Gadsden flag

The Gadsden flag is a historical American flag with a yellow field depicting a rattlesnake coiled and ready to strike. Positioned below the rattlesnake are the words "Dont tread on me". The flag is named after American general and statesman Christopher Gadsden, who designed it in 1775 during the American revolution. It was also used by the Continental Marines as an early motto flag, along with the Moultrie Flag.

Snake symbolism
The timber rattlesnake and eastern diamondback rattlesnake both populate the geographical areas of the original thirteen colonies. Their use as a symbol of the American colonies can be traced back to the publications of Benjamin Franklin. In 1751, he made the first reference to the rattlesnake in a satirical commentary published in his Pennsylvania Gazette. It had been the policy of Britain to send convicted criminals to America, so Franklin suggested that they thank the British by sending rattlesnakes to England.



In 1754, during the French and Indian War, Franklin published his famous woodcut of a snake cut into eight sections. It represented the colonies, with New England joined together as the head and South Carolina as the tail, following their order along the coast. Under the snake was the message "Join, or Die". This was the first political cartoon published in an American newspaper.

When American colonies came to identify more with their own community and liberty than as vassals of the British empire, icons that were unique to the Americas became increasingly popular. The rattlesnake, like the bald eagle and American Indian, came to symbolize American ideals and society.

As the American Revolution grew, the snake began to see more use as a symbol of the colonies. In 1774, Paul Revere added it to the title of his paper, the Massachusetts Spy, as a snake joined to fight a British dragon. In December 1775, Benjamin Franklin published an essay in the Pennsylvania Journal under the pseudonym American Guesser in which he suggested that the rattlesnake was a good symbol for the American spirit:

"'I recollected that her eye excelled in brightness, that of any other animal, and that she has no eye-lids—She may therefore be esteemed an emblem of vigilance.—She never begins an attack, nor, when once engaged, ever surrenders: She is therefore an emblem of magnanimity and true courage.—As if anxious to prevent all pretensions of quarreling with her, the weapons with which nature has furnished her, she conceals in the roof of her mouth, so that, to those who are unacquainted with her, she appears to be a most defenseless animal; and even when those weapons are shown and extended for her defense, they appear weak and contemptible; but their wounds however small, are decisive and fatal:—Conscious of this, she never wounds till she has generously given notice, even to her enemy, and cautioned him against the danger of stepping on her.—Was I wrong, Sir, in thinking this a strong picture of the temper and conduct of America?'"

Gadsden's flag
In fall 1775, the United States Navy was established by Commander in Chief of all Continental Forces, General George Washington, before Esek Hopkins was named Commodore of the Navy, with seven ships, often called "Washington Cruisers", that flew the simple triangle shaped green tree with a trunk, the "Liberty Tree Flag" with the motto "Appeal to Heaven" according to the October 20, 1775 letter of Washington's aide Colonel Joseph Reed, that is in the Library of Congress. The illustration on this page shows four flags, the one in the upper left is a common artist's rendition, but is incorrect at least as far as the motto, which is "Appeal to Heaven", not "AN APPEAL TO HEAVEN" according to the letter from Washington's aide, and Caslon was the common font of the day, used on both the Declaration and the Constitution, not the sans serif typeface shown on the flag image. Further for survivability in the high winds at sea, a simple triangle shape evergreen liberty tree is far more likely than an intricate many branch liberty tree.

Those first ships were used to intercept incoming British ships carrying war supplies to the British troops in the colonies to both deprive the supplies to the British and to supply to the Continental Army. One ship captured by Captain John Manley had 30,000 pairs of shoes on it, but the admiralty agent demanded his 2 1/2 per cent commission before he would release the cargo for Washington's army, so many soldiers marched barefoot in the snow. To aid in this, the Second Continental Congress authorized the mustering of five companies of Marines to accompany the Navy on their first mission. The first Marines enlisted in the city of Philadelphia, and they carried drums painted yellow, depicting a coiled rattlesnake with thirteen rattles, and the motto "Don't Tread on Me." This is the first recorded mention of the future Gadsden flag's symbolism.

At the Congress, Continental Colonel Christopher Gadsden represented his home state of South Carolina. He was one of seven members of the Marine Committee who were outfitting the first naval mission.

Before the departure of that first mission in December 1775, the newly appointed commander-in-chief of the Navy, Commodore Esek Hopkins, received the yellow rattlesnake flag from Gadsden to serve as the distinctive personal standard of his flagship. It was displayed at the mainmast.

Gadsden also presented a copy of this flag to the Congress of South Carolina in Charleston, South Carolina. This was recorded in the South Carolina congressional journals on February 9, 1776:

Col. Gadsden presented to the Congress an elegant standard, such as is to be used by the commander in chief of the American Navy; being a yellow field, with a lively representation of a rattlesnake in the middle in the attitude of going to strike and these words underneath, "Don't tread on me."

