Formidable-class battleship

The Royal Navy's Formidable-class battleships were an eight-ship class of pre-dreadnoughts designed by Sir William White and built in the late 1890s. The class is often further divided into a separate London class, and the London class sometimes is divided further into a separate Queen class.

Formidable class
The Formidables were similar in appearance to and had the same armament as the Majestic and Canopus classes that preceded them. The Formidables are often described as improved Majestics, but in design they really were enlarged Canopuses; while the Canopus class took advantage of the greater strength of the Krupp armour employed in their construction to allow the ships to remain the same size as the Majestics with increased tonnage devoted to higher speed and less to armour without sacrificing protection, in the Formidables Krupp armour was used to improve protection without reducing the size of the ships. The Formidables thus were larger than the two preceding classes, and enjoyed both greater protection than the Majestics and the higher speed of the Canopus class. The Formidables' armour scheme was similar to that of the Canopuses, although, unlike in the Canopuses, the armour belt ran all the way to the stern; it was 215 ft long and 15 ft deep and 9 in thick, tapering at the stem to 3 in thick and 12 ft deep and at the stern to 1.5 in thick and 8 ft deep. The main battery turrets had Krupp armour, 10 in on their sides and 8 in on their backs.

The Formidables improved on the main and secondary armament of previous classes, being upgunned from 35-calibre to 40-calibre 12 inch (305 mm) guns and from 40-calibre to 45-calibre 6 inch (152 mm) guns. The 12 inch guns could be loaded at any bearing and elevation, and beneath the turrets the ships had a split hoist with a working chamber beneath the guns that reduced the chance of a cordite fire spreading from the turret to the shell and powder handling rooms and to the magazines.

The Formidables had an improved hull form that made them handier at high speeds than the Majestics. They also had inward-turning screws, which allowed reduced fuel consumption and slightly higher speeds than in previous classes but at the expense of less manoeuvrability at low speeds.

London subclass
After the first three Formidables, there was a change in design for the last five ships, starting with HMS London (1899); as a result they are often considered to constitute the London class, but also can be viewed as in effect a sub-class of the Formidable class. The main difference in the Londons was thinner deck armour and some other detail changes to the armor scheme. and the consequent lower displacement.

Queen subclass
The last two London class ships to be built, HMS Prince of Wales (1902) and HMS Queen (1902), were identical to the other Londons except that they had open 12-pounder gun batteries mounted in the open on the upper deck amidships and had a lower displacement. Queen and Prince of Wales were laid down after the Duncan-class battleships that succeeded the Formidables and Londons, and were completed after the Duncans as well. They are generally considered part of the Formidable or London class, but the difference in the mounting of their 12-pounder guns, their lower displacement, and their later construction than the Duncans lead some authors to view them as constituting a Queen class separate from the Formidable and London classes.

The last of the ships to commission, Prince of Wales, was the last battleship for which Director of Naval Construction Sir William Henry White had sole design responsibility. She also was the last of the 29 battleships of the Majestic, Canopus, Formidable, London, Duncan, and Queen classes, commissioned between 1895 and 1904, which had all been based on the single, standard Majestic design and reached their final development in Queen and Prince of Wales.

Like all pre-dreadnoughts, the Formidables, Londons, and Queens were outclassed by the dreadnought battleships that began to appear in 1906. However, they continued in front-line duties through the early part of World War I.

Operational history
The ships saw peacetime service in the Mediterranean, Atlantic, and home waters. With the appearance of the new dreadnought-type battleships and battlecruisers beginning in 1906, predreadnoughts such as the Formidables, Londons, and Queens were consigned to less demanding roles for much of the First World War, during which two were lost in action and a third was destroyed by an accidental explosion. Early war service in home waters was followed by duty in the Mediterranean including the Dardanelles campaign. The survivors were discarded soon after the war ended.

HMS Formidable
HMS Formidable served in the Mediterranean Fleet (1904–08), Channel Fleet (1908), Home Fleet (1909), Atlantic Fleet (1909–14), and Home Fleet again (1912–14). Her World War I service was in the Channel Fleet (1914–15). She was torpedoed by German submarine U-24 off Portland Bill while on patrol in the English Channel on 1 January 1915 with the loss of 547 of her 750 complement.

HMS Irresistible
HMS Irresistible served in the Mediterranean Fleet (1902–1908), Channel Fleet (1908–1910), and Home Fleet (1911–1914). Her World War I service was in the Channel Fleet (1914–1915), and at the Dardanelles in 1915. She hit a mine on 18 March 1915 during the Dardanelles campaign and sank three hours later.

HMS Implacable
HMS Implacable served in the Mediterranean Fleet (1901–1909), Atlantic Fleet (1909–1912), and Home Fleet (1912–1914). Her World War I service was in the Channel Fleet (1914–1915), the Dardanelles campaign (1915), the Adriatic (1915), and the Aegean and eastern Mediterranean (1915–1917), and then in subsidiary duties in home waters. She was sold for scrap in 1921.

HMS London
HMS London served in the Mediterranean Fleet (1902–1907), Home Fleet (1907–1908), Channel Fleet (1908–1909), Atlantic Fleet (1910–1912), and Second Home Fleet (1912–1914). Her World War I service was in the Channel Fleet (1914–1915), Dardanelles campaign (1915), and Adriatic (1915–1916). She then was converted into a minelayer, serving as such in laying the Northern Mine Barrage in 1918, and was sold for scrapping in 1920.

HMS Bulwark
HMS Bulwark served in the Mediterranean Fleet (1902–1907), Home Fleet (1907–1908), Channel Fleet (1908–1909), and Home Fleet again (1909–1914). Her World War I service was in the Channel Fleet (1914). She was destroyed by an internal explosion on 26 November 1914 while at anchor at Sheerness that killed all but 12 out of her 750 crew.

HMS Venerable
HMS Venerable served in Mediterranean Fleet (1902–1908), Channel Fleet (1908–1909), Atlantic Fleet (1909–1912), and Second Home Fleet (1912–1914). Her World War I service was in the Channel Fleet (1914–1915), the Dardanelles campaign (1915), and the Adriatic (1915–1916). She then served in subsidiary duties in home waters and was sold for scrapping in 1920.

==Queen subclass ==

HMS Queen
HMS Queen served in the Mediterranean Fleet (1904–1908), Atlantic Fleet (1908–1912), and Second Home Fleet (1912–1914). Her World War I service was in the Channel Fleet (1914–1915), Dardanelles campaign (1915), and Adriatic (1915–1916). She then was disarmed and continued in the Adriatic in subsidiary roles (1917–1919). She was sold for scrapping in 1920.

HMS Prince of Wales
HMS Prince of Wales served in the Mediterranean Fleet (1904–1909), Atlantic Fleet (1909–1912), and Home Fleet (1912–1914). Her World War I service was in the Channel Fleet (1914–1915), Dardanelles campaign (1915), and Adriatic (1915–1917). She then was decommissioned and was sold for scrapping in 1920.