1963 Argentine Navy Revolt

The 1963 Argentine Navy Revolt was a failed coup attempted by elements of the Argentine military that lasted from April 2 to April 3 in 1963. The revolt was attempted by military officers that wanted the government to take a hardline stance against the political participation of Peronist politicians. The revolt failed to gain much support in the Army and Air Force, and these latter two branches suppressed the revolt after some fighting that left 24 dead. The Argentine elections of 1963 proceeded as planned in July and the Argentine Navy saw a reduction of its influence.

Background
In 1955, the once popular government of Juan Peron was overthrown in a military coup known as the Revolución Libertadora. The subsequent military-backed government banned the participation of Peronist politicians. However, divisions grew within the military between the so-called Azuelas (blues), who favored allowing a limited degree of participation by Peronist politicians so as to preserve a veneer of legality, and the Colorados (reds) who took a hardline stance against them and other left-wing groups and were in favor of a complete military take over.

In 1962, the President Arturo Frondizi was forced to step down as a result of Peronist electoral victories in local elections, and replaced by José María Guido who reinstituted the ban on openly Peronist candidates. However, the Azuelas faction, led by Army General Juan Carlos Onganía agreed to hold presidential elections in 1963 that permitted former-Peronist candidates. An attempted coup by the Colorados in September 1962 was suppressed following an aerial bombardment, and many participating officers were forced to retire or demoted.

Conspiracy
Early in 1963, high-ranking officers from all three branches of Argentina's military agreed to attempt a coup to prevent the election from occurring that July, including Isaac Rojas (a former Vice President), General Benjamin Menendez, General Federico Montero, and Admiral Arturo Rial, Admiral Carlos Sanchez Sanudo, and Air Force Commodore Osvaldo Lentino. This conspiracy committed on March 24, 1963 to attempt a coup, and outlined in a 16 page 'Doctrina di Gobierno' (ruling doctrine) their plan for the governance of Argentina, including the institution of liberal economic policies, bureaucratic decentralization, anti-communism, and the suppression of labor unions and university students. The conspirators agreed to attempt the coup on April 2, 1963, and went about recruiting officers to their cause.

The Revolt on April 2nd
On the day of the coup, the commanders of Argentina's key naval bases (including 68 active-duty officers) declared their support for the coup, including those of Puerto Belgrano, Mar Del Plata, Rio Santiago Naval Area and Punta Indio. The Naval Headquarters and Navy Mechanics School, as well as a radio station in Buenos Aires were immediately seized. Around Puerto Belgrano, base commander Admiral Jorge Palma used the threat of the numerically superior marine force under his command to compel the surrender of the Army's 5th Infantry Regiment.

Support in the Air Force for the coup was limited to 13 active-duty officers in the bases at Aeroparque in the capital, Reconquista, and Mar del Plata, all of which swiftly fell back into loyalist control. Loyalist MS.760 aircraft soon bombed the rebel-held radio station in Buenos Aires.

At least 129 active-duty Army officers also expressed support for the coup, including the commanders of several large units, but the majority of them were stationed far from the capital, and all of the rebel army units surrendered within 2 days. Loyal army troops stationed in Campo de Mayo were quickly mobilized to seize the radio station, Naval Headquarters, and Aeroparque in Buenos Aires.  The leaders of the revolt, accompanied by marine infantry, fled by ship to Puerto Belgrano. On April 3, Army units moved onto retake the naval installations at La Plata and Rio Santiago, whose personnel also fled to Puerto Belgrano.

The heaviest fighting occurred when the Argentine 8th Tank Regiment, commanded by Colonel Lopez Aufranc, was mobilized to seize the naval base at Punta Indio. Under the orders of base commander Captain Santiago Sabarots, Argentine Navy F9F Panthers, AT-6 Texans and F4U Corsairs bombed the advancing column, destroying a dozen M4 Sherman tanks resulting in 9 KIA and 22 wounded, at the loss of three aircraft. At 8 AM on April the 3rd, the Argentine Air Force retaliated, launching an airstrike composed of F-86 Sabres, Gloster Meteors and MS.760s against Puntos India, destroying five Navy aircraft on the ground. The 8th Tank Regiment subsequently occupied Punta Indio only to find it abandoned, its personal having fled to Paraguay, leaving behind 5 KIA and 4 wounded.

Surrender of the Revolt
Meanwhile, the Army had encircled the remaining rebel stronghold of Puerto Belgrano with rapidly mobilized troops from the 6th Mountain Infantry Division. Wishing to avoid civil war, Admiral Palma offered to surrender and bring an end to hostilities under the condition that Puerto Belgrano not be occupied and that the Navy be allowed to keep its Marine and Aviation branches. This was agreed to by the Secretaries of the Army and Air Force, and the newly appointed secretary of the navy, (Admiral Eladio Vazquez, commander of the Sea Fleet, who had not declared his support for the coup), and President Guido. However, General Juan Carlos Onganía initially refused to call off the troops attacking Puerto Belgrano, and was only persuaded to submit to civilian rule following a personal conference with President Guido.

Aftermath
The final terms of the agreement ending the rebellion were reached on April 5. The Navy was forced to limit the size of the Marines to just 2,500 troops dispersed amongst various naval bases, and its naval air installation at Punta Indio was occupied by Army troops. All officers implicated in the revolt were required to stand trial. A total of 19 Army soldiers and 5 Navy marines were killed in the revolt, and a further 87 men were wounded.

292 officers in the Argentine military were indicted following the agreement, of which 80 fled prosecution and 73 were found not-guilty or had proceedings dropped; the remainder suffered sentences ranging from 6 months to 9 years in jail, and possible loss of military status. Later that year, on September 12, 1963, President Guido granted amnesty to all those indicted as a result of the coup.

The Argentine elections of 1963 proceeded on schedule in July 7 and, as a result of divisions in both the ruling party and the Peronists (many of whom cast blank votes), saw the victory of the centrist Arturo Umberto Illia. Arturo Illia proceeded to legalize the political participation of Peronists, and in 1966, General Juan Carlos Onganía led the Argentine Revolution which instituted a lasting period of military-led dictatorships and violent political oppression culminating in the Dirty War of the mid-1970s.