Archibald McIndoe

Sir Archibald McIndoe CBE FRCS (4 May 1900 – 11 April 1960) was a pioneering New Zealand plastic surgeon who worked for the Royal Air Force during World War II. He greatly improved the treatment and rehabilitation of badly burned aircrew.

Early life
Archibald McIndoe was born 4 May 1900 in Dunedin, New Zealand, into a family of four. His father was John McIndoe, a printer and his mother was the artist Mabel McIndoe née Hill he had three brothers and one sister. McIndoe studied at Otago Boys' High School and later medicine at the University of Otago. After his graduation he became a house surgeon at Waikato Hospital.

In 1924 McIndoe was awarded the first New Zealand Fellowship at the Mayo Clinic in the United States to study pathological anatomy. The fellowship was for a unmarried doctor and as McIndoe had recently married Adonia Aitkin they had to keep their marriage secret and he sailed without her. When it was no longer possible to maintain the secret she joined him 12 months later. He worked in the clinic as First Assistant in Pathological Anatomy 1925-1927 and published several papers on chronic liver disease. Impressed with his skill, Lord Moynihan suggested a career in England, and in 1930 McIndoe moved to London.

When McIndoe could not find work, his cousin Sir Harold Gillies, an otolaryngologist specializing in plastic surgery (who now has an operation for reducing a broken cheekbone named after himself), invited him to join the private practice he ran with Rainsford Mowlem and offered him a job at St Bartholomew's Hospital, where he became a clinical assistant. In 1932 McIndoe received a permanent appointment as a General Surgeon and Lecturer at the Hospital for Tropical Diseases and the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine.

In 1934, McIndoe received a Fellowship of the American College of Surgeons, where he worked until 1939. That year he became a consulting plastic surgeon to the Royal North Stafford Infirmary and to Croydon General Hospital. In 1938 he was appointed consultant in plastic surgery to the Royal Air Force.

World War II
When World War II broke out plastic surgery was largely divided on service lines. Gillies went to Rooksdown House near Basingstoke, which became the principal army plastic surgery unit; Tommy Kilner (who had worked with Gillies during the First World War, and who now has a surgical instrument named after him, the kilner cheek retractor), went to Queen Mary's Hospital, Roehampton, and Mowlem to St Albans. McIndoe moved to the recently rebuilt Queen Victoria Hospital in East Grinstead, Sussex, and founded a Centre for Plastic and Jaw Surgery. There, he treated very deep burns and serious facial disfigurement like loss of eyelids. Patients at the hospital formed the Guinea Pig Club. Among the better-known members of his "club" were Richard Hillary, Bill Foxley and Jimmy Edwards.

McIndoe was a brilliant and quick surgeon. He not only developed new techniques for treating badly burned faces and hands but also recognised the importance of the rehabilitation of the casualties and particularly of social reintegration back into normal life. He disposed of the "convalescent uniforms" and let the patients use their service uniforms instead. With the help of two friends, Neville and Elaine Blond, he also convinced the locals to support the patients and invite them to their homes. McIndoe kept referring to them as "his boys" and the staff called him "The Boss" or "The Maestro".

Important work included development of the walking-stalk skin graft, and the discovery that immersion in saline promoted healing as well as improving survival rates for victims with extensive burns - this was a serendipitous discovery drawn from observation of differential healing rates in pilots who had come down on land and in the sea.

Later years
After the end of the war McIndoe returned to private practice. His specialty was the 'McIndoe nose'.

McIndoe was created CBE in 1944 and after the war he received a number of British and foreign honours, including a Commandeur de la Légion d'honneur (Commander of the Legion of Honor) and a knighthood in 1947 for his remarkable work on restoring the minds and bodies of the burnt young pilots of World War II through his innovative reconstructive surgery techniques. That same year he visited East Africa for the first time, and took up farming on Kilimanjaro. It was here in 1956 with his two former pupils, Michael Wood and Tom Rees, that the dream of African Medical and Research Foundation (AMREF) was born.

He became a member of a council of the Royal College of Surgeons in 1946 and its president in 1958. His marriage to Adonia ended in 1953, and he married Constance Belcham in 1954. In 1958 McIndoe was a Bradshaw lecturer about facial burns, a subject he knew well. He took part in the founding of the British Association of Plastic Surgeons (BAPS) and later served as its third President.

Death
Archibald McIndoe died in his sleep of a heart attack on 11 April 1960, aged 59, in his house at 84 Albion Gate, London. He was cremated, and his ashes were given the unique honor for a civilian of being buried at the Royal Air Force church of St Clement Danes. His post-war private practice had been so successful that he left an estate of ₤142,901, a very large amount of money at the time.

Personal life
McIndoe married Adonia Aitkin of Dunedin on 31 July 1924. They had two daughters, Adonia and Vanora. They were divorced in 1953 and in 1954 McIndoe married Constantine Belcham the former wife of Major-General R F K Belcham.

Legacy
On 22 March 1961, the British Minister of Health opened the Blond McIndoe Centre named in his honour at the Queen Victoria Hospital, East Grinstead. The Blond McIndoe Centre, now named the Blond McIndoe Research Foundation, continues research into pioneering treatments to improve wound healing. The Blond McIndoe Research Foundation is a registered charity which recently celebrated its 50th Anniversary.

