Bristol Bombay

The Bristol Bombay was a British troop transport aircraft adaptable for use as a medium bomber flown by the Royal Air Force (RAF) during the Second World War.

Development
The Bristol Bombay was built to Air Ministry Specification C.26/31 which called for a monoplane bomber-transport aircraft to replace the Vickers Valentia biplane in use in the Middle East and India. The aircraft was required to be capable of carrying 24 troops or an equivalent load of cargo as a transport, while carrying bombs and defensive guns for use as a bomber. This dual-purpose design concept was common to British pre-war designs. Other entities for the specification were the Armstrong Whitworth A.W.23 and the Handley Page HP.51.

Bristol's design, the Type 130, was a high-wing cantilever monoplane of all-metal construction. Bristol's last monoplane design, the 1927 Bagshot, had suffered from lack of torsional rigidity in the wings leading to aileron reversal. This led to an extensive research program at Bristol which resulted in a wing design with a stressed metal skin rivetted to an internal framework consisting of multiple spars and the ribs. This was the basis of the Bombay's wing, which had seven spars, with high-tensile steel flanges and alclad webs. The aircraft had a twin-tail and a fixed tailwheel undercarriage.

The aircraft's crew consisted of a pilot, who sat in an enclosed cockpit, a navigator/bomb-aimer, whose working position was in the nose, and a radio-operator/gunner, who divided his time between the radio operators position behind the cockpit and a gun turret in the nose. When operated as a bomber, an additional gunner was carried to man the tail gun position. In the prototype, this position cockpit equipped with a single Lewis gun on a scarff ring, but in production aircraft, both gun positions were hydraulically-operated gun turrets armed with single Vickers K machine guns. Eight 250 lb bombs could be carried on racks under the fuselage.

The prototype Type 130 first flew on 23 June 1935, powered by two 750 hp Bristol Pegasus III radial engines driving two-bladed propellers. Testing was successful and an order for 80 was placed as the Bombay in July 1937. These differed from the prototype in having more powerful (1010 hp) driving three-bladed Rotol variable pitch propellers, and discarding the wheel spats fitting to the undercarriage mainwheels in the prototype. As Bristol's Filton factory was busy building the more urgent Blenheim, the production aircraft were built by Short & Harland of Belfast. However, the complex nature of the Bombay's wing delayed production at Belfast, with the first Bombay not being delivered until 1939, and the last 30 being cancelled.

Operational history
The first production Bombay flew on March 1939, with deliveries to No. 216 Squadron RAF based in Egypt beginning in September that year. Although it was outclassed as a bomber for the European theatre, it saw some service with British-based 271 Squadron ferrying supplies to the British Expeditionary Force in France in 1940. In June 1940, French pilot Jean-Francois Demozay borrowed an abandoned Bombay to ferry himself and 15 troops from France to England, after which he became an ace with the RAF.

The Bombay's main service was in the Middle East, particularly with 216 Squadron, which operated most of the Bombays built at some stage. When war with Italy began in June 1940, in the absence of more modern aircraft, 216 Squadron's Bombays were used as night bombers as well as in their principal role of transport aircraft. The design bombload of 250 lb bombs under the fuselage was supplemented by improvised bombs thrown out of the cargo door by hand. The aircraft flew bombing sorties against targets in the Western Desert, including Benghazi and Tobruk, and against Italian Somaliland, until the buildup of Vickers Wellington bombers in Egypt allowed the Bombays to concentrate on transport operations.

In the transport role, they ferried supplies and evacuated the wounded during the Siege of Tobruk, while on 2 May 1941, Bombays of No. 216 Squadron RAF evacuated the Greek Royal Family from Crete to Egypt. Later that month, Bombays played an important role in ferrying troops during the Anglo-Iraqi War. Five Bombays were used by the fledgling SAS in their first official operation in the Middle East, a raid on five forward German aerodromes on 17 November 1941.

Lieutenant General William Gott, the highest ranking British officer killed in the war, died when the Bombay in which he was being carried was shot down in the Western African Desert on 7 August 1942. He was about to assume command from General Claude Auchinleck. His death opened the way for General Bernard Montgomery to take over.

Bombays evacuated over 2000 wounded during the Sicily campaign in 1943, and one crew was credited with carrying 6000 casualties from Sicily and Italy before the type was finally withdrawn from use in 1944.

Variants

 * Type 130 : Prototype.
 * Type 130A Bombay Mk I : Twin-engined medium bomber and troop transport aircraft. Original designation Type 130 Mark II.
 * Type 137 Proposed civil transport version. Unbuilt.
 * Type 144 Unbuilt development with retractable undercarriage proposed for Specification B.4/34 (won by Handley Page Harrow).

Operators

 * Royal Australian Air Force
 * No. 1 Air Ambulance Unit RAAF
 * Royal Air Force
 * No. 117 Squadron RAF
 * No. 216 Squadron RAF
 * No. 271 Squadron RAF
 * No. 216 Squadron RAF
 * No. 271 Squadron RAF