William B. Caldwell

William B. Caldwell, IV (born 1954),United States Army Lieutenant General, serving as the commanding general of United States Army North (Fifth Army), a position his father held from 1978-1980. LTG Caldwell also served as the senior U.S. Army commander of Fort Sam Houston, which is part of Joint Base San Antonio.

Prior to his assignment at Fort Sam Houston, LTG Caldwell served as the Commander of NATO Training Mission – Afghanistan, and simultaneously as the Commander of Combined Security Transition Command - Afghanistan. Other command assignments include the United States Army Combined Arms Center, and the 82nd Airborne Division.

Early 2013 (February), LTG Caldwell announced that he would be retiring from the Army later in the year, and that he had accepted appointment as President of Georgia Military College.

Early years
Originally from Columbus, Georgia, Caldwell's family moved frequently. His father, William B. Caldwell, III was a serving officer in the US Army, eventually retiring as the Commander of Fifth Army. During Caldwell's early childhood, his father was stationed at the United States Military Academy. Growing up there gave him a chance to interact with West Point cadets, who helped teach some youth sports teams, which deeply influenced him:

"I found that I just really had a great respect and admiration for the cadets at the academy. I thought, 'Boy, I'd love to do something like that one day.' Then with time, I thought I'd like to serve in the armed forces, and so that led me to apply for the military academy. "

Education and academia
Caldwell attended the SHAPE American High School at SHAPE, Belgium followed by Hargrave Military Academy, a military high school in Chatham Virginia. From there, he was accepted to the United States Military Academy at West Point, New York. After graduation from West Point in 1976, Caldwell served in posts throughout the country and overseas. He continued his education with a master's degree in systems technology from the Naval Postgraduate School and then a master of military arts and sciences from the School for Advanced Military Studies which is part of the U.S. Army Command and General Staff College. Caldwell has also attended the John F. Kennedy School of Government and Harvard University as a Senior Service College Fellow.

Military career
Caldwell learned early on that the military required him to be flexible and ready for new challenges. One month prior to leaving his battalion command position in the 25th Infantry Division in Hawaii, for example, his commanding general sent him to Haiti to work as his political-military liaison in the U.S. Embassy during Operation Uphold Democracy in the mid-1990s.

Caldwell took his communications, intelligence and operations cells and worked in the embassy for six months. "I gave up command, formed this organization and took off to go work in an American embassy, which I'd never done in my life", he recalled. "In fact, I'm not even sure I'd ever been in an American embassy overseas in my life. I literally started from scratch."

After his tour in Haiti, he commanded the 1st Brigade, 10th Mountain Division, at Fort Drum, New York. He worked in the Office of the Director for Strategic Plans and Policy on the Joint Chiefs of Staff at the Pentagon, and later served as the executive assistant to the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff.

Caldwell's duties once again tested his readiness and flexibility after the September 11 attacks in 2001. During this time Caldwell was serving as deputy director for operations, U.S. Pacific Command, Hawaii. The command's focus shifted from regional war plans to the global war on terrorism.

The headquarters changed to a 24-7 operations center, Caldwell said. "So, instead of having a cell of about six or eight people that worked 24-7, we now had a cell of about 50 people that worked 24-7. " The operation required reserve component personnel to play a crucial role, the general noted. "They were indispensable in the execution of our operations in the Pacific, absolutely indispensable", he said. "They brought a wealth of knowledge that a lot of our folks who had just come in for the first time in the command did not have. So they proved their weight in gold."

In July 2002 Caldwell was assigned as senior military assistant to the deputy secretary of defense. In this position he served his boss during the preparation, execution, and follow on for Operation Iraqi Freedom and other aspects of the global war on terrorism.

From May 2004 until June 2006 Caldwell served as the Commanding General of the 82nd Airborne Division. As the division commander, Caldwell oversaw countless deployments by the units under his command to both Afghanistan and Iraq.

