Tom Rees (British Army officer)

Tom Rees (18 May 1895 – 17 September 1916) was a British Army officer who served in the Royal Flying Corps during the First World War. Joining the military in early 1915, Rees was raised to the rank of lieutenant before his twenty-first birthday and eventually reached captain on the day of his death. He was killed on 17 September 1916 while flying as an observer in an F.E.2b aircraft, which was shot down by Manfred von Richthofen, the German flying ace who was later known as the "Red Baron". The aircraft was the first of von Richthofen's 80 credited aerial combat victories.

Early life
Tom Rees was born on 18 May 1895 to a Welsh-speaking farming family at Cefnbrynich, a farm near Sennybridge about 10 mi from Brecon in Wales. The son of Thomas Rees and Alice Rees (née Evans), he was the youngest of their six children. He attended Brecon Boys' County School, before commencing at the University College of Wales at Aberystwyth in 1912. He was considered a scholar and was described as a smart university student.

Military career
While Rees was at Aberystwyth University, he joined the Officers' Training Corps and upon his graduation with a Bachelor of Arts degree, volunteered for war service and joined the Army. On 21 January 1915, he was commissioned as a second lieutenant in the Royal Welch Fusiliers, an infantry regiment and he was subsequently posted to that regiment's 14th (Service) Battalion, briefly serving with them on the Western Front. He volunteered to join the Royal Flying Corps in November 1915 and returned to the United Kingdom for aircrew training. Upon graduating, he was posted to No. 11 Squadron and returned to the front. He had earned early promotion to lieutenant as a result of his "academic abilities" prior to his transfer and this was later followed by advancement to captain, which was promulgated on 17 September 1916.

Death
On Sunday, 17 September 1916, Rees was the observer in a two-man F. E. 2b, serial number 7018, piloted by Second Lieutenant Lionel Morris. They were part of a group of eight Royal Aircraft Factory B.E.2cs and six F.E.2b escorts from the Royal Flying Corps 3rd Brigade. As the formation returned from bombing the railway station at Marcoing they encountered a group of about twenty German aircraft from Jasta 2. Manfred von Richthofen, who later came to be known as the "Red Baron", was newly assigned to Jasta 2 and was under the tutelage of Oswald Boelcke. Upon sighting the British aircraft, Boelcke gave the sign to attack but held back himself. In the ensuing fight, two aircraft from No. 12 Squadron and four from No. 11 Squadron were shot down, including Rees and Morris' aircraft, which was shot down by von Richthofen. Rees was killed during the dogfight with von Richthofen; but Morris his pilot, although mortally wounded, managed to land the aircraft. This was the "Red Baron's" first official victory.

For von Richthofen, this was the first of the 80 confirmed aerial combat victories with which he was credited before his death in April 1918. The circumstances foreshadowed his death later in the war. His account of the event noted that the pilot was probably experienced, as he appeared conscious of the danger he was in and did his best to escape, as von Richthofen manoeuvred his new Albatros D.II serial number 491/16, into position to attack. Rees, in the observer's position, fired constantly from the forward-facing Lewis machine-gun (which could also be turned to fire backwards over the pilot). Von Richthofen recounted that at the time he was not sure whether the F.E.2b would fall, until he was able to close up behind it during a moment of non-evasive flying, taking advantage of the F.E.2b's vulnerability underneath. After he fired, the propeller stopped turning, indicating that he must have hit the engine. Rees was not visible and the plane was flying unsteadily, indicating to von Richthofen that both British men had been injured. Morris managed to land the aeroplane at a nearby German airfield at Flesquières. Von Richthofen followed the F. E. 2b down and saw the dead observer and badly wounded pilot (who died later the same day), then flew back to his squadron's base at Bertincourt.

Manfred von Richthofen later recalled that: "I was animated by a single thought: the man in front of me must come down". He closed in to point blank range, opened fire, and "suddenly the opponent's propeller turned no more. Hit!" It became evident that the plane lacked the speed to return to its own lines. When it was forced down, von Richthofen landed his craft near the aircraft and documented his kill. This delayed his return to the Jasta headquarters and he explained the delay with "One Englishman shot down". He later ordered a small silver cup from a Berlin jeweller to commemorate the victory. The inscription read: "1. Vickers 2. 17.9.16". This was the first of 60 such cups which von Richthofen ordered up until September 1917, at which time the jeweller declined further orders, since production was impossible due to a wartime silver shortage.

Rees was buried with full military honours by the Germans. His remains are interred in Grave C 2 of the town cemetery at Villers Plouich. Rees's family learnt of his death in November 1916, on the morning of the funeral of his older brother David John, who had been killed in a tree-felling accident adjacent to the family farm. Morris is buried at Cambrai, Porte de Paris Cemetery, Grave: I A 16. Rees was described to Morris' father, in a letter from the pilot of another aircraft that was also shot down, as being "a very capable and plucky observer".

Medals
After his death, Rees was nominated for a Mention in Despatches, for his "excellent work as an observer" by his commanding officer, who cited that he had flown many sorties between July and September 1916, before being posted as missing in action. He was later awarded the 1914–15 Star, the British War Medal and the British Victory Medal for war service. In 1999, Rees's war medals were sold at auction, and fetched £4,500 (ca. $7,201.35 American dollars) because of their historical significance.