M231 Firing Port Weapon

The M231 Firing Port Weapon (FPW) is an adapted version of the M16 assault rifle for firing from ports on the M2/M3 Bradley AFV. The infantry's normal M16s are too long for use in a "buttoned up" APC, so the FPW was developed to provide a suitable weapon for this role. Designed by the Rock Island Arsenal, the M231 FPW remains in service, although all but the rear two firing ports on the Bradley have been removed.

History
Work started in 1972 on a dedicated Firing Port Weapon to go along with the Mechanized Infantry Combat Vehicle (MICV) program also started at that time. A requirement for these vehicles was to have firing ports for troops riding inside, and so it was decided that a specific weapon also be developed. The Rock Island Arsenal headed up the project working with the M3 sub-machine gun, an FPW created by HK based around the HK33, and a modified AR-15/M16 pattern weapon. The qualities of the last weapon made it most promising, and by 1974 it had been designated XM231. Colt was given the contract and continued to work on the design, and by 1979 the finalized weapon was adopted as the M231.

Although most of the Bradley AFV's ports have since been removed, these weapons are maintained, and are used by crews for self-defense, close-quarters situations, and for firing from the rear door firing ports as intended.

Specifications
The M231 is different in many ways from a standard M16. The original RIA FPW fired from an open bolt, with an extremely high rate of firing (1,050 rpm). The Colt XM231 introduced a special buffer and spring assembly, with three springs nested one within the other. This was done to allow the rate of fire to be lowered to 200 rpm, because the theory at that period was that, while using all tracer bullets in the magazine, if the high rate of fire (ROF) was retained troops would exhaust their magazines before the weapon was brought to target. The original RIA FPW had an 11 inch (280 mm) barrel, while the Colt prototypes and the production M231 both had 15.6 inch (396 mm) barrels. Initially the FPWs had no locking mechanism and had flip up sights, along with a metal wire stock akin to that on the M3 sub-machine gun, to allow the weapon to be used outside of the vehicle more effectively. Later this was dropped, and a new hand-guard introduced with a screw type locking mechanism to fix the weapon into the port. Late XM231s had no rear sights either. By the time the M231 was finalized the wire stock had been done away with as the weapon had a tendency to unfasten itself from the firing port and the stock was deemed to be dangerous in the confines of the vehicle (or, alternately, Army officials omitted the feature to discourage troops from employing the M231 in lieu of the issue M16 rifles). The firing rate had also returned to a higher rate of 1,100-1,200 round/min.

These weapons are only capable of fully automatic fire, with a special side plate mounted inside the lower receiver and a selector that only has "safe" and "auto" positions. These weapons retain a 65% commonality with standard M16 rifles. Only the M196 tracer round was authorized for operational use, with the M199 dummy and M200 blank for training use. In an emergency M193 ball ammunition was to be used. The heavier M855 ball and M856 tracer rounds were never to be used.

Officially the FPW was not to be used detached from the parent vehicle, unless in an emergency. The operator's manual pointed out 4 precautions that would have to be taken to utilize the weapon not attached the vehicle. These included a note about the excessive muzzle rise of the weapon during firing, that the barrel collar would become hot when firing and should not be touched, that hearing protection should be worn, and lastly that a brass catching bag or evacuation hose system would have to be installed.