Hurricane Katrina
The 82nd Airborne's 3rd Brigade and Division Artillery along with supporting units deployed to support search-and-rescue and security operations in New Orleans, Louisiana after the city was flooded by Hurricane Katrina in September 2005. In all, 3,600 paratroopers commanded by Caldwell operated out of New Orleans International Airport under Task Force All-American. The division helped evacuate 6,000 residents, treat 1,352 people, and cleared 185 city blocks of debris.

Multi-National Force - Iraq spokesman
Following his command of the 82nd, Caldwell was assigned as Deputy Chief of Staff for Strategic Effects and spokesperson for the Multi-National Force – Iraq, a position he held for 13 months. During his deployment to Iraq, Caldwell earned the respect and admiration of both national and international media for his candid assessments of the situation in Iraq and for his responsiveness to the needs of the press.

U.S. Army Combined Arms Center
Caldwell was promoted to the rank of lieutenant general in June 2007 and served as the Commanding General of the Combined Arms Center at Fort Leavenworth, Kansas. As the Commanding General for the Combined Arms Center, he has responsibility for the Command and General Staff College and 17 other schools, centers, and training programs throughout the United States.

The Combined Arms Center is also responsible for: development of the Army’s doctrinal manuals, training of the Army’s commissioned and non-commissioned officers, oversight of major collective training exercises, integration of battle command systems and concepts, and supervision of the Army’s Center for the collection and dissemination of lessons learned.

NATO Training Mission-Afghanistan/Combined Security Transition Command-Afghanistan
Caldwell assumed command of the NATO Training Mission-Afghanistan (NTM-A)/Combined Security Transition Command-Afghanistan (CSTC-A) on November 21, 2009. Prior to the activation of NTM-A at that time, CSTC-A was a two-star command headed by then Major General Richard Formica. Elevating the Afghan training mission to a three-star command reflected the increased priority placed on training the Afghan National Security Force (ANSF) as part of President Barack Obama’s Afghan “Surge.” It also ensured unity of effort and purpose while helping secure and disperse funding for building all levels of the ANSF.

After securing additional trainers and funding, the reorganization efforts at NTM-A began showing results. Less than a year after Caldwell took command, NTM-A trained an additional 68,000 soldiers for the Afghan National Army and 35,000 for the Afghan National Police. These additions increased the size of the army to more than 144,000 and the police 115,000 by early November 2010. By early 2011, the ANSF totaled nearly 300,000—just short of the level authorized by the Afghan Government and the United States Congress of 305,000. Despite its success, NTM-A still faces a trainer shortfall, particularly regarding specialized trainers such as helicopter mechanics, medical personnel and intelligence specialists, among others. According to a Washington Post article, Caldwell was optimistic about Canada’s plans to contribute more trainers but maintained more were needed to staff new police training centers, air mentor teams, and medical trainers.

In 2010, while NTM-A ensured the continued increase in the quantity of the ANSF, increasing the quality of training and the soldiers and police fielded was of particular concentration. In 2011, the priorities changed to building sustainability and professionalism into the ANSF while continuing to add overall numbers. As part of this effort, NTM-A is embarking on a screening process for all ANSF personnel to ensure Taliban and criminal elements have not infiltrated the force. Comprehensive screening will augment other recruiting vetting processes that began in 2009. Caldwell's efforts in Afghanistan received praise from figures in the military and government, including Senator Carl Levin, United States Secretary of Defense Robert Gates, and Admiral Mike Mullen.

During this assignment Caldwell was investigated after a subordinate claimed Caldwell directed him to use psychological operations in order to influence U.S. political leaders to support the military effort in Afghanistan. Doing so would be a violation of the Smith–Mundt Act. However, a thorough investigation lasting five months cleared LTG Caldwell of any wrongdoing.

Dawood Military Hospital
Four US military officers testified that Caldwell had forced them to retract requests for a DOD investigation into sub-standard conditions at a US-funded Afghan Military Hospital in Kabul. Caldwell's reasoning, according to Colonel Mark Fassl, was that there was "an election coming." However, Kenneth Moorefield, Depury Inspector General for Special Plans and Operations, dismissed these allegations, claiming that there as no "attempt ... to delay our investigation ... or turn it off.

