United States Mounted Rangers

United States Mounted Rangers was a battalion of mounted rangers raised in 1832. It was operating at the frontier, but proved itself to be lacking in discipline, and being very costly. It was disbanded and replaced with a regular dragoon regiment in 1833.

Formation
At the time of the formation of the United States Mountain Rangers, the United States Army lacked cavalry. The opening of the Santa Fe Trail led to demands for military escorts of the annual trading caravans across the prairies. In 1829 four infantry companies from Fort Leavenworth were ordered to protect that year's caravan. This expedition demonstrated the inferiority of foot soldiers versus mounted Comanches. At the end of 1831, Senator Thomas Hart Benton of Missouri put forward a bill authorizing President Jackson to organize a mounted ranger unit of volunteers for frontier defense. The outbreak of the Black Hawk War meant that the bill was promptly passed by both houses of the Congress. The decision to organize a volunteer battalion instead of a regular cavalry regiment, emanated from the prevalent attitudes of the ruling Democratic Party toward the United States Army. The Regular Army was being seen as a stronghold of aristocratic West Pointers in contrast with the virtuous citizen soldiers of the militia.

Organization
The Mounted Rangers was organized with six companies, each with a captain, a first lieutenant, a second lieutenant, a third lieutenant, five sergeans, five corporals, and 100 private rangers. Henry Dodge became major and commander; captains were Lemuel Ford, Benjamin V. Becks, Jesse B. Brown, Jesse Bean, Nathan Boone, and Matthew Duncan. The officers and NCOs were appointed directly from civilian life. The private rangers were hardened hunters, trappers, and other outdoorsmen, used to a rugged life. They enlisted for one year only, and had to supply their own mounts, horse tack, weapons, equipment, and clothing, and pay for their horses' forage. As compensation they received one dollar a day in addition to the pay.

Assignments
Three companies of the Mounted Rangers were stationed at Fort Armstrong, Illinois, in the aftermath of the Black Hawk War. The three other companies were stationed at Fort Gibson, Indian Territory. Their mission was to support the Indian agents and negotiators under Henry Ellsworth that tried to mediate between the native population and the members of the Five Civilized Tribes that had been removed beyond the Mississippi. One of the Fort Gibson companies were later moved to Fort Leavenworth, to fulfill the mounted rangers' intended mission of escorting caravans on the Santa Fe Trail.

Disbandment
The Mounted Rangers were disbanded when the one-year enlistment period ended. The rangers had revealed themselves as lacking in discipline, and their leather hunting shirts had become so soiled that citizens and Indians could not separate them from common militia. When the Secretary of War, Lewis Cass, demonstrated that the battalion was more costly than a regular regiment of dragoons, the fate of the Mounted Ranges was sealed. The congress decided to replace them with a regiment of United States Dragoons; the commanding officer of the Mounted Rangers, Major Henry Dodge, becoming colonel and its first commander. Four captains and four lieutenants of the Mounted Rangers also becoming officers of the Dragoons.

Cited literature

 * Jung, Patrick J. (2007). The Black Hawk War of 1832. University of Oklahoma Press.
 * Peters, Richard (ed.) (1846). The Public Statutes at Large of the United States of America. Boston: Charles C. Little & James Brown.
 * Steffen, Randy (1977), The Horse Soldier, 1776-1850, University of Oklahoma Press.
 * The Military and Naval Magazine of the United States.
 * The State Historical Society (1873). Annals of Iowa 1872-1873. Davenport: Day, Egbert & Fidlar. [cited as Annals of Iowa 1873]
 * Urwin, Gregory J.W. (2003), The United States Cavalry: An Illustrated History, 1776-1944, University of Oklahoma Press.
 * Wetterman, Jr., Robert P. (2009), Privilege vs. Equality: Civil-Military Relations in the Jacksonian Era, 1815-1845, Greenwood.
 * Young, Otis E. (1954), "The United States Mounted Ranger Battalion, 1832–1833", Mississippi Valley Historical Review 41(3): 453–470.