Grumman F-9 Cougar

The Grumman F9F/F-9 Cougar was an aircraft carrier-based fighter aircraft for the United States Navy. Based on Grumman's earlier F9F Panther, the Cougar replaced the Panther's straight wing with a more modern swept wing. The Navy considered the Cougar an updated version of the Panther, despite having a different official name, and thus Cougars started off from F9F-6 upward.

Design and development
Prototypes were quickly produced by modifying Panthers, and the first (XF9F-6) flew on 20 September 1951. The aircraft was still subsonic, but the critical Mach number was increased from 0.79 to 0.86 at sea level and to 0.895 at 35,000 ft (10,000 m), improving performance markedly over the Panther. The Cougar was too late for Korean War service, however, and thus combat effectiveness estimates of the Cougar against potential foes such as the (likewise subsonic, but not carrier-rated) Soviet Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-15 necessarily remain in the sphere of conjecture.



Initial production (646 airframes) was the F9F-6, delivered from mid-1952 through July 1954. Armament was four 20 mm (.79 in) M2 cannons in the nose and provision for two 1000 lb bombs or 150 gal drop tanks under the wings. Most were fitted with a UHF homing antenna under the nose, and some were fitted with probes for inflight refuelling. Later redesignated F-9F in 1962. Sixty were built as F9F-6P reconnaissance aircraft with cameras instead of the nose cannon.

After withdrawal from active service, many F9F-6s were used as unmanned drones for combat training, designated F9F-6K, or as drone directors, designated F9F-6D. The F9F-6K and the F9F-6D were redesignated the QF-9F and DF-9F, respectively.

F9F-7 referred to the next batch of Cougars that were given the Allison J33 engine instead of the Pratt & Whitney J48. A total of 168 were built, but the J33 proved both less powerful and less reliable than the J48. Almost all were converted to take J48s, and were thus indistinguishable from F9F-6s. These were redesignated F-9H in 1962.

The F9F-8 was the final fighter version. It featured an 8 in (20 cm) stretch in the fuselage and modified wings with greater chord and wing area, to improve low-speed, high angle of attack flying and to give more room for fuel tanks. 601 aircraft were delivered between April 1954 and March 1957; most were given inflight refuelling probes, and late production were given the ability to carry four AIM-9 Sidewinder air-to-air missiles under the wings. Most earlier aircraft were modified to this configuration. A number were given nuclear bombing equipment. These were redesignated F-9J in 1962.

The F9F-8B aircraft were F9F-8s converted into single-seat attack-fighters, later redesignated AF-9J.

A total of 110 F9F-8Ps were produced with an extensively modified nose carrying cameras. They were withdrawn after 1960 to reserve squadrons. In 1962, surviving F9F-6P and F9F-8P aircraft were re-designated RF-9F and RF-9J respectively.

Modifications of F9F-8 to convert to F9F-8P:


 * The modification to eliminate the guns and related equipment and incorporate the photographic equipment and automatic pilot and their controls and instruments has resulted in the following changes:
 * Rearrangement of electronics equipment installed in the area enclosed by the fuselage nose section, lengthening of this section by 12 inches, and shortening of the sliding nose section.
 * Rearrangement of the left and right consoles and the main instrument panel to provide space for the controls associated with the additional equipment.
 * Some minor changes of the fuselage structure and equipment installations to provide for the necessary ducting control for hot air from the engine compressor, which is used for defrosting the camera windows and heating the camera compartment.
 * Removal of all armament and the Armament Control System, removal of AN/APG-30 system and installation of an additional armor plate bulkhead.

The Navy acquired 377 two-seat F9F-8T trainers between 1956 and 1960. They were used for advanced training, weapons training and carrier training, and served until 1974. They were armed with twin 20 mm (.79 in) cannon and could carry a full bombs or missiles load. In the 1962 redesignation, these were called TF-9J.

Operational history


F9F-8s were withdrawn from front-line service in 1958-59, replaced by F11F Tigers and F8U Crusaders. Reserves used them until the mid-1960s, but none of the single-seat versions saw Vietnam War service.

The only version of the Cougar to see combat was the TF-9J trainer (until 1962, F9F-8T). Detachments of four Cougars served with US Marines Headquarters and Maintenance Squadrons H&MS-11 at Da Nang and H&MS-13 at Chu Lai, where they were used for fast-FAC and the airborne command role, directing airstrikes against enemy positions in South Vietnam during 1966 and 1968. The TF-9J had a long service with the U.S. Navy, but the proposed Cougar modification (with J52 engine) was unsuccessful when the U.S. Navy selected TA-4F instead. The last was phased out when VT-4 was re-equipped on February 1974. A F9F-8T, BuNo 14276, is displayed at the National Museum of Naval Aviation, Pensacola.

