Formosa Expedition

The Formosa Expedition, or the Taiwan Expedition of 1867 was a punitive expedition launched by the United States against Formosa. The expedition was undertaken in retaliation for the destruction of the Rover, an American bark which had been wrecked and massacred by native warriors in March 1867. A United States Navy and marine company landed in southern Formosa and skirmished with the Paiwan aboriginals until the Americans withdrew without completing their objective of decisively defeating the natives in battle. The event is regarded as a failure in United States Naval history.

Background
On 12 March 1867, the United States merchantman Rover was sailing off Oluanpi, Formosa when she wrecked on uncharted reef and began drifting out to sea. Her crew of over two dozen safely made it ashore but were attacked and killed by the Paiwanans. The Royal Navy ship HMS Cormorant discovered the fate of the Rover and informed the American East India Station. Squadron commander Rear Admiral Henry H. Bell ordered Commander John C. Febiger in the newly commissioned gunboat USS Ashuelot (1865) to proceed from Foochow to the island for an investigation of the incident.

Upon arrival Qing authorities assured Commander Febiger that the attack was carried out by warriors of a village that did not practice respect of the nation's laws. With this information, the Ashuelot returned and notified Rear Admiral Bell. At this point diplomatic pressure proved a failure so as was typical of the time; a punitive expedition was decided on. Bell, with the screw sloop-of-war USS Wyoming (1859) and his flagship USS Hartford (1858) left Shanghai in June for southern Formosa.

Expedition
The passing from Shanghai to Formosa was uneventful, the two Americans warships arrived off the southeastern coast on June 13, 1867. The sloops anchored a half-mile off the shore and made preparations for landing. A total of 181 officers, sailors and marines were landed by boat, they were commanded by Commander George E. Belknap of Hartford and secondly by Lieutenant Commander Alexander Slidell MacKenzie. When on land the company was broken up into two forces, Belknap commanded one of the forces and Mackenzie the other. The marines were directed by Captain James Forney, twenty of whom were deployed as skirmishers in the front of the columns. Their objective was to defeat the aboriginals decisively and to capture their village. Formosa is a tropical island, very hot and humid in the summer, with mountainous jungle on the east and plains in the west. This made the march through the jungle difficult for the Americans who wore heavy uniforms designed for keeping men warm at sea. After marching for nearly an hour, the Formosans attacked with muskets from concealed positions on top of a hill directly in front of the American columns. Though difficult to see, the United States expedition later reported that the Formosan warriors wore colorful face paint and were armed with spears and some firearms. Lieutenant MacKenzie's force engaged first by immediately charging the Formosan ambush but the natives fled before the Americans had time to climb the hill. The expedition continued further and was ambushed again so once more the Americans charged and captured the position but without inflicting losses on the enemy. As the expedition continued on to the village, the Formosans ambushed the Americans several times but did not actually hit them.

It was not until the last action that the first and only American casualty was sustained, the warriors fired a volley and a musket ball hit Lieutenant Mackenzie, mortally wounding him. After the volley the Formosans retreated again but the Americans chose not to pursue. By this time, after six hours of marching, several men had either grown delirious or passed out from the heat so the expedition returned to the ship.

Aftermath
When they arrived back at shore the sailors and marines boarded their ships and then sailed back to China having failed to complete their objectives. Formosan casualties were minimal if any, no bodies were found by the Americans. After the first expedition returned to the China mainland, American diplomat Charles William Le Gendre persuaded Governor General Liu of Foochow to send his own expedition to Formosa. He also requested that Rear Admiral Bell send a gunboat in support of the operation but this was denied. Le Gendre took command of the Chinese troops and left Foochow for southern Formosa on July 25, 1867. The expedition was peaceful and after landing and marching to the tribal capital, Le Gendre negotiated a treaty with Chief Tauketok (南岬之盟). The treaty was meant to assure the safe conduct of shipwrecked sailors throughout the Paiwanan chiefdom.

Attacks on wrecked merchant ships by Formosan natives did however continue. One incident resulted in the Taiwan Expedition of 1874 in which the Japanese military campaigned against the Paiwanans. This after fifty-four Ryūkyūan and Japanese sailors were captured and beheaded at the southeastern tip of Formosa. The Japanese succeeded in engaging the Paiwanan warriors in battle and received compensation from the Qing government for the massacre. From late 1867 to early 1868, Bell was appointed commander of the new Asiatic Squadron and while supporting the Opening of Japan, he anchored off Osaka to increase pressure on the Japanese government to open Hyogo on January 1, 1868 as previously scheduled. Ten days later on January 11, 1868, while paddling to shore, Bell's boat capsized and all but three of the occupants were killed, including the Rear Admiral.