Mondragón rifle

The Mondragón was the world's first semi-automatic rifle, and was designed by Mexican general Manuel Mondragón. He began work in 1882 and patented the weapon in 1887. It was gas-operated with a cylinder and piston arrangement, now very familiar but unusual at the time, and rotating bolt, locked by lugs in helical grooves in the receiver; it was also possible to operate it as a simple straight-pull bolt action. The caliber was 7 mm (.284 in) Mauser with an 8-round box magazine; a trial LMG version had a 20-round box and provision for a bipod, like the BAR; the Mexican Army also used a 100-round drum magazine for a light machine gun variant produced in 1910.

Features and uses
The Mondragón was known for its stopping power but suffered from high recoil and poor accuracy when their automatic variants were fired on fully automatic setting. The Mondragón also had a light machine gun variant that could be used with a 100-round magazine.. For this reason, the Mexican army used an improved light machine gun variant of the Mondragón up until 1943, when it was replaced with the Mendoza M-1943 general purpose infantry machine gun.

Initial production
Because of the Mexican Revolution, few facilities in Mexico were able to mass-produce it and those that could were not able to shut down their assembly plants for the required retooling time needed to initiate production of the new rifles. Mondragón attempted to interest a U.S. firm, without success as they thought that semi-automatic rifles were not practical and could not be produced in the numbers that Mexico wanted. He then turned to Schweizerische Industrie Gesellschaft (SIG), of Neuhausen am Rheinfall, who agreed to manufacture the rifle. In 1901 the first rifles were shipped to Mexico and issued to the army as the Fusil Mondragón Modelo 1900 with an 8 round magazine. In 1908 During the Mexican revolution a completely Mexican manufactured version was again issued to the Mexican Army as the Fusil Porfirio Diaz Sistema Mondragón Modelo 1908 this time with the 20 round magazine. By 1910 however adequate facilities were completed in the Mexican cities of Veracruz, Ciudad Juárez, Guanajuato, Guadalajara and Mexico City where they were produced until 1943.

Use in World War I
With World War I, Germany bought the remainder of SIG's stock that had not been sent to Mexico, issuing them to the infantry, where they proved highly susceptible to mud and dirt in the trenches (a problem familiar even to less complex bolt action rifles such as the Ross). Instead, realizing their potential as portable yet powerful semi-automatic weapons, they were withdrawn by the Central German command and reissued, with 30-round helical magazines, to aircraft crews as the Fliegerselbstlader Karabiner 1915 (Pilot's Selfloading Carbine Model 1915), until enough numbers of machine guns were available.

International sales
In the early 1930s, the Mexican government decided that they could make a profit trying to market the weapon on the international stage. At the time the Mondragón was still considered a quite advanced weapon with its only true rival being the BAR. It was sold to many Mexican allied nations including Chile, Brazil, Peru and Nationalist China. The Weimar Republic of Germany and later Nazi Germany purchased rights to licence manufacture the weapon along with Austria and Japan. Japan however manufactured less than five thousand, as Japanese machine tools at the time were not advanced enough to mass produce the delicate firing mechanism. When Mao Zedong's People's Liberation Army declared victory over nationalist forces in 1949 many of the nationalist's weapons were seized by the communist forces and almost all of the Chinese Mondragón rifles were redistributed to the People's Liberation Army where they remained in active service as sniper rifles and support weapons until the late 1950's, when it was completely phased out due to the wide-spread introduction of the SKS and Type 68 self-loading rifles.

World War II and later
During World War II there were still many of the Mexican rifles in German stocks left over from World War I. These were given as auxiliary weapons to the Waffen SS or sometimes as replacements or complementary weapons to the Kar 98k in the early parts of the war. During the siege of Stalingrad some Wehrmacht troops used them instead of the Kar 98k as they were less susceptible to the frigid climate, and during the later part of the war they were issued to many Volkssturm groups. They also found their way into France when they were given as a donation by the Third Reich to the German allied Vichy French army, many would later be captured and used by the French resistance. Few of the German versions with the helical magazine survive, however the Mexican army still uses the Mexican version in parades and other military celebrations as a ceremonial rifle.

Users

 * 🇲🇽 Mexico
 * Austria-Hungary
 * 🇧🇷 Brazil
 * 🇨🇱 Chile
 * Flag of France.svg Vichy France
 * German Empire
 * Weimar Republic
 * Nazi Germany
 * Republic of Korea
 * Empire of Japan
 * 🇵🇪 Peru
 * Republic of China
 * People's Republic of China
 * Soviet Union
 * Vietnam