Bombardment of Chefchaouen

The Bombardment of Chefchaouen was an aerial bombardment of Chefchaouen, Morocco carried out in the middle of the Rif War by a rogue American squadron in the service of the French colonial empire on September 17, 1925.

Colonel Charles Michael Sweeney, an American pilot who had served in World War I, proposed organizing a squadron of American pilots to assist the French in Morocco, to French Prime Minister Paul Painlevé, who "warmly welcomed the Colonel’s request." Seeking "volunteers," Sweeny sent a telegram to a number of WWI veterans in the US in June 1925. By July, he had 17 volunteers, 12 of whom were pilots, including Paul Ayres Rockwell, had served France in World War I. The American volunteers were inducted into the French Foreign Legion in July, and their squadron was named Escadrille Cherifienne, 19th Squadron of the Moroccan Aviation Regiment.

In a telegram to the French résident général in Morocco Hubert Lyautey, the Prime Minister and Minister of War of France Paul Painlevé said: "This American expression of solidarity seems particularly interesting at the moment and capable of bringing a share of American propaganda to our cause, strengthening American sentiment against the aggression of Abd el-Krim."

In Morocco, the American volunteers of the Escadrille Cherifienne were based in Beni Malek.

Squadron

 * Colonel Charles Michael Sweeny
 * Captain Paul Ayres Rockwell
 * Commander James Sussan/Susson, *Canadian, former commander pilot in the Royal Airforce of England
 * Donald Mac Gibeny, former pilot of US Air Force
 * James Mustaen, former pilot of US Air Force
 * Doctor James V Sparks, who enlisted as a medic
 * Captain George Butts
 * George Rehm
 * Lieutenant Charles W. Kerwood
 * Commander Grandville Pollock
 * Lieutenant-Colonel Austin G. Parker
 * Captain Weller
 * Captain Graham
 * Captain Holden
 * Captain Bullin
 * Lieutenant Cousins

Official US position
The US Department of State instructed its consul at the American Legation in Tangier, Maxwell Blake, to warn the Americans that they would risk the revocation of their US citizenship, imprisonment, and fines if they battled "against a people with whom the United States had no quarrel."

Motivation
On the motivation of the rogue American volunteer pilots, Sweeney wrote, "In our view, France, in fighting Abdel Krim, is fighting the cause of the white man's civilization, and all who have formed this squadron know enough of the world to appreciate what the white man's civilization means."

The motivation to bomb Chefchaouen specifically was to drive the Jebala people out of the war, as it was a city the tribe considered holy.

Reflections
Paul Ayres Rockwell later wrote: "The city looked lovely from the air, hugging its high mountain and surrounded with many gardens and green cultivations… I looked down upon the numerous sanctuaries, the six mosques, the medieval dungeon, the big square with its fountain playing and fervently hoped none of them had been damaged."