Hospital corpsman

A hospital corpsman (HM) is an enlisted medical specialist of the United States Navy who serves with U.S. Navy and who may be assigned temporary duty with the United States Marine Corps or Fleet Marine Force. They are the only enlisted corps in the United States Navy.

Overview
The hospital corpsman works in a wide variety of capacities and locations, including shore establishments such as naval hospitals and clinics, aboard ships, and as well as the primary medical caregivers for sailors while underway. Hospital corpsmen are frequently the only medical care-giver available in many fleet or Marine units on extended deployment. In addition, hospital corpsmen perform duties as assistants in the prevention and treatment of disease and injury and assist health care professionals in providing medical care to sailors and their families.

They may function as clinical or specialty technicians, medical administrative personnel and health care providers at medical treatment facilities. They also serve as battlefield corpsmen with the Marine Corps, rendering emergency medical treatment to include initial treatment in a combat environment. Qualified hospital corpsmen may be assigned the responsibility of independent duty aboard ships and submarines; Fleet Marine Force, SEAL and Seabee units, and at isolated duty stations where no medical officer is available.

Hospital corpsmen were previously trained at Naval Hospital Corps School, Great Lakes, Illinois until the 2011 Base Realignment and Closure Bill caused Hospital Corps School to be relocated to the Medical Education and Training Campus (METC) at Joint Base San Antonio, Texas. , Naval Hospital Corps School, Great Lakes, Illinois has been officially closed and operations moved to San Antonio, Texas.

The colloquial form of address for a hospital corpsman is "Doc". In the United States Marine Corps, this term is generally used as a sign of respect.

History
Prior to the establishment of the Hospital Corps, enlisted medical support in the Navy was limited in scope. In the Continental Navy and the early U.S. Navy, medical assistants were assigned at random out of the ship's company. Their primary duties were to keep the irons hot and buckets of sand at the ready for the operating area. It was commonplace during battle for the surgeons to conduct amputations and irons were used to close lacerations and wounds. Sand was used to keep the surgeon from slipping on the bloody ship deck. Previously, corpsman were commonly referred to as a loblolly boy, a term borrowed from the British Royal Navy, and a reference to the daily ration of porridge fed to the sick. The nickname was in common use for so many years that it was finally officially recognized by the Navy Regulations of 1814. In coming decades, the title of the enlisted medical assistant would change several times—from loblolly boy, to nurse (1861), and finally to bayman (1876). A senior enlisted medical rate, surgeon's steward, was introduced in 1841 and remained through the Civil War. Following the war, the title surgeon's steward was abolished in favor of apothecary, a position requiring completion of a course in pharmacy.

Still, there existed pressure to reform the enlisted component of the Navy's medical department—medicine as a science was advancing rapidly, foreign navies had begun training medically skilled sailors, and even the U.S. Army had established an enlisted Hospital Corps in 1887. Navy Surgeon General J.R Tyron and subordinate physicians lobbied the Navy administration to take action. With the Spanish-American War looming, Congress passed a bill authorizing establishment of the U.S. Navy Hospital Corps, signed into law by President William McKinley on 17 June 1898. Three rates were created therein — hospital apprentice, hospital apprentice first class (a petty officer third class), and hospital steward, which was a chief petty officer.

A revision in 1916 established a new rate structure. With the introduction of a second junior rate there were now hospital apprentice second class (HA2c) and hospital apprentice first class (HA1c). The rating title for petty officers was established as pharmacist's mate (PhM), following the pattern of some of the Navy's other ratings (boatswain's mate, gunner's mate, etc.). Pharmacist's mate third class (PhM3c), second class (PhM2c), and first class (PhM1c) were now the petty officers, and chief pharmacist's mate (CPhM) was the CPO. This structure that would remain in place until 1947.

During World War I, hospital corpsmen served throughout the fleet, earning particular distinction on the Western Front with the Marine Corps. A total of 684 personal awards were awarded to hospital corpsmen in the war, including 2 Medals of Honor, 55 Navy Crosses, and 237 Silver Stars.

