Jakob van Hoddis

Jakob van Hoddis (May 16, 1887 in Berlin – 1942 in Sobibor) was the pen name of a German-Jewish expressionist poet Hans Davidsohn, of which name "Van Hoddis" is an anagram. His most famous poem Weltende (End of the world) published on 11 January 1911 in Der Demokrat, is generally regarded as the preliminary expressionist poem which inspired many other poets to write in a similarly grotesque style; he is also seen as perhaps the only German predecessor of surrealism (which did not exist as a movement in Germany).

Life
He was the oldest son of doctor Hermann Davidsohn and his wife Doris. Mrs Davidsohn gave birth to twins, but the other baby was stillborn. He had four other siblings, Marie, Anna, Ludwig and Ernst. Due to his temper (although he was extremely intelligent), he was not a successful student. In 1909 he created a Der Neue Club (The New Club) with his friend Kurt Hiller; and in March of the following year, they introduced their ideas at an evening they called Neopathetisches Cabaret (The Neopathetic Cabaret). They were joined by Georg Heym, Ernst Blass and Erich Unger, soon followed by others, for example Alfred Lichtenstein. Else Lasker-Schüler participated too (she said about van Hoddis´ performances "His verses are so ardent that one wants to steal them" ). The last, ninth, evening of the Cabaret took place in the spring of 1912; it was a tribute to the tragically deceased Georg Heym. The Cabaret was very popular, often attracting hundreds of spectators. It was during one of these evenings when Weltende was recited, and electrified the audience totally. Many artists later remembered the impact the eight lines had on them that day.

During this part of his life, things started to get worse. Not only was he expelled from university, but he lost his father and his close friends, Heym and Ernst Balcke. He suffered a breakdown and voluntarily entered a mental hospital. Although he was released, he was soon forced to come back after attacking his mother. His mental health continued to decline, and he lived in private care from 1914 until 1922. After 1927, when his mother lost her money, he came under the care of a state clinic. In 1933, immediately after Hitler's nomination as Prime Minister, Van Hoddis' family escaped to Tel Aviv (where his broken-hearted mother died a few months later). It proved impossible for him to secure an entrance certificate to the British Mandate of Anglo-Palestine due to his mental illness. He was thus was forced to remain in Germany where expressionism had come to be seen as an absolutely unacceptable or degenerate art form.

Some expressionist artists managed to flee the country with many more either committing suicide or were murdered in concentration camps. Given that Van Hoddis was Jewish, an expressionist artist, and also mentally ill (which then meant in Germany that he was subject to "mercy killing"), his murder in Nazi Germany was almost guaranteed. On the 30 April 1942, he and all the other patients and staff (five hundred people) of his sanatorium were transported to Sobibór via Krasnystaw. None of them survived. The date of van Hoddis´ death remains unknown.

Works
Only one book, Weltende, was published during his life, in 1918. André Breton included van Hoddis into his Anthology of Black Humor. In the English-speaking world he remains almost unknown.

Posthumous collections:


 * Paul Pörtner (ed.): Jakob van Hoddis, Weltende. Gesammelte Dichtungen. Arche, Zürich, 1958 - Collected poems
 * Regina Nörtemann (ed.): Jakob van Hoddis. Dichtungen und Briefe. Wallstein, Göttingen, 2007 - Poetry and Letters

Weltende

 * Dem Bürger fliegt vom spitzen Kopf der Hut,
 * In allen Lüften hallt es wie Geschrei.
 * Dachdecker stürzen ab und gehn entzwei
 * Und an den Küsten – liest man – steigt die Flut.


 * Der Sturm ist da, die wilden Meere hupfen
 * An Land, um dicke Dämme zu zerdrücken.
 * Die meisten Menschen haben einen Schnupfen.
 * Die Eisenbahnen fallen von den Brücken.


 * From bourgeois’ pointed heads their bowlers flew,
 * the whole atmosphere´s like full of cry.
 * Tile layers fall from roofs and break in two,
 * and on the coast, one reads, the water´s high.


 * The storm is here, the seven seas do wildly hop
 * onto the land to bust thick dams.
 * The folk have cold, so many noses need a mop.
 * From viaducts fall down the trams.

(For a more literal translation please see )

Literary influence
Weltende is referenced in a poem by Catalan author Gabriel Ferrater called Fi del món ("End of the world"), which paraphrases some of its images.

References and external links

 * Jakob Van Hoddis article (in English) by Darran Anderson - Laika Poetry Review, including a translation of Weltende and photos
 * Stiftung "Neue Synagoge Berlin - Centrum Judaicum"
 * Analysis of "Weltende" (German)