Battle of Chinsurah

The Battle of Chinsurah (also known as the Battle of Biderra) took place near Chinsurah, India on 25 November 1759 during the Seven Years' War between a force of British troops mainly of the British East India Company and a force of the Dutch East India Company which had been invited by the Nawab of Bengal Mir Jafar to help him eject the British and establish themselves as the leading commercial company in Bengal. Despite Britain and the Dutch Republic not formally being at war the Dutch advanced up the Hooghly River and were met at Chinsurah, just outside Calcutta, by a mixed force of British and local troops. The British under Colonel Francis Forde defeated the Dutch, forcing them to withdraw. The ships used by the Dutch to deliver the troops were engaged and defeated in a separate naval battle on 24 November.

Background
Following the British capture and destruction of the French outpost at Chandernagore in 1757, Mir Jafar, the Nawab of Bengal, opened secret negotiations with representatives of the Dutch East India Company to bring troops into Dutch holdings in the area with the goal of using them against the British. Britain and the Dutch Republic were at peace, although tensions were high due to the Seven Years' War, and British East India Company administrator Robert Clive was preoccupied with fighting the French. The Dutch directors of the outpost at Chinsurah, not far from Chandernagore, seeing an opportunity to expand their influence, agreed to send additional troops to Chinsurah. A fleet of seven ships, containing more than fifteen hundred European and Malay troops, was sent from Batavia and arrived at the mouth of the Hooghly River in October 1759, while the nawab was meeting with Clive in Calcutta.

The nawab had been forced to ask the British for assistance against threats on his northern border in the interim, and told Clive that he would return to Hooghly, summon the Dutch directors and demand the departure of their ships. After meeting with the Dutch, he informed Clive that he had granted the Dutch some privileges, and that they would leave as soon as circumstances permitted. This news, combined with reports that the Dutch were recruiting in and around Chinsurah, led Clive to treat the situation as a real military threat.

Prelude
Of four ships he had available, Clive sent one out in an attempt to request assistance from Admiral Cornish, who was patrolling the coast. This ship was captured by the Dutch when they seized several smaller British vessels on the Hooghly River. He called out the militia and put out calls for volunteers, increased the fortifications on the river batteries, and sent Colonel Francis Forde with five hundred men toward Chandernagore with an eye toward capturing the Dutch outpost at Barnagore and intercepting the Dutch should they try to take Chandernagore.

The Dutch landed their troops on the northern shore of the Hooghly on November 21, just beyond the range of the English river batteries, and marched for Chinsurah.

Naval battle
The three remaining British ships had followed the Dutch ships up the river at some distance. When the Dutch had finished landing the troops, they began moving down the river. Commodore Charles Wilson, commanding the British flotilla, showed intentions to pass the Dutch on November 23, who threatened to fire on them if they did. The next day, after the rejection of an ultimatum from Clive demanding restitution for the earlier Dutch seizures, the two fleets engaged. In a two-hour battle, the Duke of Dorset forced the Dutch flagship Vlissingen to strike her colours, while the Hardwicke and the Calcutta chased off two ships and grounded a third before the remaining ships also struck their colours. (The two fleeing ships were eventually captured by other British ships arriving at the mouth of the river.)

Battle near Chandernagore
On the night of 23 November, Forde and his men encamped near Chandernagore, having successfully taken control of Barnagore. The Dutch, hoping to trap Forde between the arriving troops and the Chinsurah garrison, sent the latter out to camp in the ruins of Chandernagore that night. The following morning the two forces engaged, and Forde's men routed the Dutch, forcing them back to Chinsurah and capturing their field artillery. There he was joined by additional troops sent from Calcutta, raising the size of his force to about 1200. The nawab also sent 100 cavalry to the British camp, ostensibly to assist the British; these were likely placed to observe the battle and side with the victors.

With reports from prisoners that the Dutch reinforcements would be arriving the next day, Forde rushed a message to Clive in Calcutta requesting advice, as attacking the Dutch force could be viewed as an act of war. Clive responded by writing on the back of Forde's message, "Dear Forde&mdash;Fight them immediately", and sending it back.

Biderra
Forde chose as his location the plain of Biderra, between Chinsurah and Chandernagore. His troops occupied the village of Biderra on the right and a mango grove to the left, and the center was secured by a wide ditch. At about 10 on the morning of 25 November, the Dutch force arrived. As soon as they came within range, Forde ordered fire from his field artillery. The Dutch continued to advance in spite of the British fire until they reached the ditch, something they had not apparently been aware of. When the front of the Dutch lines stopped, the rear continued to press forward, throwing the Dutch forces into confusion. As their position was then within range of British musket fire, they suffered significant casualties before managing to turn around. At this point Forde sent out his cavalry, inviting the nawab's men to join the charge. However, the nawab's men held back, and did not join the British until the second charge, when it seemed clear they would be victorious. The British victory was so complete that, of the Dutch troops sent, only sixteen Europeans successfully reached Chinsurah.

Aftermath
In the wake of their victory, the British overthrew Mir Jafar and replaced him with his son-in-law Mir Kasim Ali Khan. Along with the Battle of Plassey, it helped establish British supremacy in Bengal. Dutch neutrality was not affected by the battle, and they remained one of the few European states not involved in the war.