Yevgeny Miller

Yevgeny-Ludvig Karlovich Miller (Евгений Карлович Миллер) (September 25, 1867, Daugavpils, Latvia–May 11, 1939, Moscow) was a Russian general and one of the leaders of the anti-communist White Army during and after Russian Civil War.

Biography
Miller was a career officer born to a Baltic German nobility family in Dinaburg (now Daugavpils, Latvia). After he graduated from the General Staff Academy he served with the Russian Imperial Guard. Between 1898 and 1907 he was a Russian military attaché in several European capitals such as Rome, The Hague and Brussels. During the First World War he headed the Moscow military district and the 5th Russian army, and was promoted to the rank of lieutenant general.

Civil War
After the February Revolution of 1917 General Miller opposed "democratization" of the Russian army and was arrested by his own soldiers after he ordered them to remove red arm bands.

After the October Revolution Miller fled to Archangelsk and declared himself Governor-General of Northern Russia. In May 1919 Admiral Kolchak appointed him to be in charge of the White army in the region. In Archangelsk, Murmansk and Olonets his anti-Bolshevik army was supported by the Entente, mostly British forces. However, after an unsuccessful advance against the Red Army along the Northern Dvina in the summer of 1919, British forces withdrew from the region and Miller's men faced the enemy alone.

Exile and kidnapping
In February 1920, General Miller was evacuated from Archangelsk for Norway. Later he moved to France and together with Grand Duke Nicholas and Pyotr Nikolayevich Wrangel continued anti-communist activism. Between 1930 and 1937 Miller was a chairman of the Russian All-Military Union.

On September 22, 1937, NKVD informer and All-Military Union intelligence chief Nikolai Skoblin led General Miller to a Paris safe house, where he was to meet with two German Abwehr agents. The agents were not who they appeared to be. They were in fact officers of the Soviet NKVD disguised as Germans. They drugged Miller, placed him in a steamer trunk and smuggled him aboard a Soviet ship in Le Havre. However, Miller left behind a note to be opened if he failed to return from the meeting. In it he detailed his suspicions about Skoblin.

French police launched a massive manhunt, but Skoblin fled to the Soviet embassy in Paris and eventually was smuggled to Barcelona, where the Second Spanish Republic refused to extradite him to France.

However, Skoblin's wife, Nadezhda Plevitskaya, was arrested, convicted and sentenced by a French court to 20 years in prison.

The NKVD successfully smuggled General Miller back to Moscow, where he was tortured and summarily shot nineteen months later on May 11, 1939. According to NKVD General Pavel Sudoplatov, "His kidnapping was a cause celebre. Eliminating him disrupted his organization of Tsarist officers and effectively prevented them from collaborating with the Germans against us."

Copies of letters written by Miller while he was imprisoned in Moscow are in the Dimitri Volkogonov papers at the Library of Congress.

In popular culture
The kidnapping was the subject of a book written by Anatoly Rybakov, The Fear. It was also the basis of the French film Triple Agent (2004), directed by Éric Rohmer.

In addition, the kidnapping of General Miller is also fictionalized in Nikita Mikhalkov's award-winning film Burnt by the Sun. In the film the character known as "Mitya" (Oleg Menshikov) is a former White Army officer turned NKVD agent. Posing as a pianist in Paris, Mitya is described as having delivered eight White Generals to the NKVD. All are described as having been kidnapped, returned to Moscow, and shot without trial. One of the Generals is given the name "Weiner."