Waco CG-4

The Waco CG-4A was the most widely used United States troop/cargo military glider of World War II. It was designated the CG-4A by the United States Army Air Forces, and named Hadrian in British military service.

Designed by the Waco Aircraft Company, flight testing began in May 1942, and eventually more than 13,900 CG-4As were delivered.

Design and development
The CG-4A was constructed of fabric-covered wood and metal and was crewed by a pilot and copilot. It had two fixed mainwheels and a tailwheel.

The CG-4A could carry 13 troops and their equipment. Cargo loads could be a quarter ton truck (Jeep), a 75 mm howitzer, or a ¼ ton trailer, loaded through the upward-hinged nose section. C-47s were usually used as tow aircraft. A few C-46 tugs were used during and after Operation Plunder.

The USAAF CG-4A tow line was 11/16 in nylon, 350 feet (107 m) long. The CG-4A pickup line was 15/16 inch- (24 mm)-diameter nylon, but only 225 ft (69 m) long including the doubled loop.

In effort to identify areas where strategic materials could be reduced, a single XCG-4B was built at the Timm Aircraft Corporation using wood for the main structure.

Production
During 1942-1945, the Ford Motor Company's Kingsford plant built 4,190 Model CG-4A gliders for use in combat operations during World War II. The Kingsford plant built more CG-4A gliders than any other company in the nation at much less cost than other manufacturers. The primary builders of the Model CG-4A gliders were located in Troy, Ohio; Greenville, Michigan; Astoria, New York; Kansas City, Missouri; St. Paul, Minnesota; and Kingsford, Michigan.

Sixteen companies were prime contractors for manufacturing the CG-4A. They were:
 * Babcock Aircraft Company of Deland, Florida (60)
 * Cessna Aircraft Company of Wichita, Kansas (750) The entire order was subcontracted to Boeing Aircraft Company's new Wichita plant.
 * Commonwealth Aircraft of Kansas City (1,470)
 * Ford Motor Company of Kingsford, Michigan (4,190 Units at $14,891 dollars each)
 * G&A Aircraft of Willow Grove,PA (627)
 * General Aircraft Corporation of Astoria, L.I.,NY (1,112)
 * Gibson Refrigerator of Greenville, Michigan (1,078)
 * Laister-Kauffman Corporation of St. Louis, Missouri (310)
 * National Aircraft Corp. of Elwood, IN (1 at an astronomical $1,741,809)
 * Northwestern Aeronautical Corporation of Minneapolis (1,510)
 * Pratt-Read of Deep River, Connecticut (956)
 * Ridgefield Manufacturing Company of Ridgeville, New Jersey (156)
 * Robertson Aircraft Corporation of St. Louis (170)
 * Timm Aircraft Company of Van Nuys, California (434)
 * Waco Aircraft Company of Troy (999 Units at $19,367 each).
 * Ward Furniture Company of Fort Smith, Arkansas (7)

The factories ran 24-hour shifts to build the gliders. One night shift worker in the Wicks Aircraft Company factory in Kansas City wrote,

On one side of the huge bricked-in room is a fan running, on the other a cascade of water to keep the air from becoming too saturated with paint. The men man the paint sprayers covering the huge wings of the glider with the Khaki or Blue and finishing it off with that thrilling white star enclosed in a blue circle that is winging its way around the world for victory ...

The wings are first covered with a canvas fabric stretched on like wallpaper over plywood then every seam, hold, open place, closed place, and edge is taped down with the all adhesive dope that not only makes the wings airtight, but covers my hands, my slacks, my eyebrows, my hair, and my tools with a fast-drying coat that peels off like nail polish or rubs off with a thinner that burns like Hell.

Operational history
Whiteman Air Force Base was originally activated on 6 August 1942 as Sedalia Glider Base. In November 1942 the installation became Sedalia Army Air Field and was assigned to the 12th Troop Carrier Command of the United States Army Air Forces. The field served as a training site for glider pilots and paratroopers. Assigned aircraft included the CG-4A glider, Curtiss C-46 Commando, and Douglas C-47 Skytrain. The C-46 was not used as a glider tug in combat, however, until Operation Plunder in March 1945.

CG-4As went into operation in July 1943 during the Allied invasion of Sicily. They participated in the American airborne landings in Normandy on 6 June 1944, and in other important airborne operations in Europe and in the China Burma India Theater. Although not the intention of the Army Air Forces, gliders were generally considered expendable by high-ranking European theater officers and combat personnel and were abandoned or destroyed after landing. While equipment and methods for extracting flyable gliders were developed and delivered to Europe, half of that equipment was rendered unavailable by certain higher-ranked officers. Despite this lack of support for the recovery system, several gliders were recovered from Normandy and even more from Operation Market Garden in the Netherlands and Wesel, Germany.

