Hang Tuah

Hang Tuah (Jawi: ) was a warrior who lived in Malacca during the reign of Sultan Mansur Shah in the 15th century. He was supposedly the most powerful of all the laksamana, or admirals, and is considered by the Malays to be one of history's greatest silat masters. Hang Tuah is held in the highest regard, even in present-day Malay culture, and is arguably the most well-known and illustrious warrior figure in Malay history and literature.

Early life and background
As a young boy, Hang Tuah worked as a woodcutter in his parents' shop. His grasp of spiritual concepts and potential as a fighter were apparent from a young age. At ten years old he learned silat together with his four comrades Hang Kasturi, Hang Jebat, Hang Lekir and Hang Lekiu. Their teacher was Adi Putera, a renowned master who lived a hermetic life at the top of a mountain. Under the guru's tutelage, Hang Tuah and his four compatriots were taught the arts of self-defense and meditation. Hang Tuah's appearance in the history of the region began when some men ran amok near Kampung Bendahara. Tun Perak came with a party of guards to investigate the incident, but was also attacked. His guards fled but when Hang Tuah and his friends, who happened to be at a nearby stall, saw what was happening, they rushed to save Tun Perak. They fought the group and, because of their ferociousness, they ran away.

Tun Perak was amazed by the courage of Hang Tuah and his companions. He rewarded them and presented them to Sultan Muzaffar Syah.

Career


Hang Tuah's illustrious career as an admiral or laksamana includes tales of his absolute and unfaltering loyalty to his Sultan, some of which are chronicled in Sejarah Melayu (the semi-historical Malay Annals) and Hikayat Hang Tuah (a romantic collection of tales involving Hang Tuah).

Hang Tuah became the sultan's constant aide, accompanying the king on official visits to foreign countries. On one such visit to Majapahit, Hang Tuah fought a duel with the famed pendekar Taming Sari. After a brutal fight Hang Tuah emerged as winner, and then Singhavikramavardhana, the ruler of Majapahit, bestowed upon him Taming Sari’s kris or dagger. The Keris Taming Sari was named after its original owner, and was purported to be magical, empowering its owner with physical invulnerability.

Hang Tuah also acted as the sultan's ambassador, travelling on the king's behalf to allied countries. Another story concerning Hang Tuah's legendary loyalty to the ruler is found in the Hikayat Hang Tuah, and involves his visit to Inderaputra or Pahang during one such voyage. The sultan sent Hang Tuah to Pahang with the task of persuading the princess Tun Teja, who was already engaged, to become the sultan's companion. Tun Teja fell under the impression that Hang Tuah had come to persuade her to marry him, not the sultan, and agreed to elope with him to Melaka. It was only during the voyage home that Hang Tuah revealed his deception to Tun Teja.

The Hikayat Hang Tuah and Sejarah Melayu each carry different accounts of this incident. The Hikayat records that it was Hang Tuah who persuaded Tun Teja to elope with him, thus deceiving her.
 * Perhaps the most famous story in which Hang Tuah is involved is the fight with his closest childhood companion, Hang Jebat. Hang Tuah's deep loyalty to and popularity with the sultan led to rumours being circulated that Hang Tuah was having an illicit affair with one of the sultan's dayang (court stewardesses). The sultan then sentenced Hang Tuah to death without trial for the alleged offence. The death sentence was never carried out, however, because Hang Tuah's executioner, the bendahara (chief minister), went against the sultan’s orders and hid Hang Tuah in a remote region of Melaka.

Believing that Hang Tuah was dead, murdered unjustly by the king he served, Hang Jebat decided to avenge his friend's death. Hang Jebat's revenge allegedly became a palace killing spree or furious rebellion against the sultan (sources differ as to what actually occurred). It remains consistent, however, that Hang Jebat wreaked havoc onto the royal court, and the sultan was unable to stop him, as none of the warriors dared to challenge the more ferocious and skilled Hang Jebat. The bendahara then informed the sultan that the only man who was able to stop Hang Jebat, Hang Tuah, was still alive. The bendahara recalled Hang Tuah from his hiding place and the warrior was given full amnesty by the sultan and was instructed to kill Hang Jebat. After seven gruelling days of fighting, Hang Tuah was able to kill Hang Jebat.

It is notable that the two main sources of Hang Tuah's life differ yet again on the details of his life. According to the Hikayat Hang Tuah, it was Hang Jebat who avenged his friend's death, only to be killed by the same friend, but according to Sejarah Melayu, it was Hang Kasturi. The Sejarah Melayu or the Malay Annals are unique in that they constitute the only available account of the history of the Malay Sultanate in the 15th and early 16th century, but the Hang Jebat story, as the more romantic tale, remains more popular.

