Ulrich Schnaft

Ulrich Shnaft (1923 - ?) was a German Waffen-SS soldier and World War II veteran, who immigrated to Israel in 1949 by posing as a Jew, served in the Israeli Army, and was later convicted of spying for Egypt.

Early life and World War II service
Ulrich Shnaft was born in Königsberg, Germany, in 1923, the son of a single mother. His mother placed him in an orphanage, and he was later adopted by a German family. He attended a vocational school and was trained as a mechanical technician, graduating in 1941, during World War II. He then enlisted in the German Army and joined the Waffen-SS. He was deployed to the Russian front. He was wounded and taken to a hospital in Germany. After recuperating, he was sent to Yugoslavia and later Italy. In late 1944, while fighting in Italy, he was taken prisoner by the US Army near the Po River. He remained in a POW camp until mid-1947. His captors released him after finding no evidence he had committed war crimes.

Emigration to Israel
Following his release, he moved to Munich, where he lived in a rented room. His roommate was a young Jew, and through him, he learned about the charity and social work being provided for Holocaust survivors, particularly the work of the American Jewish Joint Distribution Committee, which was providing food packages and financial assistance to Holocaust survivors. At the time, Shnaft faced difficulty in finding food or a job due to Germany's situation. Germany, which was under Allied occupation at the time, was devastated by the war, with much of its infrastructure destroyed, and millions of citizens were destitute and homeless. Shnaft therefore decided to pose as a Holocaust survivor. He applied and received aid for aid from the AJJDC.

Shnaft saw no future in Germany due to the harsh living conditions there, and became determined to emigrate and build a life somewhere else. He heard of groups of Jews who were trying to enter British-ruled Mandatory Palestine as part of Aliyah Bet. In October 1947, posing as a Jewish refugee named Gavriel Weissman, he joined a group of displaced Jews intending on trying to enter Palestine. The group traveled to Marseille, France, by train, and lived in a camp on the outskirts of Marseille run by Mossad LeAliyah Bet for two months. In December 1947, he boarded an Aliyah Bet ship bound for Palestine. The ship was intercepted by the Royal Navy, and Shnaft, along with the other passengers, was transferred to a Cyprus internment camp. While detained on Cyprus, Shnaft joined a Haganah cell in the camp. He was involved in two Haganah-organized escape attempts from the camp.

Following the Israeli Declaration of Independence and the beginning of the Israeli War of Independence, the British released most Cyprus inmates but continued to detain men of military age. In 1949, as the war drew to an end, Shnaft and the other remaining inmates were deported to Israel and arrived in Haifa. Shnaft was placed in kibbutz Kiryat Anavim, where he studied Hebrew.

Israeli military career
In August 1949, he was drafted into the Israel Defense Forces and completed a squad commanders' course. After the end of his regular service, his commanders, who had been impressed with the military knowledge and skills he had demonstrated during his service, invited him to return to the army as a career officer. He accepted, passed an officers' course, and became an officer in the IDF Artillery Corps, eventually reaching the rank of Captain. However, in 1952, Shnaft's career came to an end after his commanding officers were informed by his fellow soldiers that he had been behaving in a strange manner. It emerged that while drunk, Shnaft had shown his comrades a picture of himself in an SS uniform and confessed to them that he was living under a false identity. His commanders decided not to extend his commission.

Later life and espionage
Following his discharge, Shnaft moved to Ashkelon, where he rented an apartment and worked a series of odd jobs, hoping to eventually save up enough money to emigrate to another country and establish a new life. During this period, he began having an affair with the wife of his landlord, a German immigrant to Israel, a woman who was about 20 years his senior. After her husband discovered the affair, he evicted him, and his wife left him to remain with Shnaft. The couple then moved to Haifa and lived together in a small apartment.

At the same time, West Germany was experiencing reconstruction and rapid economic growth in a period known as the "economic miracle". Hearing of this, the couple eventually decided to return to Germany. In 1954, they sailed on a passenger ferry to Genoa, Italy, and tried to enter West Germany from there. Shnaft, who had only $20 in his pocket, was denied entry due to his Israeli passport. At the time, Israeli passports were stamped with a "not valid for travel to Germany" notice, due to an Israeli boycott of Germany. He then asked the German consul in Genoa for a visa and told him his story, but the consul refused to believe him and rejected his request. Afterwards, his girlfriend, who still had a German passport, entered Germany on her own, and eventually returned to Israel to reunite with her husband. She and her husband later moved to Germany together.