Variations in appearance
Many variations of the Gadsden flag may be found:
 * The motto sometimes includes an apostrophe in the word "Don't" and sometimes does not. Early written discussions uniformly include an apostrophe; however, as early as 1917 a flag reference book includes a picture of a version without the apostrophe.
 * The typeface used for the motto is sometimes a serif typeface and other times sans-serif.
 * The rattlesnake sometimes is shown as resting on a green, presumably grassy, ground, and sometimes not. The green grass seems to be a recent addition; representations dating from 1885 and 1917 do not display anything below the rattlesnake.
 * The rattlesnake usually faces to the left, and the early representations mentioned above face left. However, some versions of the flag show the snake facing to the right.

Other Rattlesnake flags
The Culpeper Minutemen flag has a coiled rattlesnake and the same motto as the Gadsden flag. It has a white field, rather than yellow, and the additional motto "Liberty or Death" and the name "The Culpeper Minute Men". It is the flag of Virginia volunteers from the Culpeper area.

The John Proctor's Regiment flag of 1st Battalion Westmoreland County, Pennsylvania also had a coiled rattlesnake shown on its flag.

The Rhode Island Militia Artillery also used a coiled rattlesnake on its flag. Before Esek Hopkins was named the first Commodore of the American Navy by the Continental Congress, where his brother Stephen Hopkins was an influential member of the Maritime Committee, Esek Hopkins served as a Brigadier General of the Rhode Island Militia Artillery, so would have been very welcoming to the Gadsden flag that also had a coiled rattlesnake. Despite the Rhode Island Artillery declining to provide any cannon to outfit the first seven ships of the American Navy commissioned by Washington, Hopkins was "loaned" about 200 men from Washington's Army to help him man his ships, but he was slow in "repaying" the loan according to correspondence from the Commander in Chief Washington. A sad note is that Commodore Esek Hopkins did not do well in command, and was relieved by the Continental Congress after an ill-fated raid on New Providence in the Bahamas.

All four of the American designed "Rattlesnake Flags" show a COILED Rattlesnake. The only other rattlesnake flag, called "The First Navy Jack", was "designed by" the English artist Thomas Hart as background art.

The traditional version of the First Navy Jack has an uncoiled rattlesnake and the same motto as the Gadsden flag, on a field of 13 horizontal red and white stripes. Flag experts (vexillologists) speculate that either the English Artist Thomas Hart either did not know about the practice of Rattlesnakes to coil in defense, or did, and intended to insult the fledgling American Navy as a weak and vulnerable creature as a rattlesnake is when not coiled and ready to strike, slithering on the ground, trying to escape, with its motto "(Please) Don't Tread on Me!". However, others suggest the snake pictured on the flag was being provoked, and is striking. Hence the warning, "Don't tread on me (or I will strike)".

Contemporary significance


Considered one of the first flags of the United States, the flag was later replaced by the current Stars and Stripes (or Old Glory) flag. Since the Revolution, the flag has seen times of reintroduction as a symbol of American patriotism, a symbol of disagreement with government, or a symbol of support for civil liberties.

The First Navy Jack, which was not directly related to the Gadsden flag, has been in use by the United States Navy since its beginnings. Unlike the Liberty Tree Flag with the letter by Colonel Joseph Reed that describes it, there is no document that describes the Snake on Stripes flag, only an image by an English artist Thomas Hart in the background of a portrait of Commodore Esek Hopkins. In that same painting is a "tree flag" with a round shape. The triangle shape of the Liberty Tree flag is derived from the only surviving tree flag from the Revolution, found in an old trunk in 1993 on Long Island, the 5th Regt. Connecticut Militia. The same artist, Thomas Hart, painted Palm Trees in the background of Colonel Benedict Arnold outside Quebec City, not too likely. However, the Snake on Stripes flag was included in a book of flags by Admiral Preble, but later Preble determined the flag not valid so removed it from his text, but the book publisher used the old color plates, so the image was continued in the new edition, and subsequently picked up by other publications and the Webster's Dictionary.

In preparation for the bicentennial year 1976, staff officers in the Secretary of the Navy's office sought an powerful image for the Navy's Bicentennial. One Navy officer saw the Snake on Stripes Flag in Websters Dictionary, and ordered a large number to give away as Navy Promotional Items, and then, went to the Naval Historical Center to "get the history". They were told that the flag had probably never flown during the Revolution, based on Admiral Preble's later discoveries, but a decision was made to use the Snake on Stripes Flag, or the "Fake Snake Flag" anyway. Beginning in 1975, commissioned Navy ships flew this Jack in place of the Naval Jack (Officially known as the Union Jack, not to be confused with the United Kingdom's Flag) at the bow. In 1977, the Secretary of the Navy directed that the ship in active status with the longest total period of active service shall display the First Navy Jack until decommissioned or transferred to inactive service, at which time the flag shall be passed to the next ship in line with appropriate honors. The display of this jack by the oldest ship in the fleet is intended as a form of recognition to promote pride of service, enhance morale, and contribute to the tradition of naval service. USS Enterprise (CVN 65) became the oldest active ship in the United States Navy upon the decommissioning of USS Kitty Hawk (CV 63) on 12 May 2009. Enterprise is only the third aircraft carrier ever to hold the honor of flying the First Navy Jack.

