83rd Regiment of Foot (Royal Glasgow Volunteers)

The 83rd Regiment of Foot (also called the Royal Glasgow Volunteers) was a British infantry regiment that served in the American Revolutionary War. It was created in 1778 and disbanded in 1783, shortly after the war ended.

Formation
In 1778, during the American Revolutionary War, Mr James Finlay, a Glasgow merchant, founder of James Finlay & Co., together with Mr Ingram the former Provost and Mr Gray of Carntyne, resolved to raise an infantry regiment in the service of King George III. Finlay's motives appear to have been a mixture of patriotism and commercial interests - the War was having a detrimental effect on Glasgow's trade with Virginia.

Consequently, at noon on Monday, 26 January, 1778, a procession of the city's civic dignitaries met at the Town Hall, and marched through the streets of Glasgow in search of recruits. At the head of the procession were the city's Halbardiers led by Mr Gray bearing an enormous sword and acting as Sergeant. The Provost, a Mr Donald, followed, with the Town Council, Deacon-Convener, the fourteen Deacons, assorted dignitaries, and the colours of the regiment, and a large following of gentlemen wearing cockades in their hats. Ingram brought up the rear. Two fifers and two drummers provided music with James Finlay in the centre of the party on the bagpipes.

Initially there was little success - at the end of the first day Ingram observed that they had a piper and a sergeant, but otherwise he was the regiment. Over the next few days, however, the recruits started to come in and the regiment soon reached full strength of one thousand men, including a large number of Irishmen. The attraction of the Regiment was no doubt helped by the £30 bounty offered to recruits - the equivalent of about two and a half year's pay for a private. It was then common practice to draft experienced soldiers into newly raised regiments to give it 'backbone', and members of the 42nd (Black Watch) Highlanders were duly transferred to the 83rd. However, on discovering that they would no longer be allowed to wear the kilt, they mutinied. Once the regiment was raised, it received the name of 'Royal Glasgow Volunteers' and was numbered 83rd in the Line.

Uniform and equipment
The regiment wore the standard 1768 uniform of close fitting, long tailed red coat, white waistcoat, white breeches and stockings with black gaiters, black shoes with buckles and a black cocked hat. The grenadier company wore tall black bearskin caps, whilst the Light infantry company would have worn some form of light cap and short spatterdashes rather than gaiters. It was common practice for Grenadiers in the field to abandon their bearskin caps in favour of the more practical cocked hat. Because the 83rd was a Royal Regiment it was entitled to have royal blue 'facings' (collars, cuffs and lapels) augmented by white lace on the button holes. Officers wore an identical uniform, except that the coat was made of a superior scarlet cloth and the lace was gold. However this was usually only worn on formal occasions, and for everyday wear it was usual practice to wear a cheaper cloth, unlaced coat. Two types are button are known to have been used. One was a circular, flat gilt metal button 22mm in diameter, with a simple scroll and dot design surrounding the number '83'. On the back was born the inscription 'S. FIRMIN - STRAND 1771-1780'. The other type was circular, pewter and 24mm in diameter. The inscriptions on the front and back were identical to the gilt version, except without the scroll and dot decoration.

In addition, the soldiers wore white crossbelts to carry the ammunition pouch, bayonet and canteen, with a goatskin backpack. The standard weapon was the Short Land Pattern 'Brown Bess' flintlock musket.

Career
Raised in early 1778, the regiment spent some time in training before being sent to the Channel Islands, where it established its headquarters at Fort Conway (now Fort Henry) in the east of Jersey, in the Parish of Grouville. Half the regiment were based here, the other half in the neighbouring Island of Guernsey, the total strength of the regiment at this date being 781. On 6 January 1781 Baron Philippe de Rullecourt landed with a force of French infantry in a bid to capture Jersey. Leaving a detachment of troops at the landing point of La Rocque, Jersey, he proceeded to advance on St Helier, where he was eventually defeated at the hands of the 95th Regiment of Foot and 78th Highlanders, together with elements of the Royal Militia of the Island of Jersey, under the command of Major Francis Peirson in an action known as the Battle of Jersey. Meanwhile the Grenadier Company of the 83rd, led by Captain Campbell, stormed La Rocque Battery and recaptured it from the French. Seven grenadiers were killed during this action.

Later that year the 83rd was transferred to New York, where it remained as part of the garrison of the city until the end of the Revolutionary War in 1783. It then returned to Glasgow, where it was disbanded.

Known Members
Known members of the regiment are as follows:

Officers

 * Colonel James Findlay (Original commanding officer);
 * Colonel Leslie (Commanding officer July 1778)
 * Colonel George Scott (Commanding officer in 1781).
 * Major Charles Gordon (Third in command, 3 April 1782 - ?14 April 1783);
 * Captain William Campbell (Commander, Grenadier Company, in 1781);
 * Lieutenant James Robertson, (Second in command, Grenadier Company, 1781);
 * Lieutenant William Niven (in regiment 1781);
 * Lieutenant John Russell;
 * Lieutenant Anderson (in regiment 1781)
 * Lieutenant Harris (in regiment 1781)
 * Ensign Thomas Ashe (1783);
 * Ensign Brown (in regiment in 1778);
 * Ensign John Baker (gazetted Ensign January 1781)
 * John Finlay (Lieutenant, 1778 to 1783 and son of Mr James Finlay, merchant Glasgow)

Chaplains

 * Revd. James Playfair (Chaplain in 1781);
 * Revd. Weir (killed Long Island, 1783)

Other ranks

 * Grenadier John Hunter (killed Jersey, 1781);
 * Grenadier William McCulloch (killed Jersey, 1781);
 * Grenadier James Reid (killed Jersey, 1781);
 * Grenadier Alexander McKechney (killed Jersey, 1781);
 * Grenadier Alexander Glinn (killed Jersey, 1781);
 * Grenadier Robert Walker (killed Jersey, 1781);
 * Grenadier John Wilson (killed Jersey, 1781);
 * James Mahon (Irish, enlisted 6 March 1778, deserted 8 November 1779 after being charged with robbery, possibly defected to French Army);
 * William Osborne (aged 16, deserted 10 June 1779);
 * James Smith (deserted 7 July 1779)
 * Private John Chalmers (1778-1783)

Regimental music

 * Grand March of the Royal Glasgow Volunteers;
 * The Royal Glasgow Volunteer's Jig;
 * The Royal Glasgow Volunteer's Farewell

Memorial sites

 * Fort Henry, Grouville, Jersey (closed to the public but viewable from the outside).
 * Grenadier's Memorial, Grouville Parish Church graveyard (burial site of the seven grenadiers of the 83rd killed at the Battle of Jersey, 1781).

References and notes

 * Mayne, Richard, (1981) The Battle of Jersey, London, Phillimore and Co. Ltd. ISBN 0-85033-381-4
 * Reid, Stuart, (2001), British Redcoat 1740-1793, Oxford, Osprey Publishing. ISBN 1-85532-554-3
 * Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press (2004)
 * Kaner, Jennifer, "York and the Battle of Jersey", Societe Jersiaise archives BJ1/34
 * London Chronicle, 6 to 9 January 1781
 * Whitehall Evening Post, 20 to 23 January 1781
 * Jones, Nathaniel (Ed.) (1787), The First Glasgow Directory, William Love, Glasgow (no ISBN)
 * Memoirs and Portraits of 100 Glasgow Men
 * The Royal Glasgow Volunteer's Jig
 * The Royal Glasgow Volunteer's Farewell
 * 1781 Jersey Militia website