Irish expedition to Scotland

The Irish expedition to Scotland refers to a group of 2,000 troops that set sail from Ireland for Scotland in June 1644. Once in Scotland, they joined forces with the Royalist forces fighting the First English Civil War. The expedition was the result of an effort by King Charles I of England to enlist help from Irish Catholics in fighting Parliamentarian forces.

Troop request
In September 1643, a truce was made between James Butler, Marquis of Ormonde, who was leader of the Royalist regime based in Dublin, Ireland and the Confederate Catholics of Ireland. The truce permitted Butler to send some of his forces from Ireland to fight for King Charles I, while allowing the Confederate Catholics to concentrate their forces against the Scots and Parliamentarian forces in Ireland.

King Charles needed troops from the Confederate Catholics of Ireland, as he needed troops that he could use in the British theatres of the war. However, he could not be seen to be directly in league with the Irish Catholics since associating with them would alienate many of his British supporters. He decided to negotiate through Randal MacDonnell, Earl of Antrim, who was loyal to him but also held the rank of Lieutenant General of the Confederate Catholic armies. The plan was for MacDonnell to lobby the Confederate Supreme Council based in Kilkenny, Ireland, to allow him to send 2,000 Irish troops to Scotland and 10,000 troops to England.

Troop arming and equipping
In February 1644, MacDonnell was in Kilkenny where the Confederate Council agreed to arm and equip 2,000 men and transport them to Scotland, but the council refused to send men to England. The Scottish expedition was beneficial to the Confederate Council, in that it would draw the Scots army away from Ulster, which was, at that time, the biggest threat to Southern Ireland. At the very least it would keep the Scots army close to the ports, which would prevent the campaign from spreading to Southern and Western Ireland.

Ships of the expedition
The expedition sailed in late June, 1644, from the Port of Passage in County Waterford in three ships&mdash;The Christopher, The Angell Gabriel, and The Jacob of Ross&mdash;arranged by Kilkenny merchant Patrick Archer. These ships were protected by The Harp, a frigate which sailed out of Wexford.

List of officers in the expedition
A list of the officers and the numbers of soldiers exists in the Ormonde manuscripts in the National Library of Ireland. The names are mostly those of Ulster Gaels who would have come from what is now North Derry and Antrim, which were areas under Scottish occupation at the time. There are also some Leinster names, such as Ledwitch, Deasy and Newgent, and also some names of likely Scottish exiles from the Highlands.

There are three regiments documented, which were commanded by Colonel James MacDermott (500 men), Colonel Manus O'Cahan (500 men), and Lieftenant-Generall Mac Donnell (1,030 men) who was most likely MacDonnell's brother, Alexander. However, it seems likely that he did not actually travel there, as there is a statement in the Commentarius Rinnucianianus that a "Thomas O'Lachnanus" commanded a regiment in the name of Alexander MacDonnell. This is likely the "Sarjeant Major Thomas Laghtnan" listed by MacDonnell. Overall command was given to Major General Alasdair MacColla MacDonald who is not on the manuscripts.

Arrival in Scotland
On the July 6, the expedition captured two English ships off Duart in the Isle of Mull, which "were laden with wheat, rye and sack", and on July 7 Colonel O'Cahan landed with 400 men in Morvern, followed on July 8 by MacDonald, who landed the rest of the army on Ardnamurchan. According to Leith's Memoirs of Scottish Catholics: "gradually the rumour everywhere spread that a cruel, savage and foreign enemy had invaded the country".

After marching inland and linking with the Scottish Royalist leader, the Marquis of Montrose, this small army participated in a year of unbroken Royalist victories in Scotland, and fought in six major battles: Tippermuir, Aberdeen, Inverlochy, Auldhern, Alford and Kilsyth.