QBZ-95

The QBZ-95 is a bullpup style assault rifle manufactured by Arsenal 266, part of Norinco and Arsenal 296, under Jianshe Corp, China South for the People's Liberation Army, the armed forces of the People's Republic of China, Chinese People's Armed Police (para-military police), and Chinese law enforcement. This weapon uses a newly developed ammunition type of Chinese origin, the 5.8x42mm DBP87. The QBZ-95 consists of a system of firearms using a common design. This family includes a carbine variant, a standard rifle, and a light support weapon.

Overview
The QBZ-95 was first observed outside China on 1 July 1997, when the United Kingdom transferred the sovereignty of Hong Kong to the People's Republic of China. It is a modern weapon system in a bullpup configuration, where the weapon's action and magazine are located behind the grip and trigger assembly. The weapon was designed to replace the standard-issue Type 81 assault rifle. The QBZ-95 had replaced the Type 81 in frontline units by 2006, and is gradually replacing it in second-line units and the People's Armed Police.

The rifle uses polymer materials in its construction, fires a 5.8x42mm small-caliber, high-velocity bullet (in a class with the NATO standard 5.56x45mm SS109 and the Russian 5.45x39mm), and employs a bullpup configuration similar to the British SA80, French FAMAS, Austrian Steyr AUG, South African Vektor CR-21, or the SAR-21.

An improved version called the QBZ-95-1 was first seen undergoing trials in early 2010. The first formal public display of the improved version was with the Hong Kong Garrison, the first unit to receive the original QBZ-95, in a military parade in July 2012. Some improvements were ergonomic, with the safety switch moved from behind the magazine housing to above the pistol grip so the operator could use their thumb to quickly transition firing modes, and the right-sided ejection port moved forward 5 mm with ejection of cartridges at a 45 degree angle to allow left-handed firing. It also fired better quality DBP10 ammunition. The previous rifle fired DBP87 and DBP85 5.8x42mm rounds, which used cheap, corrosive powder and lacquered steel casings that affected performance. The DBP10 round has a non-corrosive primer, clean-burning propellant, and copper-coated steel casing with a copper-alloy jacketed hardened steel-cored bullet. The QBZ-95-1 has a longer, heavier barrel and redesigned muzzle break specifically to accommodate the heavier round and maintain accuracy. The diamond-shaped cross-section on the handguard disperses heat from the barrel, and the rifle has a stronger butt stock and redesigned trigger guard. The quick-release mount rail on the carrying handle was lowered to better position optics. Fluorescent illumination dots on the front sight were replaced with tritium dots that last longer, and a pair of short rails at the sight's base allows for tactical accessories to be mounted.

Technical aspects


Though there have been hints of the 97 variants being involved in some foreign conflicts, little has been reported about its overall combat effectiveness. It has been at least shown in televised tests, however, that the weapon can continue to function after being immersed in water, as well as other harsh environmental conditions. What is also known is that the weapon operates using a short-stroke gas operated rotating-bolt system, similar to most modern military rifles.

The selector switch on the rifle has four settings. The selector settings are as follows: "0" for safe, "1" for "semi-automatic", "2" for fully automatic, and on selected models, "3" for three round burst setting.

The Chinese Army has tested their new cartridge extensively against both the 5.56x45mm SS109 and the Russian 5.45x39mm 5N7 and claims that the 5.8x42mm outperforms both cartridges with penetration superior to the SS109, a flatter trajectory, and a higher retained velocity and energy downrange.

Design features
The design of the QBZ-95 is completely new with little resemblance to any of the previous Chinese designs. Thanks to the low recoil impulse of the small caliber ammunition and a very complex recoil buffer system, the rifle is claimed to be more controllable in automatic fire. The aim was to develop an assault rifle based around the 5.8x42mm round, with specifications of being accurate and reliable.

Operation
Magazines are inserted into the magazine well, which is located to the rear of the pistol grip. The magazine is inserted front-first into the well so that the notch on the front of the magazine is retained in the well. The magazine is then "rocked" into place by rotating the rear of the magazine upwards into the well (in a manner similar to the AK-47 series) until the magazine release to the rear of the well is engaged. To release the magazine, the magazine release is pressed rearward, and the magazine pivoted forward and disengaged from the front recess.

The charging handle is located under the integral carrying handle. To chamber a round and charge the weapon, this handle is pulled fully to the rear and then released forward to bring a round into the chamber. It is then ready to fire.

Ergonomic issues
Some experts are concerned over the awkward position of the safety lever near the end of the rifle away from the shooter's hand. This position makes it difficult to quickly select "fire" when it is in "safe" mode. This is resolved on the "G" variant where the fire selector switch is repositioned above the pistol grip, giving it a thumb fire selector switch for easy firing mode transition.

QBZ-95 (Rifle)
This is the standard version of the rifle used domestically, chambered for the 5.8x42mm DBP87 round.

Due to issues associated with the original design, the PLA undertook a program to improve the Type 95. The lead designer of the Type 95 program Duo Yingxian (朵英贤), who is now retired, stated that the project was being worked on by some of his students. Known goals for the program were to:

1. Improve the rifle's ergonomics/controls. 2. Chamber it for new ammunition with double the effective range. 3. Add a quick-firing grenade launcher.

The program resulted in the improved QBZ-95-1 variant.

QBZ-95B (Carbine)
This is a shorter and lighter version of the standard rifle. From pictures seen the QBZ-95B is seen issued only to naval officers, possibly due to the limited room in naval vessels that would prohibit the full length rifle being used in close quarters. Its shorter barrel prevents a grenade launcher or bayonet from being attached, and it has a special funnel-shaped flash suppressor. The carbine may also be in use with special forces.