The McIndoe Burns Centre at his former base, Queen Victoria Hospital, East Grinstead, was dedicated in 1994, and there is a burns victim support group centred there which also bears his name. A bronze monument in his honour by Martin Jennings, whose father was one of McIndoe's patients, has been created in East Grinstead High Street. It depicts a seated airman, his burned hands clawed together, his scarred face turned to one side. Standing behind him, resting a reassuring hand on each shoulder, is the figure of McIndoe. They are framed by a stone bench.

Specialist science laboratories at Otago Boys' High School, built in 1967, are named in his honour.

Articles by

 * McIndoe A.H., Counsellor V.; Archives of Surgery; A report on the bilaterality of the liver; 1927; V.15; p. 589; Citation count: 74.
 * McIndoe A.H.; Archives of Pathology; 1928; V.5; p. 23; Citation count: 260.
 * McIndoe A.H.; Archives of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine; 1928; V.6; p. 598; Citation count: 20.
 * McIndoe A.H.; British Journal of Surgery; 1931; V.20; p. 249; Citation count: 7.
 * Mcindoe A.H.; British Journal of Surgery; Delayed haemorrhage following traumatic rupture of the spleen; 1932; V.20; pp. 249–268; Citation count: 103.
 * Mcindoe A.H.; British Journal of Surgery; Delayed haemorrhage following traumatic rupture of the spleen; 1932; V.78; pp. 249–268.
 * McIndoe A.H.; American Journal of Surgery; 1937; V.38; p. 176; Citation count: 27.
 * McIndoe A.H.; American Journal of Surgery; 1937; V.28; p. 176; Citation count: 6.
 * McIndoe A.H.; British Medical Journal; 1937; V.1; p. 385; Citation count: 21.
 * Mcindoe A.H.; Surgery; The application of cavity grafting; 1937; V.1; p. 535; Citation count: 16.
 * McIndoe A.H., Banister J.B.; Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology of the British Commonwealth; An operation for the cure of congenital absence of the vagina; 1938; V.45; pp. 490–494; Citation count: 152.
 * Mcindoe A.H., Banister J.B.; Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology of the British Empire; An operation for the cure of congenital absence of the vagina; 1938; V.45; p. 490.
 * Mcindoe A.H.; Lancet; Correction of the alar deformity in cleft lip and palate; 1938; V.1; p. 607; Citation count: 18.
 * McIndoe A.H.; Proceedings of the Royal Society of Medicine; 1940; V.43; p. 43; Citation count: 1.
 * McIndoe A.H.; British Dental Journal; 1941; V.71; p. 235; Citation count: 12.
 * Mcindoe A.H.; British Journal of Plastic Surgery; Deformities of male urethra; 1948; V.1; p. 29; Citation count: 28.
 * Mcindoe A.H.; British Journal of Plastic Surgery; The treatment of hypospadias; 1948; V.1; p. 29.
 * McIndoe A.H.; British Journal of Plastic Surgery; 1949; V.2; p. 1; Citation count: 1.
 * McIndoe A.H.; Postgraduate Medicine; 1949; V.6; p. 187; Citation count: 7.
 * McIndoe A.H.; British Journal of Plastic Surgery; Treatment of congenital absence and obliterative conditions of the vagina; 1950; V.2; pp. 254–267; Citation count: 128.
 * Mcindoe A.H.; Proceedings of the Royal Society of Medicine; Discussion on the treatment of chronic oedema of the leg; 1950; V.43; p. 1043; Citation count: 13.
 * McIndoe A.H.; The International Society of Plastic Surgery; 1957; p. 414; Citation count: 3.
 * McIndoe A.H.; American Journal of Surgery; 1958; V.95; p. 197; Citation count: 26.
 * McIndoe A.H.; British Journal of Plastic Surgery; 1958; V.11; p. 62; Citation count: 12.
 * McIndoe A.H.; British Journal of Plastic Surgery; 1958; V.10; p. 307; Citation count: 12.
 * Mcindoe A.H.; British Journal of Plastic Surgery; Total reconstruction of the burned face: The Bradshaw Lecture; 1958; V.36; pp. 410–1983.
 * Mcindoe A.H., Rees T.D.; Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery; Synchronous repair of secondary deformities in cleft lip and nose; 1959; V.24; pp. 150–161; Citation count: 30.
 * McIndoe A.H., Simmons C.A.; Proceedings of the Royal Society of Medicine; Discussion on the treatment of congenital absence of vagina with emphasis on long-term results; 1959; V.52; pp. 952–954; Citation count: 20.
 * McCleave H.; London: Frederick Muller Limited; McIndoe: Plastic Surgeon; 1961.
 * Mcindoe A.H.; The McIndoe Memorial Research Unit: First Annual Report; 1963.
 * McIndoe A.H.; British Dental Journal; 1971; V.71; p. 235; Citation count: 1.
 * McIndoe A.H.; British Journal of Plastic Surgery; 1980; V.2; p. 254; Citation count: 1.
 * McIndoe A.H.; British Journal of Plastic Surgery; 1983; V.41; p. 422; Citation count: 1.
 * McIndoe A.H.; British Journal of Plastic Surgery; Total reconstruction of the burned face; 1983; V.36; p. 410; Citation count: 6.
 * McIndoe A.H.; Surgery of Gynecology and Obstetrics; 1987; V.164; p. 525; Citation count: 3.
 * McIndoe A.H.; British Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology; 1988; V.45; p. 490; Citation count: 1.