DeLesseps Story Morrison

deLesseps Story "Chep" Morrison, Sr., (January 18, 1912—May 22, 1964) was the mayor of New Orleans from 1946-1961 who failed in three hard-fought bids for the then-pivotal Louisiana Democratic gubernatorial nomination. He also served as an appointee of U.S. President John F. Kennedy as the United States ambassador to the Organization of American States between 1961 and 1963. New Orleans' peak population was reached during Morrison's mayoralty, when the 1960 census recorded 627,525 inhabitants, a 10 percent increase from the 1950 figures. Though the population of metropolitan New Orleans would continue to grow until Hurricane Katrina, the city itself has yet to regain its 1960 high-water mark.

deLesseps Morrison was born in New Roads, the seat of Pointe Coupee Parish. He died in an airplane crash in Ciudad Victoria, Mexico.

Early life, education, military
Morrison was the son of Jacob Haight Morrison, III (1875–1929), a district attorney in Pointe Coupee Parish, and the former Anita Olivier, a New Orleans socialite. He was named after deLesseps Story, a respected New Orleans judge to whom he was related on his mother's side; the family was also related to Ferdinand de Lesseps and Alderman Sidney Story, namesake of Storyville. As a boy in New Roads, Morrison once worked for an ice dealer, Alton Gaudin, father of future Louisiana state Representative Clark Gaudin of Baton Rouge. He had a half-brother, Jacob Haight Morrison, IV, son of his father's first marriage to the former Eloise Yancy (1876–1905) of Jonesville in Catahoula Parish.

In 1932, Morrison graduated from Louisiana State University in Baton Rouge. In 1934, he completed his law degree from LSU. After graduation, he moved to New Orleans, where he became an attorney with the National Recovery Administration, a New Deal agency. Thereafter, he was a law partner with both Jacob Morrison and the future Democratic U.S. Representative Thomas Hale Boggs, Sr. He was a second cousin of Marie Corinne Morrison Claiborne Boggs, who succeeded her husband Hale Boggs in Congress in 1973.

As an active Democrat, Morrison in 1939 helped to organize the People's League of Independent Voters in New Orleans. In 1940, Morrison was elected to the Louisiana House of Representatives for the 12th Ward; he became a reliable floor leader for the reform faction led by Governor Sam Houston Jones. One of his colleagues was his future ally and rival on occasions, William J. "Bill" Dodd, from Allen Parish.

During World War II, Morrison left the legislature to join the United States Army. He first rose to the rank of colonel, and became chief of staff of the occupation forces stationed in the city of Bremen. In 1942, he married Corinne Waterman of New Orleans. He received the Bronze Star and also served in England, France, and Belgium. He and Bill Dodd were both reelected to the legislature in absentia in 1944.

After the war, he returned to New Orleans to practice law. He remained, however, in the U.S. Army Reserve and attained the rank of major general.

Election as mayor
Morrison was approached by a group of Uptown reformers in December 1945 to run for mayor in the election of 1946. The attractive and dynamic young veteran ran a campaign emphasizing the need to clean up the corruption of incumbent Mayor Robert Maestri, who had been affiliated with the Long faction of Louisiana Democratic politics. Maestri's Old Regulars had dominated New Orleans for decades. Morrison pulled a major upset when he defeated Maestri in the first primary. He was among many returning World War II veterans to gain political office during that period.