Hang Tuah continued to serve Melaka after the death of Hang Jebat. Later in his life, as Hang Tuah progressed in his years, the warrior was ordered by the successive Melakan ruler to court a legendary princess on the sultan's behalf. The Puteri Gunung Ledang (Princess of Mount Ledang) was so named because she resided on Mount Ledang at the Melaka-Johor border. According to legend, the Princess met with Hang Tuah, and only agreed to marry the sultan if he satisfied a list of requirements, or pre-wedding gifts. The list included a golden bridge linking Melaka with the top of Gunung Ledang, seven trays of mosquito livers, seven jars of virgins' tears and a bowl of the sultan's first-born son's blood. Hang Tuah knew the tasks would not be fulfilled, and was said to be so overwhelmed that he failed his king that he flung his kris into a river and vowed only to return to Melaka if it resurfaced, which it never did. It was also said that he then vanished into thin air. According to other sources, Hang Tuah lived to an old age, and his body is said to have been buried in Tanjung Kling in Melaka, where his tomb can still be seen today; however it is to be believed that his tomb is just a representation of his name and his body is actually buried elsewhere.

Legacy
He remains extremely popular in Malaysia, embodying the values of upper-class Malay culture at the time, when allegiance and loyalty to the ruler were paramount above all else. Although its historical accuracy remains disputable, the legend of the tragic friendship between Hang Tuah and Hang Jebat represents a paradox in the Malay psyche about loyalty and justice, and remains a point of debate among students of Malay history and literature.

In contemporary Malaysia, Hang Tuah is purportedly quoted as saying "Takkan Melayu Hilang di Dunia" meaning "Never shall the Malay(s) vanish from the earth". The quote is a famous rallying cry for Malay nationalism.

In popular culture
Hang Tuah is a prominent legendary figure in Malaysia's popular culture and his story has been adapted into several movies. Famous portrayals in these movies include the ones by:-
 * P. Ramlee in Hang Tuah (1956) ;
 * Jamal Abdillah in Tuah (1990)
 * Jalaluddin Hassan in XX Ray 2 (1995) - a science-fiction film made by Aziz M. Osman about modern scientists who were sent back into Hang Tuah's era. The film imagines the hero getting his attributed quote Takkan Melayu Hilang Di Dunia from one of the scientists from future (played by Aziz M. Osman).
 * M. Nasir in Puteri Gunung Ledang (2004). The singer-cum-actor also portrays the figure in a local Kit Kat commercial where Tuah (unrelated to the role in that film) runs into a modern convenience store.

In Malaysia

 * Five roads in Malaysia are named after Hang Tuah: Jalan Hang Tuah in Kuala Lumpur, and similarly-named streets in Johor, Malacca, Muar, and Ipoh.
 * The Royal Malaysian Navy has a frigate named KD Hang Tuah.
 * A strip along Jalan Hang Tuah has been renamed Hang Tuah Mall and popularised as a tourist attraction.
 * An LRT station and Monorail Station in Kuala Lumpur is named Hang Tuah. It is an interchange station.
 * Medan Hang Tuah, a major food court and hawker centre is located at The Mall, Kuala Lumpur.
 * Hang Tuah Stadium, a sport stadium in Malacca.
 * Hang Tuah's Well, a water well in Malacca.
 * Hang Tuah Jaya, a township in Malacca.
 * Admiral Hang Tuah Jamek Mosque, a mosque in Malacca.
 * Hang Tuah Centre, an attraction in Malacca.
 * Hang Tuah Village, a village in Malacca.
 * Hang Tuah Bridge, a bridge in Malacca.
 * Hang Tuah Hall, a building in Malacca.

In Indonesia

 * Certain roads in several major cities are named after the warrior as Jalan Hang Tuah: in Pekanbaru, Jakarta, Batam, Tanjung Pinang, Medan, Surabaya, Palembang, Padang, Palu, and Bandung
 * Hang Tuah University, a major university established by the Indonesian Navy in Surabaya
 * The Indonesian Navy has a corvette named KRI Hang Toeah ex-HMAS Ipswich, sank in Balikpapan waters by Allen Lawrence Pope Douglas B-26 Invader during the Permesta movement.
 * Hang Tuah Park, a Park in Riau Main Stadium in Pekanbaru
 * Hang Tuah Stadium, a green space in Masjid Agung An-Nur in Pekanbaru