Claude Nicholson (British Army)

Brigadier Claude Nicholson CB (July 2, 1898 – May 26, 1943 ) was a British Army officer who fought in World War I and commanded the defense at the Siege of Calais in World War II.

Early life and career
Nicholson was the older son of Richard Francis Nicholson, a distiller from Hampshire. He was educated at Winchester College, and in 1915 he entered Royal Military College, Sandhurst and served with the 16th Lancers in France and Belgium until 1918 during World War I. He later served in Palestine, India and Egypt. In 1930–31 he served at the War Office and then commanded cadets at the Royal Military College. On December 31, 1935 he married Ursula Katherine Hanbury-Tracy. In 1934 he was promoted to brevet Major.

In 1938 he was promoted to Lieutenant Colonel and taught at the Staff College, Sandhurst and then commanded a regiment of Lancers, the 16th/5th, in India from 1938 to 1939.

World War II
When World War II started, Nicholson was given command of 30 Infantry Brigade, which was created April 20, 1940 to serve in Norway.

Nicholson's brigade left Dover and reached Calais on 23 May 1940 to keep the Calais port open and relieve the defenders at the Battle of Boulogne. With the German advance, that became impossible and Nicholson held Calais.

The Germans drew closer to the town and laid siege to it, shelling the town and drawing closer. This was just before Operation Dynamo, the evacuation of the British Expeditionary Force (BEF) through Dunkirk.

The next day, Nicholson was told that his brigade may be evacuated back to Britain.

As the large German force fought through the town the same day, Nicholson ordered a staged withdrawal from the ramparts to more easily defensible places in the city such as the city's Citadel and the Gare Maritime, a train station.

On the morning of the 25th, the Germans sent the Mayor of Calais to Nicholson to ask him to surrender, saying that if he did not, they would bomb and shell the town until it was razed. Nicholson said no: "Surrender? No, I shall not surrender. Tell the Germans that if they want Calais they will have to fight for it."

The Germans resumed their fire and soon after Nicholson received a telegram from Anthony Eden, Secretary of War. "Defence of Calais is of vital importance to our country and BEF and as showing our continued co-operation with France. The eyes of the whole Empire are upon the defence of Calais, and His Majesty’s government is confident that you and your gallant regiments will perform an exploit worthy of the British name." He received and refused another offer to surrender from the Germans: "The answer is no, as it is the British Army’s duty to fight as well as it is the Germans'."

Nicholson continued visiting the troops at the front lines. That night, Churchill telegrammed Nicholson: "Every hour you continue to exist is of the greatest help to the BEF. Government has therefore decided that you must continue to fight. Have greatest possible admiration for your splendid stand. Evacuation will not (repeat not) take place, and craft required for above purpose are to return to Dover." Churchill later wrote that he felt physically sick after sending the telegram.

On May 26, the German barrage continued and in the afternoon, the Germans broke through, taking Nicholson and many soldiers prisoner.

On June 4, 1940 Churchill spoke to Parliament about Nicholson's defense: The Rifle Brigade, the 60th Rifles and the Queen Victoria’s Rifles, with a battalion of British tanks and one thousand Frenchmen – in all about four thousand strong – defended Calais to the last. The British Brigadier was given an hour to surrender. He spurned the offer, and four days of intense street fighting passed before silence reigned over Calais, which marked the end of a memorable resistance. Only thirty unwounded survivors were brought off by the Royal Navy, and we do not know the fate of their comrades. Their sacrifice was not however in vain. At least two armoured divisions, which otherwise would have been turned against the British Expeditionary Force, had to be sent to overcome them. They have added another page to the glories of the Light Division and the time gained enabled the Gravelines Walnlieu to be flooded and to be held by French troops; and thus it was that the port of Dunkirk was kept open.

He was taken to a prisoner camp near Salzburg, then later to one in Hesse.

Katyn incident
While imprisoned, Nicholson was asked to be an independent witness that the Germans did not perpetrate the Katyn massacre, where around 20,000 Polish generals and intelligentsia were killed by the Russians. Nicholson, the senior British officer at his camp, and the senior American officer, Col. John H. Van Vliet (later the author of the "Van Vliet report" implicating the Russians in the massacre) refused, not wanting to be part of a German propaganda effort. Van Vliet and another American officer were later forced to go.

Death
Nicholson died in captivity at Oflag IX A/Z, Germany in 1943, and was buried at Rotenburg Civil Cemetery in the German town of Rotenburg an der Fulda. His date of death is given as June 26 or 27 in his obituary in The Times.

He was awarded Companion of the Bath for his services at Calais in 1945.

Historical reaction
In 1949, Churchill wrote that the defence of Calais led by Nicholson delayed the German attack on Dunkirk, helping to save the BEF, a claim that German general Heinz Guderian contradicted in 1951. In 1966, Lionel Ellis, the British official historian, wrote that three panzer divisions had been diverted by the defence of Boulogne and Calais, giving the Allies time to rush troops to close a gap west of Dunkirk. In 2006, Karl-Heinz Frieser wrote that the halt order issued to the German unit commanders because of the Anglo-French attack at the Battle of Arras (21 May) had a greater effect than the siege. Hitler and the higher German commanders panicked because of their fears of flank attacks, when the real danger was of the Allies retreating to the coast before they could be cut off. Reinforcements sent from Britain to Boulogne and Calais arrived in time to forestall the Germans and hold them off when they advanced again on 22 May.

In popular culture
Nicholson is portrayed by Richard Glover in the 2017 film Darkest Hour about Winston Churchill in the late 1930s and early 1940s. In the film, Churchill orders Nicholson to hold out and delay the Germans so that the bulk of the British army can be evacuated from Dunkirk. Churchill's telegram to Nicholson features in a scene in the film.