Donald Keene

Donald Lawrence Keene (June 18, 1922 – February 24, 2019) was an American-born Japanese scholar, historian, teacher, writer and translator of Japanese literature. Keene was University Professor Emeritus and Shincho Professor Emeritus of Japanese Literature at Columbia University, where he taught for over fifty years. Soon after the 2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami, he retired from Columbia, moved to Japan permanently, and acquired citizenship under the name "Donald Keene" in the Japanese name order (キーン ドナルド). This was also his poetic nom de plume (雅号) and occasional nickname, spelled in the ateji form 鬼怒鳴門.

Education
Keene received a Bachelor's degree from Columbia University in 1942. He studied the Japanese language at the U.S. Navy Japanese Language School in Boulder, Colorado and in Berkeley, California, and served as an intelligence officer in the Pacific region during World War II. Upon his discharge from the US Navy, he returned to Columbia where he earned a master's degree in 1947.

Keene studied for a year at Harvard University before transferring to Cambridge University where he earned a second master's and became a Fellow of Corpus Christi College, Cambridge from 1948–1954, and a University Lecturer from 1949–1955. In the interim, in 1953, he also studied at Kyoto University, and earned a Ph.D. from Columbia in 1949. Keene credits Ryūsaku Tsunoda as a mentor during this period.

While studying in the East Asian library at Columbia, a man whom Keene did not know invited him to dinner at the Chinese restaurant where Keene and Lee, a Chinese-American Columbia graduate student, ate every day. The man's name was Jack Kerr, and he had lived in Japan for several years and taught English in Taiwan. Kerr invited Keene to study Japanese in the summer to learn Japanese from a student he taught in Taiwan, for Kerr to have competition when learning Japanese. Their tutor was Inomata Tadashi, and they were taught elementary spoken Japanese and kanji.

While staying at Cambridge, after winning a fellowship for Americans to study in England, Keene went to meet Arthur Waley who was best known for his translation work in classical Chinese and Japanese literature. For Keene, Waley's translation of Chinese and Japanese literature was inspiring, even arousing in Keene the thought of becoming a second Waley.

Career
Keene was a Japanologist who published about 25 books in English on Japanese topics, including both studies of Japanese literature and culture and translations of Japanese classical and modern literature, including a four-volume history of Japanese literature which has become the standard work. Keene also published about 30 books in Japanese, some of which have been translated from English. He was president of the Donald Keene Foundation for Japanese Culture.

Soon after the 2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami, Keene retired from Columbia and moved to Japan with the intention of living out the remainder of his life there. He acquired Japanese citizenship, adopting the legal name Kīn Donarudo (キーン ドナルド). This required him to relinquish his American citizenship, as Japan does not permit dual citizenship.

Keene was well known and respected in Japan and his relocation there following the earthquake was widely lauded.

On February 24, 2019, Keene died of cardiac arrest in Tokyo, aged 96.

Personal life
Although Keene was not married, in 2013 he adopted shamisen player Seiki Uehara as a son.

Selected works
In an overview of writings by and about Keene, OCLC/WorldCat lists roughly 600+ works in 1,400+ publications in 16 languages and 39,000+ library holdings.
 * These lists are not finished; you can help Wikipedia by adding to them.

Translations
Includes critical commentary
 * Chikamatsu Monzaemon, The Battles of Coxinga: Chikamatsu's Puppet Play, Its Background and Importance (Taylor's Foreign Pr, 1951)
 * Dazai Osamu, No Longer Human (New Directions, 1958)
 * Chikamatsu Monzaemon, The Major Plays of Chikamatsu (Columbia University Press, June 1, 1961)
 * Yoshida Kenkō, Essays in Idleness: The Tsurezuregusa of Kenko (Columbia University Press, June 1, 1967)
 * Mishima Yukio, Five Modern Noh Plays - Including: Madame de Sade (Tuttle, 1967)
 * Chushingura: The Treasury of Loyal Retainers, a Puppet Play (Columbia University Press, April 1, 1971)
 * Mishima Yukio, After the Banquet (Random House Inc, January 1, 1973)
 * Abe Kobo The man who turned into a stick: three related plays (Columbia University Press, 1975). Original text published by Tokyo University Press.
 * Dazai Osamu, The Setting Sun (Tuttle, 1981)
 * ??, The tale of the shining Princess (Metropolitan Museum of Art and Viking Press, 1981)
 * Abe Kobo, Friends: a play (Tuttle, 1986)
 * Abe Kobo, Three Plays (Columbia University Press, February 1, 1997)
 * Matsuo Bashō, The Narrow Road to Oku (Kodansha Amer Inc, April 1, 1997)
 * Kawabata Yasunari, The Tale of the Bamboo Cutter (Kodansha Amer Inc, September 1, 1998)
 * Yamamoto Yuzo, One Hundred Sacks of Rice: A Stage Play (Nagaoka City Kome Hyappyo Foundation, 1998)
 * Miyata Masayuki (illustrations), Donald Keene (essay), H. Mack Horton [En trans], 源氏物語 - The Tale of Genji (Kodansha International, 2001). Bilingual illustrated text with essay.
 * Donald Keene & Oda Makoto, The Breaking Jewel, Keene, Donald (trans) (Columbia University Press, March 1, 2003)

