Siege of Pelium

The Siege of Pelium was undertaken by Alexander the Great against the Illyrian tribes of what is modern day Albania. It was critical for Alexander to take this pass as it provided easy access to Illyria and Macedonia, which was urgently needed in order to quell the unrest in Greece at this time in Athens and Thebes. This was an important point of demarcation in Alexander's early reign, as it established him among the Danubian tribes to the north as a serious monarch to be reckoned with, just as he would later establish this precedent for the Greek city states under his hegemony. Taking this place allowed Alexander to march his army to southern Greece quickly, which would eventually result in the total destruction of Thebes.

Background
News of the Illyrian revolt under Cleitus the Dardanian, and King Glaukias of the Taulanti first reached the ears of Alexander while he was campaigning on the Danube against some of the northern tribes that his father, Philip II of Macedon had previously reduced to a satisfactory level of subjection, although not outright submission. As this area had been far from the Greek theatre of operations, Phillip had been satisfied with the level of subjection he had reduced them to.

Alexander was immediately concerned about the news of this revolt, as the settlement of Pelium itself occupied one of the most important passes between Illyria and Macedonia. As a result of this, Alexander would have to make a long march around a mountain range to the south, and then into Illyria. In addition to this, without access to this crucial pass, Alexander could be cut off from Greece, which had freshly revolted, and would eventually do so again, with aid of the Great King. The loss of this pass, and the resultant long march would give the Greek city states to the south ample time to prepare for Alexander's arrival while he was reducing the Illyrians.

An ally of Alexander offered aid to him by protecting his flank from barbarian tribes while he marched towards Pelium. Langarus, of the Agrianians, made frequent incursions into the country of the Autariatians, and managed to put them on guard sufficiently to allow Alexander to march by in relative peace. Having successfully made this march, Alexander arrived to find Cleitus the Dardanian in control of Pelium and awaiting the arrival of King Glaukias with reinforcements. When Alexander arrived, Cleitus reportedly sacrificed three boys, three girls, and three black rams before meeting the Macedonians.

Opening
Alexander arrived with 15,000 soldiers and determined to attack Pelium at once, as he hoped to take the place out of hand before King Glaukias could arrive and reinforce Cleitus. The first thing Alexander did upon arriving was set up the Macedonian camp.

The Macedonians found that not only was Pelium itself held, which commanded the plateau, but the heights surrounding the Plain of Pelium was held in force. Upon completing the camp, Alexander resolved to attack the troops of Cleitus that were surrounding the heights. This he did with some effect, and as a result of this assault the barbarians retreated within the walls of Pelium. Alexander then attempted to take the town by assault, but failing in this, he started to erect circumvallation and contravallation around Pelium. This however, was interrupted by the arrival of Glaukias and his reinforcements the next day, which compelled Alexander to retreat from the heights that Alexander had captured the day before.

Battle and Siege
Having been forced back into the plain itself by King Glaukias, Alexander was in now a perilous situation. He was outnumbered by the barbarians, who were free to gather supplies. Not only that, but Alexander was anxious to taking Pelium quickly before Thebes and Athens could seriously consider throwing off Macedonian hegemony. Therefore, not only did Alexander have pressing issues elsewhere, but the barbarian forces were bent on the annihilation of Alexander's forces, and could afford to wait.

Being short of supplies, Alexander sent Philotas, one of his lieutenants, out to forage for supplies. Glaukias witnessed this force leaving, and pursued and attacked the foragers. However, Alexander was with some difficulty able to fend off the attackers and extricate his hypaspists, Agrianians and bowmen.

Seeking to seize his line of retreat before putting his shoulder to the siege, Alexander desired to attack the heights that commanded the defile through which he had come. This defile was small, and only four men could march through it abreast. He therefore decided upon a singular method of attack. He drew up some of his infantry and cavalry in front of the settlement of Pelium itself to defend this maneuver from being attacked by a sortie from Cleitus. He then drew up his phalanx, one hundred and twenty men deep and started to drill his soldiers in the plain below the heights. Alexander marched them towards the heights where King Glaikus troops were stationed, who were watching his troops drill below them with surprise. Suddenly, Alexander drilled his phalanx into a wedge and charged them up the heights, forcing the shocked barbarian troops to retreat. During this engagement, not a single Macedonian armored soldier was killed. However, deaths among light troops were usually not reported, and it is unknown whether any were killed in this instance.

However, there were still some barbarians on the heights that commanded the ford, and it was critical for Alexander to seize these heights in order to control of the entire plain. Before engaging in battle, Alexander decided to re-establish his camp on the far side of the river near the ford, in order to ensure the security of both his operations and his camp. However, in the process of doing so he ran the danger of being taken in the rear while his troops were crossing the river, and the barbarians attacked him, perceiving his army to be retreating. So he ordered his troops to turn around to simulate an advance, while initiating a charge with his companion cavalry. Meanwhile, he also ordered his archers to turn around and fire their arrows at the barbarians from mid stream. Having gained a place of safety on the far side of the river, Alexander was able to freely supply his army and await reinforcements. Before reinforcements arrived, however, Alexander's scouts reported that they observed that the barbarians were becoming careless about protecting the settlement, as they perceived that Alexander was in retreat.

Acting on this intelligence, Alexander awaited the arrival of night, and then rushed ahead without awaiting the crossing of his complete force, leading his shield-bearing guards, the Agrianians, archers and the brigade of Coenus as the leading unit. He then rushed down upon the defenders with his Agrianians and archers, who were formed in phalanx formation. Many of the barbarians were still asleep, and were taken completely by surprise. A slaughter followed, many of the barbarians were captured.

Result
As a result of this siege, Alexander gained Pelium, and built a fresh outpost there, as the barbarians had burnt the settlement that had previously been situated there. The barbarians begged for terms, and Alexander was happy to accept their submission and allow them to swear fealty to him anew. Having completed his conquest of these particular tribe of barbarians, Alexander had established himself as a new monarch to be reckoned with, and was now free to march south to Boeotia and deal with the threat from Thebes and Athens.