Normandie-Niemen

The Normandie-Niemen Regiment (Нормандия-Неман) is a fighter squadron, later regiment (of three squadrons) of the French Air Force. It served on the Eastern Front of the European Theatre of World War II with the 1st Air Army. The regiment is notable for being one of only two air combat units from an Allied western European country to participate on the Eastern Front during World War II, the other being the British No. 151 Wing RAF, and the only one to fight together with the Soviets until the end of the war in Europe.

The unit originated in mid-1943 during World War II. Initially the groupe comprised a group of French fighter pilots sent to aid Soviet forces on the Eastern Front at the suggestion of Charles de Gaulle, leader of the Free French Forces, who felt it important that French servicemen serve on all fronts in the war.

The unit was the GC3 (Groupe de Chasse 3 or 3rd Fighter Group) in the Free French Air Force, first commanded by Jean Tulasne. It fought in three campaigns on behalf of the Soviet Union between 22 March 1943, and 9 May 1945, during which time it destroyed 273 enemy aircraft and received numerous orders, citations and decorations from both France and the Soviet Union, including the French Légion d’Honneur and the Soviet Order of the Red Banner. Joseph Stalin awarded the unit the name Niemen for its participation in the Battle of the Niemen River (1944).

the unit, known as squadron 1/30, flies Dassault Mirage F1 CT planes. The squadron was briefly administratively dissolved in June 2010 for reorganization and recreated in 2011 in view of its transition to Dassault Rafale planes.



Operational history
Six months after the Germans invaded the USSR in June 1941, talks aimed at closer co-operation between Free France and the Soviet Union resulted in setting up a special squadron with an initial core of 12 fighter pilots and 47 ground staff for service on the Russo-German front. De Gaulle officially promulgated the Groupe de Chasse GC 3 Normandie on 1 September 1942, with Commandant Pouliquen in command. Mechanics, pilots and hardware travelled by rail and air via Tehran (Iran) to Baku ( the capital of Azerbaijan). They completed a period of training on the Yakovlev Yak-7 by the end of January 1943, when Commandant Jean Tulasne took command of the groupe. The unit became operational on 22 March 1943.

The first campaign of GC 3, equipped with the Yakovlev Yak-1 fighter, lasted until 5 October, and saw combat between Polotniani-Zavod and Sloboda/Monostirtchina. From an initial aerial victory over a Focke-Wulf Fw 190 on 5 April their tally rose dramatically and the squadron became the focus of Soviet propaganda, so much so that Generalfeldmarschall Wilhelm Keitel decreed that any French pilot captured would be executed.

Tulasne was killed in combat on 17 July, and Commandant Pierre Pouyade took command. On 11 October de Gaulle accorded the groupe the title of Compagnon de la Libération. By the time GC 3 relocated to Tula on 6 November 1943, only six pilots remained from the original groupe, which had accumulated 72 aerial victories since becoming operational. In their first year on the front they claimed 86 kills (77 confirmed, 9 'probables') and 16 enemy aircraft damaged, for the loss of 25 Yak fighters.

In 1944 the groupe was expanded to become a régiment, with a fourth escadrille joining its ranks. After completing training on the more advanced Yakovlev Yak-9D fighter at Tula, the expanded regiment rejoined front line operations for its second campaign. This took place around Doubrovka (in Russia) and Gross-Kalweitchen (in East Prussia, Germany)until 27 November 1944. During this campaign Joseph Stalin ordered the regiment to style itself Normandie-Niemen in recognition of its participation in the battles to liberate the river of the same name. On 16 October, the first day of a new offensive against East Prussia, the regiment’s pilots claimed 29 enemy aircraft destroyed without loss. By the following month the regiment found itself based in German territory. By the end of the year, Pouyade was released from command of the regiment and he, along with other veteran pilots, returned to France. He was replaced by Commandant Louis Delfino. By the end of 1944 201 kills have been claimed.

14 January 1945 saw the Normandie-Niemen start its third campaign (from Dopenen to Heiligenbeil), concentrating in the East Prussian part of the German Reich, until the formal announcement of victory in the east on 9 May the day after V-E Day in Europe. The USSR expressed its gratitude to the regiment by offering 37 of the unit’s Yak-3 fighters as a gift to France. The pilots returned to a heroes' welcome in Paris on 20 June 1945.

At the end of the war, the regiment had claimed 273 enemy aircraft shot down, 37 probables, and lost 87 aircraft and 52 pilots in return. Some 5,240 sorties were flown and the unit took part in 869 dogfights. The unit also destroyed 27 trains, 22 locomotives, two E-boats, 132 trucks, and 24 staff cars. Forty-two of the squadron's pilots were killed and 30 reached ace status.

Four of its pilots, Marcel Albert, Marcel Lefèvre, Jacques André and Roland de La Poype, became Heroes of the Soviet Union.

