French battleship Bretagne

Bretagne was a battleship of the French Navy built in the 1910s, and the lead ship of her class; she had two sister ships, Provence and Lorraine. The ship was laid down in July 1912 at the Arsenal de Brest, launched in April 1913, and commissioned into the fleet in February 1916, after the outbreak of World War I. She was named in honour of the French region of Brittany, and was armed with a main battery of ten 340 mm guns.

Bretagne spent the bulk of her career in the French Mediterranean Squadron. During World War I, she was stationed at Corfu to prevent the Austro-Hungarian fleet from leaving the Adriatic Sea, but she saw no action. She remained in service during the 1920s and 1930s, while her sisters were placed in reserve. She participated in non-intervention patrols during the Spanish Civil War. Bretagne escorted convoys after the outbreak of World War II in September 1939, and was stationed in Mers-el-Kébir when France surrendered on 22 June 1940. Fearful that the Germans would seize the French Navy, the British Royal Navy attacked the ships at Mers-el-Kébir; in the attack Bretagne was hit badly and exploded, killing the majority of her crew. The wreck was eventually raised in 1952 and broken up for scrap.

Design
Bretagne was laid down at the Arsenal de Brest on 1 July 1912, launched on 21 April 1913, and completed in September 1915. She was commissioned into the French Navy on 10 February 1916. The ship was 166 m long overall and had a beam of 26.9 m and a full-load draft of 9.8 m. She displaced around 25000 MT at full load and had a crew of between 1124 and 1133 officers and enlisted men. She was powered by four Parsons steam turbines with twenty-four Niclausse boilers. They were rated at 29000 shp and provided a top speed of 20 kn. Coal storage amounted to 2680 MT.

Bretagne's main battery consisted of ten 340mm/45 Modèle 1912 guns mounted in five twin gun turrets, numbered from front to rear. They were placed all on the centerline; two were in a superfiring pair forward, one amidships, and the last two in a superfiring arrangement aft. The secondary battery consisted of twenty-two Canon de 138 mm Modèle 1910 guns in casemates along the length of the hull. She also carried seven 47 mm Hotchkiss guns, two on the conning tower and one on the roof of each turret. The ship was also armed with four submerged 450 mm torpedo tubes. The ship's main belt was 270 mm thick and the main battery was protected by up to 300 mm of armor. The conning tower had 314 mm thick sides.

Service
After entering service in 1916, Bretagne and her sisters were assigned to the 1st Division of the 1st Battle Squadron, their unit for the remainder of the war, Bretagne becoming flagship of the squadron. They spent the majority of their time at Corfu to prevent the Austro-Hungarian fleet from attempting to break out of the Adriatic. The fleet's presence was also intended to intimidate Greece, which had become increasingly hostile to the Triple Entente. Later in the war, men were drawn from their crews for anti-submarine warfare vessels. As the Austro-Hungarians largely remained in port for the duration of the war, Bretagne saw no action during the conflict. Indeed, she did not leave port at all for the entirety of 1917, due to a severe shortage of coal at Corfu. Around July 1918, the ship's foremast was replaced by a tripod foremast that mounted an experimental fire-control director and her mainmast was shortened to allow the ship to fly a captive kite balloon. Bretagne returned to Toulon in November 1918.

The ship received a lengthy refit at Toulon from 12 June 1919 to 18 October 1920. This included modifications to her gun turrets that increased the elevation of the 340 mm from 12° to 18° and thus their maximum range to 21000 m. The four forward 138 mm guns were removed. Both 75 mm anti-aircraft (AA) guns and two 47-millimeter guns were replaced by four 75 mm AA guns mounted on the forward superstructure. A Vickers fire-control director replaced the experimental model and it was equipped with a 3.66 m rangefinder. Two additional 2 m rangefinders were installed, one on each side of the superstructure, to control the 138 mm guns. Bretagne became flagship of the Mediterranean Fleet in mid-June 1921 and the ship accompanied Provence to Le Havre for a naval review, and were back in Toulon in September. In 1922, Provence and Lorraine were placed in reserve, leaving Bretagne the only member of her class in service. She spent the 1920s conducting periodic fleet maneuvers and cruises around the Mediterranean and to French colonial possessions in West Africa. Provence became the fleet flagship in September 1923.

Bretagne received a major refit at Toulon from 1 May 1924 to 29 September 1925, during which the elevation of her main armament was increased to 23°, giving her a maximum range of 23700 m, the forward hull armor was removed to make her less bow heavy, one group of boilers was converted to oil-firing and two 1.5 m high-angle rangefinders were added for the AA guns. The ship resumed her position as flagship of the Mediterranean Fleet in October after her refit was completed, but Provence assumed that role in October 1927 when Bretagne began another refit to repair her boilers. The navy took the opportunity to upgrade her fire-control systems; replacing her Vickers system with a French Chamond-Granat model, adding a 4.57 m rangefinder at the top of the foremast and another on the conning tower.

Bretagne was modernized in 1931–32; her torpedo tubes and four more 138 mm guns were removed while four more 75 anti-aircraft guns were added. In 1934, Bretagne and Provence were assigned to the 2nd Squadron in the Atlantic. There, they joined fleet exercises off the Azores, Madeira, and Morocco. The two ships took part in a cruise to Africa in 1936. In August, they were involved in non-intervention patrols after the outbreak of the Spanish Civil War; these patrols lasted until April 1937.

World War II
At the outbreak of World War II in September 1939, Bretagne was based in Toulon. At the time, Italy remained neutral, so there was no immediate threat for the French Mediterranean Fleet. In December, Bretagne covered convoy traffic in the Atlantic. On 4 December, she and Provence, along with the cruisers Colbert, Dupleix, and Primauguet and several destroyers and submarines operated out of Dakar. Around the middle of the month, the task force began to return to the Mediterranean. After returning to Toulon, Bretagne underwent an extensive overhaul, which lasted until 3 March 1940. On 11 March, she left France carrying 1,820 boxes of gold bars from the French treasury along with the cruiser Algérie, which carried another 1,179 boxes. They arrived in Halifax on 10 April. On the return voyage, they escorted two American merchant ships carrying 82 aircraft bought by France and arrived at Toulon on 10 April. On 27 April, Bretagne and her two sisters were transferred to Alexandria. Bretagne and Provence returned to Mers El Kébir on 18 May.

Loss
Following the French surrender on 22 June, the French fleet was to be disarmed under German and Italian supervision, under the terms of the Armistice. The British high command, however, was concerned that the French ships would be seized by the Axis powers and placed in service. The Axis navies would then outnumber the British Royal Navy. Prime Minister Winston Churchill therefore ordered Vice Admiral James Somerville, the commander of Force H, to neutralize the French fleet at Mers-el-Kébir. He was instructed to order the French vessels to join the British with the Free French, surrender for internment, to scuttle themselves, or be sunk. On 3 July, Somerville arrived and delivered the ultimatum; the French rejected it, and so the British ships opened fire.

Bretagne was hit by at least four 15 in projectiles from HMS Hood (51), HMS Resolution (09), and HMS Valiant (1914). The shells detonated her ammunition magazine, causing a tremendous explosion that destroyed the ship. She sank quickly, with the loss of 977 of her crew, the vast majority of the 1,147 French naval personnel killed in the attack. Some initial salvaging work was done in the aftermath of the attack, but the Allied invasion of North Africa in November 1942 interrupted the work. Bretagne ultimately was salvaged in 1952, and broken up for scrap thereafter.