Editor

 * Anthology of Japanese Literature from the Earliest Era to the Mid-Nineteenth Century (Grove Pr, March 1, 1960)
 * The Old Woman, the Wife, and the Archer: Three Modern Japanese Short Novels (Viking Press, 1961)
 * Anthology of Chinese Literature: From the 14th Century to the Present Day (co-editor with Cyril Birch) (Grove Pr, June 1, 1987)
 * Love Songs from the Man'Yoshu (Kodansha Amer Inc, August 1, 2000)
 * Modern Japanese Literature from 1868 to the Present Day (Grove Pr, January 31, 1994)

Honorary degrees
Keene was awarded various honorary doctorates, from:
 * University of Cambridge (1978)
 * St. Andrews Presbyterian College (North Carolina, 1990)
 * Middlebury College (Vermont, 1995)
 * Columbia University (New York, 1997)
 * Tohoku University (Sendai, 1997)
 * Waseda University (Tokyo, 1998)
 * Tokyo University of Foreign Studies (Tokyo, 1999)
 * Keiwa College (Niigata, 2000)
 * Kyoto Sangyo University (Kyoto, 2002)
 * Kyorin University (Tokyo, 2007)
 * Toyo University (Tokyo, 2011)
 * Japan Women's University (Tokyo, 2012)
 * Nishogakusha University (Kyoto, 2012)
 * Doshisha University (Kyoto, 2013)

Awards and commendations

 * Guggenheim Fellowship, 1961
 * Kikuchi Kan Prize (Kikuchi Kan Shō Society for the Advancement of Japanese Culture), 1962.
 * Van Ameringen Distinguished Book Award, 1967
 * Kokusai Shuppan Bunka Shō Taishō, 1969
 * Kokusai Shuppan Bunka Shō, 1971
 * Yamagata Banto Prize (Yamagata Bantō Shō), 1983
 * The Japan Foundation Award (Kokusai Kōryū Kikin Shō), 1983
 * Yomiuri Literary Prize (Yomiuri Bungaku Shō), 1985 (Keene was the first non-Japanese to receive this prize, for a book of literary criticism (Travellers of a Hundred Ages) in Japanese)
 * Award for Excellence (Graduate Faculties Alumni of Columbia University), 1985
 * Nihon Bungaku Taishō, 1985
 * Donald Keene Center of Japanese Culture at Columbia University named in Keene's honour, 1986
 * Tōkyō-to Bunka Shō, 1987
 * NBCC (The National Book Critics Circle) Ivan Sandrof Award for Lifetime Achievement in Publishing, 1990
 * The Fukuoka Asian Culture Prize (Fukuoka Ajia Bunka Shō), 1991
 * Nihon Hōsō Kyōkai (NHK) Hōsō Bunka Shō, 1993
 * Inoue Yasushi Bunka Shō (Inoue Yasushi Kinen Bunka Zaidan), 1995
 * The Distinguished Achievement Award (from The Tokyo American Club) (for the lifetime achievements and unique contribution to international relations), 1995
 * Award of Honor (from The Japan Society of Northern California), 1996
 * Asahi Prize, 1997
 * Mainichi Shuppan Bunka Shō (The Mainichi Newspapers), 2002
 * The PEN/Ralph Manheim Medal for Translation, 2003
 * Ango Award (from Niigata, Niigata), 2010

Decorations

 * JPN Kyokujitsu-sho 3Class BAR.svg (Order of the Rising Sun, Gold Rays with Neck Ribbon, Third Class, 1975)
 * JPN Kyokujitsu-sho 2Class BAR.svg (Order of the Rising Sun, Gold and Silver Star, Second Class, 1993)
 * Japanish Order of Culture Ribbon.jpg (Order of Culture (Bunka kunshō), 2008 )

Honors

 * Person of Cultural Merit (Bunka Kōrōsha) (Japanese Government), 2002 (Keene was the third non-Japanese person to be designated "an individual of distinguished cultural service" by the Japanese government)
 * Freedom of (meiyo kumin) Kita ward, Tokyo, 2006