In World War II, hospital corpsmen hit the beach with Marines in every battle in the Pacific. Joe Rosenthal's iconic photo of the flag-raising on Iwo Jima, captured during that battle's early days, depicts Pharmacist's Mate Second Class John Bradley among the group of Marines on Mt. Suribachi that day. They also served on thousands of ships and submarines. Notably, three unassisted emergency appendectomies were performed by hospital corpsmen serving undersea and beyond hope of medical evacuation. The Hospital Corps has the distinction of being the only corps in the U.S. Navy to be singled out in a famous speech by Secretary of the Navy James Forrestal after the conclusion of the war. Following the war, the Hospital Corps changed its rating title to the generic term it had used all along — hospital corpsman. The rates of hospital corpsman third class (HM3), second class (HM2), and first class (HM1), and chief hospital corpsman (HMC) were supplemented by senior chief hospital corpsman (HMCS) and master chief hospital corpsman (HMCM) in 1958.

Hospital corpsmen continued to serve at sea and ashore, and accompanied Marine units into battle during the Korean and Vietnam wars. Fifteen hospital corpsmen were counted among the dead following the bombing of the Marine barracks in Beirut in 1983. Today, hospital corpsmen are serving in the Iraq and Afghanistan wars providing corpsmen for convoys, patrols, and hospital or clinic treatment.

Prior to selection to the command master chief program, the 11th MCPON, Joe R. Campa, was a hospital corpsman.

Training
As of April 2011, training to become a Hospital Corpsman began at METC Fort Sam Houston, San Antonio, Texas. Students go through a 19 week course that provides in-depth and extensive training into the application of emergency medical techniques, disease and pathologies, and nursing techniques.

Organization
Because of the need for hospital corpsmen in a vast array of foreign, domestic, and shipboard duty stations, as well as with United States Marine Corps units, the Hospital Corps is the largest rating in the United States Navy.

The basic training for hospital corpsmen is conducted at the Medical Education and Training Campus, located at the Joint Base, Ft. Sam Houston, TX, one of the Navy's "A" schools (primary rating training). Upon graduation, the hospital corpsman is given the Navy Enlisted Classification (NEC) code of HM-0000, or "quad-zero" in common usage. NECs are not as analogous to MOS in the United States Army and Marine Corps, or AFSC in the Air Force as the rate in the Navy. There are primary NECs, and secondary NECs. For example, a hospital corpsman who completes Field Medical Training Battalion (FMTB) and earns the NEC HM-8404, moves that NEC to primary and has a secondary NEC of HM-0000. If that hospital corpsman attends a "C" School, then the NEC earned at the "C" School becomes their primary and HM-8404 becomes the secondary. Some hospital corpsmen go on to receive more specialized training in roles such as medical laboratory technician, radiology technician, aerospace medicine specialist, pharmacy technician, operating room technician, etc. This advanced education is done through "C" schools, which confer additional NECs. Additionally, hospital corpsmen (E-5 and above) may attend independent duty corpsman training, qualifying for independent duty in surface ships and submarines, with diving teams, and Fleet Marine Force Recon teams, as well as at remote shore installations. In addition to advanced medical training, these Hospital Corpsmen receive qualification in sanitation and public health.

Of note is the Field Medical Training Battalion (FMTB), with locations at Camp Del Mar and Camp Johnson, where sailors bound for service with USMC operating forces earn the NEC HM-8404, Field Medical Service Technician. FMTB provides specialized training in advanced emergency medicine and the fundamentals of Marine Corps life, while emphasizing physical conditioning, small arms familiarity, and basic battlefield tactics. , this rigorous training is 16 weeks. Training for the Fleet Marine Force (FMF) familiarizes navy corpsmen with the Marines. A bond and mutual respect is often formed between marines and their assigned hospital corpsmen, earning respect apart from their Navy shipmates. FMF hospital corpsmen have the option to wear the uniforms of the Marine Corps (MARPAT) while on duty with the Marine Corps. If not, they wear the Navy's new digitized camouflage working uniform.

