Battle of Czasniki (1812)

The Battle of Czasniki (Бой пад Ча́шнікамі) was fought during Napoleon's invasion of Russia, on 31 October 1812, between Russian forces under General Wittgenstein, and the French army, commanded by Marshal Victor. This battle was a failed effort by the French to reestablish their northern "Dwina Line", which had crumbled as a result of Wittgenstein's victory at the Second battle of Polotsk just two weeks earlier.

Background
Upon learning of the French defeat at Polotsk, Victor, the commander of the French IX corps which Napoleon had kept in reserve at Smolensk, marched northeast with 22,000 troops to restore the Dwina Line. At Czasniki he united with elements of the II Corps, which was retreating from Polotsk. The combined II and IX corps. put 36,000 troops at Victor's disposal.

Wittgenstein, after leaving 9,000 soldiers to garrison territory captured as a result of his victory at Polotsk, marched south to Czasniki with 30,000 troops to deal with Victor.

Action
The combat at Czasniki was conducted chiefly by Wittgenstein's advance guard, 11,000 troops led by General Jaschwill, and the II Corps on the French side.

The battle began with the Russians attacking the II Corps, which occupied a position in advance of the rest of Victor's troops. In the ensuing combat the Russians drove the French back toward Victor's rearward line.

Upon encountering Victor's main position, Wittgenstein ordered Jaschwill to halt, and then commenced an artillery bombardment against the French.

Victor, apparently unnerved by Jaschwill's successful advance, decided against continuing the battle, and retreated to Senno, 25 miles to the east. The Russians did not pursue.

French casualties in this battle were 1,200 troops, as opposed to 400 lost by the Russians.

Consequences
Although the Russian victory at Czasniki was indecisive, its outcome was highly unfavorable to Napoleon for several reasons.

First, Victor's defeat amounted to a failure to reestablish the Dwina Line, which was his overriding objective. Second, Victor's new position at Senno was only 30 miles from Napoleon's intended line of retreat from Moscow, thus putting the Grande Armée within Wittgenstein's attacking range. Further, Wittgenstein's success increased the possibility that he could unite his command with the armies of Pavel Chichagov and Kutusov, thus trapping the Grande Armee] between three separate Russian forces.

Also, as a result of his victories at Polotsk and Czasniki, Wittgenstein dispatched a force under General Harpe to capture the massive French supply depot at Vitebsk. On November 7, after a short combat, the French garrison at Vitebsk surrendered to Harpe, and huge caches of foodstuffs and war material fell into Russian hands.

The fall of Vitebsk was a severe blow to Napoleon because he had planned to quarter his battered Grande Armée there for the winter. Napoleon's plan to combine his main army with Victor's force at Vitebsk, where they would reequip themselves before beginning the campaign anew the following spring, was now broken.

Upon learning of the Russian victory at Czasniki, Napoleon ordered Victor to immediately attack Wittgenstein again and recapture Polotsk. This led to yet another French defeat, the Battle of Smoliani, on November 14, 1812.