Provincial Marine

Provincial Marine was a coastal protection service in charge of the waters in the Great Lakes, the St. Lawrence River and parts of Lake Champlain under British control. While ships of the PM were designated HMS, they were operated in more of a coast guard manner than as a full fledged navy. Operations were maintained and staffed by the Royal Navy. Most ships of the Provincial Marine were built in the Great Lakes.

The British naval forces on the lakes, known as the Provincial Marine, followed the practices and rank structure of the Royal Navy, but with some flexibility. The Provincial Marine were established and controlled by the army and manned by personnel borrowed from the navy, by soldiers, and by direct recruitment of Great Lakes sailors. The Provincial Marine used lightly armed topsail schooners for transportation purposes.

The Provincial Marine's Ontario base was Carleton Island, on Lake Ontario from 1785-1789. The Provincial Marine's Ontario base was moved to Point Frederick (Kingston, Ontario) Kingston from 1789 until 1813. Point Major John Ross of the 34th Regiment was responsible for settling the loyalists at Cataraqui between 1783 and 1785. The merchants who used Provincial Marine vessels for transshipment of stores at Carleton Island on Lake Ontario quickly followed him and built wharves and warehouses near old Fort Frontenac.

The Royal Navy was responsible for all other bodies of waters off Canada. In 1812, the Provincial Marine operated only four vessels armed with 20 short-barreled guns. During the War of 1812, the Royal Navy also assumed direct control of the Provincial Marine's vessels in 1813, after the Provincial Marine performed poorly in 1812 against the Commodore Isaac Chauncey's American Lake Ontario squadron.

The Royal Navy units under Commodore Sir James Yeo took command of the facility after May 1813; the Kingston Dockyard grew rapidly. "At the end of 1814, the Kingston Dockyard produced the largest naval Squadron on the Great Lakes, with 1,600 personnel serving on the massive flagship St. Lawrence, on four other ships, and four smaller vessels totalling 518 guns." Commodore James Lucas Yeo replaced most of the provincial officers with Royal Navy officers. Frederick became the permanent Lake Ontario base of the British naval establishment and the headquarters of the senior naval officer on all the Great Lakes.

The Point Frederick War of 1812 Commemorative Plaque, which was installed in 2013, outlines the "Strategic importance: During the entire War of 1812, Canadian, British and American land and naval forces campaigned across a vast territory from the Mississippi Valley, through the region south of Montreal, and well into the territories of the Atlantic coast. But the conflict's outcome would be determined, in particular, by events on and around the Great Lakes. For the Anglo-Canadian Forces, the St. Lawrence River and Lake Ontaro was the strategic linkage for manpower and vital supplies for all inland points including the provincial capital, York, the Niagara Peninsula, and further garrisons west. Control of Lake Ontario would give crucial advantages in initiative, surprise, movement and re-supply. During the war, British naval operations on the Lake Ontario were centered here at Point Frederick, at the confluence of the St. Lawrence and Cataraqui Rivers at Lake Ontario. In 1812, the Provincial Marine operated only four vessels armed with 20 short-barreled guns. After May 1813, when the Royal Navy units under Commodore Sir James Yeo took command of the facility, it grew rapidly. At the end of 1814, the Kingston Dockyard produced the largest naval Squadron on the Great Lakes, with 1,600 personnel serving on the massive flagship St. Lawrence, on four other ships, and four smaller vessels totalling 518 guns."

History
Prior to 19th Century, the Royal Navy and the French Navy had limited patrols in the water of the Great Lakes and St. Lawrence River.

Some of the ships in the waterways included:


 * The Griffin - later as Frontenac (1816)[[Image:Flag of medieval France.png|20px]]
 * Outaouaise - barque [[Image:Flag of medieval France.png|20px]]
 * The Montcalm 🏴󠁧󠁢󠁥󠁮󠁧󠁿
 * Les Evive (The Lively) 🏴󠁧󠁢󠁥󠁮󠁧󠁿
 * Le George (George) 🏴󠁧󠁢󠁥󠁮󠁧󠁿
 * Lactraguence [[Image:Flag of medieval France.png|20px]]
 * Le Vigliant (The Vigilant) [[Image:Flag of medieval France.png|20px]]
 * L'Ontario (The Ontario) [[Image:Flag of medieval France.png|20px]]
 * La Marquise de Vaudrueil [[Image:Flag of medieval France.png|20px]]
 * Le Victort [[Image:Flag of medieval France.png|20px]]
 * La Huzalt [[Image:Flag of medieval France.png|20px]]
 * La Louise [[Image:Flag of medieval France.png|20px]]
 * Iroquois
 * Seneca
 * Oneida
 * Onondago
 * Mohawk
 * Gladwin
 * Lady Charlotte
 * Victory
 * Boston
 * Brunswick
 * Enterprise
 * Mississaga
 * Duke of Kent
 * Cadwell
 * Lady Dorchester (1789)
 * HMS Ontario (1780)
 * HMS Cockburn (1827) a Rush-Bagot treaty gun-boat.