The Department of Defense Office of Inspector General conducted an investigation into the allegations and determined that Lieutenant General Caldwell and his deputy Major General Gary S. Patton sought in 2011 to restrict contact with a team of investigators probing allegations of corruption and sub-standard patient care at Dawood National Military Hospital. The Inspector General recommended that the Secretary of the Army take appropriate action against Caldwell and his immediate subordinate, Major General Patton.

US Army North (Fifth Army)
LTG Caldwell's final military command was United States Army North, or Fifth Army, which was also his father's final military assignment. Under LTG Caldwell's command, Army North successfully executed seven National Special Security Events, six Presidential support missions, and supported a major wild land fire-fighting effort. They also supported civil authorities in responding to two major hurricanes (Isaac & Sandy). During Hurricane Sandy, LTG Caldwell and Army North tracked and supervised the deployment of over 1,680 government personnel and civilian technicians, and also helped provide over 8 million gallons of fuel and enough electricity to support 55,000 families. LTG Caldwell and Army North also supported a number of regional certification exercises to include Ardent Sentry 12, Vibrant Response 13 and Vigilant Shield 13.

LTG Caldwell and Army North also continued an unprecedented engagement with Mexico. In Fiscal Year 2008, Army North undertook only 3 training programs with Mexico's Secretariat of National Defense (SEDENA). By 2012, however, Army North and SEDENA were participating in nearly 100 events.

LTG Caldwell turned over command of U.S. Army North to LTG Perry L. Wiggins on September 4, 2013.

Promotions

 * US-OF1B.svg 2LT – 1976
 * US-OF1A.svg 1LT – 1978
 * US-O3 insignia.svg CPT – 1980
 * US-O4 insignia.svg MAJ – 1986
 * US-O5 insignia.svg LTC – 1992
 * US-O6 insignia.svg COL – 1996
 * US-O7 insignia.svg BG – 2001
 * US-O8 insignia.svg MG – 2004
 * US-O9 insignia.svg LTG – 2007

U.S. non-military decorations

 * Louisiana Cross of Merit
 * Louisiana Emergency Service Ribbon
 * Honorary Member of the Sergeant Audie Murphy Club
 * Veterans of Foreign Wars Commander-in-Chief Gold Medal and Citation of Merit Award
 * Honorary ROCK of the Year in 2008
 * US Department of State Meritorious Honor Award Medal

Foreign military decorations

 * Bronze German Army Proficiency Badge
 * EUPOL Afghanistan Gold Medal
 * Polish Armed Forces Gold Medal

Foreign badges, patches and tabs

 * German Bronze Parachutist Badge
 * Canadian Parachutist Badge
 * British Parachutist Badge
 * Irish Parachutist Badge

Articles

 * Caldwell, W. (2013). Enhancing North American Security - A Military Perspective. "Interagency Journal" The Journal of the Simons Center, Vol. 3, Issue 4, Special Edition, November 2012.
 * Caldwell, W. (2010). Curing Afghanistan. Foreign Policy. Retrieved April 7, 2010, from http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2010/04/07/curing_afghanistan.
 * Caldwell, W. (2010). Leadership Development, Professionalism, and Transition. Small Wars Journal. Retrieved August 29, 2010, from http://smallwarsjournal.com/blog/2010/08/leadership-development-profess.
 * Caldwell, W. (2010). Economy of Force to Strategic Cornerstone: The Past, present and Future of the Afghan National Security Forces. Army Magazine. November 2010.
 * Caldwell, W. (2010). Towards Transition. Defence Management Journal. November 2010.
 * Caldwell, W. (2010). No Trainers? No Transition. NATO Review. November 2010.
 * Caldwell, W. (2010). The Challenges of a Multilateral Approach. PRISM. Volume 2, Number 1, November 2010.
 * Caldwell, W. (2010). From the Operational to the Strategic: A Post-2011 Opportunity. Canadian Defence and Foreign Affairs Institute Policy Update. December 12, 2010.
 * Caldwell, W. (2011). Developing Ministries and Security Forces in Afghanistan. Journal of International Peace Operations. Volume 6, Number 4, January 2011.
 * Caldwell, W. (2011). Security, Capacity and Literacy. Military Review. January–February 2011.
 * Caldwell, W. and Nathan K. Finney. (2011). Building the Security Force that Won't Leave. Joint Force Quarterly. Issue 62, 3rd Quarter 2011.
 * Caldwell, W. and Nathan K. Finney. (2011). Helping Afghans Help Themselves. U.S. Naval Institute Proceedings. July 2011.
 * Caldwell, W. and Nathan K. Finney. (2011). Developing a Sustainable Security Force. Canadian Military Journal. Summer 2011.
 * Caldwell, W. and Keith Detwiler. (2011). Afghanistan: Return on Investment. Armed Forces Journal. August 2011.
 * Caldwell, W. and Derek Reveron (2011). Beyond the Tenth Year in Afghanistan: Security Force Assistance and International Security, Foreign Police Research Institute.
 * Caldwell, W. and Crispin Burke (2013). America's Veterans: A Sound Investment. Center for a New American Security.

