Muavenet-i Milliye

Muavenet-i Milliye or Muâvenet-i Millîye was a destroyer built for the Ottoman Navy prior to World War I. The ship is most notable for sinking the British pre-dreadnought battleship HMS Goliath (1898) during the Dardanelles Campaign in World War I.

Naming
"Muâvenet" means support in Ottoman Turkish, and the full name of this first ship of that name, "Muâvenet-i Millîye ", signifies national support. Her name was given in honor of the Ottoman Navy National Support Association (Donanma-i Osmânî Muâvenet-i Millîye Cemiyeti, in short Navy Association / Donanma Cemiyeti). This association was founded on the initiative of a merchant named Yağcızade Şefik Bey in July 1909, followed shortly afterwards by a wider participation including the more modest layers of the society. It collected funds through voluntary participation from among the Ottoman public to finance her purchase. Muâvenet-i Millîye was the first ship purchased, in Germany, through the financing made available thanks to the efforts of the association.

Three other Turkish Navy ships of different periods, the last being presently in service, were later named in memory of Muâvenet-i Millîye to recall her achievement. One of the first aircraft of the Ottoman air squadrons, contemporaneous to the ship, was given the same name.

Operations
The Muavenet-i Milliye and her sister ships, Yadigar-i Millet, Numune-i Hamiyet, and Gayret-i Vataniye, were originally laid down as the German torpedo boats S165-S168. Upon completion, they were sold to the Ottoman Navy in September 1910. (Schichau-Werft built a second group of torpedo boats named S165-S168 as replacements, completing them in 1911.)

As of 1912, the command of Muâvenet-i Millîye was assumed by the Kıdemli Yüzbaşı (senior lieutenant, see Naval officer ranks) Ayasofyali Ahmed Saffed (later Ahmet Saffet Ohkay), member of a new generation of officers who were specially trained in view of the more modern ships the Ottoman Navy acquired. In the first months of the Ottoman entry into World War I, the ship was assigned to missions in the Black Sea, from where she was re-directed towards Çanakkale with the start of the Dardanelles Campaign.

Sinking of Goliath
HMS Goliath was part of the Allied fleet in the naval operations in the Dardanelles Campaign, supporting the landing at Cape Helles on 25 April 1915. On the night of 12–13 May 1915 Goliath was stationed, along with HMS Cornwallis and screened by five destroyers, in Morto Bay off Cape Helles, in an effort to relieve the pressure on the French flank of the landing.

The French had asked the assistance of the battleships against the Ottoman counterattacks targeting to recapture Kerevizdere. Thus, every night two battleships began to bombard the Ottoman positions. The Ottoman side, to eliminate damages caused by these battleships, assigned the Muâvenet-i-Millîye. During the day, the German captain lieutenant Rudolph Firle and two other officers, who had carried out a reconnaissance mission near Morto Bay earlier, had embarked on Muâvenet-i Millîye to manage the torpedo operations. An On 10 May, at 13:30, the Muâvenet-i-Millîye arrived at the strait and the preparations for its new assignment had begun. It was on 12 May, at 18:40, Muâvenet-i-Millîye went into action. Between 19:00 and 19:30, it passed the mines and on 19:40 it anchored in Soganlidere and waited until midnight. The projectors of the allied battleships were closed down at 23:30.

Muâvenet-i-Millîye weighed anchor at 00:30 and skipped through the European side of the strait. The Allied destroyers failed to notice its advance. At 01:00 on the line astern of the Muâvenet-i-Millîye, two destroyers were seen, on the forehead was the Goliath. Goliath asked the password and the Muâvenet-i-Millîye, without losing time, responded with three torpedoes. The first torpedo hit the bridge, the second hit the funnel and the third the stern. The ship capsized almost immediately taking 570 of the over 700 crew to the bottom, including the captain.

The sinking of Goliath led to direct and drastic upheaval for the British Navy top command and strategy. Two days after the loss of their ship, on 15 May 1915, the First Sea Lord Admiral Fisher resigned amidst bitter arguments with the First Lord of the Admiralty, Winston Churchill, causing, on 17 May, Churchill's resignation too. General Hamilton noted in his diary that, "The Turks deserve a medal." The Allies had failed to achieve their expectations with the landings. Thus, the British began to make plans for the resumption of the naval attack. However, the torpedoing of the Goliath had proven that it was impossible to open the straits by a naval attack. The valuable modern battleship HMS Queen Elizabeth (1913) was recalled from the Dardanelles. The subsequent loss of battleships HMS Triumph (1903) at Anzac and HMS Majestic (1895) at Cape Helles, both torpedoed by SMS U-21 (Germany), resulted in a further reduction in naval support for the Allied land troops.

The ship captain, Kıdemli Yüzbaşı Ayasofyali Ahmed Saffed, the German lieutenant Rudolph Firle and his two deputies and the over 90 Ottoman crew were greeted as heroes in Istanbul, all lights along the Bosphorus having been lit specially to their honor, and were rewarded with medals and decorations.

With the collapse of the Ottoman war effort, Muavenet-i Milliye was decommissioned in October 1918. Discarded by the postwar Turkish Navy in 1924, the ship was used as an accommodation hulk at the Taskizak shipyard. She was finally scrapped in 1953.

External sources

 * For ship specifications