Siege money

Siege money or money of necessity is a form of Notgeld money that was issued in various European towns during the 16th and 17th centuries in times of war or invasion. It was necessary because in Europe at that time coinage of the day had an intrinsic value and even though a town was besieged commerce had to continue and soldiers had to be paid.

There are examples from the Eighty Years War (1568–1648) and the English Civil War (1642–1651). There is also related coinage issued by some field commanders such as Duke of Ormonde in Ireland who did not have ready access to official coinage minted by the civil authorities (see Civil War mints).

The issuing of money during sieges is not restricted to that period; for example during the Siege of Khartoum (1884–1885) currency in the form of paper money was issued by Governor-General of the Sudan, British Major-General Charles George Gordon.

Eighty Years War
During the Eighty Years War a number of towns and cities issued their own currency (money of necessity), for example during the siege of Leyden (1574), the authorities issued diamond (square) silver coinage struck with a circular die. When silver ran out they used the same die to print money on cardboard. This was the first usage of paper money in Europe.

English Civil War
During the First English Civil War a number of garrisons issued their own siege money they included Carlisle (1645), Scarborough (1645) and Newark-on-Trent (1646). Of these the siege money of Newark was the most plentiful and compared to other similar coins minted at the same time more has survived. Around 2011 a rarer Scarborough siege sixpence sold for £42,000, while in 2012 a Newark shilling sold for 1,900 USD.

During the Second English Civil War the besieged garrison of Pontefract Castle issued siege money. The coin design was changed to "for the son" after the trial and execution of Charles I on 30 January 1649.