as part of Virginia, unintentionally in 1609, and officially in 1612. The Shareholders of the Virginia Company soon spun-off a separate Somers Isles Company, which administered the colony under a royal charter 'til 1684, when the English Crown assumed direct administration. Bermuda's links to the continental colonies, especially Virginia and South Carolina remained strong. Bermudians using their large merchant and privateering fleet and the web of familial connections resulting from large scale Bermudian settlement on the continent and elsewhere (roughly ten thousand Bermudians had emigrated, primarily to the continent, before US independence, establishing towns, and playing a key role in establishing the colony of South Carolina under Governor William Sayle) to play important roles in the history of British America. Despite the close connections with the American colonies, which initially caused Bermudians to favour the American Rebellion, there was no realistic hope that Bermuda could join it, and the interests of Bermudians converged with those of the British Government, and Bermuda's privateers turned on their erstwhile countrymen in the American War of Independence. Following US independence, the Royal Navy, deprived of all or its continental bases between Nova Scotia and the West Indies, established a presence in Bermuda in 1795 that would grow to become its primary base in the Americas, and included the Royal Naval Dockyard, Bermuda, the North America and West Indies Squadron, and Admiralty House, and various other facilities and landholdings. This was used to good advantage during the American War of 1812, when the blockade of the Atlantic Seaboard was maintained from Bermuda, and Royal Naval, British Army, and Royal Marines force that carried out the raid on the Chesapeake which included the Burning of Washington, was sent from Bermuda. Britain's tacit support for the Confederate States of America during the United States Civil War made Bermuda again a thorn in the side of the US Government when European munitions were funnelled into Confederate ports by blockade runners operating from Bermuda under the benign gaze of the Royal Navy and British Army, which had established a large Bermuda Garrison, and heavily fortified the archipelago to protect the naval base from attack, and to keep the handily located colony from capture by an enemy. After the British victory in the Napoleonic Wars, the most likely attacker of Bermuda was perceived to be the United States.

Development of Imperial defences of Bermuda
Although the British Army had maintained a small detachment in Bermuda since 1701 (an independent company, or, later, a detachment from the Bahamas' independent company), Bermuda's military defence had been left by the English and British governments largely in the hands of its own militia 'til the Royal Navy took an interest in the colony as a base. Vast sums were poured into improving the fortifications and batteries the new Bermuda Garrison inherited from the militia, and building new ones. Two large army bases were established, known as St. George's Garrison and Prospect Camp, and various smaller facilities, including Warwick Camp, Clarence Barracks on Boaz Island, Ordnance Island, and a secret munitions depot on Agar's Island, among others. By the 1860s, the expense began to cause grave concerns for the British Government. A sizeable portion of Imperial defence expenditure had been lavished on Bermuda. Roughly five hundred artillery pieces had been emplaced, but the number or artillerymen needed to man them all was far greater than that available. Rapid advances in artillery in the latter 19th Century meant that many of the guns, and even the fortifications themselves, were obsolete by the time they were ready for use. Following the Crimean War, fought with too little funds and too few professional soldiers, the government was faced with the task or redeploying much of the British Army back from Imperial garrisons to protect the increasingly imperilled United Kingdom, without weakening Imperial defences to the point of encouraging native insurrections or foreign invasions.

The Bermuda Government had allowed the militia to lapse following the American War of 1812, and the British Government failed for decades to implore or goad it to raise a new reserve for the regular army. It succeeded in doing this by ransoming its approval of the American investment required for the erection of the Princess Hotel, which the local government intended to be the flagship of its nascent tourism industry, and of the widening of a shipping channel required for St. George's to remain a useful port. The local government raised two part-time units, the Bermuda Militia Artillery, to reinforce the Royal Garrison Artillery, and the Bermuda Volunteer Rifle Corps, to reinforce the regular infantry battalion (and the Bermuda Volunteer Engineers in 1930, as well as the Bermuda Militia Infantry and the Home Guard during the Second World War). Despite this, it would take decades for the regular army detachment to be significantly reduced.

British naval and military establishment in Bermuda in 1941
By the time war was declared in 1939, the professional component of the army garrison had been reduced to a company of infantry (detached from whatever battalion was sent to Jamaica), with various atts and dets (such as from the Royal Electrical and Mechanical Engineers). The Royal Artillery and Royal Engineers had withdrawn their detachments entirely, leaving their roles to their part-time reserves. Two batteries remained in use: the two 6 inch guns at St. David's Battery and two more at a battery in Warwick Camp. These few aging artillery pieces lacked the range and firepower that would be needed to fend off a capital ship, and the activities of German commerce raiding pocket battleships and cruisers were of great concern, especially as Bermuda became a forming-up point for trans-Atlantic convoys (the Atlantic activities of the Admiral Scheer in Autumn and Winter, 1940, were particularly alarming). Other inviting targets in Bermuda included the dockyard, and the Royal Naval Air Station on Boaz Island, the Royal Air Force Darrell's Island airbase, the trans-Atlantic telecommunications cable of Cable and Wireless, and facilities which aided trans-Atlantic navigation by ships and aircraft.

Support of the Allies by the neutral USA
The United States Navy had been leased White's Island during the last year of the First World War as its Base 24, to service submarine hunters it was deploying to Europe as they crossed the Atlantic. It was also permitted to operate a supply station on Agar's Island. These facilities had both been closed on the end of hostilities.