Argentina
The only foreign air arm to use the F9F Cougar was the Argentine Naval Aviation, who used the F9F Panther as well. Two F9F-8Ts trainers were acquired in 1962, and served until 1971. The Argentine Navy, after several failed attempts, managed to get the two airframes delivered by taking advantage of a bureaucracy designation mistake, but the United States refused to send spare parts during the following years. The Cougar was the first jet to break the sound barrier in Argentina. Serial 3-A-151 is on display at the Naval Aviation Museum (MUAN) at Bahía Blanca.

Variants



 * XF9F-6 : First three prototypes of the F9F Cougar
 * F9F-6 : 646 built; redesignated F-9F in 1962.
 * F9F-6P : 60 were built for reconnaissance
 * F9F-6D : drone directors, converted from F9F-6s; redesignated DF-9F in 1962.
 * F9F-6K : unmanned drones for combat training, converted from F9F-6s; redesignated QF-9F in 1962.
 * F9F-6PD : drone directors, converted from F9F-6Ps; redesignated DF-9F in 1962.
 * F9F-6K2 : an improved version of the F9F-6K target drone, converted from F9F-6s; redesignated QF-9G in 1962.
 * F9F-7 : 168 were built with the Allison J33 engine; most were converted to take J48s; redesignated F-9H in 1962.
 * F9F-8 : 601 aircraft; redesignated F-9J in 1962; they had up to 4 AIM-9 Sidewinder missiles
 * YF9F-8B : Prototype for a single-seat attack-fighter aircraft converted from a F9F-8; later redesignated YAF-9J.
 * F9F-8B : F9F-8s converted into single-seat attack-fighters; later redesignated AF-9J.
 * F9F-8P : 110 photo-reconnaissance versions.
 * YF9F-8T : one F9F-8 aircraft converted into a prototype for the F9F-8T training aircraft; later redesignated YTF-9J.
 * F9F-8T : 377 two-seat trainers acquired; redesignated TF-9J in 1962.
 * NTF-9J : Two TF-9Js used for special test duties.
 * YF9F-9: Original designation of the YF11F-1 Tiger prototypes. First flight was on 30 July 1954; redesignated in April 1955.

Operators

 * Argentine Navy - Argentine Naval Aviation
 * Argentine Navy - Argentine Naval Aviation


 * United States Navy
 * United States Marine Corps
 * United States Marine Corps

Aircraft on display

 * F9F-6
 * 128109 - National Naval Aviation Museum in NAS Pensacola, Florida.


 * F9F-6P
 * unknown - The Town of Tonawanda Veterans Memorial in the Town of Tonawanda, New York. The aircraft has been on display since 1959 and in 2009 was refurbished when the new Town of Tonawanda Veterans Memorial was created.


 * F9F-7
 * 130763 - Cradle of Aviation Museum in Garden City, New York.


 * 130802 - Wings of Eagles Discovery Center in Horseheads, New York.


 * F9F-8
 * 131063 - Texas Air Museum in Slaton, Texas.


 * 131230 - National Naval Aviation Museum in NAS Pensacola, Florida.


 * 131232 - Museum of Flight in Seattle, Washington.


 * 141117 - Intrepid Sea-Air-Space Museum in New York, New York. It is on loan from the National Museum of Naval Aviation). It was built in Grummans' Bethpage factory in 1955 and retired from active service in 1965. Once restored, it will wear the colors of fighter squadron VF-61, which flew from Intrepid in 1956.


 * 141121 - Pima Air & Space Museum in Tucson, Arizona.


 * 144275 - Evergreen Aviation & Space Museum in McMinnville, Oregon. It is on loan from the National Museum of Naval Aviation and is painted to represent the narrator's aircraft for the U.S. Navy Blue Angels precision flight demonstration team.


 * F9F-8P
 * 141702 - USS Midway Museum in San Diego, California.


 * 141722 - Flying Leatherneck Aviation Museum, MCAS Miramar in San Diego, California.


 * 144426 - Pima Air & Space Museum in Tucson, Arizona.


 * F9F-8T
 * 142463 - Naval Aviation Museum of Argentina, Bahia Blanca, Argentina.


 * 147276 - USS Lexington Museum in Corpus Christi, Texas.


 * 147283 - Air Zoo in Kalamazoo, Michigan.


 * 147385 - USS Yorktown (CV-10) at the Patriot's Point Naval and Maritime Museum in Mount Pleasant, South Carolina.


 * 147397 - Pima Air & Space Museum in Tucson, Arizona.