Japanese cruiser Yura

Yura (由良) was the third of the six ships completed in the Nagara-class cruiser of light cruisers, and like other vessels of her class, she was intended for use as the flagship of a destroyer flotilla. She was named after the Yura River near Kyoto, Japan. She served in the early stages of World War II, and was the first Japanese light cruiser to be lost in that conflict.

Background
Following the production of the five Kuma-class cruisers, an additional three 5,500-ton class light cruisers authorized under the 8-4 Fleet Program were ordered by the Imperial Japanese Navy in 1920. Due to minor changes in design, primarily due to advances in torpedo technology, these three vessels were initially designated as “modified Kuma-class”, or “5500-ton class Type II”, before being re-designated as a separate class named after the lead vessel, JAPANESE CRUISER Nagara. A second set of three vessels was authorized in late 1920.

Design
The Nagara class vessels were essentially identical to the previous Kuma-class cruisers, retaining the same hull design, engines and main weaponry, with the addition of the new 610 mm Type 93 Long Lance Torpedoes, which required a larger launcher. However, in silhouette, a major difference from the Kuma-class was in the configuration of the bridge, which incorporated an aircraft hangar. Initially, a 33-foot platform was mounted above the No.2 turret, extending over the forward superstructure below the bridge. This was later replaced by an aircraft catapult. Even so, the arrangement proved unwieldy, and the catapult was moved to the rear of each ship in the class, between the No.5 and No.6 turrets during retrofits in 1929-1934.

Early career
Yura was completed at the Sasebo Naval Arsenal on 20 March 1923. In 1930, she served as a test platform for aircraft catapults installed in front of her bridge and, in 1933-34 received a rotating catapult amidships as well as a new mainmast to support an aircraft derrick. Following the Manchurian Incident, Yura was deployed to Shanghai in early 1932. She was again deployed between 1937–1939, to cover landings of Japanese troops in northern China.

Early stages of the Pacific War
On 1 September 1941, Yura was appointed flagship of Rear Admiral Daigo Tadashige's Submarine Squadron 5 and was based in Hainan. At the time of the attack on Pearl Harbor, Yura was covering the first wave of the Malaya Invasion Force south of the Cape of Camau, French Indochina.

On 9 December 1941, Yura and her squadron was ordered to pursue and sink the Royal Navy “Force Z” (the battleship HMS Prince of Wales (53), battlecruiser HMS Repulse (1916) and supporting destroyers). Although Yura received word from JAPANESE SUBMARINE I-65 that the British ships were spotted, due to poor wireless reception, the location was unclear and the British vessels were overwhelmed by torpedo bombers of the IJN 22nd Air Flotilla from bases in Indochina before Yura and her submarines could take action.

Yura was then assigned to the invasion of Sarawak from 13 – 26 December 1941, covering landings in Brunei, Miri, Seria, and Kuching. The 2,500 men of the "Kawaguchi Detachment" and the No. 2 Yokosuka Special Naval Landing Force (SNLF) quickly captured Miri's airfield and oil fields. The operation was completed, and Yura returned to its base at Camranh Bay, Indochina by the end of the year.

In February, Yura was assigned to Vice Admiral Ibō Takahashi's IJN Third Fleet, to cover the invasion of Sumatra, protecting the landings of troops at Palembang, Banka Island, and Bantam Bay and Merak on Java. On 1 March 1942, the Dutch submarine K-XIV made visual contact with Yura and attacked, launching two torpedoes from 2500–3000 meters, but both either missed or were duds. The Japanese made six depth charge attacks, dropping about 25 depth charges, but K-XIV survived and escaped via Sunda Strait to Colombo, Ceylon. On 4 March, Yura rescued the crew of the tanker Erimo (sunk by USS S-39 (SS-144)). On 6 March, Yura was assigned to the No. 1 Escort Unit, and continued to cover troop landings in Sumatra and the Andaman Islands through the end of the month.

