Operation Lyari

Operation Lyari is a Pakistan Government crackdown against local gangs and other crime syndicates and part of the greater Karachi Operation.

Historical Factors
Karachi is a cosmopolitan city and consists of many ethnic communities; the city's demographics play an important role in its politics. Ethnic politics have resulted in sporadic violence throughout Karachi's history, often leading to bloody conflicts. Following the Partition of India and the independence of Pakistan in 1947, Muslim immigrants from areas constituting modern-day India migrated in large numbers to the newly created Muslim nation of Pakistan and became settled in Karachi, the historical capital of the Sindh province. These migrants had educated, middle-class to upper-class backgrounds and came from cultured families; they came to be known as Muhajir people (Muhajir meaning "immigrant"). They dominated much of Karachi's businesses, something which was resented by a portion of the province's native Sindhi people and radical Sindhi nationalists. After the breakaway of East Pakistan in 1971 and the formation of Bangladesh, Pakistan accepted a large number of Biharis (known as "Stranded Pakistanis") loyal to the country, trapped in Bangladesh and offered them citizenship. The Bihari migrants assimilated into the diverse Urdu-speaking Muhajir population. Some Bengalis in Pakistan also stayed behind. The Pashtuns (Pakhtuns or Pathans), originally from Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, FATA and northern Balochistan, are now the city's second largest ethnic group in Karachi after Muhajirs. With as high as 7 million by some estimates, the city of Karachi in Pakistan has the largest concentration of urban Pakhtun population in the world, including 50,000 registered Afghan refugees in the city. As per current demographic ratio Pashtuns are about 25% of Karachi's population.

Karachi's status as a regional industrial centre attracted migrants from other parts of Pakistan as well, including Punjab, Balochistan and Pashtun migrants from the frontier regions. Added to this were Iranians, Arabs, Central Asians as well as thousands of Afghan refugees who came to Karachi, initially displaced by the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan; some of the Afghan and Pashtun migration brought along conservative tribal culture, further intensifying ethnic and sectarian violence and also giving rise to mob culture.

Ethnic Differences
There are several ethnic groups in Lyari including Sindhis, Kashmiris, Seraikis, Pakhtuns, Balochis, Memons, Bohras Ismailis, etc. The ethnic mix has resulted in political parties being affiliated with specific communities. Examples are;
 * Muttahida Qaumi Movement (MQM) was founded for the political interests of the Muhajir people.
 * Pakistan People's Party (PPP) is popular among Sindhis & Balochis and Lyari in particular was as (PPP) stronghold.

Religious & Sectarian Differences
Sectarian parties and Sunni-Shia conflict have also led to violence in this district with many wanted terrorists hiding out in Lyari.

Operations in 2012
Lyari had long been a stronghold of Pakistan Peoples' Party (PPP). PPP took under its wing a well known gangster named Abdul-Rehman Baloch alias Rehman Dakait to keep Lyari vote bank in check by not allowing other major party's access to Lyari. In exchange Rehman Dakait would be allowed to extort money from local businesses,Drug trafficking, smuggle arms and ammunition. This agreement was the brainchild of Zulfiqar Mirza and President Asif Ali Zardari who placed Rehman Dakait as leader of a newly formed Peoples' Aman Committee in 2008 to look after the affairs of Lyari and to regulate crime in his territory. He brought down petty crimes and became a local hero. Despite his enhanced reputation he went on his own crime spree unchecked and became unopposed gangster in Lyari. But by 2009 he was a wanted man and killed in Police encounter in August 2009. Peoples' Aman Committee was then taken over by his first cousin and partner in crime Uzair Jan Baloch. Uzair was an ardent enemy of MQM and after several targeted killings came under pressure from PPP to disband. Despite being officially defunct, the organization continued to function de facto on the ground. The government finally issued a notification on October 11, 2011 which banned Peoples' Aman Committee under Clause (11/B) of Anti-terrorism Act 1997. Sindh Home Ministry, after putting ban on People's Aman Committee (PAC), has finally issued its notification. Also, the ministry in its order has directed the law enforcement agencies to monitor activities of the committee. Uzair Jan Baloch had become a serious liability for PPP. Finally a gang member Saqib alias Sakhi was killed in police encounter on April 1, 2012.Uzair Jan and many of his colleagues were also booked by the police for murder of a policeman. Rival gangs began to kill his men. Uzair Jan felt betrayed and blamed the current activism against him on the PPP politicians of Lyari such as Malik Mohammad Khan along with National Assembly member from Lyari Nabeel Gabol and MPA Saleem Hingoro. Uzair Jan Baloch on April 26, 2012 assassinated Malik Mohammad Khan while he was leading a procession of party activists against the conviction of Prime Minister Yousuf Raza Gilani by the Supreme Court in a contempt case. Interior Minister Rehman Malik after conferring with the President and other PPP members decided to start an operation to seize and destroy the Lyari gangs.

The Lyari operation commenced on April 27, 2012. Uzair's house was raided but he was not there. MPA Sania Baloch condemned the raid and said that she would raise the issue in the assembly. Early on police and authorities made progress, however stiff resistance caused high casualties on all sides, resulting in a 48-hour suspension on May 4, 2012. Inspector General (IG) Sindh police Mushtaq Shah addressed a press conference at Central Police Office in Karachi claimed that Lyari operation was in its final stages and that the Taliban along with other criminals were involved in Lyari clashes. However, there was no way to corroborate this information. But the operation of 2012 were abruptly halted especially when Nawaz Sharif intervened, to cash in on the conflict between the rivals and win the votes of people of Lyari. Pakistan Muslim League-Nawaz's Sindh leader Raja Saeed met with Uzair Baloch, and also expressed solidarity with the people of Lyari. The 2012 operations were a predominantly a police led operation but failed to bring the majority of gangsters to justice.

Operations in 2013
In 2013 operations were conducted under the new Federal Government of Pakistan Muslim League (N) after Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif visited Karachi and devised a strategy to curb violence. With the provincial government of PPP on board, the prime minister gave a go-ahead to Pakistan Rangers to conduct raids and arrest criminals. The targeted operation began on September 7, 2013 and since then more than a thousand suspects have been arrested. The Interior Minister Chaudhry Nisar Ali Khan recently declared the first phase of the operation a success.