Muath al-Kasasbeh

Muath Safi Yousef al-Kasasbeh (معاذ صافي يوسف الكساسبة South Levantine pronunciation: ; 29 May 1988 – c. 3 January 2015) was a Royal Jordanian Air Force pilot.

Al-Kasasbeh's F-16 fighter aircraft crashed near Raqqa, Syria, on 24 December 2014 during the military intervention against ISIL. United States and Jordanian officials said that the crash was caused by mechanical problems, while the Islamic State claimed that the plane was hit by a heat-seeking missile.

The Islamic State held al-Kasasbeh captive before killing him in early January 2015. It then conducted negotiations with the Jordanian government, claiming it would spare al-Kasabeh's life and free Japanese journalist Kenji Goto in exchange for Sajida al-Rishawi, a woman sentenced to death by Jordan for attempted terrorism and possessing explosives. After the Jordanian government insisted on freeing al-Kasasbeh as part of the deal and showing proof that he was alive before it would exchange al-Rishawi, the Islamic State released a video on 3 February 2015 showing al-Kasasbeh being burned to death while trapped inside a cage.

Personal life
Al-Kasasbeh was one of eight children, including an elder brother, Jawdat Safi al-Kasasbeh, born to Issaf and Safi Yousef al-Kasasbeh, a retired education professor, in Al Karak, Jordan. He was a Sunni Muslim. The al-Kasasbehs are a prominent Jordanian family of the influential Sunni Muslim Bararsheh tribe from southern Jordan. His uncle, Fahed al-Kasasbeh, was a Major General in the Royal Jordanian Army.

Al-Kasasbeh married engineer Anwar al-Tarawneh in September 2014. Prior to his capture, al-Kasasbeh lived in the village of Ay in the Karak Mountains in Karak Governorate, 90 mi south of Amman.

Career
In 2009, al-Kasasbeh graduated from the King Hussein Air College and joined the Royal Jordanian Air Force. He completed additional F-16 tactics training with the Republic of Korea Air Force's 120th Flying Squadron, at the Seosan Air Base under a joint South Korean-Jordanian exchange programme. By 2012, he qualified as an operational F-16 pilot and was assigned to No. 1 Squadron at the Muwaffaq Salti Air Base.

At the time of his capture, al-Kasasbeh was a First Lieutenant. He was posthumously promoted to the rank of Captain.

Capture
The plane al-Kasasbeh was piloting, a Lockheed Martin F-16 formerly used by the Royal Belgian Air Force, crashed after suffering from mechanical problems on 24 December 2014 during a bombing raid on a brick factory during the military intervention against the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant. The Islamic State claimed it shot down his aircraft, but the Jordanian government said a technical failure caused him to eject after flying at low altitude. He ejected and parachuted into a lake near Raqqa, Syria. He was quickly captured by bearded Islamic State militants with Kalashnikovs and pulled from the water. An airborne search had been launched after he went down according to US officials, but he was not able to evade capture." On 30 December 2014, Muath appeared in a detailed interview with ISIS's Dabiq magazine.

Unsuccessful negotiations took place for his release. His family applied pressure on the Jordanian government to arrange for his release. Originally, it was proposed to trade him and a kidnapped Japanese journalist, Kenji Goto, for Sajida al-Rishawi, a failed Iraqi suicide bomber incarcerated in Jordan since she took part in the 2005 Amman hotel bombings, and sentenced to death. The Jordanian government insisted on proof that al-Kasasbeh was still alive before it could proceed with a swap, but the Islamic State refused to comply and instead went ahead to publish the video of his execution. Some analysts have assessed ISIL's offer of prisoner exchange as a gimmick that was meant to put into disrepute or mock the commitment of the Jordanian government to the military intervention against it. There have also been suggestions that the proposal was a tactic intended to free its valued member in exchange for a corpse.

A military operation to free al-Kasasbeh, possibly by Jordanian special forces, may have been made on 1 January 2015. Members of an anti-ISIL group in Raqqa, Raqqa Is Being Slaughtered Silently, said they saw coalition jets bomb targets in Raqqa in some of the fiercest strikes of the anti-ISIL campaign, while four helicopters dropped off soldiers wearing purported Jordanian Army uniforms. The mission was aborted when ISIL fighters in the area began firing anti-aircraft missiles at the helicopters, forcing a retreat.

