SS Brazil (1928)

SS Brazil was a US turbo-electric ocean liner. She was completed in 1928 as SS Virginia, and refitted and renamed as SS Brazil in 1938. From 1942 to 1946 she was the she was the War Shipping Administration operated troopship Brazil. She was laid up in 1958 and scrapped in 1964.

Building
Virginia was the second of three sister ships built by the Newport News Shipbuilding and Drydock Company of Newport News, Virginia for the American Line Steamship Corporation, which at the time was part of J. P. Morgan's International Mercantile Marine Co. She joined SS California (1928) in the fleet of American Lines' Panama Pacific Lines subsidiary. A third sister, SS Pennsylvania, was.

Virginia was a steamship, with oil-fired furnaces heating her boilers to power two General Electric steam turbo generators with a combined rating of 2,833 NHP supplying current for her electric propulsion motors.

Virginia was equipped with submarine signalling apparatus and wireless direction finding equipment, and from about 1934 she was equipped with a gyrocompass.

As built, Virginia had accommodeation for 184 first class and 365 tourist class passengers. 52 of her first class cabins were state rooms. Some of her first class cabins had en suite bathrooms.

With Panama Pacific Lines, Virginia's two funnels would have been red with a blue top, with a white band dividing the blue from the red.

SS Virginia
Panama Pacific Line, part of the American Line Steamship Corp, operated Pennsylvania and her sisters between New York and San Francisco via the Panama Canal until 1938. California, Virginia and Pennsylvania were subsidised to carry mail on this route for the United States Postal Service.

In June 1937 the United States Congress withdrew all maritime mail subsidies, which by then included a total of $450,000 per year for Panama Pacific's three liners. At the beginning of March 1938 the Panama Canal tolls were revised, increasing Panama Pacific's costs by $37,000 per year. As a result of these cost increases and continuing labor difficulties Panama Pacific discontinued its New York – California service and took all three liners out of service.

SS Brazil
The US Maritime Commission took over the three sister ships in 1937 and had them extensively refurbished. Each was fireproofed to comply with Federal safety regulations, which had been revised as a result of the fire in 1934 that destroyed the liner SS Morro Castle (1930).

Bethlehem Shipbuilding Corporation's 56th St Shipyard in Brooklyn, New York undertook Virginia's refit. She was given new watertight doors electrically controlled from her bridge and was equipped with a fathometer. Her well decks were closed in: the forward one to increase deck space and the after on to create a sheltered tourist class deck, a lido deck, a swimming pool and a first class veranda café. Her 52 staterooms were combined to provide half that number of larger cabins. This revised her passenger capacity to 470. Her air conditioning was extended to the tourist class dining saloon. A modern laundry was installed to give passengers a 12-hour service. Her crew accommodation was completely rearranged.

Virginia was equipped to carry 450000 lb of cargo, of which 95000 lb was refrigerated. She had been built with two funnels but during the refit this was reduced to one. The refit increased Virginia's tonnage by about 2,000 tons.

On 6 September 1938 Emmet McCormack, co-founder of Moore-McCormack Lines, declared "The South American trade, in so far as the United States is concerned, has been touched only at its surface. With this ship [i.e. SS Virginia] and her two sister liners in service the United States will be making a new bid for its proper place in the South American field. They are larger than any other American ships now serving South America and will be able, in conjunction with our fleet of freight ships, to provide a speed that is now lacking."

On 3 October 1938 Virginia, now renamed SS Brazil, successfully made her sea trials. The next day Moore-McCormack contracted to operate California, Virginia, Pennsylvania and 10 cargo ships between the USA and South America as part of President Franklin D. Roosevelt's Good Neighbor policy. Moore-McCormack renamed the three passenger liners Argentina, Brazil and Uruguay, and assigned them to the fleet of its American Republics Lines subsidiary.

With Moore-McCormack Lines Brazil's funnel would have been buff with a black top. A broad green band divided the buff from the black. On each side of the funnel the green band bore a red capital M within a white disk.

Moore-McCormack put the three sisters into service between New York and Buenos Aires via the Caribbean, Brazil and Montevideo. Brazil started from New York on her first voyage on the route on 15 November 1938, returning on 31 December with 141 passengers. Passenger numbers improved. On 18 September 1939 Brazil docked in New York from South America with 358 passengers.

In April 1940 Brazil made a record run from Buenos Aires to New York in 14 days and 12 hours, achieving speeds of up to 18.96 kn. On the trip she carried 273 passengers, of which 195 traveled first class.

On 28 September 1941 Brazil was leaving Buenos Aires when she accidentally struck a Spanish-owned freighter, the turbine steamship SS Cabo de Buena Esperanza. No-one was injured and no damage was caused.

Wartime civilian voyage
On the morning of 6 December 1941 Brazil sailed from New York for South America carrying 316 passengers and a record amount of mail, between 8,000 and 9,000 sacks. The passengers included four Japanese diplomats, one of whom was accompanied by his wife. The next morning Japan attacked Pearl Harbor and on 8 December the USA declared war on Japan. As blackout precautions Brazil's crew sealed and blacked out her portholes and painted her interior lights blue and purple. On 10 December Brazil arrived to make her scheduled call in Barbados, and British intelligence officers boarded her and removed the five Japanese.

