Armenia (Soviet hospital ship)

Armenia was a transport ship operated by the Soviet Union during World War II to carry both wounded soldiers and military cargo. It had originally been built as a passenger ship for operations on the Black Sea.

Armenia was sunk on 7 November 1941 by German aircraft while evacuating civilians and wounded soldiers from Crimea. Estimates of the number of people who died in the sinking range from 5,000 to 7,000 or more, placing it among the worst maritime disasters in history.

Career
The Armenia, built in 1928 at Baltic Shipyards in Leningrad (now St. Petersburg), was one of four Adzharia-class passenger liners specifically designed for use on the Black Sea. They were the first passenger ships to be built in the newly formed Soviet Union.

Armenia was a fairly fast, mid-sized vessel capable of carrying 1,000 tons of cargo as well as about 550 passengers in 1st, 2nd, and 3rd class accommodations. On short trips it could carry 4-500 more on deck. Its shallow draft (5.5 meters) allowed access to the shallow-water ports of the Crimean Peninsula. Throughout the 1930s she and her sister ships - Adzharia, Abkhazia, and Ukraina - reliably ferried passengers, mail, and cargo between Black Sea ports such as Odessa, Mariupol, Sevastopol, Yalta, and Batum.

Following the invasion of Russia by German forces on 22 June 1941, the Armenia was requisitioned by the Soviet Navy for use as a transport and hospital ship. By late October 1941 the German Wehrmacht's 11th Army, under General Erich von Manstein, had cut off the Crimean Peninsula, laying siege to Sevastopol. For the Soviets, the only way in or out of the beleaguered city was by sea. In early November the Armenia, painted with the large red crosses of a hospital ship, was tasked with removing wounded Russian soldiers, medical personnel, and civilians from Sevastopol.

Sinking
On the night of 6/7 November 1941 the Armenia took on thousands of passengers at Sevastopol, amid scenes of chaos; although the city would end up withstanding the German siege for nine months, at the time, enemy seizure appeared imminent. Entire Soviet hospital staffs and civilian officials and their families were taken aboard alongside the thousands of wounded, bound for the town of Tuapse, 250 miles away on the northeastern shore of the Black Sea. After leaving port in the early morning hours of the 7th, Armenia's captain, Vladimir Plaushevsky, received orders to put in at Yalta, a few miles east of Sevastopol, where the already overloaded ship was to pick up yet more passengers. Here, no attempt was made at registering the embarkees; wounded soldiers and civilians were simply crammed onto the decks. Plaushevsky was eager to get underway while darkness still provided some protection, but was ordered to wait for escorts to arrive. At 7am Armenia finally departed Yalta, accompanied by two armed boats and two fighter planes.

The Germans and their Romanian and Italian allies had only a few surface vessels on the Black Sea; as such, it remained essentially under Soviet control throughout the Second World War. However, in the earlier part of the war the Axis had complete air superiority. Over a hundred Soviet merchant ships were sunk, as were dozens of naval vessels. Only the most heavily armed and escorted ships could travel in daylight with reasonable hope of safety; ships caught alone or in port in the western part of the Black Sea were almost guaranteed to be attacked.

Armenia's status as a hospital ship was uncertain. Though her sides and top were painted with large red cross symbols, she had light anti-aircraft armament, had previously transported troops and military stores, and, on the morning of 7 November, was traveling with military escort, inadequate though it was. In any event, Hague Convention norms regarding the status of medical facilities were often ignored in the bitter conflict between Germany and the Soviet Union.

At 11:30am, about 25 miles from Yalta, the Armenia was attacked by a Heinkel He 111 medium bomber of 1.Staffel (Lufttorpedo)/KG 28, which dropped two torpedoes. One torpedo missed; the other scored a direct hit. The ship broke in two and sank within four minutes. Only eight people were rescued.

Even by the lowest estimate of about 5,000 dead, the sinking of the Armenia remains the deadliest maritime disaster in Russian history. In terms of loss of life in the sinking of a single ship, it is often listed as third worst in world history, after the sinking of the Wilhelm Gustloff and the Goya, German refugee ships which were torpedoed by Russian submarines in the Baltic Sea in 1945.

The hulk of the Armenia has been located at a depth of 472m. All three of her Adzharia-class sister ships were also lost during the war.