Convoy JW 51B

Convoy JW 51B was an Arctic convoy sent from United Kingdom by the Western Allies to aid the Soviet Union during World War II. It sailed in late December 1942, reaching the Soviet northern ports in early January 1943.

JW 51B came under attack by German surface units, engaged in Operation Regenbogen, on 31 December. In the clash that ensued, one defending minesweeper and one attacking destroyer were sunk with all hands and a defending destroyer was sunk; no ships were lost from the convoy. This engagement became known as the Battle of the Barents Sea.

Forces
JW 51A consisted of 15 merchant ships which departed from Loch Ewe on 22 December 1942. Close escort was provided by the minesweeper Bramble, two corvettes and two armed trawlers. These were supported by six Home Fleet destroyers led by Onslow (Capt R. St.V. Sherbrooke commanding). The convoy was also accompanied initially by a local escort group from Britain, and was joined later by a local escort group from Murmansk. A cruiser cover force comprising Jamaica and Sheffield, and two destroyers, was also at sea, out of Kola Inlet, to guard against attack by surface units, while distant cover was provided by a Heavy Cover Force from Iceland comprising the battleship Anson, the cruiser HMS Cumberland (57) and five destroyers.

JW 51B was opposed by a force of four U-boats in a patrol line in the Norwegian Sea, and the aircraft of Luftflotte V based in Norway. A surface force comprising the heavy cruisers Hipper, Lützow and six destroyers was also available, stationed at Altenfjord.

Action
JW 51B departed Loch Ewe on 22 December 1942, accompanied by its local escort, of four destroyers, and its close escort. Three days later, on 25 December, it was joined by the ocean escort, while the local escort departed. On 27 December JW 51B ran into a gale, which scattered the convoy over the next two days into several groups across a wide area. One ship, Dover Hill had been forced to return with weather damage, while five ships and two escorts had become separated. Three of the ships rejoined on 30 December, but Chester Valley, in company with the armed trawler Vizalma, and another, with the destroyer Oribi, remained separated. During the 30th also, Bramble detached from the main body of the convoy to search for the stragglers. On 24 December the convoy had been sighted by a patrolling aircraft, but was lost later during the storm. However on 30 December it was found again by U-354, and Operation Regenbogen was put into effect. On 31 December the German ships, in two sections, met the ocean escort of JW 51B, and after a sharp engagement, which left the minesweeper Bramble, destroyer Achates sinking, and another, Onslow, damaged, the attacking force was driven off. One German destroyer, Eckholdt was sunk, and a cruiser, Hipper, damaged.

No further attacks developed, and on 1 January 1943 Vizalma and her charge rejoined the convoy. On 2 January JW 51B was met by its eastern local escort, two minesweepers from Murmansk. On 3 January the main body arrived in Kola Inlet, joined the following day by Oribi and her charge.

Conclusion
The 15 ships of JW 51B arrived at Murmansk without loss, though one had been damaged. Despite the loss of two warships, JW 51B was a success, and the failure of the German surface force to mount an effective assault on the convoy caused a loss of confidence by Hitler in the German Navy and its commander, Admiral Erich Raeder, which eventually culminated in his resignation. Thereafter, the main threat to the Allied convoy system was from the U-boats.

Allied ships
Merchant ships


 * Ballot
 * Calobre
 * Chester Valley
 * Daldorch
 * Dover Hill
 * SS Empire Archer
 * SS Empire Emerald


 * Executive
 * Jefferson Myers
 * SS John H. B. Latrobe
 * Pontfield
 * Puerto Rican
 * SS Ralph Waldo Emerson
 * Vermont
 * Yorkmar

Close escort
 * Bramble
 * Hyderabad
 * Rhododendron
 * Vizalma
 * Northern Gem

Ocean escort
 * Onslow
 * Obedient
 * Obdurate
 * Oribi
 * Orwell
 * Achates

Cruiser cover force
 * Jamaica
 * Sheffield
 * Matchless
 * Opportune

Distant cover force
 * Anson
 * HMS Cumberland (57)
 * Blankney
 * Chiddingfold
 * Forester
 * Icarus
 * Impulsive

Axis ships
U-boat force
 * (List is incomplete)


 * U-354

Surface force
 * Admiral Hipper
 * Lützow
 * Friedrich Eckholdt
 * Richard Beitzen
 * Theodor Riedel
 * Z29
 * Z30
 * Z31