OpEds

 * Caldwell, W. (2010). Dr. Seuss and the Afghan Military. Wall Street Journal.
 * Caldwell, W. (2010). The Military Women of Afghanistan. The Boston Globe.
 * Caldwell, W. (2011). The Unnoticed Surge in Afghan Security. Chicago Tribune.
 * Caldwell, W. (2011). Hope and Opportunity. Ledger-Enquirer.
 * Caldwell, W. (2012). Moral and Persistent, Lincoln Inspires. San Antonio Express-News.
 * Caldwell, W. (2012). In 'Military City', Army Celebrates a Big Day. San Antonio Express-News.
 * Caldwell, W. (2012). This Time, a Hero's Welcome. San Antonio Express-News.
 * Caldwell, W. (2013). Happy Birthday, U.S. Army. San Antonio Express-News
 * Caldwell, W. (2013). San Antonio Truly is Military City, USA. San Antonio Express-News

Blogs

 * Caldwell, W. (2010). Update on Progress and Challenges in Developing An Afghan Security Force. Think Progress.
 * Caldwell, W. (2010). Literacy as a Matter of Life and Death. Huffington Post.
 * Caldwell, W. (2010). No Trainers, No Transition. Allied Command Operations Blog.
 * Caldwell, W. (2010). Inspirational Leaders, Incredible Impact. Huffington Post.
 * Caldwell, W. (2010). Communicating Their Own Story: Progress in the Afghan National Security Force. MountainRunner.
 * Caldwell, W. (2011). Drop by Drop, A River is Formed: Transition Begins in Afghanistan. New Atlanticist. July 19, 2011.
 * Caldwell, W. (2011). Heart of Transition in Herat. New Atlanticist. July 22, 2011.
 * Caldwell, W. (2011). International Partnership and Transition in Afghanistan. New Atlanticist. July 28, 2011.
 * Caldwell, W. (2011). Building the Afghan National Security Force Under Fire. New Atlanticist. August 4, 2011.
 * Caldwell, W. (2011). NATO and the Afghan Surge. New Atlanticist. August 15, 2011.
 * Caldwell, W. (2011). Building a Capable, Affordable, and Sustainable Afghan National Security Force. New Atlanticist. August 23, 2011.
 * Caldwell, W. (2011). Leadership Lessons of an Afghan Colonel. New Atlanticist. August 30, 2011.
 * Caldwell, W. (2011). Tragedy, Hope, and 9/11 Remembered. New Atlanticist. September 8, 2011.
 * Caldwell, W. (2011). International Partnership and NATO’s Future in Afghanistan. New Atlanticist. September 15, 2011.
 * Caldwell, W. (2011). The Afghan National Police. New Atlanticist. September 23, 2011.
 * Caldwell, W. (2011). Resilience and Heroism in Afghanistan. New Atlanticist. September 30, 2011.
 * Caldwell, W. (2012). Mexico Matters! Small Wars Journal. October 22, 2012
 * Caldwell, W. (2012). Using Social Media To Tell the Army Story Army Live Blog''. November 1, 2012