Gando Special Force

Gando Special Force (1 December 1938 - 1945) (間島特設隊) (Hangul: 간도 특설대／Gando Teugseoldae) was an independent battalion in the Manchukuo Imperial Army composed primarily of ethnic Koreans, tasked with suppressing anti-Japanese, anti-Manchukuo, and pro-communist militant groups in border areas between northern Korea and Manchukuo.

History
The Jiandao region of Kirin province in Manchuria, known in Korean as “Gando”, was an area that had been inhabited largely by ethnic Koreans since the ancient kingdoms of Goguryeo and Balhae. After the Japanese annexation of Korea by the Empire of Japan in 1905, many Koreans opposed to the annexation relocated from Korea to Gando and established anti-Japanese resistance movements. Many of these movements came later under the control of the Chinese Communist Party via the Northeast Anti-Japanese United Army.

From 1907, the Japanese government claimed jurisdiction over all ethnic Koreans regardless of physical location, and friction increased with the government of Qing dyansty China over control of the Gando area, cumulating in the Gando Convention of 1909. After the Manchurian Incident, and the establishment of Japanese control over all of Manchuria in 1931, another wave of Korean immigation occurred, this time with Japanese encouragement, to help cement Japanese claims on the territory.

With the establishment of Manchukuo in 1932, the situation in Gando was very unstable, with the local population rent into pro-Japanese and anti-Japanese / anti-Manchukuo factions, many of which resorted to guerrilla warfare tactics. In an effort to subjugate the region, the Kwantung Army recruited pro-Japanese Koreans into a special warfare force, which it incorporated into, and had trained by the Manchukuo Imperial Army primarily in counter insurgency tactics. A number of ethnic Koreans saw better opportunities for advancement via the Manchukuo military academies which would have been impossible in the Imperial Japanese Army, and joined the new force. These included future Republic of Korea generals Paik Sun-yup. Historian Philip Jowett noted that during the Japanese occupation of Manchuria, the Gando Special Force had "earned a reputation for brutality and was reported to have laid waste to large areas which came under its rule."

After the surrender of Japan, many members of the Gando Special Force were incorporated into the new Republic of Korea Army by the United States Army, for their training and intimate knowledge of the terrain and tactics of the communist North Korean Army in many northern areas of the Korean peninsula. Some later rose to high positions within the government of the Republic of Korea. However, for the most part members of the Gando Special Force are regarded as Chinilpas in modern Korea for their role in suppressing groups advocating Korean independence.