Continental Air Defense Command

Continental Air Defense Command (CONAD) was the Cold War military organization of Army, Navy, and USAF air defense commands for the Continental United States. The first U.S. component of NORAD, the unified command's anti-aircraft defenses included Army Project Nike missiles (Ajax and Hercules) and USAF interceptors (manned aircraft and BOMARC missiles). CONAD had operational control of nuclear air defense weapons such as the 10 kiloton W-40 nuclear warhead on the CIM-10B BOMARC, but the primary purpose of continental air defense during the CONAD period was to provide sufficient attack warning of a Soviet bomber air raid to ensure Strategic Air Command could launch a counterattack without being destroyed. While the SAFEGUARD anti-ICBM missile complex was being deployed, the CONAD ended in 1975 and the USAF component, Aerospace Defense Command, became the US's executive organization for US NORAD operations.

Background
In 1947 at the end of the reorganization for a National Military Establishment that ended the USAAF Continental Air Forces for CONUS air defense and created the USAF Air Defense Command (ADC), "consideration" for a joint command for air defense began. After the USAF initiated a 1949 experimental military program for the "1954 interceptor" to counter expected Soviet bomber advances, the Army deployed M-33 Fire Control for AA artillery in 1950. A proposal for a joint/unified command for air defense was initiated (and failed) in 1950, and the new Air Defense Command (ADC) at Ent AFB and ARAACOM staffed in the nearby Antlers Hotel (Colorado) had been established in 1951, the year the Priority Permanent System began replacing the post-war Lashup Radar Network.

After a direct telephone line was installed in mid-July 1950 between the 1948 General Whitehead's Mitchel Field headquarters and the 26th Air Division HQ at Roslyn Air Warning Station ("the beginning of the Air Force air raid warning system".) When the Korean War broke out, the USAF established the Pentagon Air Force Command Post, from which "President Truman had a direct telephone line installed to the White House.  By 1953, continental air defenses included assets of 5 organizations, including 1 unified command responsible to the JCS (AAC):
 * ADC's "radar sensor network, the fighter interceptor squadrons, and the combat control centers"
 * ARAACOM's AAA artillery, Nike Ajax missiles, and a "network of fire control centers and target acquisition radars"
 * Alaskan Air Command (AAC) with interceptors and radars at North America's northwest
 * The US's Northeast Air Command (NEAC) in northeast Canada and at Thule, Greenland
 * RCAF Air Defense Command's interceptors

USAF operational control
DoD directives and interservice agreements identified the USAF would "assume operational control of all [US air defense] weapons during an attack", but the Army complained the USAF command and control network (e.g., 1950 SOCS telephone/teletype system) was "insufficiently reliable" (the Army publicly announced the M51 Skysweeper AA artillery in the 1953,) In response to the "enemy capabilities to inflict massive damage on the continental United States by surprise air attack", the National Security Council met on October 13 and formulated  President Eisenhower's "The New Look" strategy: "to minimize the [Soviet] threat", "the major purpose of air defense was not to shoot down enemy bombers—it was to allow SAC" bombers "to get into the air [and] not be destroyed on the ground [to allow] massive retaliation".

Planning
By October 16, 1953, the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff requested the services' input regarding formation of a joint air defense command, but the USAF Chief of Staff on December 16, 1953 "concluded that no change was needed or advisable". Under "political pressures for greater unity and effectiveness in the national air defense system", the Chairman--a Navy Admiral—disagreed with the USAF and in January 1954 "recommended that the JCS approve in principle the establishment of a joint air defense command":
 * "In an era when enemy capabilities to inflict massive damage on the continental United States by surprise air attack are rapidly increasing, I consider that there is no doubt whatsoever as to the duty of the Joint Chiefs to establish a suitable "joint" command…. The command will be composed of forces of each of the services and provide for the coordinated accomplishment of functions of each of the services for the air defense of the United States."

