Battle of Sanhe

The Battle of Sanhe (三河, literally meaning Three Rivers) was a major engagement of the Taiping Rebellion, occurring in 1858. During this battle, the crack troops of Zeng Guofan’s Hunan Army (Xiangjun, 湘军) were lost, along with one of its most capable commanders, Li Xubin.

Prelude
In August, 1858, the Taiping Army took Luzhou (庐州), modern day Anhui, and the Imperial governor of Hunan-Guangdong Guam Wing (官文) ordered Li Xubin to counter attack by taking the cities and towns of Tongcheng, Shucheng, and Taihu (太湖). Imperial Jiangning (江宁) General Du Xing’a (都兴阿) and Li Xubin consequently led over ten thousands troops and attacked Anhui from Hubei. On September 22, 1858, imperial troops took Taihu (太湖). Afterwards, Li Xubin led eight thousand troops to continue the attack northward. On September 27, 1858, Li Xubin’s imperial army took Qianshan. On October 13, 1858, they took Tongcheng, and on October 24, 1858, Shucheng. On November 3, after leaving behind two thousand troops to guard the newly conquered towns, 1858, Li Xubin led the remaining six thousand imperial troops to the outskirt of Sanhe Town (San He Zheng, 三河镇, literally means Three Rivers Town), around 25 km southeast of Shucheng.

Sanhe Town was located on the western shore of Lake Chao, and was an important barrier of Luzhou (庐州) and also an important transportation hub to supply provisions for both and Luzhou (庐州) and Nanjing. Originally lacking a city wall, the Taiping Army constructed a new wall and in addition, built a total of nine forts outside the newly built city wall. The Taiping commander in charge of defending Sanhe Town was Wu Dinggui (吴定规). On October 24, 1858, Chen Yucheng had just succeeded in taking Liuhe (六合) and received the news that Sanhe Town was being besieged by the imperial troops. Realizing the importance of the town, Chen Yucheng decided to reinforce Sanhe and asked Hong Xiuquan to send Li Xiucheng to strengthen the Taiping forces. Chen’s request was granted. The nearby Nien Rebellion also sent 40,000 troops to strengthen the Taiping forces.

Battle
On November 7, 1858, imperial troops attacked the Taiping army’s forts in three fronts: After heavy casualties on both sides, the Taiping army abandoned all nine forts and retreated to safety behind the city walls. On November 7, 1858, Chen Yucheng’s force reached Sanhe and set up camp in Golden Ox (Jinniu, 金牛) Town, just south of Sanhe Town. A week later, Li Xiucheng’s force also reached Sanhe Town, and camped in the region of White Stone Mountain (Baishishan, 白石山). The Taiping army in Sanhe region totaled more than 100,000 and Li Xubin’s staff officers suggested that the imperial force should withdraw to Tongcheng temporarily since there were only six thousand of them. Li Xubin refused and subsequently moved all of his forces into the newly taken forts to take up defensive positions.
 * 6 battalions attacked Taiping forts in the regions of Henan Boulevard (Henandajie, 河南大街) and Mouse Trap (Laoshujia, 老鼠夹)
 * 3 battalions attacked Taiping forts in the region of Water Buddhist nunnery (Shui’an, 水庵) and Crystal Buddhist nunnery (Shuijing’an, 水晶庵)
 * 2 battalions attacked Taiping forts in the region of Zhujiayue (储家越)
 * 2 battalions personally led by Li Xubin acted as a reserve force.

Realizing the enemy had numerical superiority and he could not hold out for long, Li Xubin decided to launch a preemptive strike against Chen Yucheng’s force. On the night of November 15, 1858, seven battalions of the imperial force were sent to attack the Taiping army at Golden Ox Town under the cover of darkness, but unbeknownst to the imperial troops, the Taiping army had already laid an ambush for them. At dawn on November 16, 1858, the imperial army clashed head on with the vanguard of Chen Yucheng’s Taiping army, which lured the entire seven battalions of imperial army into the pre-laid ambush. Chen Yucheng’s force ambushed and killed half of the seven battalions of the imperial force, and surrounded the remainder. Li Xubin sent out another four battalions to rescue the surrounded imperial troops and personally led several dozen charges against the Taiping army positions, but all were beaten back with heavy loss of life.

Taiping army units under Li Xiucheng’s command went out to support Chen Yucheng and Wu Dinggui (吴定规)’s forces behind the city wall also sallied forth to attack the imperial army. Li Xubin had to retreat back to the forts with the surviving imperial troops in an attempt to hold their positions and await reinforcements, however the 15,000 men of the imperial Green Standard Army were delayed and played no part in the battle. The imperial army was severely weakened and seven out of nine forts fell in a short time, and the fort where Li Xubin’s headquarters was located found itself under siege. As Li Xubin attempted a breakout, he was killed in the fierce battle (some sources claim Li hanged himself from a tree). Zeng Guofan’s younger brother Zeng Guofar(曾國華) was also killed, and both Li and Zeng's bodies were never found. By November 18, 1858, the battle was over.

Aftermath
After their victory at Sanhe, Chen Yucheng and Li Xiucheng continued their offensive southward, and the imperial army had to abandon Shucheng and withdrew to Tongcheng, and on November 24, 1858, Li’s and Chen’s Taiping troops took Tongcheng. Imperial forces under the command of Jiangning (江宁) General Du Xing’a (都兴阿) besieging Anqing risked being cut off from behind, and the siege had to be abandoned on November 27, 1858 with the imperial army withdrew to Xiusong (宿松) via Shipai (石牌). The Taiping army subsequently retook Qianshan and Taihu (太湖).

Outcome
The imperial defeat at Sanhe was a major setback. Not only the newly conquered towns were lost again, but the siege of Anqing was also relieved. In addition, the Taiping army also expanded its territory as a result of the victory. The six thousand strong imperial force represented the Empire's crack troops, whose loss would take a long time to recover from and thus would have a severe impact on future operations against the Taiping rebellion.