O'Doherty's rebellion

O'Doherty's rebellion took place in 1608 when the landowner Sir Cahir O'Doherty began an uprising against the authorities in the north-west of Ireland. O'Doherty had been a long-standing supporter of the Crown, but having been angered at his treatment by local officials he launched an attack on Derry, burning the town. O'Doherty may have hoped to negotiate a settlement with the government, but after his death in a skirmish at Kilmacrennan the rebellion collapsed with the last survivors being besieged on Tory Island.

Background
Cahir O'Doherty ruled the Inishowen peninsula in northern County Donegal. The Gaelic O'Dohertys had traditionally accepted the overlordship of the O'Donnells, but had ambitions to become freeholders under the English Crown instead. In 1600, at the age of 15, Cahir joined the forces of the English Governor of Derry, Henry Docwra who were fighting to defeat Tyrone's Rebellion. With the assistance of O'Doherty and other Gaelic lords, Docwra advanced from Derry into the heart of Gaelic territory. Docwra praised his courage under fire, and recommended him for a knighthood.

The two of the principal leaders of the northern rebellion Hugh O'Neill, Earl of Tyrone and Rory O'Donnell, 1st Earl of Tyrconnell were restored to their lands by the Treaty of Mellifont in 1603, after publicly submitting to the new King James I but the English still suspected them of being involved with fresh plots. Summoned to London in 1607 they instead sailed for the Continent with a group of their followers, in the Flight of the Earls.

By this time the sympathetic Docwra had been replaced by Sir George Paulet who took a much harder view of the Gaelic lords, including loyalists such as O'Doherty. Docwra had resigned his command because he felt that English veterans of the war and their Irish allies had been poorly rewarded in the peace settlement after the war, as land promised to them had been returned to Tyrone and Tyrconnell. O'Doherty had not suffered as badly as others, losing only Inch Island.

Canmoyre Woods incident
Tensions were high following the Flight of the Earls and the English were concerned that there might be a wider conspiracy amongst the Gaelic lords of the north. This was based partly on the evidence of Lord Howth who had claimed to the government that there was a major plot. Paulet, governor of Derry, over-reacted to reports that O'Doherty and a number of his followers were assembling for a planned revolt and marched out with troops. O'Doherty was in fact taking part in a wood-cutting expedition to the Canmoyre Woods near his home, rather than assembling a rebellion on Tory Island as Paulet had been led to believe.

O'Doherty travelled to Dublin to plead his case before the Viceroy of Ireland, Arthur Chichester. Unfortunately his arrival coincided with the escape from Dublin Castle of Lord Delvin, leader of a planned revolt. O'Doherty demanded that his innocence be publicly declared. Instead Chichester ordered that O'Doherty put up a huge surety bond of more than £1,000, its repayment conditional on his future behaviour, and banned him from leaving Ireland – forbidding him from personally going to London to lobby King James. No evidence was provided of his involvement in any plot, but the incident severely damaged O'Doherty's relations with the government.

Plot
Despite his difficulties, O'Doherty persisted in his allegiance to the crown once he returned to Donegal. In January 1608 he sat on the Irish jury that confirmed the Act of Attainder against the absent Earl of Tyrconnell, stripping him of his lands and title for treason. He also pursued his links at court, through contacts such as the well-connected Sir Randal MacDonnell. O'Doherty sought to become a courtier by gaining a place in the household of Henry, Prince of Wales.

The greatest cause of O'Doherty's move towards rebellion was the insults of Paulet. While he was in Derry on business, Paulet struck him in the face. O'Doherty now began to suspect that he could not hope for fair treatment from English justice, and armed force was his only tactic. He was encouraged by one of his neighbours Sir Niall Garbh O'Donnell, who was possibly being duplicitous and hoped to be awarded O'Doherty's lands in the event of any failed rebellion. Even at this point O'Doherty remained reluctant to undertake rebellion and with "tears in his eyes" he approached English officers asking them how he could regain the approval of the Viceroy. He even turned over one of his relations, Phelim MacDavitt, a wanted man, to the authorities – a sign of the extreme demands being made on him. O'Doherty's lobbying on behalf of MacDavitt led to his release by the authorities just in time to take part in the rebellion.

O'Doherty now rose in revolt, choosing to "play the enemy" that the authorities "would not admit for a friend". The night before the rising, O'Doherty had dinner with his friend Captain Henry Hart the commander of Culmore Fort, an arsenal close to Derry. O'Doherty explained his reasons for rebellion and asked Hart to hand Culmore over to him. Hart refused, even when threatened with death. To save her husband's life, Hart's wife agreed to help betray Culmore. She tricked the defenders out of the fort, luring them into an ambush by O'Doherty's men.

The rebellion showed little sign of significant preparation. Ironically, unknown to O'Doherty, the very day he began his rising instructions were sent from London to Chichester in Dublin that generally granted all his demands.

Derry
Having armed his supporters from Culmore, at 2:00 am on 19 April 1608 O'Doherty led around 100 men on a surprise attack on Derry. Casualties on both sides during the initial assault were comparatively light. O'Doherty was able to take the lower fort without firing a shot, as the guards were asleep. Phelim MacDavitt met with more resistance in the upper fort but overcame it by force of numbers.

The insurgents hunted down the officials who had provoked the attack. Phelim MacDavitt killed Paulet in battle, a sheriff named Hamilton was killed. The rest of the inhabitants surrendered. Declaring that he was not there to spill blood, O'Doherty let a number of English prisoners go but kept important hostages. Every house in the settlement was then burned, including public buildings.