Morrison as mayor
As mayor, Morrison put together a strong public relations team which helped him cultivate an image as a dynamic reformer and won him widespread praise in the national press. The journalist Iris Kelso was first assigned to the City Hall beat in 1954 and covered Morrison administration in great detail. Morrison marketed the city effectively, and was instrumental in creating the post-World War II image of New Orleans as a growing and progressive Sun Belt metropolis. His administration attracted significant private investment and welcomed the establishment of numerous oil industry white collar corporate offices in downtown New Orleans, as well as several sizable new industrial plants elsewhere. To favorably contrast himself with the alleged dictatorial inclinations of his predecessor Maestri, Morrison worked to get a law passed to reduce the powers of the mayor. He created a new city planning commission and moved to make administration more efficient by firing many of Maestri's patronage appointments (though some were replaced with Morrison's own supporters). He also downsized city operations by selling off most of the city's public markets, which led to most of them being torn down. He addressed a housing crisis by building veterans’ housing operated by the Housing Authority of New Orleans, and engaged in more large-scale urban renewal than any other New Orleans mayor. Morrison's administration demolished low-income neighborhoods to build new or expand existing public housing projects, and further private property was expropriated to permit the construction of the New Orleans Civic Center, the New Orleans Union Passenger Terminal and several street widening projects in the city's downtown. One of his most popular actions was to create the New Orleans Recreation Department (NORD), which included segregated facilities for whites and blacks. He began an extensive citywide street improvement program financed though a bond issue, and located funding sufficient to construct numerous street overpasses and underpasses, eliminating most at-grade railway crossings within the city limits. Morrison acquiesced in New Orleans Public Service's dismantling of the city's extensive streetcar network in the 1950s.

A proponent of increased international trade, Morrison lent his support to the construction of the International Trade Mart - precursor to the city's World Trade Center - and traveled extensively in Latin America to promote trade with New Orleans. He became friends with dictators Rafael Trujillo and Juan Perón. Morrison's wish to reinforce ties with Latin America even found expression in his urban renewal efforts, as new central area circulators were embellished with monuments to Central and South American historical figures. In particular, the widened Basin Street was outfitted with monuments to Simón Bolívar, Benito Juárez, and Francisco Morazán. The statue of Simón Bolívar was particularly prominently sited and still stands at the corner of Canal and Basin streets. Another new circulator, in Central City, was bestowed with the name Simon Bolivar Avenue.

Despite running on a platform stressing the elimination of the Old Regular machine, after his election Morrison quickly built his own political organization, the Crescent City Democratic Association. Modelling itself on the Old Regular system of ward and precinct captains, the CCDA began finding its supporters jobs in City Hall and in municipal construction contracts. Further proof of Morrison's ability to be hard-nosed was provided in October 1946, when he broke a garbage collectors’ strike by organizing volunteer scab labor to take over the duties of the striking workers. His organization's power quickly eclipsed that of the Old Regulars, and he secured easy re-elections in 1950, 1954, and 1958. Morrison also pushed for a new city charter in 1954, which replaced the at-large council commission system with a legislative city council which combined five district-based and two at-large members. The system of municipal government established by the 1954 charter still operates in New Orleans.

In 1954, Morrison attended the inauguration of newly elected Mayor James C. Gardner of Shreveport, who served a single four-year term. Gardner undertook similar reforms in Shreveport of the kind that Morrison had initiated in New Orleans. The two became good friends over the years though Gardner was considered more conservative than Morrison.

In 1950, Morrison was elected president of the National Municipal Association. In 1953, he won the organization's LaGuardia Award, named for former New York City Mayor Fiorello H. La Guardia.

Morrison, crime, and the NOPD
After assuming office in 1946, Morrison appointed Adair Watters superintendent of the New Orleans Police Department (NOPD) in an effort to eliminate corruption. But tensions developed when Watters moved to suppress gambling, prostitution, and other vice too zealously for Morrison's liking. Watters resigned in February 1949 because of Morrison's political interference with NOPD activities.

Throughout most of the 1950s, scandals continued to emerge concerning the involvement of the NOPD in graft and vice. Not only was the NOPD accused of refusing to stop prostitution and gambling, but there was evidence of NOPD involvement in protection rackets for vice operations. In 1952, the Metropolitan Crime Commission of New Orleans was established as an independent monitor of the NOPD and the Morrison administration's approach to vice. State Police Colonel Francis Grevemberg, later a two-time gubernatorial candidate, led a series of high-profile raids on New Orleans gambling establishments that embarrassed Morrison and the NOPD for its inactivity. Eventually, retired FBI Agent Aaron M. Kohn was sent from Chicago to investigate NOPD involvement in vice. Kohn later recalled, "'After about a year, I began to realize something about the system down here. In Chicago, people were generally on one side of the fence or the other—honest or crooked. But in Louisiana, there just isn’t any fence.'"