Hospital corpsmen can further specialize; they may undergo further training to become Special Amphibious Reconnaissance Corpsman, or SARC. They are usually found in both the FMF Recon, Marine Division Recon and MARSOC units. They are trained and skilled in combat, including combatant swimming, opened/closed circuit scuba diving, military free-fall and amphibious operations. They act as advisers regarding health and injury prevention, and treat illnesses from decompression sickness as well as other conditions requiring hyperbaric treatment.

Hospital corpsmen who have received the warfare designator of enlisted fleet marine force warfare specialist are highly trained members of the Hospital Corps who specialize in all aspects of working with the United States Marine Corps operating forces. Attainment of this designation is highly prized among all corpsmen. The enlisted fleet marine force warfare designation for hospital corpsmen is the only US Navy warfare device awarded solely by a US Marine Corps general officer. This awarding authority cannot be delegated to US Navy officers. However, obtaining the title of "FMF" is a rigorous procedure and not every hospital corpsman who has been with a Marine Corps unit will wear the FMF warfare device. U.S. Navy officers in the medical community (Medical Corps (doctor), Nurse Corps, Dental Corps, Medical Service Corps) can earn and wear the officer equivalent to this insignia. Additionally any sailor attached to a USMC unit can earn and wear an FMF warfare device. (e.g., administrative rates such as logistic specialists) provided they complete all the qualifications for the FMF warfare specialist.

The first physician assistants were selected from Navy corpsmen who had combat experience in Vietnam. The Navy trained its own physician assistants drawing from the ranks of qualified independent duty hospital corpsmen at the Naval School of Health Sciences in Portsmouth, VA until 1985, then at San Diego, CA and current the Interservice Physician's Assistant Program (IPAP) with a university affiliation of the University of Nebraska Medical Center (UNMC). It is conducted in two phases the first phase at the Graduate School and Academy of Health Sciences at AMEDDC&S, Ft. Sam Houston, TX and the second phase at various medical facilities and specialties. When training completed they become officers in the Medical Service Corps (MSC). Navy hospital corpsmen are also represented in many medical disciplines, as physicians, nurses, medical administrators and other walks of life. After completing their training, a physician assistant is promoted to the rank of lieutenant junior grade (O-2).

Be they assigned to hospital ships, reservist installations, recruiter offices, or Marine Corps combat units, the rating of hospital corpsman is the most decorated in the United States Navy with 22 Medals of Honor, 174 Navy Crosses, 31 Navy Distinguished Service Medals, 946 Silver Stars, and 1,582 Bronze Stars. Twenty naval ships have been named after hospital corpsmen.

Rate/rating structure

 * HR: Hospitalman recruit (E-1)
 * HA: Hospitalman apprentice (E-2)
 * HN: Hospitalman (E-3) (See USN apprenticeships)
 * HM3: Hospital corpsman third class (E-4)
 * HM2: Hospital corpsman second class (E-5)


 * HM1: Hospital corpsman first class (E-6)
 * HMC: Chief hospital corpsman (E-7)
 * HMCS: Senior chief hospital corpsman (E-8)
 * HMCM: Master chief hospital corpsman (E-9)

Badges
Effective 2 April 1948 the Navy changed the names and insignia of the hospital corps. The new titles were hospitalman recruit, hospitalman apprentice, hospitalman, hospital corpsmen third, second, and first class, and chief hospital corpsman. The red Geneva cross, which had marked corpsmen for 50 years, was replaced in the rating badge with the original mark of the winged caduceus. The rates of senior chief and master chief hospital corpsman were added in 1958.


 * ''See: List of United States Navy ratings

Ships named in honor of Hospital Corpsmen
Reference: Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships


 * USS Benfold (DDG-65)
 * USS Caron (DD-970)
 * USS De Wert (FFG-45)
 * USS Durant (DER-389) *Also sailed as USCGC Durant (WDE-489)
 * USS Frament (APD-77)
 * USS Halyburton (FFG-40)
 * USS Francis Hammond (FF-1067)
 * USS Jobb (DE-707)
 * USS Daniel A. Joy (DE-585)
 * USS Lester (DE-1022)


