Military dictatorship

A military dictatorship is a form of government wherein the political power resides with the military. It is similar but not identical to a stratocracy, a state ruled directly by the military. A military dictatorship may have political rather than military leaders where they are appointed and kept in place by the military.

Like any dictatorship, a military dictatorship may be official or unofficial. It consequently may not actually qualify as stratocratic. Mixed forms also exist, wherein the military exerts a very strong influence without being entirely dominant.

Types
Since 1945 Latin America, Africa, and the Middle East have been common areas for all military dictatorships. One of the reasons for this is the fact that the military often has more cohesion and institutional structure than most of the civilian institutions of society.

The typical military dictatorship in Latin America was ruled by a junta (derived from a Spanish word which can be translated as "conference" or "board"), or a committee composed of several officers, often from the military's most senior leadership, but in other cases less senior, as evidenced by the term colonels' regime, where the military leaders remained loyal to the previous regime. Other military dictatorships are entirely in the hands of a single officer, sometimes called a caudillo, usually the senior army commander. In either case, the chairman of the junta or the single commander may often personally assume office as head of state.

In the Middle East and Africa, military governments more often came to be led by a single powerful person, and were autocracies in addition to military dictatorships. Leaders like Saddam Hussein, Idi Amin, Sani Abacha, Muammar Gaddafi, and Gamal Abdul Nasser worked to develop a personality cult and became the face of the nation inside and outside their countries.

Creation and evolution
Most military dictatorships are formed after a coup d'état has overthrown the previous government. One very different pattern was the one followed by Saddam Hussein's regime in Iraq and Kim Il-sung's regime in North Korea, both of which began as one-party states, but over the course of their existence turned into military dictatorships as their leaders donned uniforms and the military became closely involved in the government.

Conversely, other military dictatorships may gradually restore significant components of civilian government while the senior military commander still maintains executive political power. In Pakistan, ruling Generals Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq (1977–1988) and Pervez Musharraf (1999–2008) have held singular referendums to elect themselves President of Pakistan for additional terms forbidden by the constitution.

Justification
In the past, military juntas have justified their rule as a way of bringing political stability for the nation or rescuing it from the threat of "dangerous ideologies". For example, in Latin America, the threat of communism was often used. Military regimes tend to portray themselves as non-partisan, as a "neutral" party that can provide interim leadership in times of turmoil, and also tend to portray civilian politicians as corrupt and ineffective. One of the almost universal characteristics of a military government is the institution of martial law or a permanent state of emergency.

Past cases
Note: due to the large number of historic regimes that could arguably be classed as military dictatorships, this list is limited to those administrations in power from the 19th century onwards. Also, some regimes such as Nazi Germany or Fascist Italy, while they could arguably be listed below, and while they pursued considerable aggressive and expansionist strategies, were not strictly run by the military.

Africa

 * 🇩🇿 Algeria (1965–1976; 1992–1994)
 * 🇧🇯 Benin (1963–1964; 1965–1968; 1969–1970; 1972–1975)
 * 🇧🇫 Burkina Faso (1966–1977; 1980–1991)
 * 🇧🇮 Burundi (1966–1974; 1976–1979; 1987–1992)
 * 🇨🇫 Central African Republic (1966–1979; 1981–1986; 2003–2005; 2013-present)
 * 🇹🇩 Chad (1975–1979; 1982–1989)
 * 🇰🇲 Comoros (1999–2002)
 * Democratic Republic of the Congo (1965–1971; 1971–1997)
 * Republic of the Congo (1968–1969; 1977–1979)
 * 🇨🇮 Côte d'Ivoire (1999–2000)
 * 🇪🇬 Egypt (1953–1956);
 * 🇬🇶 Equatorial Guinea (1979–1987)
 * 🇪🇹 Ethiopia (1974–1987)
 * The Gambia (1994–1996)
 * 🇬🇭 Ghana (1966–1969; 1972–1975; 1975–1979; 1981–1993)
 * 🇬🇳 Guinea (1984–1990; 2008–2010)
 * 🇬🇼 Guinea-Bissau (1980–1984; 1999; 2003; April 12, 2012 – May 11, 2012)
 * 🇱🇸 Lesotho (1986–1993)
 * 🇱🇷 Liberia (1980–1984)
 * 🇱🇾 Libya (1969–1977; 1977–2011)
 * 🇲🇬 Madagascar (1972–1976)
 * 🇲🇱 Mali (1968–1992; March 21, 2012 – April 12, 2012)
 * 🇲🇷 Mauritania (1978–1979; 1979–1992; 2005–2007; 2008–2009)
 * 🇳🇪 Niger (1974–1989; 1996; 1999; 2010–2011)
 * 🇳🇬 Nigeria (1966–1975; 1975–1979; 1983–1985; 1985–1993; 1993–1998; 1998–1999)
 * 🇷🇼 Rwanda (1973–1975)
 * 🇸🇹 Sao Tome and Principe (1995; 2003)
 * 🇸🇱 Sierra Leone (1967–1968; 1992–1996; 1997–1998)
 * 🇸🇴 Somalia (1969–1976; 1980–1991)
 * 🇸🇩 Sudan (1958–1964; 1969–1971; 1985–1986; 1989–1993)
 * 🇹🇬 Togo (1967–1979)
 * 🇺🇬 Uganda (1971–1979; 1985–1986)

