William Bonville, 1st Baron Bonville

William Bonville, 1st Baron Bonville, KG (c. 1392–93 – 18 February 1461) of Shute, Devon, was an English nobleman, soldier, and administrator. He was a staunch Yorkist during the Wars of the Roses, and was executed following the Lancastrian victory at the Second Battle of St Albans by order of King Henry VI's Queen Consort, Margaret of Anjou.

Paternal
The Bonvilles were an old West Country family. The date of William Bonville's birth is uncertain. Cokayne states that he was born 30 August 1393, while Richardson states that various documents indicate he was four years of age in 1397, 16 years of age in 1408, and 21 years of age in 1414. He was born at Shute, Devon, the son of Sir John Bonville (c. 1371 – 21 October 1396), son and heir apparent of Sir William Bonville (c. 1332 – February 1408) of Shute by his first wife, Margaret D'Aumarle (died 25 May 1399), the daughter of Sir William D'Aumarle.

Maternal
Bonville's mother was Elizabeth FitzRoger (15 August 1370 – 15 April 1414), the only child and sole heiress of John FitzRoger (died 1370–72) of Chewton, Somerset (3rd son of Sir Henry FitzRoger (died 1352) of Chewton by his wife Elizabeth de Holland (died 13 July 1387), daughter of Robert de Holland, 1st Baron Holand, by his wife Maud la Zouche, daughter of Alan la Zouche, 1st Baron la Zouche of Ashby. ), by his wife, a certain Alice (died 27 March 1426). Elizabeth survived her husband and remarried to Richard Stukeley (died before 1441) of Ridgewell, Essex, by whom she had two sons, Roger Stukeley and Hugh Stukeley, who were thus Bonville's brothers of the half blood.

Concerning Bonville's maternal grandmother Alice (wife of John FitzRoger (died 1370–2)) according to Richardson, her surname is unrecorded, but other sources name her as Alice Cheddar. Alice survived her husband John FitzRoger (died 1370–72) and married a further four times:
 * Secondly to Sir Edmund de Clyvedon (died 16 January 1376), of Clevedon, Somerset, by whom she had no issue;
 * Thirdly to Sir Ralph Carminow (died 1386/7), by whom she had a daughter, Alice Carminow;
 * Fourthly to Sir John Rodney (died 19 December 1400), by whom she had no issue;
 * Fifthly to Sir William Bonville (c. 1332 – February 1408) of Shute, Lord Bonville's grandfather, son and heir of Sir Nicholas de Bonville of Shute by his wife Joan Champernoun, daughter of Henry de Champernoun. Alice died on 27 December 1426 and was buried at Newenham Abbey, Devon, beside her fifth husband Sir William Bonville. As a result of Alice's fifth marriage, Lord Bonville's parents, Sir John Bonville and Elizabeth FitzRoger, became step-brother and sister.

Siblings
Bonville had a brother and two sisters of the whole blood:


 * Thomas Bonville.
 * Isabel Bonville, wife of Sir Richard Champernoun (died 20 January 1420) of Modbury, Devon, son of Sir Richard Champernoun by his second wife, Katherine Daubeney, daughter of Sir Giles Daubeney.
 * Philippa Bonville, who married firstly William Grenville, and secondly John Almescombe.

Inheritances
As Bonville's father, Sir John Bonville, had predeceased his own father, Bonville was heir to his grandfather, Sir William Bonville (died 1408), when the latter died on 14 February 1408. He was also heir to his mother, Elizabeth FitzRoger, at her death on 15 April 1414.

Career
Bonville was knighted before 1417 during the campaigns in France of King Henry V. He was Knight of the Shire for Somerset in 1421, and for Devon in 1422, 1425 and 1427. In 1423 he was appointed by the king as Sheriff of Devon. He was Seneschal of Aquitaine at various times from 1442 to 1453, and Governor of Exeter Castle from 1453–61. In 1443 Bonville was retained to serve King Henry VI for a one-year term and in 1449 was retained to serve the King at sea. He was summoned to Parliament from 10 March 1449 to 30 July 1460 by writs directed, for the most part, Willelmo Bonville domino Bonville et de Chuton ("To William Bonville, lord of Bonville and Chewton"), by which he is held to have become Baron Bonville. On 8 February 1461 he was nominated to the Order of the Garter.

Battle of Clyst Heath
In 1441 riots resulted from a dispute over the Duchy of Cornwall between Bonville and Thomas Courtenay, 13th Earl of Devon, and on 14 December 1455 the two sides fought the Battle of Clyst Heath near Exeter, which resulted in the defeat of Bonville, the sacking of Shute and injury to a number of persons.

