Confederate Home Guard

The Confederate Home Guard (1861–1865) was a somewhat loosely organized militia that was under the direction and authority of the Confederate States of America, working in coordination with the Confederate Army, and was tasked with both the defense of the Confederate home front during the American Civil War, as well as to help track down and capture Confederate Army deserters. The Home Guard was a type of militia for the Confederacy in that it did have a rank structure and did have certain regulations, whether those were enforced or not.

Home Guard units were, essentially, to be a last defense against any invading Union forces. They also were used at times to gather information about invading Union forces troop movements, as well as to identify and control any local civilians who were considered sympathetic to the Union cause. They received no military training, and although they could be drafted into the Confederate service if need be, there are only a few cases in which that happened, due to the Home Guard actually being recognized as a type of service in itself to the Confederacy.

Background and implementation
Despite home guard units receiving very little attention through history, the Home Guard units that were formed had a purpose, although most units consisted of volunteers and paid no salary. A bounty was offered by the Confederate government for the capture of deserters, although it was rarely paid due to the government's debt.

While most able-bodied Southern men went away to war, many stayed behind, either by choice or due to something that prevented them from serving in the army. Although many states did not initially form Home Guard units, by 1863 all eleven Confederate states had done so. Initially tasked with being the defense force against any Union Army elements that might pass through the Confederate battle lines and enter into Southern territory, the Home Guard was later utilized to help capture Confederate army deserters returning to their homes.

The Home Guard possessed a wide range of powers, whether those powers were legitimate and recognized by the Confederacy or not. Because during the war there were few Southern men at home, there were few to stand in the way of any Home Guard unit that wished to abuse its powers by taking advantage of or mistreating Southern civilians. In addition to this, due to the war demanding so much attention from the Confederate Congress, not to mention the other branches of the government and the military, little attention was paid to the Home Guard units. All were commanded locally, and rarely did they receive any specific direction. In essence, the Home Guard units could work as they pleased, and more often than not they made their own decisions and priorities.

Depending on the area, Home Guard units would be at times nothing more than a group of men identified as being the "Home Guard", working from home as they pleased. At other times, most usually in states located in what was known as the "Eastern theater" of the war, Home Guard units had base camps and headquarters, went on patrol, and scouted for possible deserters or Union stragglers. Most of the time, Home Guard units were poorly equipped, due to shortages of goods, ammunition, and weapons to supply the Confederate Army. They rarely dressed in anything that could be called a uniform, but did make efforts to wear the same color clothing as the Confederate soldiers.

By the middle of the war, many Home Guard units were composed of wounded soldiers that had returned to heal from wounds received in battle.

Deserters that were encountered by Home Guard patrols were dealt with in many different fashions. At times, the deserting soldiers would be returned to the Army via Confederate units that were stationed near to whatever area the deserters were captured. Sometimes deserters were executed by the Home Guard.

By 1864, the Union Army occupied much of the formerly Confederate-controlled areas. With Union forces now patrolling home-front areas, many Home Guard units disbanded to avoid being considered or mistaken for guerrillas, and it became increasingly difficult for the Confederacy to enforce any action against deserters who returned home. Even in the Western theater states of Arkansas, Texas and Louisiana Union troops were regularly seen, and at times the troops had taken control of many towns or cities. Some Southern citizens who lived in those states and who did not support secession had now openly come out in their support of the Union, often forming Union Army regiments or units to serve in that army. These newly formed Union units, made up of local citizens, personally knew the members of the Home Guard, which greatly hampered if not completely disabled the Home Guard's ability to function.

By the war's end, very few such units were still in existence. However some were still active in areas where Union soldiers were less common, although these were mostly bands of thieves preying on the less fortunate. One of the most notorious of these was the "Independent Rangers" led by early Old West outlaw Cullen Baker. In late 1864, this band was responsible for what became known as the Massacre of Saline, when they murdered ten unarmed men from Perry County, Arkansas on the Saline River.

In fiction
The Confederate Home Guard plays a major role in the novel Cold Mountain by Charles Frazier and the film of the same name written and directed by Anthony Minghella. As both novel and film are presented from the sympathetic point of view of a Confederate deserter, the Home Guards hunting him are the villains. In Gone with the Wind, the Home Guard fights General Sherman's army when it invades Atlanta. The soldiers fight bravely but lose the battle and many are killed.