 * USS Liddle (DE-206)
 * USS Litchfield (AG-95)
 * USS Thaddeus Parker (DE-369)
 * USS David R. Ray (DD-971)
 * USS Henry W. Tucker (DD-875)
 * USS Valdez (FF-1096)
 * USS Walter C. Wann (DE-412)
 * USS Jack Williams (FFG-24)
 * USS John Willis (DE-1027)
 * USS Don O. Woods (APD-118)

U.S. Navy enlisted medical personnel killed in action

 * American Civil War (1861–1865), 6
 * Spanish-American War (1898), 3
 * World War I (1917–1918), 20
 * Nicaragua (1932), 1
 * World War II (1941–1945), 1,170
 * Korean War (1950–1953), 109


 * Dominican Republic (1965), 1
 * Vietnam War (1962–1975), 639
 * Beirut, (1983), 15
 * Gulf War (1990–1991), 0
 * Afghanistan (2001–present), 13
 * Iraq War (2003–2010), 29


 * Total in all conflicts: 2,012

Decorations of valor awarded to Hospital Corpsmen

 * Medal of Honor, 22
 * Navy Cross, 174
 * Distinguished Service Cross (United States Army), 31
 * Silver Star, 946
 * Bronze Star, 1,582

Hospital corpsmen who received the Medal of Honor

 * Pre-World War I
 * Hospital Apprentice Robert H. Stanley, USN (Boxer Rebellion)
 * Hospital Apprentice First Class William Zuiderveld, USN (Veracruz Incursion)
 * Hospital Apprentice Fred H. McGuire, USN (Philippine Insurrection)
 * Hospital Steward William S. Shacklette, USN (Boiler Explosion in San Diego)


 * World War I
 * Pharmacist's Mate First Class John H. Balch, USN
 * Hospital Apprentice First Class David E. Hayden, USN


 * World War II
 * Hospital Apprentice First Class Robert Eugene Bush, USN
 * Pharmacist's Mate 2nd Class William D. Halyburton, Jr., USNR
 * Hospital Apprentice First Class Fred F. Lester, USN
 * Pharmacist's Mate First Class Francis J. Pierce, USN
 * Pharmacist's Mate Second Class George E. Wahlen, USN
 * Pharmacist's Mate Third Class Jack Williams, USN
 * Pharmacist's Mate First Class John H. Willis, USN


 * Korean War
 * Hospital Corpsman Third Class Edward C. Benfold, USN
 * Hospital Corpsman Third Class William R. Charette, USN
 * Hospitalman Richard D. Dewert, USN
 * Hospitalman Francis C. Hammond, USN
 * Hospitalman John E. Kilmer, USN


 * Vietnam War
 * Hospital Corpsman Second Class Donald E. Ballard, USN
 * Hospital Corpsman Third Class Wayne M. Caron, USN
 * Hospital Corpsman Third Class Robert R. Ingram, USN
 * Hospital Corpsman Second Class David R. Ray, USN

United States Maritime Service hospital corpsmen
During World War II, the United States Maritime Service created a Hospital Corps similar to the Navy's and sent pursers through this hospital corpsman training, to serve in a combined administrative and medical role on civilian tankers, freighters, and oilers. Prior to this, there were no competent trained personnel to perform first aid aboard these vessels. The purser-corpsman was trained in anatomy, physiology, pharmacy, clinical laboratory, hygiene and sanitation, emergency treatment, first aid, and nursing. They were taught how to administer injections, treat compound fractures, administer blood plasma, and suture wounds.

The Maritime Service’s Hospital Corps School was founded at the Sheepshead Bay Maritime Service Training Station on 7 December 1942. Surgeon S.S. Heilwell (R), United States Uniformed Public Health Service, was placed in charge of training. The course was taught over four months, with a 12 week period of didactic classroom experience and four weeks of practical experience at a Marine hospital. The original class of 331 students resulted in 239 graduates on 12 March 1943, but demand saw an increase in the class to 600 students, to cycle in 50 student classes starting on a weekly basis. Training stations were instructed to provide careful scrutiny by examining boards for all candidates. Pursers on sea duty started arriving at the station on 10 August 1943. By 1 January 1944, there were 600 purser-corpsmen at sea, with 1,324 graduates in the Maritime Service. Selection required an above average mark on the General Classification Test and interest in both administration and health care.