French aircraft carrier Clemenceau (R98)

Clemenceau (R 98), often affectionately called "le Clem", was the French Navy's sixth aircraft carrier and the lead ship of her class. She served from 1961 to 1997. She was the second French warship to be named after Georges Clemenceau, the first being a Richelieu-class battleship laid down in 1939 but never finished. She was dismantled and recycled by Able UK at Graythorp, Hartlepool, England under the name Q-790.

The Clemenceau class aircraft carriers are of conventional CATOBAR design. The landing area is 165.5m long by 29.5m wide; it is angled at 8 degrees off of the ship's axis. The flight deck is 265m long. The forward aircraft elevator is to starboard, and the rear elevator is positioned on the deck edge to save hangar space. The forward of two 52m catapults is at the bow to port, the aft catapult is on the angled landing deck. The hangar deck dimensions are 152m by 22-24m with 7m overhead.

History
The development of the Clemenceau represented France's effort to produce its own class of multi-role aircraft carriers to replace the American and British ships provided at the end of World War II. The ship was a small but effective design, using elements of United States carrier design, but to a smaller scale. The vessels were given relatively heavy gun armament for their size, and some stability problems were encountered which required bulging the hull.

Clemenceau went through a major refit from September 1977 to November 1978. She was again refitted with new defensive systems from 1 September 1985 to 31 August 1987, including replacement of four of the 100 mm guns with a pair of Crotale surface-to-air missile launchers.

Clemenceau and her sister ship Foch served as the mainstays of the French fleet. During her career, Clemenceau sailed more than 1000000 nmi in 3,125 days at sea, all over the world.

Missions
1967 Participated in search for lost submarine Minerve in the Mediterranean when contact was lost 25 nautical miles (46 km) from returning to port at Toulon. To this day no trace of the Minerve has been found.

1968 Deployed to the south Pacific for French nuclear bomb testing in Polynesia including Canopus, the first French hydrogen bomb. With the deployment of the fleet codenamed Alfa Force, the naval force present around two atolls represented more than 40% of the tonnage of the entire French navy. Clemenceau was flagship of a fleet composed of forty ships which massed more than 120,000 tons displacement.

1974 Independence of Djibouti, deployed off the African coast in the Indian Ocean.

1982–1984 Lebanese Civil War. Deployed in the east Mediterranean she rotated with the Foch, providing constant on-station air support to French peacekeepers.

1987–1988 Operation Prométhée. The ship receives orders to position in Gulf of Oman, to protect French merchant traffic in Persian gulf from Iranian speedboats during Iran–Iraq War. She arrived in area on 15 August. Iranian P-3 Orion intercepted by F-8 Crusader on CAP. The Promethee battle force, Task Force 623, réalise l'opération Prométhée, included Clémenceau, the a mine countermeasures support ship Loire, and Durance-class tankers Meuse,Var, and Marne.

1990, the ship escorted by the cruiser Colbert and the fuel tanker Var, transported 40 helicopters (SA-341F/ -342 Gazelles, SA-330 Pumas), three Br-1050 Alizés and trucks to Iraq during 'Desert storm & Desert shield'.

1993–1996 several tours including combat operations and air patrol over former Yugoslavia during operation 'Balbuzard' to support the UN's troops.

Disposal controversy
In December 2004, before Clemenceau set sail for India, Greenpeace started protesting against France's plans to outsource the scrapping of the 27,000-ton warship laden with asbestos, PCBs, lead, mercury and other toxic chemicals in India in violation of the Basel Convention.

On 31 December 2005, Clemenceau left the French port of Toulon to be dismantled in Alang, Gujarat, India. On 6 January 2006 the Supreme Court of India temporarily denied access to Alang. Six days later the ship reached Egypt, where she was boarded by two Greenpeace activists. Egyptian authorities denied access to the Suez Canal.

On 15 January, the ship was finally allowed to pass. This decision was heavily criticised by Greenpeace and other environmental groups. That same day French President Jacques Chirac ordered Clemenceau to return to French waters and remain on standby following a ruling by France's highest administrative court, the Conseil d'État.

After she had been lying off the French naval port at Brest for over two years, Able UK issued a press release on 1 July 2008 confirming that they had been given the contract to dismantle the Clémenceau at its TERRC (Teesside Environmental Reclamation & Recycling Centre) facility at Graythorp, Hartlepool. Special dispensation was given to Able by the UK HSE to handle the asbestos content of the carrier which would normally have been prohibited by its Control of Asbestos Regulations 2006.

The vessel was moved to Able UK after this was authorised by court proceedings of 29 September 2008, and Clemenceau arrived at Graythorp on Sunday, 8 February 2009.

The dismantling of the ship started on 18 November 2009. On 5 February 2010, there was a fire on board. Work resumed after several days delay and the break-up was completed by the end of 2010. Although highly controversial, the quality of the dismantling operation was complimented by independent environmental groups.

In popular culture

 * A 1985 television commercial for the Citroën Visa GTI car was shot aboard Clemenceau. A race pits the car against a Dassault Étendard IV; both continue off the end of the carrier, with the small automobile briefly keeping pace with the aircraft before plummeting into the ocean. Seconds later, though, the car triumphantly emerges, perched on the foredeck of a surfacing Agosta class submarine.