QBB-95 LSW (Light Support Weapon)
This light support weapon fulfills the role as the squad machine gunner. It's in the same respect as the QBZ-95 Rifle with modified longer and heavier barrel, higher firing rate, heavier cartridge and is equipped with larger 80-round drum magazine.

QBZ-97 (5.56 mm Assault Rifle)
The Chinese have constructed an export version, the QBZ-97, which is similar to the QBZ-95 in all respects except that it is chambered for 5.56 mm NATO instead of the original Chinese 5.8 mm cartridge and has a deep magazine well designed to accept STANAG magazines. This rifle is currently used by Ginghis Security Academy, a Chinese private security group, supplementing their QBZ-95's.

QBZ-97A (5.56 mm Assault Rifle)
This variant is a QBZ-97 with the addition of a 3-round burst mode and a bolt hold-open device; it also differs from the QBZ-95 and the QBZ-97 for the shape of its grip, now missing the "front grip" part in front of the trigger guard. This weapon is the only QBZ-95 variant to have seen commercial success and military use outside of China; QBZ-97A rifles are in use by 911 Special Forces of Cambodia Special Operations personnel.

QBZ-97B (5.56 mm Carbine)
This is the carbine version of the QBZ-97. The official distributor of the QBZ-97B assault carbine on the international market, Jianshe Industries (Group) Corporation, advertises and sells it under the denomination "5.56mm Short Automatic Rifle Type NQZ03B (97)".

QBB-97 LSW (5.56 mm Light Support Weapon)
The light support weapon model of the QBZ-97.

QBZ-95-1 (Rifle)
The new QBZ-95-1, also called the QBZ-95 “Gai”(改),which means modified in Chinese, addresses several reliability and ease-of-use issues, and has improved ergonomics.

QBZ-95 variant titled "1" fires the heavier 5.8x42mm DBP10 round, and has a heavier longer barrel and a redesigned muzzle brake to use it. The "1" variant has an altered butt stock, trigger guard, and a repositioned thumb fire selector switch above the pistol grip. The carrying handle has retained the Chinese quick release mount rail. There is no evidence of Picattiny Rail being added, however two inch long weaver rail looking connecting device on both sides of the gas regulator. In addition, bullet casings eject to the front (1 o'clock position from the barrel) of the weapon, allowing left handed firing. Also, there is a bolt release button located behind the magazine latch. It has been seen in service in small numbers for testing and evaluation in first quarter of 2010. It has been speculated that this variant will enter full service in late 2010, replacing the original QBZ-95 assault rifle introduced into service in 1995. The original QBZ-95 rifles will be handed down to second line and reserve troops, while front line troops receive this variant. The QBZ 95-1 is already in use by the Hong Kong Garrison. In addition, it has been spotted in use with the Lanzhou garrison and other units.

QBZ-95B-1 (Carbine)
Improved version of the QBZ-95B with barrel and ergonomic enhancements of the QBZ-95-1 in the carbine platform.

QBB-95-1 LSW (Light Support Weapon)
Improved version of the QBB-95 LSW with the ergonomic enhancements of the QBZ-95-1 in the squad machine gun platform.

Civilian variants
Two sporterized, semi-automatic only rifles based upon the QBZ-97A assault rifle and the QBZ-97B assault carbine have been developed for the civilian market, the Type 97 rifle and the Type 97A carbine. They are chambered for the .223 Remington cartridge and are fed by STANAG magazines.

Type 97A carbines became available in Canada in 2008, were classified as Non-Restricted by the Royal Canadian Mounted Police (RCMP), and sold to general public. In January 2009, a shipment of Type 97 firearms was approved by the RCMP for retail sale, but later confiscated and seized by Canada Border Services Agency (CBSA) officers. Around the same time a second shipment of Type 97A restricted firearms was also stopped by CBSA. On March 22, 2010 about 35 civilian owners of the Type 97A carbine originally imported by Lever Arms of BC (The only version ever available for sale) were sent notice by the RCMP indicating that status of their firearm have been changed to 12.2 prohibited (Fully automatic), and owners without such a firearm license have 30 days to turn in their Type 97A firearm to either individual or business that has such a license, or to police for destruction. Canadian Type-97 owners initiated a reference hearing, to establish legality of re-classification of the Type-97 semi-automatic weapon to prohibited status. In early 2012 the challenge was lost, and judge was convinced that Type-97 firearms indeed are prohibited devices. While the exact details of the modification are kept secret, RCMP firearm technicians, allegedly, demonstrated to an expert on the defense side, that the Type-97 firearm can be readily and easily converted to fully automatic mode of operation in short time and with commonly available tools. As a result, Type-97 firearms were confiscated from the owners, and are no-longer legal for civilian ownership in Canada (even for people with the so-called 12.2 fully automatic firearm license). On April 28, 2013, Norinco's new EMEI T97NSR has been classified as a non-restricted firearm by the RCMP with the FRT Number 142760 and thus, legal for dealers to import for those with non-restricted possession and acquisition licenses. It is legal in Canada for hunting, varmint control, target practice and competitive shooting. It went into retail stores on September 17, 2013.

Users

 * 🇨🇳 China: People's Liberation Army.
 * 🇰🇭 Cambodia: 911 Para-Commando Special Forces and Bodyguard Unit (the QBZ-97, QBZ-97A, QBZ-97B, and QBB-97 LSW).
 * 🇲🇲 Myanmar: The QBZ-97 is in service with the Myanmar military.
 * 🇵🇰 Pakistan: Used by SOG (Special Operations Group) of Frontier Corps.
 * 🇱🇰 Sri Lanka: Special Task Force, Sri Lanka Air Force.