Constantine Fitzgibbon

Major Robert Louis Constantine Lee-Dillon FitzGibbon (8 June 1919 - 25 March 1983) was an American-born historian, translator and novelist.

Birth, family and marriage
Constantine FitzGibbon was born in the United States in 1919, the youngest of four children. He was a half-brother of Louis FitzGibbon, author of a number of works about the Katyn massacre of Polish officers in 1940, by Soviet troops. His father, Commander Francis Lee-Dillon FitzGibbon, RN, was Irish, and his mother, Georgette Folsom, was an American from Lenox, Massachusetts.

The family were descended from John "Black Jack" FitzGibbon, the 1st Earl of Clare, who was Lord Chancellor of Ireland and effected the Act of Union between Ireland and England in 1800, but in the following century the family faded into obscurity and the title died out. FitzGibbon was proud of his Irish ancestry, while ambivalent about his famous kinsman. FitzGibbon's half-brother, Louis FitzGibbon, wrote that whilst the family were descendants of the 1st Earl of Clare, they were not, as Constantine always believed, claimants to the Earldom or the Barony of FitzGibbon; Louis found proof of the death at the Charge of the Light Brigade at the Battle of Balaclava of the 3rd Earl's son- from whom the brothers believed their descent to derive- after Constantine's death. This branch of the family derived their descent from the Earls of Clare thus: Constantine FitzGibbon was great-great-grandson of Henry Augustus Dillon-Lee, 13th Viscount Dillon of Costello-Gallen; Henry's son, Gerald, married in 1847 Lady Louise Isabella Georgina FitzGibbon, daughter of the 3rd Earl of Clare, and changed his surname and that of his children to his wife's surname of FitzGibbon.

He was brought up in the United States and France before moving to England with his mother, his having parents divorced when he was very young. His first brief marriage was to Margaret Aye Moung, but during World War II he met Theodora Rosling, to whom he was married until 1960. They lived at Sacombs Ash, Hertfordshire, from 1951–59, but had no children. Theodora wrote of their time together in her (partly fictional) memoirs With Love (1982), and Love Lies a Loss (1985). Their lives were Bohemian. The union ended in divorce.

He then married Marion Gutmann in 1960, with whom he had a son, Francis, born in 1961. Their marriage ended in 1965, and he moved to Ireland and married Marjorie Steele, a retired American actress, in 1967. They had a daughter, Oonagh (born 1968), for whom he wrote Teddy in the Tree (1977). He also adopted Marjorie's son, Peter FitzGibbon, from her former marriage. After a short spell in west Cork, the family lived in Killiney, County Dublin, and then in the city.

Education
FitzGibbon was educated at Wellington College, Berkshire, a British public (i.e. private) school with military affiliations, which he detested. He left aged 16 and travelled independently in Europe, where he studied at the University of Munich and University of Paris, becoming fluent in French and German and acquiring a sound knowledge of their literatures. As a young man he developed a cosmopolitan and internationalist view of the world, which he retained throughout his life.

He won a scholarship to Exeter College, Oxford to read modern languages in 1937, but left in May 1940, after the fall of France, to join the army. He did not complete his degree before the war and chose not to return to Oxford afterwards. He was intellectually curious and described himself as an autodidact. One of his best novels, The Golden Age (1976), set in a post-apocalyptic future Oxford, is by turns wistful and sardonic about the University.

Career
FitzGibbon served as an officer in the Oxfordshire and Buckinghamshire Light Infantry (the 'Ox & Bucks') regiment of the British Army, from 1940 to 1942. As a US citizen he transferred to the United States Army in 1942, when the United States entered the war, rising to the rank of Major by 1945. His work was in intelligence, and he served as a staff officer to General Omar H Bradley in the D-Day campaign and thereafter. He revered Bradley's generalship, and his wartime experiences were formative for the rest of his life.

