Battle of Cloyd's Mountain

The Battle of Cloyd's Mountain was a Union victory in western Virginia on May 9, 1864 that allowed the Union forces to destroy the last railroad connecting Tennessee to Virginia.

Background
Brigadier General George Crook commanded the Union Army of West Virginia, made up of three brigades from the Division of the Kanawha. When Ulysses S. Grant launched his spring offensive of 1864, two Union armies marched towards Richmond and a third moved into the Shenandoah Valley. Crook's troops were also involved in the offensive and began to march through the Appalachian Mountains into southwest Virginia. His objective was to destroy the Virginia & Tennessee Railroad, working in conjunction with William W. Averell's offensive, which had similar objectives. Brig. Gen. Albert G. Jenkins was in command of a few scattered Confederate units protecting the rail lines. Jenkins had only assumed command a day before Crook's army began to approach the railroad.

During the 1863 Gettysburg Campaign, Jenkins' Brigade formed the cavalry screen for Richard S. Ewell's Second Corps. Jenkins led his men through the Cumberland Valley into Pennsylvania and seized Chambersburg, burning down nearby railroad structures and bridges. He accompanied Ewell's column to Carlisle, briefly skirmishing with Union militia at the Battle of Sporting Hill near Harrisburg. During the subsequent Battle of Gettysburg, Jenkins was wounded on July 2 and missed the rest of the fighting. He did not recover sufficiently to rejoin his command until autumn. He had spent the early part of 1864 raising and organizing a large cavalry force for service in western Virginia. By May, Jenkins had been appointed Commander of the Department of Western Virginia with his headquarters at Dublin.

Battle
Jenkins, having decided to make a stand at Cloyd's Mountain, set up a strong defensive position. When Crook arrived he decided against a frontal assault, concluding that the Confederate works were too strong and such an attack would decimate his army. The surrounding area was heavily forested so Crook used this as cover and swung his brigades around to the Confederate right flank.

Crook began the battle with an artillery barrage, then sent in his brigade of green West Virginians under Colonel Carr B. White. Crook's remaining two brigades under Colonel Horatio G. Sickel and future president Colonel Rutherford B. Hayes were to launch a frontal assault as soon as the West Virginians had gotten under way. Serving as a major under Hayes was another future U.S. President named William McKinley. White's brigade, in its first fight ever, advanced to within 20 yards before heavy casualties in its exposed position forced it back. Crook, moving with Hayes' Ohio brigade, had to dismount and traverse the slopes on foot because they were so steep. Still wearing his jack boots, he sank in a small stream the troops were crossing and his boots filled with water. Nearby soldiers rushed back to their general and pulled him out.

Hayes' brigade spearheaded the main assault around 11 a.m. The troops fought their way to the Confederate works and severe hand-to-hand fighting ensued. Sparks from the musket fire ignited the thick blanket of leaves on the ground and many men from Sickel's and Hayes' brigades were pinned down and burned alive. The two brigades began to fall back when Crook sent in two fresh regiments into Hayes' front. The West Virginians finally advanced against the cannon that had plagued them throughout the battle and overran its crew. Now the Ohio troops began to overwhelm the Confederate center. Jenkins tried desperately to shift troops to the threatened areas, but fell mortally wounded and was captured by Union soldiers. His second-in-command, John McCausland, took command and conducted a rear-guard action as he withdrew his troops.

The Battle of Cloyd's Mountain was fought on the Back Creek Farm property. The farmhouse served that day as a hospital and as headquarters for the Union General George Crook.

Results
The battle of Cloyd's Mountain was short and involved few troops, but contained some of the most severe and savage fighting of the war. The whole engagement lasted a little over an hour with much of that being hand-to-hand combat. Casualties were high for the modest number of troops involved. Crook lost 688 men, roughly 10% of his force. The Confederates lost fewer men&mdash;538&mdash;but that totaled 23% of their total force. The battle is considered a Union victory because Crook was able to continue on and destroy the Virginia and Tennessee Railroad at Dublin, Virginia, and Averell was also able to destroy several railroad bridges along the same line, severing one of the Confederacy's last vital lifelines and its only rail connection to East Tennessee. The day after the battle, remnant Confederate troops unsuccessfully defended a railroad bridge over the nearby New River. In the melee, a soldier who refused to take cover until Col. Hayes did so was mortally wounded. While undergoing first aid, the soldier was found to be a woman. (Page 163-164, Rutherford B. Hayes: Warrior & President by Ari Hoogenboom, University Press of Kansas, 1995)

Union
Kanawha Division &mdash; Brig. Gen. George Crook
 * 1st Brigade &mdash; Col. Rutherford B. Hayes
 * 23rd Ohio Infantry &mdash; Lt. Col. James M. Comly
 * 36th Ohio Infantry &mdash; Col. Hiram F. Devol
 * Detachment, 34th Ohio Infantry &mdash; (attached to 36th Ohio)
 * 5th West Virginia Cavalry (Dismounted) &mdash; Colonel A. A. Tomlinson
 * 6th West Virginia Cavalry (Dismounted)


 * 2nd Brigade &mdash; Col. Carr B. White
 * 12th Ohio Infantry &mdash; Col. J. D. Hines
 * 91st Ohio Infantry &mdash; Col. John A. Turley
 * 9th West Virginia Infantry &mdash; Col. Isaac H. Duval
 * 14th West Virginia Infantry &mdash; Col. D. D. Johnson


 * 3rd Brigade &mdash; Col. Horatio G. Sickel
 * 3rd Pennsylvania Reserve Regiment &mdash; Capt. J. Lenhart
 * 4th Pennsylvania Reserve Regiment &mdash; Colonel R. H. Woolworth (killed)
 * 11th West Virginia &mdash; Col. Daniel Frost
 * 15th West Virginia &mdash; Lt. Col. Thomas Morris


 * Artillery &mdash; Capt. James R. McMillin
 * 1st Ohio Battery &mdash; Lieut. G.P. Kirtland
 * 1st Kentucky Battery &mdash; Capt. David W. Glassie

Confederate
Department of Southwestern Virginia &mdash; Brig. Gen. Albert G. Jenkins (mortally wounded and captured); John McCausland
 * 4th Brigade &mdash; Col. John McCausland
 * 45th Virginia Infantry &mdash; Col. W.H. Browne
 * 60th Virginia Infantry &mdash; Col. B.H. Jones
 * 36th Virginia Infantry &mdash; Lt. Col. Thomas Smith (wounded) Maj. William E. Fife
 * 400 dismounted 10th Kentucky Cavalry (Diamond's)(May's)
 * 45th Virginia Infantry Battalion &mdash; Lt. Col. H.M. Beckley
 * Home Guards


 * Artillery &mdash; Capt. T.A. Bryan (wounded)
 * Botetourt (Va.) Artillery &mdash; Capt. H.C. Douthat
 * Bryan's (Va.) Battery &mdash; Lieut. G.A. Fowlkes
 * Ringgold (Va.) Battery &mdash; Capt. Crispin Dickenson


 * Morgan's Brigade &mdash; Brig. Gen. John Hunt Morgan (brigade arrived late and took part only in the retreat)
 * 5th Kentucky Cavalry - Col. D. Howard Smith