119th Brigade (United Kingdom)

The 119th Brigade (119 Bde), originally the Welsh Bantam Brigade, was an infantry formation of the British Army during World War I. Part of Kitchener's 'New Armies', it served in 40th Division on the Western Front. The brigade number was reactivated for deception purposes during World War II.

Origin
119 Brigade was a New Army or 'Kitchener's Army' formation raised during 1915. An earlier 119 Brigade had been raised in late 1914 as part of the 'Fifth New Army', but when the Fourth New Army was broken up in April 1915 to provide reserve units for the First to Third New Armies, the formations of the Fifth took their place, and the original 119 Bde was renumbered 100th Brigade. By the time the new 119 Bde was organised the flow of volunteers had dwindled, and the standard of height for infantry soldiers had been lowered in order to encourage recruitment. The brigade's four battalions were composed entirely of these 'bantams' recruited in Wales. The Welsh Bantam Brigade adopted the number 119 when it was assigned to 40th Division in September 1915.

Initial order of battle
The original units forming 119 Bde were as follows:
 * 19th (Service) Battalion Royal Welsh Fusiliers – formed in March 1915 by the Welsh National Executive Committee and originally trained with 38th (Welsh) Infantry Division
 * 12th (Service) Battalion South Wales Borderers – formed at Newport in March 1915 by the Welsh National Executive Committee and assigned to the Welsh Bantam Brigade
 * 17th (Service) Battalion (1st Glamorgan) Welsh Regiment – formed at Cardiff in December 1914 and originally assigned to 38th Division
 * 18th (Service) Battalion (2nd Glamorgan) Welsh Regiment – formed at Cardiff in January 1915 and originally assigned to 38th Division
 * 119 Bde Machine Gun Company – joined on disembarkation in France February 1916.
 * 119 Trench Mortar Battery – joined on disembarkation in France February 1916.

Training
Divisional organisation and training was delayed because the other brigades contained a large proportion of under-developed and unfit men, unlike 119's 'hardy, well-knit Welshmen'. The rest of the division had to undergo a drastic weeding-out and the drafting in of new battalions before it was fit for service. This was completed in February 1916. Divisional training was then intensified and it was warned for overseas service in May 1916. Disembarkation was carried out at Le Havre between 2 and 6 June, and 40th Division concentrated in the Lillers area by 9 June ready to take its place in the line. Units went into the trenches attached to formations of I Corps for familiarisation, and then the division took over its own section of line. 18th Welch of 119 Bde carried out 40 Division's first trench raid in July 1916.

Operations
A few months after 119 Bde's arrival in France, a noted fighting general, Brig.-Gen. Frank Crozier, was appointed to the command (November 1916). During the bitter winter in the mud of the old Somme battlefield he trained the men, and when the Germans retreated to their Hindenburg Line in early 1917, the Welsh Bantam Brigade fought its first offensive actions, the Borderers taking 'Fifteen Ravine', the Welch taking a ridge named 'Welch Ridge' and the Royal Welch Fusiliers taking La Vacquerie and renaming it 'Fusilier Ridge'.

Bourlon Wood
Later in the year, 119 Bde took a leading part in the capture of Bourlon Wood (23–25 November) during the Battle of Cambrai. Despite the formation's lack of experience of fighting with tanks, 40th Division's attack was the most successful on 23 November. Once inside the wood, Crozier found that both flanks were in the air, but stocked his positions with food and ammunition to hold out against fierce counter-attacks. Although 119 Bde was relieved by the Guards Division after epic fighting, the cavalry failed to move through to continue the battle.

After the losses of 1917 the Welsh Bantam Brigade had almost disappeared and in February 1918 it was reorganised. 19th Royal Welsh Fusiliers sent a draft to one of its Regular battalions and was then disbanded, as were 12th South Wales Borderers and 17th Welsh; the remaining men of these battalions were transferred to entrenching battalions. Only 18th Welsh of the original brigade remained; this was joined by 13th East Surrey Regiment and 21st Middlesex Regiment (from 120 Bde and 121 Bde respectively in 40th Division). The Brigade Machine Gun Company left to join the Divisional Machine Gun Battalion.