Killing
Al-Kasasbeh was burned to death by ISIL terrorists in January 2015. His killing was recorded on video and shown near the end of a 22-minute "snuff film" entitled Healing the Believers' Chests, credited to the Islamic State's official Al Furqan Media Foundation and distributed via a Twitter account known as a source for ISIL propaganda, and on video-sharing sites.

The video shows him with a black left eye, first at a table and then confined in a black steel cage outdoors and dressed in an orange jumpsuit doused in gasoline. He is burned alive while numerous armed men in sand-colored balaclavas and desert-style camouflage watch. A truck finally extinguishes the fire by dumping rocks and sand on it.

Before he was burned to death, al-Kasasbeh was made to reveal the names and workplaces of a number of his fellow Royal Jordanian Air Force pilots. Their names and photographs were displayed at the end of the video, with an ISIL bounty offer of 100 gold dinars (approximately $20,000) for each Jordanian Air Force pilot killed.

Most Western media outlets refused to show the full video, sometimes describing it or showing images immediately preceding al-Kasasbeh's immolation. Fox News posted the complete video on its website.

The Jordanian government assessed that al-Kasasbeh was killed on 3 January, rather than 3 February, when the video was released on Twitter. If correct, it would confirm that the Islamic State never intended to exchange him for al-Rishawi. Other news reports suggest that he may have been killed a few days later on 8 January, according to a tweet posted by a Syrian activist from Raqqa that day claiming he saw IS individuals celebrating the death of al-Kasasbeh on 8 January. It was reported that al-Kasasbeh was deprived of food beginning five days before he was killed.

Reaction
Al-Kasasbeh's killing provoked near-universal outrage in Jordan; even those who had been opposed to the country's participation in airstrikes against ISIL started demanding revenge.

King Abdullah II cut short a visit to the United States, and the Jordanian government announced that all prisoners in its custody who had been convicted of association with ISIL would be executed 'within hours' in retaliation for al-Kasasbeh's killing. In further response, Mamdouh al-Ameri, a Jordanian military spokesman, said: "While the military forces mourn the martyr, they emphasize his blood will not be shed in vain. The revenge will be as big as the calamity that has hit Jordan."

On 4 February 2015, al-Rishawi and another Iraqi jihadist who was also on death row, Ziad Khalaf al-Karbouly, were executed by hanging in Swaqa Prison in response to al-Kasasbeh's death. Five other Islamists on death row in Jordan could also be executed.

Later on 4 February, Jordan launched its first military response to al-Kasasbeh's killing. Jordanian warplanes bombed ISIL positions in Mosul, killing 55 ISIL fighters, including a senior commander. The following day, Jordan launched airstrikes against ISIL weapons and munition warehouses and training camps. According to U.S. officials, the attacks took place near Ar-Raqqah and involved 20 Jordanian F-16s, and American refueling and radio jamming aircraft assisted. After the jets completed their mission, they overflew al-Kasasbeh's hometown of Karak while on their way back to base. The Jordan Radio and Television Corporation aired footage shot prior to those attacks, of pilots scribbling messages onto bombs slated to be used in the strikes. "For you, the enemies of Islam," read one message. Others bore verses from the Quran.

ISIL said that the killing could be justified by Islamic law. Several clerics, leading figures of the Islamic world and news outlets roundly condemned it as murder. According to The Daily Mail, Al-Qaeda condemned the killing through a Twitter account associated with its Yemeni branch, Al-Qaeda in the Arabian Peninsula. It denounced it as "conclusive proof of ISIS' deviance".

The Jordanian branch of the Muslim Brotherhood – known as the Islamic Action Front – published notices condemning the murder of al-Kasasbeh, while stopping short of criticizing the IS organization and declaring the dead pilot a shahid. The statement described the pilot’s murder as a "crime", but the description of the incident contained no reference to IS. The Brotherhood's leader in Jordan, Sheikh Hammam Saïd, called on Jordan in a Radio Sawa interview on February 5 to withdraw from the anti-IS coalition, claiming that "Jordan should not be part of a coalition run by the United States."

Sheikh Salam Salameh, a Hamas member of the Palestinian Legislative Council (PLC), declared, “IS members are, in one way or another, considered Muslims and we must not stand with the enemies of Allah against the people of Allah [the IS].” Salameh added that, “Jordan is the reason for al-Kasasbeh having been burned. It was the Jordanian government’s decision to send its army into Syria to assist the [Syrian] government against the rebels in their war, in which it [Jordan] has no interest. It should have adopted a similar position to Turkey.”