In addition, since the first Patriot Day on September 11, 2002, which commemorates the lives lost in the September 11 attacks, The rattlesnake from the flag is also shown on the U.S. Army's Drill Sergeant Identification Badge. After the Snake On Stripes Flag became the Navy's symbol for the Global War on Terrorism, flag history professionals (vexillologists) have done extensive research papers that further question the claim that the flag ever flew during the American Revolution, yet though a "Fake Snake Flag", it continues to fly at the bow of American warships today.

For historical reasons, the Gadsden flag is still popularly flown in Charleston, South Carolina, the city where Christopher Gadsden first presented the flag, and where it was commonly used during the revolution, along with the blue and white crescent flag of pre-Civil War South Carolina.

In popular culture
Athletic apparel company Nike uses the image of a rattlesnake coiled around a soccer ball for an ongoing, patriotic "Don't Tread on Me" campaign in support of the United States men's national soccer team. The phrase has become a rallying cry for American soccer fans and the Gadsden flag can occasionally be seen at national team games. A representation of the rattlesnake is contained on the inside of their uniforms, over the heart, with the initials "D.T.O.M.", which were used in the 2010 World Cup. The Philadelphia Union Major League Soccer expansion team in 2010, incorporated the coiled snake into its logo that was unveiled in May, 2009.

The classic science-fiction novel Stranger in a Strange Land mentions a pet snake being kept in the show window of a tattoo parlor, backed with a four-color picture painted with the words 'Don't Tread on Me'.

It also appears in a historical context in the 2000 film The Patriot in Charleston and in battle alongside the Old Glory flag.

In the apocalyptic 2006 CBS TV drama Jericho, the flag makes several appearances, most notably in the series finale as Jericho's acting mayor takes down the flag of the "Allied States of America", which had been flying at the town hall following a federal coup. He replaces the red, white, and blue flag of the central government with a Gadsden Flag which the previous mayor had kept framed in his office. The scene depicts a once-collaborative character as finally having summoned the courage to be in open defiance against a supreme government.

The heavy metal band Metallica recorded a song called "Don't Tread on Me" on their self-titled fifth studio album. The album cover features a picture of a coiled rattlesnake almost exactly like the one found on the Gadsden Flag. The song features lyrics referring to the American Revolutionary War. 311's eighth studio album is titled Don't Tread on Me released 2005. The New Jersey based punk rock group Titus Andronicus features one on the cover of their album The Airing of Grievances, and the flag is frequently seen with them on tour. Rock/Country singer Aaron Lewis makes reference to the flag in a song called "Country Boy" on his debut solo album Town Line. The Hardcore Band Cro-Mags also had a song named "Don't Tread on Me" on their debut album "Age of Quarrel".

The Gadsden Flag is also seen in the Futurama episode "All the President's Heads" where it is shown at the New New York Head Museum and again at the same location save Bender Bending Rodríguez changing the flag to a picture of him—cigar in one hand, other hand pointing at his posterior—with a colonial spelling of his catchphrase "Bite my shiny metal ass" underneath.

On the February 18, 2013 edition of WWE Monday Night Raw, the characters Jack Swagger and his manager Zeb Colter cut a faux anti-illegal immigration promo (in kayfabe) with this flag seen in the background. The flag would be prominent in several similar promos in the following weeks, while the coiled snake and "Don't Tread on Me" motifs have also been used in Swagger's entrance video and digital entrance graphics. Since joining up with Swagger and Coulter, Antonio Cesaro has either carried the Gadsden flag or worn it as a cape during his ring entrance.

In the video game Fallout: New Vegas, which takes place in a post-apocalyptic Las Vegas, the Courier is given the quest "Don't Tread on the Bear!" which is a reference to both the "Don't Tread on Me" used on the Gadsden flag and the faction The New California Republic, whom the player has the choice to side with, their flag depicts a two headed bear.

In the video game Assassin's Creed III, which is partially set in Boston circa 1775, the Gadsden flag can be seen adorning the walls of many houses and alleyways.

The flag is framed in Sam Seaborn's office on The West Wing television series and in the background of Josiah Bartlet's speech in "The Shadow of Two Gunmen".

Tea Party Movement symbol
Beginning in 2009 at Tea Party rallies, the Gadsden Flag has been adopted as a symbol of the American Tea Party movement. It was also displayed by members of Congress at Tea Party movement rallies. Some lawmakers have called it a "political symbol" because of this association. In March, 2013, the city of New Rochelle, New York ordered the removal of the Gadsden flag from the city's vacant armory building because they feared that the flag would be seen as political. The next month, a veterans group, the United Veterans Memorial & Patriotic Association, filed suit against the city. The suit is currently pending.