German Spring Offensive
119 Brigade took part in the following further actions during the German Spring Offensive of 1918:
 * Battle of St Quentin 21–23 March
 * First Battle of Bapaume 24–25 March
 * Battle of Estaires 9–11 April
 * Battle of Hazebrouck 12–13 April.

After suffering heavy losses in these actions, 40th Division was withdrawn from the Line and temporarily formed into two Composite Brigades. No 2 Composite Brigade formed under Brig-Gen Crozier on 27 April 1918 consisted of:
 * A Bn (18th Welsh)
 * B Bn (13th East Surrey)
 * C Bn (10/11th and 14th Highland Light Infantry from 120 Bde)
 * Company of 40th Bn Machine Gun Corps
 * 136th Field Ambulance Royal Army Medical Corps
 * No 2 Company, 40th Divisional Train, Army Service Corps

2 Composite Brigade was engaged in digging the Poperinghe Line in case of further German breakthroughs. It was withdrawn on 2 May, and in common with the rest of the division the units were reduced to training cadres and sent to England.

Reconstitution
In June 1918, 40th Division was reconstituted from 'Garrison Guard' battalions composed of men of Medical Category 'B1'. The division was officially revived on 14 June, when 119 Bde (still under Crozier) had the following composition:
 * No 7 Garrison Guard Bn, became 13th (Garrison) Bn Royal Inniskilling Fusiliers
 * No 8 Garrison Guard Bn, became 13th (Garrison) Bn East Lancashire Regiment
 * No 11 Garrison Guard Bn, became 12th (Garrison) Bn North Staffordshire Regiment
 * 119th Trench Mortar Battery, reconstituted June–July 1918

The division was sent to hold the West Hazebrouck Line, a reserve position that was being prepared in case of a further German breakthrough. 119 Brigade, together with a company of Royal Engineers and seven labour companies, was assigned the northern part of this line. By dint of 'weeding out' the least fit men and by hard training, the reconstituted formation was made ready for frontline service; the battalions officially dropped the 'Garrison' part of their titles on 13 July 1918. On 18 July 119 Bde was the first part of the division to re-enter the frontline, taking over a trench sector under command of 1st Australian Division until the end of the month. The brigade was back in the line in August, taking a full part in trench raids, encouraged by Crozier's offer of a £5 reward for the first German prisoner brought in, and £1 for each subsequent capture.

Advance to Victory
On 27 August the reconstituted division made its first attack, with 119 Bde contributing 13th Inniskilling Fusiliers and a company of 12th North Staffords. For the next few weeks the brigade followed the retreating Germans towards the River Lys with fighting patrols and some small sharp actions were fought. The brigade then took a full part in the 'Final Advance' of October–November 1918 from the Lys to the Scheldt. After dark on 8 November Crozier crossed the Scheldt by pontoon bridges with 13th East Lancashires and 12th North Staffords and by the following morning 119 Bde had occupied a line across the railway on the higher ground beyond. After this, 40th Division was withdrawn from the Front, and the war ended on 11 November with the signing of the Armistice with Germany.

Disbandment
After the Armistice, the division was engaged in road repair and refresher courses for men returning to civilian trades. Demobilisation proceeded rapidly during January and February 1919, and its units were reduced to cadre strength by March. The final cadres disappeared during May.

Commanders
The following officers commanded the Welsh Bantam Brigade/119 Bde during World War I:
 * Brigadier-General R.C. Style (from 22 July 1915)
 * Brigadier-General C.S. Prichard (from 8 May 1916)
 * Brigadier-General C. Cunliffe-Owen (from 16 August 1916)
 * Brigadier-General F.P. Crozier (from 20 November 1916)

World War II
119 Brigade was never reformed, but the number was used for deception purposes during World War II. 30th Battalion Somerset Light Infantry, a line of communication unit serving in 43rd Brigade in Sicily and composed mainly of men below Medical Category 'A', was redesignated '119th Infantry Brigade' and acted as if it were a full brigade in an equally fictitious '40th Infantry Division' from November 1943 until April 1944.

External sources

 * The Long, Long Trail