Commodores of the Provincial Marine
After Commodore Andrews was drowned in the Ontario, Commodore Rene Hypolite Pepin de Laforce, a naval officer, was appointed to command the Provincial Marine on Point Frederick, Lake Ontario on November 15, 1780-86. Commodore David Betton commanded the Provincial Marine 1786 to 1802. Commodore Jean-Baptiste Bouchette commanded the Provincial Marine 1802-04. Commodore John Steel commanded the Provincial Marine 1804-12; he retired at 75 years of age. Commodore Hugh Earle, a son-in-law of Molly Brant who had been commissioned in the lake service in 1792, commanded the Provincial Marine from 1812-13.

Creation of Great Lakes Navy
Since a change of command was insufficient to revitalize the whole lake service, and to counter the activity of the United States Navy it was decided to incorporate all the naval forces and establishments on the lake into the Royal Navy. Commanded by Commodore Sir James Lucas Yeo, the Royal Navy took over operations on the Great Lakes from the Provincial Marine in 1813-1815. Sir Edward W. C. Owen, K.C.B. commanded the Lakes Service for a short period in 1815. Sir Robert Hall, K.C.B., who was ordered to establish a “respectable naval force”, took command of the Lakes Service in October 1815 – 1818. Commodore Sir Robert Hall took command of the Kingston Skow listed as 56 guns in April 1817. In 1817, the Rush-Bagot Treaty limited future naval forces in commission on each lake to a single 100-ton gunboat armed with one gun.

After Hall laid up the wartime fleet in reserve in Kingston, he left Canada in July 1818. Robert Barrie commanded the Lakes Service from 1819- 1820. To house the gear of the warships of 1812 laid up in Navy Bay, Captain Barrie built the Stone Frigate in Kingston Dockyard. Captain Barrie expedited the repair of the vessels at the bases in case of any emergency. In August 1827, the Cockburn, was commissioned as the first of the Rush-Bagot treaty gun-boats. In 1831, he was ordered by the Admiralty to sell off the old warships of 1812 and to prepare to close down the dockyard fit. He remained there until June 1834, when the inland naval establishment was abolished. In 1834, he was ordered to strike his broad pennant and pay off the Cockburn. After the St. Lawrence was sold, for $9925, the other old warships remained as hulks in the Navy Bay or "in frame" on the stocks on Point Frederick. The naval stores were sold, or sent down to Quebec for carriage to England. Barrie, a popular figure in Kingston, left for England.

While the treaty banned naval activity in the Great Lakes, the Provincial Marine was re-assigned under the waterborne arm of the Canadian Militia and later under the Militia Department. In 1910, the Provincial Marine was replaced by the Naval Service of Canada (under the Naval Service Act of 1910).

Bases
Lake Ontario
 * Kingston Royal Naval Dockyard
 * Naval Shipyards, York (Upper Canada)

Lake Erie
 * Grand River Naval Depot
 * Amherstburg Royal Naval Dockyard
 * Navy Island Royal Naval Shipyard

Georgian Bay/Lake Huron
 * Pentanguishene Naval Yard

Fleet

 * HMS Caledonia
 * HMS Confiance
 * HMS Detroit
 * HMS Duke of Gloucester
 * HMS Earl of Moira
 * HMS Nancy
 * HMS Prince Regent
 * HMS Princess Charlotte
 * HMS General Hunter
 * HMS Queen Charlotte
 * HMS Royal George
 * Simcoe
 * HMS Sir Isaac Brock
 * HMS St Lawrence
 * Buffalo - gunboat 1792
 * Catherine - gunboat 1792
 * Sophia - gunboat 1792
 * Swift - gunboat 1798
 * HMS Speedy (1798)
 * Sir Sydney Smith - schooner 1806
 * Sir George Prevost - schooner 1813
 * Psyche - frigate 1814
 * Crystler - gunboat 1814
 * ''* Kingston - gunboat 1814, steam vessel 1838
 * Niagara - gunboat 1814
 * Queenston - gunboat 1814
 * Beckwith - transport 1816
 * Brock - schooner 1817
 * Canada - unfinished 1815
 * Wolfe - unfinished 1815
 * Mohawk - steam vessel 1843
 * Cherokee - steam vessel 1841
 * Watertown - passenger vessel 1864
 * Montreal - gunboat