Operation Sandcastle

Operation Sandcastle was a United Kingdom non-combat military operation conducted between 1955-1956. The operation's purpose was to dispose of chemical weapons by dumping them in the Irish Sea.

The British possessed almost 71,000 250 kg bombs filled with tabun. These had been seized from German ammunition dumps in the final months of World War II. A total of 250,000 tons of chemical weapons had been uncovered, the majority were destroyed but stocks of tabun and sarin were divided between Britain and the United States after discussion, with the Americans taking the sarin. The British transferred their 14,000 tons of ordnance in October 1945, via Hamburg and Newport, to temporary storage at the RAF strategic reserve ammunition store at Llanberis. Longer term facilities were prepared at RAF Llandwrog, the bombs were to be stored in stacks in the open on the runways of the disused airfield - any leaks would be carried out to sea by prevailing winds. The bombs were taken to Llandwrog by truck from August 1946 to July 1947.

In July 1947 it was discovered that the bombs were fuzed and that a number were leaking. At a rate of 500 bombs a week they were defuzed and individually coated in a waxy preservative to seal them. Seventy-two irreparable devices were neutralised on-site by being drained into individual pits filled with caustic soda crystals. Despite the preservative the bombs continued to suffer in the damp Welsh climate and in 1951 twenty-one 'Bellman' hangars were erected on the site to store the bombs. Finally in June 1954 it was decided to dispose of the entire stock as it was, by then, clearly of no military value.

Logistics
Operation Sandcastle was divided into two sections, a sea voyage to Cairnryan and then a transfer to suitable hulks there for later sinking north-west of Ireland beyond the continental shelf. It was intended to process 16,000 bombs in the first attempt in mid-1955.

The work began with the construction of a road between Llandwrog and the nearby port of Fort Belan where six LCTs were assembled. Loading trials in June indicated only 400 bombs could be loaded on each craft, less than hoped. It was then decided to remove the tail-fins from the bombs to reduce their length, and to pack them in new boxes. This work increased each LCT's load to 800 bombs and by mid-July all 16,000 devices had been safely carried to Cairnryan.

Disposal at sea
The SS Empire Claire was the first scuttling ship, her loading began in late June and by July 23 all 16,000 bombs were aboard, although an ill-considered loading plan had given her a noticeable list to starboard. The three scuttling charges of TNT were positioned to ensure her sinking would be steady and flat and the nine-man crew embarked. Departure was delayed by industrial action on the Firth of Clyde preventing the departure of the ocean-going tugboat Forester.

On 25 July 1955 the SS Empire Claire, SS Forester, and navy escorts Mull and Sir Walter Campbell left Cairnryan, the Empire Claire soon broke down and was taken under tow. They reached the scuttling point (56.5°N, -12°W) in the early morning of 27 July but waited until 10.00 hrs for the arrival of an RAF photo-reconnaissance aircraft to observe the operation. The initial two scuttling charges blew and dramatically increased the vessel's starboard list, forcing the use of the emergency charge which opened her stern and caused a rapid sinking, bows up, to a depth of around 2,500 m.

The later sinking went without any problems. MV Vogtland was scuttled on 30 May 1956 at the same site, taking 28,737 bombs with her and on 21 July 1956 the SS Kotka was sunk (at 56.51667°N, -12.08333°W) with 26,000 bombs, 330 tons of arsenic and fifty cases of unidentified material.