The Americas

 * 🇦🇷 Argentina (1930–1932; 1943–1946; 1955–1958; 1966–1973; 1976–1983)
 * 🇧🇴 Bolivia (1839–1843; 1848; 1857–1861; 1861; 1864–1872; 1876–1879; 1899; 1920–1921; 1930–1931; 1936–1940; 1946–1947; 1951–1952; 1964–1966; 1970–1982)
 * 🇧🇷 Brazil (1889–1894; 1930–1946; 1964–1985)
 * 🇨🇱 Chile (1924–1925; 1927–1931; 1973–1990)
 * 🇨🇴 Colombia (1953–1958)
 * 🇨🇷 Costa Rica (1868–1870; 1876–1882; 1917–1919)
 * 🇨🇺 Cuba (1933; 1952–1959)
 * 🇩🇴 Dominican Republic (1899; 1930–1961)
 * 🇪🇨 Ecuador (1876–1883; 1935–1938; 1947; 1963–1966; 1972–1979)
 * 🇸🇻 El Salvador (1885–1911; 1931–1979)
 * 🇬🇹 Guatemala (1944–1945; 1954–1957; 1957–1966; 1970–1986)
 * 🇭🇹 Haiti (1950; 1956–1957; 1957–1990; 1991–1994)
 * 🇭🇳 Honduras (1956–1957; 1963–1971; 1972–1982)
 * 🇲🇽 Mexico (1876; 1877–1880; 1884–1911)
 * 🇳🇮 Nicaragua (1937–1956; 1967–1979)
 * 🇵🇦 Panama (1968–1989)
 * 🇵🇾 Paraguay (1940–1948; 1954–1989)
 * 🇵🇪 Peru (1842–1844; 1865–1867; 1872; 1879–1881; 1914–1915; 1930–1931; 1948–1950; 1962–1963; 1968–1980)
 * 🇸🇷 Suriname (1980–1988)
 * 🇺🇾 Uruguay (1865–1868; 1876–1879; 1933–1938; 1973–1985)
 * 🇻🇪 Venezuela (1858–1859; 1859–1861; 1861–1863; 1908–1913; 1922–1929; 1931–1935; 1948–1958)

Asia-Pacific

 * 🇧🇩 Bangladesh (1975–1981; 1982–1986)
 * Burma (Myanmar) (1962–1974; 1988–2011)
 * 🇰🇭 Cambodia (1970–1975)
 * Republic of China (1928–1949; local militia rule 1912–1928)
 * 🇫🇯 Fiji (1987; 2000; 2006–present)
 * 🇮🇩 Indonesia (1967–1998)
 * 🇮🇷 Iran (1923–1925; 1950–1951; 1953–1957; 1978–1979)
 * 🇮🇶 Iraq (1933–1935; 1937–1938; 1949–1950; 1952–1953; 1958–1963; 1963–1979)
 * 🇰🇵 North Korea (1998–present)
 * 🇰🇷 South Korea (1961–1963; 1963–1972; 1972–1981; 1980–1987)
 * Laos (1959–1960)
 * 🇵🇰 Pakistan (1958–1971; 1977–1988; 1999–2008)
 * 🇵🇭 Philippines (1972–1981)
 * Syria (1949; 1951–1954; 1963–1972)
 * 🇹🇼 Taiwan (1949–1987)
 * 🇹🇭 Thailand (1933–1945; 1946–1973; 1976–1988; 1991–1992; 2006–2008)
 * 🇹🇷 Turkey (1960–1961; 1980–1983)
 * South Vietnam (1963–1967)
 * North Yemen (1962–1967; 1974–1982)

Europe

 * 🇧🇬 Bulgaria (1934–1935; 1944–1946)
 * 🇫🇷 France (1870–1871; 1940–1944)
 * 🇬🇷 Greece (1922–1926; 1936–1941; 1967–1974)
 * 🇭🇺 Hungary (1944–1945)
 * 🇵🇱 Poland (1926–1935; 1981–1983)
 * 🇵🇹 Portugal (1926–1933; 1974–1976)
 * 🇷🇴 Romania (1940–1944)
 * 🇷🇺 Russia (1918–1920)
 * 🇪🇸 Spain (1923–1930; 1936–1975)