1943 Gibraltar B-24 crash

The 1943 Gibraltar B-24 crash resulted in the death of estimated sixteen people, including general Władysław Sikorski. Sikorski was the commander-in-chief of the Polish Army, in addition to being the Prime Minister of the Polish government-in-exile at the time. Sikorski's Liberator II crashed in Gibraltar almost immediately after take off, with the plane's pilot being the only survivor. While this catastrophe was ruled as an accident, several conspiracy theories continue to persist.

Background
The relationship between the Soviet Union and Poland was tenuous at best during the closing stages of World War II for a variety of reasons, and became more so, after the 1940 Katyn massacre of over 20,000 Polish servicemen by the Russians came to light. However, being pragmatic, general Władysław Sikorski was still open to some form of normalisation of Polish-Soviet relations, while general Władysław Anders was vehemently opposed. To boost morale, Sikorski began a tour of inspection of the Polish forces stationed in the Middle East in May 1943, tending to political affairs where necessary.

Accident
On 4 July 1943, while Sikorski was returning to London from an inspection of Polish forces deployed in the Middle East, his aircraft, a Royal Air Force Consolidated B-24 Liberator, serial number AL523, operated by No. 511 Squadron RAF, crashed into the sea 16 seconds after taking off from Gibraltar Airport at 23:07 hours.

The Liberator II was an LB-30 model built as an unarmed transport and operated by No. 511 Squadron of RAF Transport Command on long range flights between the UK and Gibraltar.

In 1972 the pilot Flight Lieutenant Eduard Prchal described the events "I received the green light from the tower and we began our take-off run. I pulled the stick back and the aircraft started to climb. When I was at 150ft I pushed the controls of the aircraft forward to gain speed. Suddenly I discovered I was not able to pull the stick back. The steering mechanism was jammed or locked." The aircraft then lost height rapidly. Prchal closed the four throttles and warned the others through the intercom "Attention, crash". The aircraft crashed into the sea.

Sikorski, his daughter, Tadeusz Klimecki (his Chief of Staff), and eight other passengers were killed. While 11 was the official count of those who perished, the exact number of passengers was not known. Of the six crew members on board, only Prchal survived.

Passengers and crew
The only survivor of the accident was the pilot Flight Lieutenant Eduard Prchal, one of six crew on the aircraft. The 11 passengers killed were:


 * Victor Cazalet - British liaison officer to the Polish forces, and a Conservative Party Member of Parliament
 * Jan Gralewski - an Armia Krajowa courier
 * Major General Tadeusz Klimecki - Polish Army Chief of General Staff
 * Adam Kułakowski - Sikorski's adjutant
 * Zofia Leśniowska - Sikorski's daughter and secretary
 * Walter Heathcote Lock - Ministry of Transport representative in the Persian Gulf.
 * Colonel Andrzej Marecki - Polish Army Chief of Operations
 * Warrant Telegraphist Harry Pinder, Royal Navy - Chief of the Royal Navy signals station in Alexandria
 * Lieutenant Józef Ponikiewski, Polish Navy who was Sikorski's adjutant
 * General Władysław Sikorski - commander-in-chief of the Polish Army and Prime Minister of the Polish government in exile
 * Brigadier John Percival Whiteley - advisor to the Viceroy of India, also a Conservative Member of Parliament

Aftermath
Sikorski's body was collected by the Polish Navy destroyer ORP Orkan (G90) and transported to Britain. He was subsequently buried in a brick-lined grave at the Polish War Cemetery in Newark-on-Trent, England, on 16 July that year. Winston Churchill delivered a eulogy at his funeral. The bodies of Sikorski's daughter and four other passengers and crew were not found.

Sikorski's death marked a turning point for Polish influence amongst the Anglo-American allies. He had been the most prestigious leader of the Polish exiles and it was a severe setback for the Polish cause, for no Pole after him would have much sway with the Allied politicians.

Incident investigation and controversy
A British Court of Inquiry convened on 7 July 1943 to investigate the crash, following the order by Air Marshal Sir John Slessor of 5 July 5 1943. On 25 July 1943 the Court concluded that the accident was caused by the "jamming of elevator controls" which led to the aircraft being uncontrollable after take-off. The report noted that "it has not been possible to determine how the jamming occurred" although it ruled out sabotage. Slessor was not satisfied with the report and on July 28 ordered the Court to continue its investigation to find out, first of all, whether the controls were indeed jammed or not, and if they were, then for what reason. Despite further investigation the Court was unable to resolve Slessor's doubts. The Polish government refused to endorse this report because of the contradictions cited therein, and the lack of conclusive findings.

The political context of the event, coupled with a variety of curious circumstances, immediately gave rise to speculation that Sikorski's death had not been an accident, and might have been the direct result of a Soviet, British, or even Polish conspiracy. Some modern sources still note that the accident was not fully explained; for example Jerzy Jan Lerski in his Historical Dictionary of Poland (1996), entry on the "Gibraltar, Catastrophe of", noted that "there are several theories explaining the event, but the mystery was never fully solved." However, as Roman Wapiński noted in his biographical entry on Sikorski in the Polish Biographical Dictionary in 1997, no conclusive evidence of any wrongdoing had been found, and Sikorski's official cause of death was listed as an accident.

In 2008 Sikorski was exhumed and his remains were examined by Polish scientists, who in 2009 concluded that he died of injuries consistent with an air crash, and that there was no evidence that Sikorski was murdered, thus, ruling out theories that he was shot or strangled before the incident. However they did not rule out the possibility of sabotage, which is still being investigated by the Polish Institute of National Remembrance. The investigation is ongoing as of 2012.

In 2012, Jerzy Zięborak revised the evidence gathered by the Court of Inquiry in 1943 as well as other material that has been made available to date. His conclusion was that the accident resulted from the combination of factors. Firstly, the aircraft was overloaded and its centre of gravity was displaced beyond the permissible limit. Secondly, the aircraft speed at take-off was too low due to the excessive weight. Finally, the autopilot was switched on just after the take-off - contrary to the flight manual - and that caused an effect similar to the controls' jamming as seen by the second pilot. The evidence has been found that the surviving pilot Prchal did actually perform the second pilot's duties during the take-off; which he could not remember at the time of the investigation due to the shock he suffered during the crash.