On being discharged in 1946, FitzGibbon was offered, but refused, a job with the successor to the Office of Strategic Services(OSS), a predecessor of the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA). Instead, he worked briefly as a schoolmaster at Saltus Grammar School in Bermuda from 1946–47, before becoming a full-time independent writer. He lived in Italy for a time, where he tried and failed to write a biography of Norman Douglas, a distant kinsman. Between 1950 and 1965 he was resident in England.

FitzGibbon wrote over 30 books, including nine novels, and translated numerous works from German and French. One of his closest friends was the writer Manes Sperber, many of whose books he translated from French and whose views about the dangers of both left-wing and right-wing tyranny were highly influential on him.

Politically, FitzGibbon identified himself as a strong anti-Communist, having been drawn to communism as a young man. His credo, however, was that no political group that resorted to locking its opponents up in camps was any good. He refused to travel to Spain while Franco was alive. During the Troubles in Northern Ireland, he supported civil rights for Catholics but condemned the use of violence by all sides.

His 1960 novel, When the Kissing Had to Stop caused controversy because of its explicit anti-CND theme; the book depicts the Soviet domination of Britain under a left-wing government which has removed its nuclear weapons. An ITV adaptation of When the Kissing Had to Stop caused even more controversy, and one writer called FitzGibbon a "fascist Hyena". This amused him greatly, and he responded by  publishing a  collection of essays called Random Thoughts of a Fascist Hyena (1963).

He wrote prolifically, in fiction, historical works, memoirs, poetry and biography. He made programmes for BBC radio, including documentaries about British fascism, the Blitz and the 1930s hunger marches. He was a regular contributor to newspapers in the UK and Ireland, and for many years wrote for Encounter (magazine). His one-stage venture, The Devil at Work (produced by the Abbey Theatre, Dublin in 1971) met with little success.

FitzGibbon was a member of the Council of the Irish Academy of Letters and an honorary fellow of the Royal Society of Literature and a Guggenheim Fellow. He later became an Irish citizen and lived in County Dublin.

Publications

 * The Arabian Bird (1949)
 * The Iron Hoop (1950)
 * Dear Emily (1952)
 * Miss Finnegan's Fault (1953)
 * Norman Douglas (1953)
 * The Holiday (1953)
 * The Little Tour (1954)
 * The Shirt of Nessus (1955)
 * In Love and War (1956)
 * The Blitz (1957)
 * Paradise Lost and More (1959)
 * Watcher in Florence (1959) The Vine Press
 * When the Kissing had to Stop (1960) new edition (posthumous), (1989)
 * Adultery Under Arms (1962)
 * Going to the River (1963)
 * Random Thoughts of a Fascist Hyena (1963)
 * The Life of Dylan Thomas (1965 ed.)
 * Selected Letters of Dylan Thomas (1966 ed.)
 * Through the Minefield (1967)
 * Denazification (1969)
 * High Heroic (a novel about the life of Michael Collins) (1969)
 * Out of the Lion's Paw (1969)
 * London's Burning (1970)
 * Red Hand: The Ulster Colony (1971)
 * The Devil at Work (1971) (play)
 * A Concise History of Germany (1972)
 * In the Bunker (1973)
 * The Life and Times of Eamon de Valera (1973)
 * The Golden Age (1976)
 * Secret Intelligence (1976)
 * Man in Aspic (1977)
 * Teddy in the Tree (1977)
 * Drink (1979)
 * The Rat Report (1980)
 * The Irish in Ireland (1982)
 * and translations from French, German and Italian. Translator of the Rudolf Höß "autobiography". Contributor to Encyclopædia Britannica, newspapers and periodicals in Britain, America and elsewhere

When the Kissing Had to Stop
The novel was adapted by Giles Cooper in two episodes as part of the ITV Play of the Week series, first broadcast on 16 & 19 October 1962. Directed by Bill Hitchcock, it starred Denholm Elliott, Peter Vaughan, and Douglas Wilmer. Only the first episode still exists.