Having been denied entry to West Germany and with almost no money left, Shnaft decided to sell Israeli military secrets to Egypt, then a major enemy of Israel. He contacted the Egyptian consulate in Genoa, and offered to sell Israeli secrets in exchange for help in returning to Germany. The consul was impressed with his story, and then took him to Rome by train, where they met the military attache at the Egyptian embassy. Following an interview, it was decided to fly him to Cairo for further questioning by intelligence experts.

Shnaft gave the Egyptians his Israeli passport, and received an Egyptian passport in the name of Robert Hayat. He was flown to Cairo, and lived there for a month. While there, he was interviewed by intelligence officers and gave them detailed descriptions of various IDF structures, such as army units, bases, armaments, training programs, and names of officers.

The Egyptians eventually asked him to return to Israel under an assumed identity, enlist in the IDF, and act as an agent for them, but he refused, telling them that all he wanted was to return to Germany. Eventually, they agreed, and arranged for him to fly to Rome on his Egyptian passport. He was given several hundred dollars as a reward for his services. From Rome, he took a train to Genoa, where he was given a laissez-passer by the Egyptian consulate, enabling him to enter Germany. He returned to Germany in March 1954.

Capture
Following his return to Germany, Shnaft decided to move to Frankfurt to live with his aunt, who was running a pharmacy. Before leaving for Frankfurt, he tracked down his former lover in Israel, who was now living in Berlin with her husband, and arrived at her house, hoping to win her back. He confessed to her his true origins and told her about his Nazi past, and also told her that he had been a spy for Egypt. The woman refused to leave her husband for him, and he then gave her his address in Frankfurt in case she changed her mind. The woman told her husband about his confession. The husband in turn wrote to the Israeli security service Shin Bet about Shnaft. The letter, together with an enclosed photograph, reached Shin Bet in October 1955. Senior commanders in the Israeli intelligence community reviewed the letter, and it was eventually decided to launch an operation to bring Shnaft to Israel to put him on trial. Although the intelligence heads recognized that the damage that Shnaft, as a junior officer in the IDF Artillery Corps, could have done was minimal, they also wanted to convey the image of an Israel capable of reaching anywhere, and to make an example of him.

It was initially proposed that an assassination squad be sent to kill Shnaft, but this was rejected. Instead, it was determined to bring him to trial. Shin Bet agents were then deployed to Frankfurt, where they found Shnaft. For the next few weeks, Shin Bet agents shadowed and clandestinely photographed Shnaft, and it was discovered that he had once again fallen into poverty. At this point, Mossad agents were deployed, and a plan was formulated to lure him back to Israel.

An agent, Shmuel Moriah, who was of Iraqi-Jewish origins, met Shnaft at a social gathering, and told him about his service in the Waffen SS. Posing as an Iraqi citizen named Adnan, Moriah invited him to lunch in a Berlin restaurant the following day. Shnaft accepted. Following the meal, Moriah took out his wallet to pay, and deliberately dropped a forged Iraqi officer's identity card. Shnaft instinctively picked it up and discerned his host was an Iraqi officer. Moriah then admitted it, and Shnaft then told his host that he too had been a captain in the Israeli army. Moriah feigned disbelief, after which Shnaft showed him pictures and explained how he came to Israel. Moriah then proposed he work as an Iraqi spy in Israel. Shnaft expressed hatred for the Jews and Israel, but told him he was afraid to return to Israel due to it possessing an excellent intelligence network that he feared would soon detect him. Moriah then told him that all Iraq wanted was information on the economic situation in Israel, and that he would not be placed in any danger. Shnaft agreed, and in 1956, returned to Israel with a forged Israeli passport. He was arrested on arrival.

Under interrogation, he confessed everything. He was put on trial, convicted, and sentenced to seven years in prison. In 1961, after serving five years, he was paroled for good behavior. Subsequently, he returned to Frankfurt.