During the early years of the Second World War, the US Government, under President Franklin Delano Roosevelt, sought to aid Britain and her allies again, although internal US politics kept it from being a legal participant until Japan, Germany, and Italy, in response to the increasing material and operational support the US was providing their enemies, declared war upon it at the close of 1941. The support the neutral US had provided to Britain included co-operating on various levels of foreign policy, enabling Britain to purchase war material from American manufacturers, co-operating on counter-espionage (all trans-Atlantic mails from the US to Europe were secretly landed at Bermuda for inspection by British censors searching for secret communications that enabled the discovery of Axis spies in the USA), the US Navy and the US Army Air Forces were taking an increasing role in protecting allied shipping from German U-boats (the first US Navy vessel lost in the war, the destroyer Reuben James, part of the Neutrality Patrol, was sunk by the German U-boat U-552 while escorting Convoy HX 156 across the Atlantic from Halifax in October, 1941), and relieving British forces from guarding strategic neutral territories, and her own overseas territories, allowing British forces to be redeployed to more active theatres of war. This last included the agreement by which Britain handed over to the US the duty of guarding Iceland from German invasion, the first American units arriving there on 7 July 1941. The Reuben James, at the time of her loss, was based at the new naval base constructed by Britain at Hvalfjordur.

As the war expanded (Germany had invaded the Soviet Union at the end of June), and Britain's purchases from US factories seriously upset the balance of trade, Roosevelt's government considered new ways to assist the Allied war effort without violating US neutrality, or the sensibilities of isolationist voters.

The most important result was the Lend-Lease Agreement, and its precursor, the Destroyers for Bases Agreement, by which the US Government loaned war materiel to the British Commonwealth (and later to other allies), in exchange for 99-year leases of land in British territories for the purpose of building US military and naval bases. This was portrayed to American voters as a major coup for the US, gaining it at little cost the use of bases that would be invaluable to US national security for the next century. Not emphasised was that this had the sleight-of-hand effect of placing the defence of those territories in US hands, allowing British forces to be redeployed to more active theatres, and that the construction of these bases would involve the US paying for and carrying out improvements to road networks and infrastructure in these territories, from which Britain would benefit.

American airbases in Bermuda
The Destroyers for Bases Agreement was originally meant to give the US leases in a number of West Indian territories. Ultimately, neither of the two most important base locations, both from the perspective of defending the United States from attack, and for the purposes of aiding and protecting air and sea transport across the Atlantic, was in the West Indies. As they were not originally part of the Agreement, the 99-year leases granted to the US for bases in Bermuda and Newfoundland were consequently free, with no destroyers or other war materiel received in exchange.

Two bases were planned for Bermuda, a US Navy base to cater to both shipping and flying boats, and a United States Army Air Forces airfield to allow landplanes to use Bermuda as a trans-Atlantic staging post as only seaplanes had previously been able to. When American surveyors arrived in 1941, the Bermudian government was horrified to learn that tentative plans called for depopulating and levelling most of the West of the archipelago and infilling the Great Sound to create an airfield. The Governor of Bermuda made desperate protestations to the British Government, and a less catastrophic plan was drawn up.

The US Navy's Naval Operating Base was a peninsula created by levelling and joining two small islands together, and to the mainland. Like Darrell's Island, it served only seaplanes. Whereas the RAF, Imperial Airways, and Pan American World Airways used Darrell's only as a staging point for trans-Atlantic flights, the US Navy based a patrol squadron at its base to maintain air patrols within the area (a role that had been performed 'til then on an ad hoc basis by the Fleet Air Arm at Boaz Island).

The US Army established Fort Bell on St. David's Island. The main purpose of this base was originally to host the engineers building the airstation, which was achieved also by levelling small islands, infilling waterways, and creating a single landmass contiguous with St. David's Island. The airfield, Kindley Field became active in 1943. As per the agreement, this airfield was used jointly by the US Army Air Forces and the Royal Air Force (which transferred its Transport Command from Darrell's Island, although its Ferry Command remained at the flying boat base).

US Army ground forces in Bermuda
In addition to the airbases, the US built up a large garrison to protect its new assets and the entire archipelago from attack or invasion. US Army field artillery batteries were put in long term emplacements around Bermuda, from St. George's Island to Southampton, where field artillery was placed outside Scaur Hill Fort. This greatly expanded the artillery defences of the Bermuda Militia Artillery. With the build up of American units and artillery in Bermuda, as well as the containment of the German and Italian surface fleets to home waters, the moratorium on drafts overseas from the local units, which had been emplaced after a BVRC contingent had been sent to the Lincolnshire Regiment in England (with BMA and BVE attachments joining their respective corps) in June, 1940. As a consequence, in 1943 a Training Battalion was raised from volunteers from the BVRC and the BMA and BMI to prepare for deployment to Europe (the BVRC element travelled to England as a rifle company to join the Lincolnshire Regiment. The BMA and BMI soldiers were sent to North Carolina as the training cadre for the newly formed Caribbean Regiment, serving as part of that regiment in Italy and North Africa.

The United States Army would continue to garrison Bermuda for the remainder of the war. Following the end of hostilities, the ground forces were withdrawn, other than those required for the defence of Fort Bell and Kindley Field, on the 1st of January, 1946 when US Army Air Transport Command took control of the entire base. the airfield ceased to be distinguished within the base as the name fort Bell was discontinued and Kindley Field came to be applied to the entire facility. The US Army finally exited Bermuda in 1948, when the US Army Air Forces became the independent United States Air Force, and Kindley Field Kindley Air Force Base.