The command was planned to include: After the JCS directed establishment of CONAD on August 2, 1954, SECDEF announced the joint Continental Air Defense Command (CONAD) later in the month for "correlating and integrating the air defense capabilities of the three military departments into an air defense system responsible to the control of one military commander" (Wainstein). The ADC "main battle control center" was moved out of the former hallway/latrine in the Ent AFB headquarters building and into a new 1954 blockhouse, and offices for both CONAD and a new "Naval Forces CONAD" headquarters (under command of RADM Albert K. Morehouse) were prepared in the building with Ent's ADC and ARAACOM HQs.
 * all air forces regularly assigned to the air defense of the United States
 * land based early warning stations and sea based forces assigned to contiguous radar coverage;
 * antiaircraft forces of the Army involved in the permanent air defense of the United States
 * the exercise of operational control of Army and Marine Corps units "which can temporarily augment the air defense forces in event of emergency."
 * CINCLANT/CINCPAC and CINCAL/CINCNE responses as needed from their "seaward extensions of the early warning system…and early warning installations in Alaska and the NE Command".

Operational control
CONAD was established effective September 1, 1954, with the mission "of (1) defending the continental United States against air attack and (2) supporting CINCPAC, CINCLANT, CINCARIB, COMSAC, CINCAL, and CINCNE in their missions to the maximum extent consistent with its primary mission." ADC's commander—General Benjamin Chidlaw--"became the first CINCONAD", USAF was "designated the executive agency", and CONAD's "operational control" was for:
 * 1) Direction of the tactical air battle
 * 2) Control of fighters
 * 3) Specifying the alert condition
 * 4) Stationing early warning units
 * 5) Deploying combat units of the command.

After the Experimental SAGE Subsector received a prototype IBM computer in July 1955 for development of a "national air defense network", a late 1955 "CONAD plan for [USAF] SAGE control of [Army] Nike missiles" caused an interservice dispute (in 1956 SECDEF approved CONAD's plan for USAF units at computerized Army nuclear bunkers--the 1959 Missile Master Plan resolved the dispute to have separate Hercules missile command posts in the bunkers.) On February 13, 1956, CINCONAD advocated "an eventual combined organization…of the Air Defense Force of all countries and services in and adjacent to North America" (CONAD's December 1956 CADOP 56-66 requested "six prime and 41 gap-tiller radars [to be] located in Mexoo.)  By 1956, CONAD had designated 3 "SAC Base Complexes" (geographical areas) for defense in the Northwestern United States, in a Montana-through-North Dakota area, and the largest in a nearly-triangular "South Central Area" from Minnesota to New Mexico to Northern Florida.

1956 reorganization
A "Proposed Reorganization of Headquarters CONAD" was submitted by Mar 24, 1956; and CINCONAD had testified in a US Senate hearing by June 1956. On September 4, 1956, the JCS Terms of Reference changed the CONAD mission to "more in line [with that] of a joint task force" and separated command of ADC from CINCONAD (LGen Atkinson became ADC commander)--the CONAD joint staff separated from the ADC HQ staff on October 1, 1956. The JCS also transferred "the air defense systems in Alaska and the Canadian Northeast" from those unified commands to CONAD, but on January 1, 1957; CINCONAD placed the US defenses in a geometric "Canadian Northeast Area" under operational control of RCAF ADC. In December 1956 CINCONAD requested a bunker to replace the above-ground Ent AFB blockhouse and in March 1957, CONAD "told the JCS that an adequate and timely defense system against the intercontinental ballistic missile was "the most urgent future CONAD requirement." CONAD identified a requirement "for a defense against cruise and ballistic missiles launched from submarines or surface ships" on June 14, 1957 (the 1957 Gaither Commission identified "little likelihood of SAC's bombers surviving since there was no way to detect an incoming attack until the first [ICBM] warhead landed", and the BMEWS GOR was issued on November 7, 1957.)  In 1957 "on 6 September, CONAD advised all appropriate agencies that NORAD was to be established at Ent Air Force Base effective 0001 Zulu 12 September" with "integrated headquarters" of CONAD and RCAF ADC (the CONAD/ADC commander became CINCNORAD.)  Associated with the 1958 international NORAD agreement, "RCAF officers…agreed the command's primary purpose would be…early warning and defense for SAC's retaliatory forces."