Indian Ocean Raids
In April, Yura was assigned to raids in the Indian Ocean under Vice Admiral Jisaburō Ozawa's Second Expeditionary Fleet. Yura, accompanied by the destroyers JAPANESE DESTROYER Ayanami, JAPANESE DESTROYER Yugiri, JAPANESE DESTROYER Asagiri, and JAPANESE DESTROYER Shiokaze, depart Mergui and steamed into the Bay of Bengal with cruisers JAPANESE CRUISER Chōkai and JAPANESE CRUISER Suzuya, JAPANESE CRUISER Kumano, JAPANESE CRUISER Mikuma and JAPANESE CRUISER Mogami and light carrier JAPANESE AIRCRAFT CARRIER Ryūjō to attack Allied merchant shipping. On 6 April 1942, 14 mi east of Kalingapatnam in the Bay of Bengal Yura and Yugiri sank Dutch merchant vessel Batavia en route from Calcutta to Karachi. Yura and Yugiri also sank Dutch motorship Banjoewangi and British steamer Taksang. At the end of April, Yura returned to Sasebo Naval Arsenal for a refit.

Battle of Midway
On 10 May 1942, Yura was made flagship of Rear Admiral Shōji Nishimura's 4th Destroyer Squadron. At the Battle of Midway, the squadron also included Captain Ranji Oe's 3rd Destroyer Division of 4 destroyers and Captain Yasuo Satō's 9th Destroyer Division of 3 destroyers. The 4th Destroyer Squadron was under the overall command o Vice Admiral Nobutake Kondō, but did not see combat at Midway.

Solomon Islands Campaigns
On 7 August 1942 the United States began "Operation Watchtower" to retake Guadalcanal, and the Solomon Islands. Yura was dispatched to Truk with Vice Admiral Kondō's IJN Second Fleet to begin reinforcement operations, and was thus at the Battle of the Eastern Solomons on 24 August 1942. Although the light carrier Ryūjō was sunk and JAPANESE AIRCRAFT CARRIER Chitose was damaged, Yura emerged unscathed, and returned to Truk on 5 September 1942.

For the remainder of September 1942, Yura patrolled between Truk, Guadalcanal and Shortland Islands. On 25 September 1942, while at Shortland, she was attacked by two Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress bombers of the USAAF 11th Bomb Group based at Espiritu Santo and was slightly damaged.

On 11 October 1942, the USS Sculpin (SS-191) claimed a torpedo hit forward of Yura's bridge that inflicted minor damage, but postwar analysis failed to confirm this attack and Yura was apparently not damaged this day. On 12 October 1942, Yura departed Shortland to escort the seaplane tender JAPANESE SEAPLANE TENDER Nisshin and Chitose returning from a transport run from Guadalcanal, and on 14 October 1942, Yura assisted in landing 1,100 troops on Cape Esperance, Guadalcanal. Another "Tokyo Express" troop transport run to Guadalcanal was made on 17 October 1942 to carry 2,100 troops, field artillery pieces and anti-tank guns.

On 18 October 1942, en route back to Shortland, Yura was attacked by USS Grampus (SS-207) off Choiseul Island. Grampus fired four Mark 14 Torpedoes at Yura. One hit but did not explode, and Yura departed the area with a dent in her port side.

On 24 October 1942, Yura departed Shortland to bombard Guadalcanal with the No. 2 Attack Unit consisting of Rear Admiral Takama's flagship JAPANESE DESTROYER Akizuki, JAPANESE DESTROYER Harusame, JAPANESE DESTROYER Murasame and JAPANESE DESTROYER Yudachi. At the north entrance to Indispensable Strait, off Guadalcanal, on 25 October 1942 (the day before the Battle of the Santa Cruz Islands), Yura, leading an attack group of destroyers off Santa Isabel Island in the Solomons was attacked by five SBD Dauntless dive-bombers of VS-71 and hit aft by two bombs near the engine room. She flooded and settled by the stern. After receiving reports of the attack, Vice Admiral Mikawa, CINC, IJN Eighth Fleet, cancelled Rear Admiral Takama's bombardment mission. The No. 2 Attack Unit reversed course back towards Shortland. On the way back, Yura was attacked again by three USAAF P-39 Airacobras and by four Marine SBDs, but these attacks failed to cause any additional damage. Captain Sato attempted to beach Yura but she was attacked again by four SBDs, three F4F Wildcats and four P-39s. Soon afterwards, Yura was attacked again six USAAF B-17 Flying Fortress bombers from Espiritu Santo. . These attacks reignited Yura's' fires. At 18:30, after her crew was taken off, Japanese destroyers Harusame and Yudachi scuttled Yura with torpedoes. She broke in two and her forward portion sank. At 19:00, her stern portion was sunk off Savo Island by gunfire from Yudachi at -8.25°N, 159.11667°W.

Yura was removed from the navy list on 20 November 1942.