Pedro de Toledo, 1st Marquis of Mancera

Pedro Álvarez de Toledo y Leiva, 1st Marquis of Mancera (c. 1585–1654), was a Spanish nobleman general, colonial administrator, and diplomat who served as Viceroy of Galicia and Peru from December 18, 1639 to September 20, 1648.

Early life
Pedro de Toledo was the son of Don Luis de Toledo, 4th Lord of Mancera, and of his second wife Isabel de Leiva. He served with the Spanish armies in Italy, rising to the rank of lieutenant general in the royal galleys of Sicily. King Philip IV of Spain raised his title from Lord to Marquis of Mancera in 1623. Thereafter he served eight years as governor and captain general of Galicia. He was named viceroy of Peru in 1639, at the age of 54.

As Viceroy of Peru
Pedro Álvarez de Toledo traveled to Peru with his son, Antonio Sebastián Álvarez de Toledo, whom later became viceroy of New Spain (1664–73).

As viceroy, the Marquis introduced the papel sellado (literally, sealed paper). He expanded the naval forces and fortified the ports of Valdivia, Valparaíso, Arica and Callao. In Callao he ordered the construction of a 4-km-long wall, which was completed in 1647. Mancera island at the mouth of the Valdivia River is named after him.

He organized literary discussion parties, tertulias a formalized kind of official salon. In these was introduced the mancerina, a ceramic or silver saucer with a framework for holding a jícara, or chocolate cup. The manufacture of mancerinas later became an industry in the Spanish towns of Manises and Talavera.

At the end of his term as viceroy, Álvarez de Toledo returned to Spain. He died in Madrid in 1654.

Descendants
The Marquis married for the first time with Luisa Feijóo de Novoa y Zamudio, with whom he had one daughter. In 1621 he married for a second time with María Luisa de Salazar y Enríquez de Navarra, 3rd Lady of El Mármol, with whom he had another two children.

By Luisa Feijóo de Novoa:
 * Francisca María de Toledo, 2nd Marchioness of Belvis, married Diego Sarmiento de Acuña, 2nd Count of Gondomar
 * Pedro Sarmiento, 3rd Marquis of Mancera

By María Luisa de Salazar:
 * Antonio Sebastián Álvarez de Toledo, 2nd Marquis of Mancera
 * Antonia María de Toledo, married Pedro Garcés, 14th Count of Priego