Its battle honours included such names such as Bryansk, Orel, Ielnia, Smolensk, Königsberg (later renamed Kaliningrad by the Soviets), and Pillau. It received the following decorations: from France, the Légion d'Honneur, the Croix de la Libération, the Médaille Militaire, the Croix de guerre with six palmes; from the USSR, it received the Order of the Red Banner and the Order of Alexander Nevsky, with eleven citations between the two orders.

The remaining Yak-3 fighter aircraft have now dwindled down to one which is on static display at Le Bourget's Air and Space Museum / Musée de l’air et de l’espace.

Related units

 * In the Russian Federation there is a regiment, also called Normandie-Niémen (or 18-й гвардейский Витебский дважды Краснознаменный ордена Суворова второй степени истребительный полк ВВС России "Нормандия – Неман" – in Russian). It is deployed near Ussuriysk, a city in the Russian Far East, as part of the 11th Air Army. The regiment maintains the traditions of French-Soviet/Russian combat friendship.
 * In the Russian Federation there is a regiment, also called Normandie-Niémen (or 18-й гвардейский Витебский дважды Краснознаменный ордена Суворова второй степени истребительный полк ВВС России "Нормандия – Неман" – in Russian). It is deployed near Ussuriysk, a city in the Russian Far East, as part of the 11th Air Army. The regiment maintains the traditions of French-Soviet/Russian combat friendship.

Popular culture
The 1960 Franco-Russian film Normandie-Niemen directed by Jean Dréville and Damir Viatich-Berejnykh, relates the arrival in Russia of the first twenty pilots for intensive training and the formation of the squadron.

Character Lieutenant Duroc (Patrick Chauvel) accounts his battles as Normandie-Niemen Free French fighter in Pierre Schoendoerffer's 1992 movie Dien Bien Phu.

Aircraft

 * Yakovlev UT-2: Basic training aircraft, used for training between 1 and 18 December 1942.


 * Polikarpov Po-2: Initially Po-2s were used for training (between 1 and 18 December 1942), later were used for liaison and courier duties.


 * Yakovlev Yak-7V: Advanced training aircraft used for operational training between December 1942 and January 25, 1943. These aircraft were not owned by French unit.


 * Yakovlev Yak-1b: Fighter aircraft used between January 19 and March 22 for advanced and dogfight training, later used as fighter aircraft. Initially Normandie-Niemen received 6 aircraft, next 8 were sent in March 1943 and last 4 at the end of April 1943. Since June 1943 Yak-1bs were used for training of new pilots and remained in Normandie-Niemen till the end of that year.


 * Yakovlev Yak-9D: Fighter aircraft used for training in Tula between early June 1944 and late July 1944. Two Yak-9Ds were still used on September 10, 1944.along such type theirs receiving some examples of Yak-9T,tactical ground support variant in same period.


 * Yakovlev Yak-3: Main fighter aircraft of Normandie-Niemen used between end of July 1944 and May 1945. 37 Yak-3s were handed over to French Air Force and were used between June 1945 and April 1947.


 * Yakovlev Yak-6: Transport aircraft of Normandie-Niemen.

Members of the Normandie-Niemen
(Work in progress by Dmitri Morozov)

Marcel Albert (11/25/1917 - 08/23/2010) - Leader of Squadron 1 of the Normandie-Niemen, Awarded Hero of the Soviet Union

Marcel Lefevre (03/17/1918 - /06/05/1944) - Leader of Squadron 3 of the Normandy-Niemen, posthumously awarded Hero of the Soviet Union

Roland de la Poype (07/28/1920 - 10/23/2012) - Member of Squadron 1, awarded Hero of the Soviet Union

Joseph Risso (01/23/1920 - 11/24/2005) - Member of Squadron 1, awarded Order of the Red Banner. Plane: Yak-9T

Jacques Andre (02//25/1919 - (04/02/1988) - Lieutenant

World War II (1939–45)

 * Oryol 1943
 * Smolensk 1943
 * Orsha 1944
 * Berezina 1944
 * Niemen 1944
 * Chernyakhovsk 1945
 * Battle of Königsberg 1945
 * Baltiysk 1945

Indochina War (1946–1954)

 * Far East 1949–1951

Newsreel

 * Arrival of the Normandie-Niemen Regiment at Stuttgart, RETOUR DE L'ESCADRILLE NORMANDIE-NIEMEN Les Actualités Françaises – 29 June 1945), French national audiovisual institute INA.

Literature

 * Normandie Niemen, Yves Courrière, Omnibus, 2004 ISBN 2-258-06171-7
 * Un du Normandie-Niemen, Roger Sauvage, Poche, 1971 ISBN B0000DOP3V
 * French Eagles Soviet Heroes, John D. Clark, Sutton, 2005 ISBN 0-7509-4074-3
 * Serguei Dybov Normandie-Niemen. L'histoire complet d'un régiment légendaire, éditions Yaouza, Moscou, 2011, 320 p.