Ted Thorn (RAF officer)

Edward Rowland Thorn, DFC and Bar, DFM and Bar (15 April 1913 – 12 February 1946) also known as Ted Thorn and Roland Thorn was a Royal Air Force pilot, squadron commander and a notable Second World War flying ace decorated for gallantry four times, he shot down 12 enemy aircraft over the Dunkirk evacuation beaches and during the Battle of Britain but was killed in a crash in an early Jet fighter on 12 February 1946.

Early life
Edward Rowland (or Roland) Thorn was born at North End, Hampshire on 15 April 1913 the son of Thomas Thorn a chef from Newport and his wife Ellen Maria. In 1916, at the age of three, Rowland lost his father who was killed in the Great War. His two children were educated at local council schools in North End. At home he was known as Roland, although in later life in the Royal Air Force he was known as Ted. He married in August 1939 at Droxford, Hampshire to Marion McAlpine, they set up home in Bishop’s Waltham, Hampshire.

Royal Air Force
Thorn joined the Royal Air Force as an aircraft apprentice with the service number 562610 in 1928 and passed out from the No. 1 School of Technical Training RAF based at RAF Halton. He trained to be an NCO pilot and by the early 1930s had earned his pilot’s aircrew brevet. War broke out in September 1939 and one month later Ted Thorne was posted to the newly forming No. 264 Squadron RAF at RAF Sutton Bridge to fly the Boulton Paul Defiant An unusual fighter for its era, the Defiant had a single engine but was armed with four .303 machine guns in a rear turret operated by an air gunner. As the squadron began to take shape its new commanding officer Squadron Leader Philip Hunter arrived. Thorn had teamed up with Leading Aircraftman Frederick James Barker from Bow in London, they formed part of the flight commanded by Nicholas Gresham Cooke. In early operations the Defiant was often mistaken for the similar shaped Hawker Hurricane by German pilots who dived to attack from above and behind, the blind spot for a Hurricane pilot, but directly into the fire from the gunner’s turret on a Defiant.

The Battle of France and Dunkirk
On 27 May 1940 Thorn and Barker are reported to have shot down a Messerschmitt Bf 109 near Dunkirk, but this is not mentioned in other records. On 28 May 1940 just north of Dunkirk their flight was attacked by a formation of Messerschmitt Bf 109 fighters, handling his aircraft skillfully Thorn enabled Barker to shoot down three of them very quickly. On 29 May 1940 again over Dunkirk the crew were involved in the major success of No. 264 Squadron RAF action when they went into combat at about 1515 hours shooting down a Junkers Ju 87 and a Messerschmitt Bf 110 twin engined fighter at about 1515 hours then on a second mission at 1930 hours they shot down another Junkers Ju 87 dive bomber and another Messerschmitt Bf 110, Shores also records a share in the  destruction of a Heinkel He 111 bomber on that date.

On 31 May 1940 also over Dunkirk they shot down two Heinkel He 111 bombers and damaged two more as the Luftwaffe attempted to prevent the beachhead evacuation operations. Their flight commander Nicholas Gresham Cooke failed to return from that mission. After the completion of the Dunkirk evacuation the Luftwaffe had gained operational experience in fighting against the Defiant fighter and it had become an extremely vulnerable aircraft to operate in daylight against formations escorted by Messerschmitt Bf 109 fighters. The months after Dunkirk were spent rebuilding the squadron which had suffered heavy losses and preparing for the Battle of Britain which was to come. They moved to RAF Hornchurch to participate in the Battle of Britain although seriously out-classed by the enemy.

On 14 June 1940 both Thorn and Barker were awarded the Distinguished Flying Medal for their bravery in action and success as a fighter crew. Barker was also promoted to Sergeant.

The Battle of Britain
In five days of operations in the Battle of Britain against the attacking Luftwaffe from 24 to 28 August 1940 No. 264 Squadron RAF was almost wiped out, losing 3 aircraft and crews on 24 August, three more on 26 August and three more on 28 August. On 24 August while in action with a formation of Junkers Ju 88 bombers which had just bombed RAF Manston Thorn and Barker shot down one of the enemy,  but Boulton Paul Defiant Mark I serial number ‘’N1535’’ (codes PS-A) was last seen chasing an enemy bomber out to sea, Philip Hunter the squadron commander and his gunner were posted missing when they failed to return. On 26 August 1940 at mid-day Thorn and Barker were in action against the Luftwaffe bomber streams again and shot down two Dornier Do 17 bombers over Dover. As they commenced an attack on a third Do 17 a Messerschmitt Bf 109 attacked them shooting up their Boulton Paul Defiant serial number L7005 badly. Thorn dived quickly away to crash land the crippled aircraft which had caught fire but the Bf 109 came in for a second attack at 500 feet off the ground. Barker assisted a Hawker Hurricane to shoot that down. The aircraft crashed quite close to each other at Marshside, Kent near Chislet, Thorn and Barker were both slightly wounded.



Thorn and Barker were the most successful Boulton Paul Defiant crew of WW2.