He soon complained that Morrison was obstructing his efforts. Morrison refused to fire Joseph Schuering, the NOPD superintendent implicated in the scandals until sustained political pressure forced the mayor to ask for Schuering's resignation in 1955.

Morrison and race
Early in his administration, Morrison supported the construction of a suburban-style black neighborhood named Pontchartrain Park, built public housing for low-income blacks, and spent money on street and infrastructure improvements in black neighborhoods. NORD built playgrounds, swimming pools, and recreational centers for African Americans. These actions earned him the enmity of hard-line segregationists. In 1950, he oversaw the NOPD's hiring of its first black policeman since the advent of the Jim Crow era. Morrison nevertheless remained a committed supporter of segregation and was known to use racial slurs in private conversations. The facilities he did create in black neighborhoods remained segregated and received inferior funding compared to civic projects in white neighborhoods. Historian Adam Fairclough interprets Morrison's building programs for blacks as a way of "shoring up segregation" by defusing dissatisfaction with inferior facilities. Many black leaders found him sympathetic but unwilling to take more meaningful action to address their concerns. Morrison's approach to race relations increasingly fell behind the times as the civil rights movement of the 1950s and 1960s gained momentum.

New Orleans gained national attention in the fall of 1960 as the city's school board implemented a federal integration order for its public schools. A handful of black students entered two white schools in the city's Ninth Ward, but were greeted with mobs of white women and youths screaming racial slurs and throwing bottles and refuse. While Morrison did not join Governor Jimmie Davis' drive to prevent integration by shutting the schools down, he also did nothing to prevent the intimidating segregationist demonstrations. The NOPD passively stood by while mobs heckled parents bringing their children to school, while at the same time police arrested civil rights activists holding lunch counter sit-ins in the city. Morrison's lack of action stemmed from his political need to avoid alienating black supporters while at the same time retaining a segregationist stance. His position resulted in criticism from both sides; black New Orleanians and supporters of civil rights felt he had betrayed them, while hard-line segregationists accused him of supporting integration. Ultimately, his fence-straddling on civil rights was a significant contribution to the fatigue and disenchantment with which the citizenry received his administration's actions in its final years - a sharp contrast with the comparatively ebullient 1950s. Arguably, Morrison's leadership failures on civil rights did much to compromise his earlier achievements and resulted in New Orleans being more poorly positioned socially and economically for the post-Civil Rights era than its (at that time) peer cities like Atlanta, Houston, and Dallas.

In his 1959 gubernatorial runoff contest, Morrison proclaimed his support for segregation and noted that New Orleans was at that time the least racially mixed of the large southern cities. He boasted that he had been sued by the NAACP over his segregationist policies in the city.

Morrison and Louisiana politics
Following the 1948 gubernatorial election, in which Morrison had endorsed former Governor Sam Houston Jones, the gubernatorial winner, Earl Kemp Long, convinced the legislature to enact a series of measures to punish New Orleans for its support of Morrison. Long's brother, Huey Pierce Long, Jr., had used similar tactics in his feud with then New Orleans Mayor T. Semmes Walmsley. Long had the legislature pass laws which limited the city government's control over taxation, control over the police and fire departments, operation of the port, and civil service appointments. Long's anti-Morrison constitutional amendments, however, were defeated. Moreover, the support of the Old Regulars for Long's punitive measures further eroded the machine's support among New Orleans voters.

Morrison had a longstanding ambition to become governor of Louisiana, and he ran unsuccessfully for that office three times. Each time he ran, he was strongly opposed in the northern half of the state because of his perceived liberal views, particularly on race (though he was a declared segregationist), and his Roman Catholicism.

