Volkssturmgewehr 1-5

The Volkssturmgewehr 1-5 ("People's Assault Rifle") is a set of 5 rifle designs developed by Nazi Germany during the last months of World War II. They were very simple designs, derived from the Mauser 98k, but with poor quality parts and a rough finish. There is confusion concerning the designation, sources talk about the VG 1-5, the Volkssturm-Gewehr 1-5, Versuchs-Gerät 1-5, Gustloff and Gustloff Geräts 507. It is often believed that the VG 1-5 refers to a specific type, usually the Gustloff design, a semi-automatic rifle chambered for the 7.92x33mm Kurz caliber. This was however another type of weapon though may also have been a part of the same program.

Primitiv-Waffen-Programm
At the end of 1944 the war was going against Germany. They had lost entire armies to the advancing Russians and Western Allies. As a countermeasure the Volkssturm was mobilized – a German national militia. These needed to be armed but there were not enough rifles to go around. For this reason the Primitiv-Waffen-Programm ("primitive weapons program") was initiated. It called for weapons that were very easy to produce. Several companies came up with designs, all very basic in design and crude in finish. Walther designed the Volkssturmgewehr VG 1 rifle, Spreewerk Berlin the VG 2, Rheinmetall the VG 3, Mauser the VG 4 and Steyr the VG 5 (aka VK 98). All of these were bolt-action rifles and derived from the standard Mauser Karabiner 98k rifle. Besides those there were other designs by other companies. Best known is the Volkssturmgewehr by Gustloff which was however a gas-delayed blowback semi-automatic rifle. In the last weeks of the Reich, communications collapsed and no organized production could be started. Eventually the local Gauleiter ordered arms producers in their regions to commence production. It is unclear exactly how many Volkssturmgewehr were produced. Only very few still exist today.

VG 1, 2 and 5
The Volkssturmgewehr VG 1 rifle is a manually operated bolt action rifle. It uses a simple rotating bolt, with locking provided by the two frontal lugs; the crude bolt handle engaged a cut in the cast steel receiver to provide additional safety. The feed is from detachable box magazines, originally developed for G.43 rifle. The manual safety is also very crude, and consist of a stamped steel lever pinned to the trigger guard just behind the trigger. When engaged, the safety lever blocks trigger movement. To disengage the safety user must turn it sideways with a finger. The stock is crudely made from wood, and non-adjustable iron sights are provided for close-range shooting only. It was meant to be produced by Zbrojovka Brno in the current-day Czech Republic.

The Volkssturmgewehr VG 2 rifle is also a manually operated bolt action rifle with a similar rotating bolt and crude manual safety. Locking is provided by two frontal lugs which lock into the steel insert pinned inside the stamped steel receiver. The VG 2 rifle is fed from detachable box magazines, originally developed for G.43 rifle. The stock is crudely made from wood and consists of two separate parts: shoulder stock with semi-pistol grip and forend. Wood parts are permanently pinned to the receiver. Non-adjustable iron sights are provided for close-range shooting only, and zeroed for 100 m.

The VG 5 or more correctly, the Volkssturmkarabiner VK 98 rifle is even more basic. It uses the Mauser Gewehr 98 type bolt action with rotary bolt, but has no magazine, so every cartridge has to be manually loaded into the chamber making it a single shot rifle. The sights are fixed, non-adjustable.

These rifle prototypes were developed part of the Volkssturm-Mehrladegewehr program.

Gustloff Volkssturmgewehr


The Gustloff Volkssturmgewehr was designed by Karl Barnitzke of the Gustloff-Werke for the Primitiv-Waffen-Programm ("primitive weapons program") in 1944 and was intended to be used by the Volkssturm. Production of the Gustloff Volkssturmgewehr occurred from January 1945 till the end of the war; roughly 10,000 were made.

This gun was initially called MP 507. The MP 508 was fairly similar except it had a pistol grip.

The weapon employed the same 7.92x33mm Kurz intermediate cartridge as the earlier StG 44 assault rifle and also used the same detachable 30-round box magazine.

The Gustloff Volkssturmgewehr uses a gas-delayed blowback action based on the Barnitzke system, whereby gas bled from the barrel near the chamber creates resistance to the rearward impulse of the operating parts, which ceases when the projectile leaves the muzzle, allowing the operating parts to be forced rearward by the residual pressure of the cartridge case. This principle has been used most successfully in the Heckler & Koch P7 pistol.

The Gustloff Volkssturmgewehr is constructed rather like many semi-automatic pistols, it has a casing and spring around the barrel; the whole casing recoils backward. The breech block, with firing pin and extractor, is pinned to the back end of the barrel casing. The rear end of the gun does not recoil and has the hammer, sear and trigger built into it. Gas coming from four vents, near the end of the barrel, holds the bolt closed till the gas pressure drops to a safe level. Some selective fire VG 1-5s were made.

The Grossfuss Sturmgewehr used the same principle of gas-delayed blowback operation, but it was somewhat more efficient in the use of gas; its bolt weighted 0.8-0.9 kg compared to 1.4 kg in the Gustloff Volkssturmgewehr.

The Gustloff Volkssturmgewehr was assembled out of 39 metallic parts, not counting rivets and screws. Of these specific parts, 12 required milling, 21 could be produced by stamping alone, and 6 were springs.

Testing of a captured Gustloff Volkssturmgewehr at a Soviet GAU shooting range showed that it was rather inaccurate, with 50% of the shots at 100 m landing in a circle with 10.2 cm radius and with 100% of the shots at the same distance landing in a circle with a 19.8 cm radius. At 300 m these the corresponding radii were 25 and respectively 50.3 cm. The fixed sights of the Gustloff Volkssturmgewehr made aiming difficult because the Kurz patrone raised some 29 cm above the sightline at 100 m and dropped 43 cm below it at 300 m.