A 1958 "reorganization in National Command Authority relations with the joint commands" with a "direct channel" to unified commands such as CONAD was effected after President Eisenhower expressed concern about nuclear command and control. The CONAD blockhouse at Ent became a "master station" of the 1958 Alert Network Number 1, (ARDC's ADSMO was redesignated as the Air Defense Systems Integration Division on February 24, 1958.) Ground zero footage for CONAD was shot during the Operation Plowshare nuclear detonation. When the ICBM threat had sufficiently developed, DoD's June 19, 1959, Continental Air Defense Program reduced the number of Super Combat Centers to 7, then all were cancelled on March 18, 1960 (the Canadian nuclear bunker started at CFS North Bay was instead completed in 1963 with vacuum tube computers.)



Space defense
SECDEF assigned to CONAD on November 7, 1960 "operational command" of the Space Detection and Tracking System (SPADATS) with SPACETRACK and NAVSPASUR sensors. The "Improved Hercules system" for surface-to-air-missiles was first deployed in 1961, and in 1962 the command manned the alternate US command post (CONAD ALCOP) at Richards-Gebaur AFB. CONAD HQ moved from Ent AFB to the nearby Colorado Springs' Chidlaw Building in 1963, where a new NORAD/CONAD "war room" (Combined Operations Center) with Iconorama was used until the under-construction Command Center and Missile Warning Center became operational at Cheyenne Mountain in 1966. After NORAD HQ moved to the Chidlaw Building on February 15, 1963, CONAD and NORAD offices were consolidated on March 7, 1963. CONAD agreed to allow the FAA to control military aircraft for "scramble, flight en route to target [enemy aircraft], and recovery" (handed off to military directors for actual intercept) effective February 1, 1964. By January 12, 1965, CONAD had a Space Defense Center Implementation Plan (in 1967 the 1st Aero moved Ent's Space Defense Center operations to Cheyenne Mountain's Group III Space Defense Center.) CONAD continued using the same name with "air defense" after Aerospace Defense Command (ADCOM) was designated the new USAF "space" command name in 1968 with most of CONAD's missile warning and space surveillance assets (cf. the 1959 Naval Space Surveillance System until transferred to the USAF in 2004).

Aftermath
BOMARC alerts ended in 1972, and the post-Vietnam war drawdown closed most CONUS NIKE missile sites during the 1974 Project Concise, after which CONAD was disestablished on June 30, 1975, during the SAFEGUARD ABM deployment (operational October 1, 1975). The last CINCCONAD remained CINCNORAD, and ADCOM personnel manned combined NORAD/ADCOM staff organizations. Ent AFB closed in 1976, and ADCOM was broken up 1979-80 with interceptors transferring to a TAC unit at the Chidlaw Bldg, missile warning stations transferring to SAC (e.g., the new PAVE PAWS sites), electronics units transferring to AFCS, and the NORAD/ADCOM "Air Force Element" forming the new Aerospace Defense Center. Remaining ADCOM HQ functions continued as combined NORAD/ADCOM organizations, e.g., "HQ NORAD/ADCOM" J31 subsequently manned the Cheyenne Mountain Space Surveillance Center in the same room as the Missile Warning Center, separated by partitions. In 1982, the Aerospace Defense Center was incorporated into the new Space Command, which became a 1985 component of the unified United States Space Command—then the 2002 United States Strategic Command (e.g., the 2006 Missile Correlation Center was split into STRATCOM's Missile Warning Center and NORAD/NORTHCOM's "Missile and Space Domain").