Election of 1956
In the election of 1956, Morrison lost to Earl Long. The acerbic Long ridiculed Morrison as a "city slicker" out of touch with residents of small towns and rural areas. Long laughed at his opponent's unusual first name deLesseps: "Ole De la Soups is the only man that can talk out of both sides of his mouth, whistle, and strut all at once." Trailing both Long and Morrison in the 1956 primary were Fred Preaus of Farmerville, the choice of outgoing Governor Robert Kennon, Francis Grevemberg, the former state police superintendent, and James M. McLemore, the Alexandria auction-barn owner who ran his second consecutive unsuccessful race on a strictly segregationist platform.

Election of 1960
Three LSU scholars described Morrison, as he launched his second bid for governor, accordingly:

"Morrison was different from the typical anti-Long candidate inasmuch as he had demonstrated liberal proclivities, particularly in giving support to the national Democratic Party and his attitude on labor and race relations. In many respects, Morrison seemed to represent the combination that Louisiana voters had unsuccessfully groped for over a long period of time: respectability and integrity in combination with a welfare-state programmatic outlook. . . . Morrison was faced with two awesome handicaps: he was from New Orleans, and he was of the Roman Catholic faith. The traditional suspicion of the 'big-city' counted against him in many areas of the state, and the predominantly Protestant north Louisiana sector has long contended that no Catholic could or should be governor of the state."

In the election of 1959-1960, Morrison lost to former Governor Jimmie Davis, a singer of both popular songs and gospel hymns. He polled 414,110 votes (45.5 percent) in the runoff to Davis' 487,681 (54.1 percent). Davis was endorsed in the runoff by the third-place candidate, segregationist William Monroe Rainach of Claiborne Parish as well as Rainach's preferred candidate for state comptroller, future U.S. Representative Joe D. Waggonner. Morrison was endorsed by the fifth-place candidate, Bill Dodd, but Dodd's showing had been insufficient to help Morrison that much. Rainach later expressed disappointment with the second Davis administration even though he had endorsed Davis in the 1960 runoff against Morrison.

In the primary runoff, Morrison's lieutenant governor choice, then Alexandria Mayor W. George Bowdon, Jr., lost his race to Clarence C. "Taddy" Aycock of Franklin in St. Mary Parish, a former Speaker of the Louisiana House. Other Morrison ticket candidates lost too, including George W. Shannon for Commissioner of Agriculture and Forestry, Fred Columbus Dent, Sr., for register of state land, David Wallace Chennault, son of General Claire Chennault, for custodian of voting machines, Mrs. Marion Henderson of Colfax in Grant Parish for state comptroller, and R. W. "Tom" Farrar, Jr., for state attorney general.

Election of 1964
In the election of 1963-1964, he lost to Public Service Commissioner John Julian McKeithen from the small town of Columbia in rural Caldwell Parish. In the 1964 primary, Morrison ran with the Houma (Terrebonne Parish) attorney Claude B. Duval, who sought the office of lieutenant governor. Duval, a longtime personal friend of Morrison's, also lost and was defeated by his St. Mary Parish neighbor, C.C. Aycock, who ran as an independent that year, meaning that though he was a Democrat, he was not allied with a gubernatorial slate of candidates. Two other Morrison-backed candidates were State Representative Jack M. Dyer of Baton Rouge for insurance commissioner and then Mayor Raymond Laborde of Marksville for custodian of voting machines. Dyer lost to Dudley A. Guglielmo, and Laborde fell to the incumbent Douglas Fowler of Coushatta in Red River Parish. Laborde had argued for the abolition of the office, which was finally ended in 2004.