Later career
The Royal Air Force recognized the vulnerability of the Boulton Paul Defiant on daylight operations and assigned it’s squadrons to night fighting. In recognition of their success and great bravery during the Battle of Britain both Thorn and Barker were both awarded a Bar to their Distinguished Flying Medals on 11 February 1941. In recommending them both for the very rare award of a Bar to the Distinguished Flying Medal their commanding officer wrote: "Flight Sergeant Thorn and Sergeant Barker have constantly operated together as pilot and Air Gunner in Defiant aircraft and were awarded the DFM after shooting down six enemy aircraft. As a team, they have now accounted for six further enemy aircraft. Subsequently on May 1940, operating with their squadron from Duxford over the beaches of Dunkirk, they destroyed two He 111's. On 24 August, they took off from RAF Manston to patrol the coast and encountered twenty Ju 88's escorted by Bf 109's and destroyed one Ju 88. On 26 August, operating from RAF Hornchurch, they patrolled Dover with their squadron and made combat with a formation of twelve Do 17's escorted by Bf 109's and succeeded in destroying two Do 17's and one Bf 109. The Defiant took fire and the pilot dived it so to put out the flames. On coming out of the dive the Air Gunner, Sergeant Barker, found a Bf 109 on his tail and with the aircraft still on fire, they manoeuvred so as to engage the enemy and assist a Hurricane which came to do combat with the Messerschmidt, and it was not until the Hurricane had shot down the Bf 109 that they abandoned their machine, making successful parachute drops. Altogether, Flight Sergeant Thorn and Sergeant Barker have destroyed 12 enemy aircraft, 6 of these being subsequent to their receiving the DFM. They were strongly recommended for immediate awards of a Bar to their Distinguished Flying Medal."

Flying as night fighters Thorn and Barker destroyed a Heinkel He 111 on the night of 9 – 10 April 1941 as it took part in the Blitz on England’s cities. The bomber crashed near Bushbridge, Surrey and was identified as an aircraft of 5 Staffel/KG 55. By now an acting warrant officer Thorn was commissioned pilot officer with service number 46957 on 11 October 1941 and assigned to No. 32 Squadron RAF flying Hawker Hurricane fighters and breaking up the successful partnership of Ted Thorn and Fred Barker. Barker remained with the squadron for 2 more years before becoming an instructor in the Middle East. Thorn was promoted flying officer on 26 February 1942, and then flight lieutenant on 6 July 1942, and appointed acting squadron leader commanding No. 32 Squadron RAF from April until September 1942,  The squadron saw heavy action over the Dieppe Raid commando landings and he was decorated with the Distinguished Flying Cross on 22 September 1942 for his achievements in command and particularly for his bravery over Dieppe on 19 August 1942. He completed a tour of duty as an instructor with No. 61 Operational Training Unit from November 1942 at the end of which he received a Mention in Despatches on 14 January 1944 for his dedication to the training of the young pilots under his command. Posted to No. 169 Squadron RAF as a flight commander he led night fighting and night intruder missions against the Luftwaffe night fighters over occupied Europe. For his achievements in this role Thorn was awarded a Bar to his  Distinguished Flying Cross on 8 December 1944. At the end of the war in Europe he was transferred to command a training unit. In this position on 1 January 1946 he was again awarded a Mention in Despatches for his skill and dedication as an flying instructor and commander.

Death
On 12 February 1946 Thorn was a squadron leader and member of staff at Empire Central Flying School where early Jet fighters were being flown when he died in an accident. It is sometimes reported that he was aboard Mosquito TA525 although most reports state that the Dutch pilot of that aircraft was on a solo mission. He was actually flying a Gloster Meteor F.3, (serial number “EE456”) of the Empire Central Flying School when his aircraft dived out of a cloud and crashed at Rectory Farm near Landbeach, Cambridgeshire.



Honours and awards

 * 14 June 1940 – 562610 Sergeant Edward Rowland Thorn and 747751 Leading Aircraftman Frederick James Barker, are both awarded the Distinguished Flying Medal
 * 11 February 1941 – 562610 Flight Sergeant Edward Rowland Thorn, No. 264 Squadron RAF and 747751 Sergeant Frederick James Barker, Royal Air Force Volunteer Reserve, No. 264 Squadron RAF were both awarded a Bar to the Distinguished Flying Medal
 * 22 September 1942 - Acting Squadron Leader Edward Rowland Thorn DFM, (46957), No. 32 Squadron RAF awarded the Distinguished Flying Cross on for his achievements in command and particularly for his bravery over Dieppe on 19 August 1942.


 * 14 January 1944 – Acting Squadron Leader E. R. Thorn DFC DFM (46957) is Mentioned in Despatches.
 * 8 December 1944 Acting Squadron Leader E. R. Thorn DFC DFM (46957) awarded a Bar to the Distinguished Flying Cross.
 * 1 January 1946 – Squadron Leader E. R. Thorn DFC DFM (46957) is Mentioned in Despatches.