Collaboration with ISIL

Within states partially occupied by or in proximity to the terrorist organization Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (ISIL or ISIS), some citizens and governments knowingly engaged in collaboration with ISIL during the Syrian Civil War, Iraqi Civil War, and Libyan Civil War. These collaborationists committed war crimes and crimes against humanity.

Iraq
Sunni Arabs in Iraq have been accused of collaborating with ISIL against Assyrians, and Yazidis, and Shias. ISIL marked Christian homes with the letter nūn for Naṣārā and Shia homes with the letter rāʾ for Rāfiḍa, derogatory terms used to describe Christians and Shias by Sunni Muslims. Properties were confiscated and given to local ISIL supporters or foreign fighters. Local Sunnis were reported to have betrayed Yazidis once ISIL arrived, or colluded in advance to lure them into staying put until the ISIL invaded.

57 members of the Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Iraq Region participated in the massacre of at least 1,566 Shia cadets from the Iraqi Air Force on 12 June 2014.

Syria
In response to the effort to liberate Raqqa by the Syrian Democratic Forces, whose main component is the Kurdish People's Protection Units (YPG), Syrian Arabs in Raqqa have sided with ISIL.

Turkey
Some commanders of Kurdish forces in Syria have accused the Turkish government selling arms and intelligence to ISIL, as well as fighting against YPG. Turkey denies the allegations of assisting ISIL, pointing to multiple terrorist attacks ISIL has committed against civilians in Turkey, as well as multiple military confrontations between ISIL and the Turkish government. The Kurdistan Democratic Party in Iraq similarly deny the claim that Turkey is providing aid to ISIL. An assessment carried out by the Defense Intelligence Agency (DIA) and the Joint Chiefs of Staff in 2013 concluded that Turkey had effectively transformed the secret U.S. arms program in support of moderate rebels, who no longer existed, into an indiscriminate program to provide technical and logistical support for al-Nusra Front and ISIL.