Declining political fortunes
By his final term as mayor, Morrison's luster had faded somewhat. Some of his ideas, such as the unsuccessful 1959 proposal for a monorail, were met with widespread opposition. He moved surprisingly slowly to construct a passenger terminal for New Orleans' international airport; for its first thirteen years of operation New Orleanians departed from a glorified barn while its regional economic rivals invested in constructing modern facilities. Morrison also failed in his efforts to keep the Pelicans baseball team in New Orleans, and in general the energy that had characterized his early years in office was thoroughly dissipated. Former political allies like City Councilman and future Lieutenant Governor James Edward "Jimmy" Fitzmorris, Jr., began to express their independence and positioned themselves for a future without Morrison.

His reputation was further tarnished in the aftermath of the school integration crisis, and his political future was uncertain. He was the first of many New Orleans mayors to attempt to amend his 1954 city charter to allow a third consecutive term as mayor, but the failure of this effort left him without a certain political future.



Seeking a political base from which to stage another run for governor, he approached the John F. Kennedy administration and was appointed Ambassador to the Organization of American States on July 17, 1961. In a further sign of his declining political fortunes, his chosen candidate for mayor in the New Orleans election of 1962 – State Senator Adrian G. Duplantier – lost the Democratic runoff to Victor Schiro.

Death
Only four months after his final election defeat, on May 22, 1964, Morrison was killed in a plane crash in Mexico.

Morrison funeral
Former Shreveport Mayor Jim Gardner, in his memoirs, recalls details of the Morrison funeral:

"The Morrison funeral was a moving and impressive event. A motorcade formed in front of the Capitol House Hotel [in Baton Rouge] at 8:45 a.m. on Tuesday, May 26, 1964. There were about twenty automobiles led by the governor [John McKeithen]. I rode down with four other state representatives in Representative Spencer Todd's brand new Cadillac. Others in the car were Conway LeBleu, Joe Henry Cooper, and Steve Dupuis. It turned out that Steve lived next door to my cousin . . . in Opelousas.

"When we arrived in New Orleans we went to the new City Hall and were joined by Mayor Victor Schiro and thence to Gallier Hall, where the bodies [Morrison and son] were in state. Gallier Hall is an architecturally magnificent old building that had been the City Hall for most of Chep's tenure. It was there that I had attended one of his staff meetings in 1955.

"The public viewing was now completed and our visit was special. The body was in the former waiting room for the mayor's office. . . At the door were smartly uniformed firemen and policemen. The room itself was still adorned with large fine paintings . . . The two-star flag of a major general with black streamers hung over the flag-draped coffin which was attended by a military honor guard. Chep loved things military and would have approved of the arrangements.

"We were officially greeted by Jimmy Fitzmorris (later lieutenant governor) who was chairman of the New Orleans City Council. Jimmy, also a friend of mine, had been asked by the Morrison family to handle all of the arrangements which he did in splendid fashion. Everything seemed so right. I found it easy to visualize the excitement of the room when Chep ruled from there."

". . . The mass lasted about an hour. . . . A military presence was still evident as all of the pallbearers were Army officers. . . . Life was going on as a great and good friend departed it."

The Morrison family
The Morrison family faced many tragedies. Seven-year-old John Randolph Waterman "Randy" Morrison (born September 24, 1956) died with his father in the plane crash.

Morrison married Corinne on October 3, 1942. Mrs. Morrison (born August 17, 1921) died at the age of thirty-seven on February 26, 1959, just a few months before her husband launched his second gubernatorial bid.

His older son, deLesseps Story "Toni" Morrison, Jr., who like his father had been a state representative, ran unsuccessfully for mayor in the 1977 New Orleans mayoral election. "Toni" Morrison died of lung cancer on August 21, 1996. Both Chep and Toni Morrison died at the age of fifty-two. All four Morrisons are buried in Metairie Cemetery in New Orleans.

The Morrisons had a daughter too, Corinne Ann Morrison (born 1947), a New Orleans attorney.

Morrison was inducted posthumously in 1995 into the Louisiana Political Museum and Hall of Fame in Winnfield, the seat of Winn Parish.