Spread of the Rebellion
Paulet was largely blamed for the rising, both for his behaviour towards local Gaelic inhabitants, and for not overseeing security arrangements for the garrison town. However, Chichester later admitted his own partial blame because of his treatment of O'Doherty following the Canmoyre Woods incident, observing "all men believed that he had been wronged". The English military in Ireland had few available troops ready to respond to the outbreak of violence, but Chichester mustered the male inhabitants of Dublin and surrounding counties and sent what forces he could northwards immediately. He also arranged the raising of hundreds of Gaelic fighters in Ulster.

In the wake of the assault on Derry, the rebels gained support. O'Doherty captured Doe Castle, the Scottish inhabitants of Strabane fled for safety, and Coleraine was under threat. Sir Henry Og O'Neill, a Gaelic leader with allegiance to the Crown, was killed and his town of Kinard was burned. O'Doherty's rising attracted around 1,000 supporters, including the O'Hanlons, who rose near Newry. O'Doherty's forces avoided the estates of the exiled Earl of Tyrone, sparing Dungannon.

It still remained a distinct prospect that the revolt would lead to the Crown offering a favourable settlement to O'Doherty rather than face an expensive war, a common occurrence in Ireland during previous centuries. But some of his gathering supporters believed the Earl of Tyrone was about to return with Spanish help, possibly as a first stage to restoring Catholicism in England and Scotland as well as Ireland. To encourage such supporters O'Doherty proclaimed that everything he did was "in zeal for the Catholic cause". There was also the possibility that Tyrone would use the threat of his return to pressure for a reconciliation with the Crown and be restored to his title and lands.

Chichester offered to step down from his post once the rebellion was put down, and King James was said to have been "persuaded that the mistaken conduct of the present Viceroy has much to do with these events". In the meantime Chichester despatched 700 troops under Richard Wingfield encouraging them to launch a "thick and short" campaign in Ulster. In response, some of O'Doherty's forces even advanced towards the edge of The Pale.

Wingfield's forces overran O'Doherty's own territory in Inishowen, capturing the town of Buncrana and recovering the ruined remains of Derry. They took O'Doherty's residence at Burt Castle, capturing his wife and son and freeing the prisoners taken at Derry, who were held there. The loss of his own castle badly damaged the morale of O'Doherty's supporters, who pressured him into seeking a direct confrontation with Wingfield's army and threatened to leave him if he did not.

Kilmacrennan
Gathering his forces Sir Cahir marched with 1,000 men to meet the Crown's troops near Letterkenny in Donegal, at Kilmacrennan on ground selected by O'Doherty as it would be difficult for the enemy's cavalry to operate. While some accounts suggest the battle was an epic one, it was most likely closer to a skirmish that lasted for around half an hour. During the fighting O'Doherty was struck in the head by a musket shot and killed. The loss of their leader led to collapse of the rebel forces, who were pursued by Wingfield's troops and their Gaelic allies. O'Doherty's head was taken by an English infantryman, who claimed the £500 reward for it.

With O'Doherty dead, the rebellion began to fall apart. A number of those taken prisoner were tried for treason in Lifford in civil courts and executed. The most prized prisoner taken was Phelim MacDavitt, who was wounded in woodlands and forced to surrender. He was executed and his head put on display alongside O'Doherty's at Newgate in Dublin. The speed with which Chichester had responded to the rebellion now brought him praise from London.

Tory Island
Sporadic resistance continued across Ulster, but the defeat at Kilmacrennan led to disintegration of the rebel forces. A group led by Shane MacManus O'Donnell withdrew to Tory Island off the Donegal coast and occupied a castle. The Governor of Ballyshannon, Sir Henry Folliott surrounded the castle.

To receive "Pelham's Pardon", the commander of the castle, Sir Mulmory MacSweeney began to kill his fellow defenders to present their heads to the besiegers. After killing several he was hacked down by his own men who then began killing each other. Those who remained after the infighting were pardoned. Historian Padraig Lenihan claimed that "It was a fitting epilogue to the disunity and duplicity of Gaelic Ireland".

Aftermath
Following the Flight of the Earls in 1607 Tyrone and Tyrconnell had been attained for treason and their lands confiscated. It was proposed to settle English and Scottish inhabitants on these lands in a similar manner to the earlier Munster Plantation. Chichester had originally planned a much smaller group of settlements such as Derry, combined with the long-standing policy of Anglicisation of the Gaelic lords. The King and his advisers now implemented a much more ambitious scheme that led to the "plantation" of "undertakers" across eight of the nine Ulster counties. The Ulster Plantation's progress was slow at first, partly due to a widespread belief that the government would still reverse its policy and make a deal to restore the Earl of Tyrone and other exiles to their lands, an uncertainty that only went away when Tyrone died in Rome in 1616.

Although a number of "deserving Irish" were awarded estates, these were much smaller than had been expected. The Plantation was intended to break up the traditional Gaelic model of a handful of great lords such as Tyrone, replacing them with smaller landowners whose primarily loyalty was to the Crown. Among those who benefited from the post-rebellion settlement was Chichester, who was granted much of O'Doherty's former lands in Inishowen. Veteran British and Anglo-Irish officers of the 1594–1603 and 1608 rebellions were granted significant estates, with many going on to found landed dynasties.

King James inaugurated a new baronetcy, a hereditary knighthood, the sale of which would boost government finances.