From 17 to 25 December the crew camouflaged Brazil with grey paint. In Rio de Janeiro they painted out the Stars and Stripes painted on each side of her hull, and then near Montevideo they painted her funnel gray. Brazil reached Buenos Aires on 23 December and the crew finished painting her gray all over on Christmas Day.

Brazil then began a slow return voyage to the USA. She carried only 135 passengers, of whom 56 were Argentinian, Uraguayan and Brazilian aviation cadets on their way to be trained in the USA. This was Brazil's last civilian voyage for six and a half years.

Troop ship
The War Shipping Administration had the ship, one of the large, fast vessels able to sail independently when required, converted into the Brazil for service carrying troops and operated the ship through its agents. On 19 March 1942 she sailed from Charleston, South Carolina carrying 4,000 United States Army troops via the Cape of Good Hope to Karachi, British India, where they arrived on 12 May.

On 16 November 1942 Brazil left Oran, French Algeria carrying 44 Kriegsmarine prisoners of war: four officers and 40 ratings from GS U-595. Lockheed Hudson aircraft of No. 608 Squadron RAF had attacked and damaged the U-boat on 14 November and the crew had scuttled her close to shore near Ténès, about 150 mi east of Oran. Brazil reached the USA on 30 November.

On 11 December Brazil and one of her sister ships, Argentina, sailed from New Jersey carrying elements of the 2nd Armored Division. On 24 December they reached Casablanca in French Morocco. Brazil made two further voyages to North Africa and was then transferred to the Pacific. There her service included calls at Hobart, Tasmania; Honolulu; Bora Bora; Sydney and Bombay, before returning to San Francisco in July 1943.

Brazil was then returned to transatlantic service, taking troops to the United Kingdom and France. In October 1944 she' arrived in Boston carrying US Army personnel and prisoners of war from Europe. On 22 October she sailed from Staten Island, New York carrying the 290th Infantry Regiment, reaching Swansea, Wales on 1 November. On 1 January 1945 Brazil sailed from New York as the flagship of the 57th Ship Convoy, reaching Le Havre on 15 January.

After a transatlantic voyage to Marseille in July 1945 Brazil was sent via the Panama Canal to Manila, and then made two trans-Pacific voyages to bring troops home to the USA.

Early in 1946 Brazil returned to transatlantic service. In March she provided "dependent transport" taking war brides and their children from Europe to the USA. She still had her cramped and spartan troopship accommodation, but on 12 June the Maritime Commission issued invitations to bid to convert Brazil back into a civilian ocean liner. On 4 August she completed her last voyage before reconversion, arriving at North River with 531 passengers from Le Havre; Southampton, England and Cobh, Ireland.

Post War
The Atlantic Basin Iron Works of New York carried out Brazil's conversion. It was the largest peacetime conversion that yard had yet undertaken, and cost $9 million.

Brazil's fireproofing was completely revised. Fire screen bulkheads, with and fire doors controlled from her bridge, divided her into 12 fire zones. She was fitted with a fire sprinkler system, and her water intakes were fitted with filters that would allow her to draw water from the muddy bottoms of South American harbors.

Brazil's accommodation was completely rebuilt with cabins for 359 first class and 160 cabin class passengers and designed by William F Schorn, who at the same time designed the new interior of her sister ship SS Uruguay.

Brazil successfully made her sea trials in May 1948. The Maritime Commission restored her to Moore-McCormack Lines on 7 May: the last of the three sisters to return to civilian service.

After her refit Brazil's first class library was dedicated in memory of William Binder, Jr; a former Moore-McCormack employee who was killed in the attack on Pearl Harbor.

On 20 May Brazil sailed on her first civilian voyage since the war: a 12 day cruise to Bermuda and the Caribbean. On 4 June she left New York on the Buenos Aires run for the first time since 1941.

On 10 December 1954 Brazil left New York on a scheduled run to Buenos Aires. One day out of port she developed engine trouble and had to return for repairs. As a result she completed her round trip a week late, reaching New York on 24 January. This was the first time in her career that Brazil had been delayed by a technical fault.

On 30 November 1957 the United States Federal Maritime Board approved Brazil's withdrawal from service, to be replaced by a new and faster SS Brasil (1957) already under construction. The old Brazil and her sister ship Argentina were laid up as members of the James River Reserve Fleet at Fort Eustis, Virginia, where Uruguay had already been laid up since 1954.

Late in 1963 the United States Department of Commerce offered Brazil for sale. In 1964 she was sold for $133,333 to Portsmouth Salvage, Inc for scrap. She was scrapped by First Steel and Ship Corporation of New York.

Notable passengers
Rear Admiral Robert C. Lee and his family holidayed aboard Brazil in 1938.

Hortense Odlum, President of Bonwit Teller, sailed on Brazil, arriving in New York on 18 September 1939.

On 14 May 1940 conductor Arturo Toscanini and the NBC Symphony Orchestra sailed aboard Brazil, reaching Rio de Janeiro on 12 June. During the voyage they performed a concert aboard that was broadcast live by radio.

The conductor Victor de Sabata arrived in New York aboard Brazil on 5 September 1949.

On 20 October 1949 Stanton Griffis, son of William Elliot Griffis, sailed on Brazil from New York to become US Ambassador to Argentina.

James Farley, President of the Coca-Cola Export Corporation and former United States Postmaster General, sailed in Brazil in April 1951.

João Fernandes Campos Café Filho, President of Brazil, visited the ship on 11 November 1954 and had lunch aboard.