.44-40 Winchester

The .44-40 Winchester, also known as the .44 Winchester, the .44 WCF (Winchester Center Fire), and the .44 Largo (in Spanish speaking countries) was introduced in 1873 by the Winchester Repeating Arms Company. It was the first centerfire metallic cartridge offered by Winchester, and was brought out as the standard chambering for the new Winchester Model 1873 rifle. As both a rifle and a handgun caliber, the cartridge soon became widely popular and ubiquitous, so much so that the Winchester Model 1873 rifle became known as "The gun that won the West".

History
Remington and Marlin soon released their own rifles and pistols which chambered the round, and Colt also offered it as an alternative chambering in its popular Single Action Army revolver in a model known as the Colt Frontier Six-Shooter. Settlers, lawmen, and cowboys appreciated the convenience of being able to carry a single caliber of ammunition which they could fire in both pistol and rifle. In both law enforcement and hunting usage the .44-40 became the most popular cartridge in the United States and to this day has the reputation of killing more deer than any other save the .30-30 Winchester.

When the Union Metallic Cartridge Co. (U.M.C.) began selling the cartridge, it called its own version the .44-40 (shorthand for .44 caliber and the standard load at the time of 40 gr of black powder), as it did not want to offer free advertising by mentioning the name of a competitor. Unfortunately for Winchester, the name stuck and it threw in the towel by itself adopting the .44-40 designation for the round after World War II. Although according to Winchester's website, as of January 2009, it is referred to as "44-40 Winchester".

Technical background
The initial standard load for the cartridge was 40 gr of black powder propelling a 200 gr round nose flat point bullet at approximately 1245 ft/s, but in 1886 U.M.C. also began offering a slightly heavier 217 gr bullet at 1190 ft/s, also with 40 gr of black powder. Winchester soon began to carry the 217 gr loading as well, but in 1905 U.M.C. discontinued the heavier load. In 1895 Winchester switched to a 17 gr loading of DuPont No. 2 Smokeless powder with the 200 gr bullet for 1300 ft/s, and in 1896 U.M.C. followed suit with a reintroduced 217 gr bullet @ 1235 ft/s Soon both companies were offering the cartridge with lead ‘Metal Patched’ (i.e. jacketed), and full metal case versions. In 1903 Winchester began offering a higher performance version of the loading called the W.H.V. (Winchester High Velocity), boasting a velocity of 1500 ft/s with a 200 gr jacketed bullet from a 24 in barrel length, U.M.C. and Peters Cartridge Company soon introduced equivalents. Over the years a number of different bullet weights and styles have been offered, including 122, 140, 160,165, 166, 180 and 217 gr in lead, soft and hollow point, full metal case, and even blanks and shotshells. The most common current loading is a 200 gr bullet @ 1190 ft/s.

By 1942 more modern cartridges had all but eclipsed the .44-40, but it regained some popularity in the 1950s and '60s when Colt began once again to manufacture the Single Action Army and Frontier. More recently the .44-40 has enjoyed a resurgence due to the popularity of Cowboy action shooting, which inspired the introduction of a 225 gr loading, the heaviest factory bullet ever available for the cartridge.