The CG-4A found favor where its small size was a benefit. The larger British Airspeed Horsa could carry more troopers (seating for 28 or a jeep or an anti-tank gun), and the British General Aircraft Hamilcar could carry a light tank, but the CG-4A could land in smaller spaces. In addition, by using a fairly simple grapple system, an in-flight C-47 equipped with a tail hook and rope braking drum could "pick up" a CG-4A waiting on the ground. The system was used in the 1945 high-elevation rescue of the survivors of the Gremlin Special in a mountain valley of New Guinea.

The CG-4A was also used to send supplies to partisans in Yugoslavia.

After World War II ended, most of the remaining CG-4As were declared surplus and almost all were sold. Many were bought for the wood in the large shipping boxes. Others were bought for conversion to towed camping homes with the wing and tail end cut off and being towed by the rear section and others sold for hunting cabins and lake side vacation cabins.

The last known use of the CG-4A was in the early 1950s by the USAF with an Arctic detachment aiding scientific research. The CG-4As were used for getting personnel down to, and up from, floating ice floes, with the glider being towed out, released for landing, and then picked up later by the same type of aircraft, using the hook and line method developed during World War II. The only modification to the CG-4A was the fitting of wide skis in place of the landing gear for landing on the Arctic ice floes.

Variants

 * XCG-4: Prototypes, two built, plus one stress test article
 * CG-4A: Main Production variant, survivors became G-4A in 1948, 13,903 built by 16 contractors
 * XCG-4B: One Timm-built CG-4A with a plywood structure
 * XPG-1: One CG-4A converted with two Franklin 6AC-298-N3 engines by Northwestern
 * XPG-2: One CG-4A converted with two 175 hp Ranger L-440-1 engines by Ridgefield
 * XPG-2A: Two articles: XPG-2 engines changed to 200 hp plus one CG-4A converted also with 200 hp engines
 * PG-2A: Production PG-2A with two 200 hp L-440-7s, redesignated G-2A in 1948, 10 built by Northwestern
 * XPG-2B: Cancelled variant with two R-775-9 engines
 * LRW-1: CG-4A transferred to the United States Navy (13 units)
 * G-2A: PG-2A re-designated in 1948
 * G-4A: CG-4A re-designated in 1948
 * G-4C: G-4A with different tow-bar, 35 conversions
 * Hadrian Mk.I: Royal Air Force designation for the CG-4A, 25 delivered
 * Hadrian Mk.II: Royal Air Force designation for the CG-4A with equipment changes

Operators



 * 🇨🇦 Canada:
 * Royal Canadian Air Force
 * Czechoslovakian Air Force operated 2 or 3 Wacos, designated NK-4
 * Army Air Corps
 * Glider Pilot Regiment
 * Royal Air Force
 * No. 668 Squadron RAF
 * No. 669 Squadron RAF
 * No. 670 Squadron RAF
 * No. 671 Squadron RAF
 * No. 672 Squadron RAF
 * No. 673 Squadron RAF
 * 🇺🇸 United States:
 * United States Army Air Forces
 * United States Navy
 * United States Army Air Forces
 * United States Navy

Surviving aircraft



 * Menominee Range Historical Foundation, Iron Mountain, Michigan
 * U.S. Army Airborne & Special Operations Museum, Fayetteville, North Carolina
 * The Fighting Falcon Museum, Greenville MI
 * Kalamazoo Air Zoo, Kalamazoo, Michigan
 * National Museum of the United States Air Force
 * National Infantry Museum, Fort Benning, Columbus, Georgia
 * 82nd Airborne Division War Memorial Museum, Fort Bragg, Fayetteville, North Carolina
 * Air Mobility Command Museum
 * Carolinas Aviation Museum, Charlotte, North Carolina
 * National Soaring Museum
 * Musée Airborne
 * Silent Wings Museum, Lubbock, Texas
 * Museum of Army Flying, Middle Wallop, United Kingdom
 * Don F. Pratt Memorial Museum, Fort Campbell, Kentucky
 * Airborne D-Day Museum, St. Mere Eglise, Normandy, France
 * Cradle of Aviation Museum, Long Island, New York
 * Yanks Air Museum, Chino, California
 * Museum bevrijdende vleugels, Best, the Netherlands