Battle of Seseña

The Battle of Seseña was an ill-fated Republican assault on the Nationalist stronghold of Seseña, near Toledo, 30 km south of Madrid in October 1936 during the Spanish Civil War. After the fall of Talavera de la Reina and Toledo in September 1936, the Nationalist troops pushed towards Madrid and in October they were 30 km from Madrid. Then the Republican government which had received new Russian weapons decided to launch a counteroffensive in order to stop the Nationalist offensive at Seseña. The attack failed and the Nationalists resumed their advance towards Madrid. The battle is notable for being the first time that tank warfare was seen in the Spanish war and for the use by Nationalist troops of Molotov cocktails against Soviet T-26 tanks.

Background
The professional troops of the Spanish Army of Africa had started their drive to Madrid in August 1936. Equipped with modern weapons they had received from Germany and Italy (Ju-52 and Savoia SM-81 planes, and Italian tankettes), the Nationalist troops, had defeated the government militias in the battles of Mérida, Badajoz, Sierra de Guadalupe and Talavera de la Reina, and had occupied Toledo on September 27, 1936. In late October 1936 the Nationalists took several towns near Madrid (Torrejon de Velasco, Seseña, Torrejón de la Calzada and Griñon), breaking the first defensive line of Madrid.

Meanwhile, the Republican government had requested aid and weapons from France in order to defeat the Nationalist forces and the president of the French Republic, Léon Blum initially decided to send help because a Nationalist victory could damage the international position of France. Nevertheless, on July 25, 1936 Blum decided not to send weapons to the Republic, because the opposition of the British government and the French right., and on August 8, 1936 decided to close the frontier, Then, the Spanish government decided to buy weapons from the Soviet Union. The first Soviet ship with weapons reached Cartagena on October 15, 1936. On 28 October 1936, the Republican prime minister Largo Caballero decided to launch a counter-offensive with the Soviet weapons in order to detain the Nationalists advance towards Madrid.

The Battle
On October 29, 1936, the Spanish Republican Army launched an attack against the Nationalist-held town of Seseña. The Republicans attacked with a force of 15 T-26 tanks, armed with a 45mm cannon, led by a Lithuanian tank specialist, Captain Paul Arman, and driven by Russians with Spanish gunners, and the 1th mixed brigade led by Enrique Líster. Opposing them, the Nationalists had a force of cavalry led by the colonel Monasterio, Moroccan regulares and some Italian tankettes. The Russian tanks were mased together for a shock attack and entered in Seseña. The Russian tanks decimated the Nationalist cavalry and destroyed some Italian tankettes armed solely with machine-guns, (Arman claimed that his tanks destroyed two infantry battalions, two cavalry squadrons, ten 75 mm guns, 2 tankettes and 20-30 trucks). The Russian tanks crossed Seseña and reached Esquivias, nevertheless, the Mixed Brigade of Lister never entered into the town and the tank force had to retreat. Mikhail Koltsov, a Russian journalist at Seseña said: "Lister...explained, a grimace upon his face, that his units, had been moving well at first, but after 1,500 metres, they had felt tired and sat down...". Furthermore, the Nationalists managed to knock out three Russian tanks with Molotov cocktails. The same day, the Republican army, led by the colonel Ildefonso Puigdendolas, launched another attack against the near town of Illescas, but the attack failed and Puigdendolas died.

Aftermath
The attack failed, because the Spanish infantry had no training to operate with tanks, but the Russian tanks were shown to be effective. According to Thomas, one Russian tank destroyed 11 Italian tankettes. The same day a squadron of Russian Katiuska bombers bombed Seville. Because the arrival of the Russian weapons the Nazi Germany decided to increase their aid to the Nationalists and to organize the Legion Condor.

The Nationalists resumed their offensive, Getafe (13 km south of Madrid) fell on November 4 and on November 8 the Nationalists started their frontal assault on Madrid. Nevertheless, Mola decided to retire a part of their troops from the assault on Madrid, in order to reinforce the flanks, because the fear of another tank attack.