Order of the German Eagle



The Order of the German Eagle (Verdienstorden vom Deutschen Adler) was an award of the German Nazi regime, predominantly to foreign diplomats. The Order was instituted on 1 May 1937 by Adolf Hitler. It ceased to be awarded following the collapse of the Nazi Government at the end of World War II.

Criteria
The Order of the German Eagle was a diplomatic and honorary award given to prominent foreigners, particularly diplomats, who were considered sympathetic to Nazism.

In addition to awards to non-Germans, the Reich Foreign Minister and the Reich Protector of Bohemia and Moravia received a 'Special Degree' (Sonderstufe), with identical insignia to the Grand Cross of the Order. Accordingly, Foreign Minister Constantin von Neurath,  received the Special Degree of the Order, with a further award to Joachim von Ribbentrop on his appointment as Foreign Minister in 1938. In 1943 Dr. Wilhelm Frick received the Special Degree after becoming Reich Protector of Bohemia and Moravia.

Appearance and classes
The Cross is based on the Maltese Cross with German Eagles at each corner carrying a swastika. For military recipients the Order also featured crossed swords. The cross was suspended from a 46 mm red ribbon with stripes in black, red and white. The award, in the first two classes, also came in the form of a silver or gold eight pointed star, with corresponding white Maltese Cross and gold eagles centered. The overall appearance and name of the Order was an imitation of the Prussian Order of the Black Eagle and Order of the Red Eagle.

From 1937 to 1943 the order was presented in six classes:


 * 1) Grand Cross of the Order of the German Eagle with star (Grosskreuz des Deutschen Adlerordens)
 * 2) Order of the German Eagle with Star (Deutscher Adlerorden mit Stern)
 * 3) Order of the German Eagle 1st Class (Deutscher Adlerorden, Erste Stufe)
 * 4) Order of the German Eagle 2nd Class (Deutscher Adlerorden, Zweite Stufe)
 * 5) Order of the German Eagle 3rd Class (Deutscher Adlerorden, Dritte Stufe)
 * 6) German Medal of Merit (Deutsche Verdienstmedaille)

A unique Grand Cross of the Order of the German Eagle in Gold with Diamonds (Grosskreuz des Deutschen Adlerordens in Gold und Brillanten) was also awarded to Benito Mussolini on 25 September 1937.

On 27 December 1943 the Order was reorganised into nine classes:


 * 1) Grand Cross of the Order of the German Eagle in Gold with Star (Goldenes Grosskreuz des Deutschen Adlerordens)
 * 2) Grand Cross of the Order of the German Eagle with Star (Grosskreuz des Deutschen Adlerordens)
 * 3) Order of the German Eagle 1st Class (Deutscher Adlerorden, Erste Stufe)
 * 4) Order of the German Eagle 2nd Class (Deutscher Adlerorden, Zweite Stufe)
 * 5) Order of the German Eagle 3rd Class (Deutscher Adlerorden, Dritte Stufe)
 * 6) Order of the German Eagle 4th Class (Deutscher Adlerorden, Vierte Stufe)
 * 7) Order of the German Eagle 5th Class (Deutscher Adlerorden, Fünfte Stufe)
 * 8) Silver Medal of Merit (Silberne Verdienstmedaille)
 * 9) Bronze Medal of Merit (Bronzene Verdienstmedaille)

Recipients
Grand Cross of the Order of the German Eagle in Gold with Diamonds


 * Benito Mussolini

Grand Cross of the Order of the German Eagle in Gold with Star

The Grand Cross of the Order of the German Eagle in Gold was awarded thirteen times:


 * Ion Antonescu, Chief-of-staff of the Romanian army
 * King Boris III of Bulgaria
 * Galeazzo Ciano Conte di Cortelazzo, Italy
 * Roberto Farinacci, Italy
 * Francisco Franco, Spanish politician (defacto Regent of Spain and general (last holder of the Grand Cross at the time of his death in 1975).
 * Dr. Wilhelm Frick, Reichsminister
 * Heinrich Himmler, Reichsführer SS
 * Admiral Miklós Horthy, Hungary
 * Field Marshal Carl Gustav Emil Mannerheim, Commander-in-Chief of the Finnish armed forces
 * Constantin Freiherr von Neurath, Reich Foreign Minister
 * General Hiroshi Ōshima, Japanese ambassador
 * Joachim von Ribbentrop, Reich Foreign Minister
 * Risto Ryti, President of Finland

Other classes

Number awarded unknown.


 * Emil Kirdof, director of the Gelsenkirchen industrial consortium (awarded by Hitler on 8 April 1937).
 * Thomas J. Watson, chairman of IBM, 1937. Watson was also president of the International Chamber of Commerce in 1937; the medal was awarded while the ICC was meeting in Germany that year.
 * Henry Ford was awarded the Grand Cross of the German Eagle on his 75th birthday, 30 July 1938.
 * General Olof Thörnell, Supreme Commander of the Swedish Armed Forces, was awarded the Grand Cross of the German Eagle 7 October 1940.
 * Charles Lindbergh was awarded the Order of the German Eagle with Star 19 October 1938.
 * James Mooney, General Motors' chief executive for overseas operations, was awarded Order of the German Eagle 1st Class.
 * Ing. Ugo Conte (1884–1951), Rome Chief Engineer, was awarded Order of German Eagle 2nd Class on 16 December 1938 for leading team in the construction of first German motorway.
 * Swedish explorer Sven Hedin was awarded the Grand Cross of the Order of the German Eagle on his 75th birthday on 19 February 1940.
 * Finnish Minister of Defence Rudolf Walden was awarded the Grand Cross of the Order of the German Eagle.
 * Finnish leader of the Lotta Svärd organization Fanni Luukkonen was awarded the Order of the German Eagle with Star on May 19, 1943. She was the only non-German woman to receive the medal.