Wars of the Roses
According to Richardson, Bonville was to all outward appearances loyal to King Henry VI during the Wars of the Roses until he joined the Yorkist side at the Battle of Northampton in July 1460. Both his son, William Bonville, and his grandson, William Bonville, 6th Baron Harington, were slain at the Battle of Wakefield on 31 December 1460.

Death
Less than two months later in 1460 the Yorkists suffered another defeat at the Second Battle of St Albans, where Lord Bonville and another Yorkist, Sir Thomas Kyriel, were taken prisoner by the victorious Lancastrians. The two men had kept guard over King Henry VI during the battle to see that he came to no harm. The King had been held in captivity by Richard Neville, 16th Earl of Warwick, and transported in the train of the latter's army, but had been abandoned on the battlefield. In return for their gallantry the King promised the two men immunity. However Queen Margaret, who was present at the battle, remembered that Lord Bonville had been one of the men who had held King Henry in custody after the Battle of Northampton in July 1460, and wanted revenge. Disregarding the King's promise of immunity, she gave orders for the beheading of Lord Bonville and Sir Thomas Kyriel the next day, 18 February 1461. It is alleged that she put the men on trial and appointed as presiding judge her seven-year-old son, Prince Edward. "Fair son", Margaret is said to have inquired, "what death shall these knights die?" The young prince replied that they were to have their heads cut off, an act which was swiftly carried out, despite the King's pleas for mercy.

Widow
Bonville was not attainted, as within three weeks of his death the Yorkist King Edward IV came to the throne. Bonville's widow, Elizabeth, was assigned a substantial dower in recognition of his services to the Yorkist cause.

Great-grand-daughter
After Bonville's death the Barony passed suo jure to his great-granddaughter, Cecily Bonville, the seven-and-a-half-month-old daughter of his grandson, William Bonville, 6th Baron Harington, who had already succeeded suo jure to the Barony of Harington following the death of her father at Wakefield in December 1460. In the space of little more than six weeks Cecily Bonville thus became the wealthiest heiress in England, having inherited the vast Bonville and Harington estates. She became a royal ward and on 18 July 1474, by order of King Edward IV, she was married to Thomas Grey, 1st Marquess of Dorset, the eldest son of Elizabeth Woodville, then the king's wife, by her first marriage to Sir John Grey of Groby.

Marriages and progeny
Bonville married twice:
 * Firstly, by contract dated 12 December 1414, to Margaret Grey, eldest daughter of the Marcher Lord Reginald Grey, 3rd Baron Grey de Ruthyn by his wife Margaret de Ros, daughter of Thomas de Ros, 4th Baron de Ros, by whom he had one son and two daughters:
 * William Bonville (died 30 December 1460), who married Elizabeth Harington, by whom he had one son:
 * William Bonville, 6th Baron Harington of Aldingham, who married Lady Katherine Neville, by whom he had an only child and sole heiress Cecily Bonville, Baroness Harington and Bonville.
 * Elizabeth Bonville (died 14 February 1491), wife of Sir William Tailboys (c. 1416-19 – 26 May 1464), de jure Baron Kyme, by whom she had two sons:
 * Thomas Tailboys
 * Sir Robert Tailboys (died 30 January 1495).
 * Margaret Bonville (died before July 1487), wife of Sir William Courtenay (c. 1428 – September 1485) of Powderham (Bonville's ally against the latter's cousin the Earl of Devon of Tiverton Castle), by whom she had four sons and one daughter:
 * Sir William Courtenay,
 * Edward Courtenay,
 * Philip Courtenay
 * James Courtenay
 * Joan Courtenay, wife of Sir William Carew (born c. 1483).
 * Secondly Bonville married, before 9 October 1427, to Elizabeth Courtenay (died 18 October 1471), the widow of John Harington, 4th Baron Harington (died 11 February 1418), and daughter of Edward de Courtenay, 11th Earl of Devon (died 5 December 1419), by his wife Maud Camoys, daughter of Sir John de Camoys of Gressenhall, Norfolk by his second wife, Elizabeth le Latimer, the daughter of William le Latimer, 3rd Lord Latimer. They had no issue.

Mistresses and illegitimate progeny
By his mistress, Elizabeth Kirkby (or "Kirby" ), Bonville had an illegitimate son, John Bonville of Ivybridge, who according to the Devon historian Sir William Pole (died 1635) married the daughter of William Denys, second son of Sir Gilbert Denys (died 1422) of Glamorgan, Wales and Siston, Gloucestershire.

Residences and landholdings
Bonville's principal residence was at the manor of Chewton Mendip, Somerset. He was also lord of the manors of Sponton (or Spaunton) and Hutton Bonville in Yorkshire.