George Giffard

General Sir George James Giffard GCB DSO (1886–1964) was a British military officer, who had a distinguished career in command of African troops in the Great War, rising to command an Army Group in South East Asia in the Second World War.

Early career
After attending Rugby School and the Royal Military College, Sandhurst, he was commissioned into the Queen's Royal West Surrey Regiment in 1906. In 1913, while serving with its 1st Battalion, he saw action in East Africa. He transferred into a unit of the King's African Rifles.

He served in World War I. His unit saw extensive service in the East African campaign against the German forces under von Lettow-Vorbeck. He rose to command a column of two battalions of the KAR, "Gifcol". Although von Lettow-Vorbeck's forces were never rounded up, Gifcol was nevertheless the most effective unit involved in the efforts to pursue and hound them. Giffard was wounded, was awarded the DSO and was mentioned in despatches four times.

After the war, Giffard attended the Staff College, Camberley from 1919 to 1920. On graduating, he joined the Royal West African Frontier Force. In 1927 he participated in the Shanghai Expeditionary Force as the Second-in-Command of 1st Bn, the Queen's Royal West Surrey Regiment. The following year, he was appointed an Instructor at the Staff College, Camberley, and then became Commanding Officer of 2nd Bn, the Queen's Royal Surrey Regiment at Aldershot in 1931. In 1933 he became a General Staff Officer, Grade 1 (GSO1) (effectively the Chief of Staff) of the British 2nd Division.

He returned to service in West Africa in 1936, when he was appointed Inspector-General of the West African Frontier Force. He was appointed Inspector-General of African Colonial Forces in 1938.

Second World War
Giffard served in the Second World War, initially as Military Secretary at the War Office and then, from 1940, as General Officer Commanding Palestine & Trans-Jordan.

In 1941 he became Commander-in-Chief of West Africa Command. While the Mediterranean was barred to British shipping by German and Italian naval and air force units, West Africa was an important link in Allied lines of communication to the Middle East and Far East. In addition to organising the logistic infrastructure, Giffard's major achievement was the reorganisation of the units of the Royal West African Frontier Force into two field infantry divisions, capable of serving as independent forces in rough terrain. Initially, this was in response to a potential threat from Vichy French forces in Senegal and Niger. Later, these two divisions, 81st (West Africa) Division and 82nd (West Africa) Division served with distinction in the Burma Campaign.

He was made General Officer Commanding Eastern Army in India in May 1943. This army faced the Japanese army which had occupied Burma. Several sources, notably Field Marshal William "Bill" Slim, testified to his contribution to the improvement in morale and effectiveness in Eastern Army during this period.

In October 1943 he was appointed Commander in Chief of 11th Army Group in India and Burma, effectively being commander in chief of land forces in the South East Asia Command. His period of command here was less happy. He was temperamentally the opposite of the publicity-hungry Commander in Chief, Admiral Louis Mountbatten, and the two men often clashed. He and the United States General Joseph Stilwell also disliked each other. Stilwell, as commander of the Northern Combat Area Command, refused to take Giffard's orders, claiming that he could not submit American forces to British control, and as Deputy Supreme Commander to Mountbatten he was in any case Giffard's superior. The resulting command arrangement was an awkward compromise.

In March 1944, relations between Mountbatten and Giffard broke during a crisis at the start of the Battle of Imphal. Mountbatten acted decisively to obtain transport aircraft from the United States Army Air Force to fly reinforcements and supplies to the isolated Allied troops at Imphal. His Chief of Staff, General Henry Pownall, wrote that Giffard had shown no initiative at all. Giffard was notified of his dismissal in May, but was asked to remain in post until his successor, General Oliver Leese, could relieve him. As a result, he remained until October.

Other appointments
In 1945, he was made Colonel of the Queen's Royal Regiment. He was also Colonel Commandant of the Royal West African Frontier Force and of the King's African Rifles. Giffard was also Aide-de-Camp General to the King from 1943 to 1946. He retired in 1946.

His legacy in Britain's West African possessions was the pride the people felt in the contribution and fighting record of the two West African divisions which he formed, and which fought on an equal basis with British and Indian divisions. This contributed to the growth of national feeling, which in turn played its part in the achievement of independence in those countries.

He was a nephew of the Labour politician Susan Lawrence.

Honours and awards

 * Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath - 1 January 1944 (KCB - 1 January 1941, CB - 1 January 1938)
 * Distinguished Service Order - 4 June 1917, for distinguished service in the field
 * Mentioned in Despatches - 1 April 1941 (for service in the Middle East August 1939-November 1940), 26 October 1944 (for service in Burma & Eastern Frontier of India)
 * Order of Polonia Restituta, 1st Class - 14 December 1943
 * Croix de Guerre (France) - 31 August 1917