Tupolev Tu-70

The Tupolev Tu-70 (NATO reporting name: Cart) was a Soviet passenger variant of the Tu-4 bomber (which was a reverse-engineered copy of the American-made Boeing B-29 Superfortress) designed immediately after the end of World War II. It used a number of components from Boeing B-29s that had force-landed in the Soviet Union while bombing Japan. It had the first pressurized fuselage in the Soviet Union and first flew on 27 November 1946. The aircraft was successfully tested, recommended for serial production, but ultimately not produced because of more pressing military orders and because Aeroflot had no requirement for such an aircraft.

Design and development
After basic design work was completed on the Tu-4 bomber Tupolev decided to design a passenger variant with a pressurized fuselage given the internal designation of Tu-70. It was intended to use as many Tu-4 components as possible to reduce costs and save development time. It was a low-wing cantilever monoplane with a tricycle landing gear powered by four Shvetsov ASh-73TK radial engines. Design work on a mock-up began in February 1946 and the Council of Ministers confirmed an order for a single prototype the following month. A production decision for the Tu-12, as it was to be known, would be made after testing.

To speed up construction of the prototype a number of components were utilized from two B-29s. These included the outer wing panels, the engine cowlings, the flaps, the undercarriage, the tail assembly and some of the internal equipment. The wing center section was redesigned and its span increased. The pressurized fuselage was entirely new and changed the wing's position from mid-wing to low-wing. The aircraft's windscreen was changed to a more conventional "stepped" configuration. Three different configurations were proposed for the cabin layout, a government VIP version, a mixed-class 40–48 passenger model and an airliner configuration with 72 seats. The prototype appears to have been built in the mixed-class configuration, but that cannot be confirmed.

The Tu-70 was completed in October 1946, but did not make its first flight until 27 November. It began manufacturer's trials in October, but an engine fire on the fourth flight caused it to make a crash-landing. This was traced to a design defect in the American-built supercharger control system, but identifying the problem and fixing it prolonged the manufacturer's trials through October 1947. It was redesignated as the Tu-70 when it went through the State acceptance trials which ended on 14 December. It met all the design goals, but was not accepted for production as all the factories were already committed to building aircraft with a higher priority and Aeroflot had no requirement for the type, being fully satisfied with its existing Lisunov Li-2 and Ilyushin Il-12 airliners.

It was sent to the NII VVS (Научно-Исследовательский Институт Военно-Воздушних Сил – Air Force Scientific Research Institute) for evaluation as a military transport aircraft in December 1951. Afterward it was used during a variety of tests before being scrapped in 1954. Its design was modified into a military transport as the Tupolev Tu-75, but this too was not placed into production.