USS Harlan County (LST-1196)

USS Harlan County (LST-1196) was a United States Navy tank landing ship of the Newport-class.

Harlan County (LST-1196) was named after Harlan County, Kentucky as reflected in her unit patch. Her keel was laid on 7 November 1970 at San Diego, California by the National Steel & Shipbuilding Co. She launched on 24 July 1971, was sponsored by Mrs. Richard Capen, and was commissioned on 8 April 1972 with Commander Vernon C. Smith in command.

Service history
Following commissioning, Harlan County was assigned to the Amphibious Force, Atlantic Fleet, and transited the Panama Canal en route to her home port at Naval Amphibious Base Little Creek.

The crew of the Harlan County affectionately nicknamed her the "Darlin' Harlan", "Supergator", and "the Golden Gator". Over her career, the Harlan County routinely deployed to the Mediterranean, Western Africa, and South America, while also conducting amphibious training operations along the east coast of the United States and in the Caribbean. The Harlan County served during several notable actions during her career: she was stationed off the coast of Lebanon in 1983 when the Marine barracks in Beirut was bombed; several of her crew volunteered for a "Search and Rescue Detail."

She served in the Persian Gulf during Operation Desert Storm/Desert Shield. In 1990 the USS Harlan County helped  reestablish US Navy cooperation with Argentina; she was the first US Navy ship to make an official port visit to Buenos Aires since the Falklands War. On 11 October 1993, the Harlan County was sent to Port-au-Prince, Haiti to pave the way for an agreed-upon UN intervention. However, she was ordered back to sea a day later in the face of protests.

The Harlan County was decommissioned on 14 April 1995 and was temporarily leased to Spain, where she was re-christened as the Pizarro (L-42) in the Spanish Navy. In 1999 the US Government finally sold the Harlan County to Spain; the ship was decommissioned by the Spanish Navy on 14 December 2012.

Design and capabilities
USS Harlan County, one of the Newport class of LSTs, was designed as a modernized "battle-group" version of the Tank Landing Ships (LSTs) of World War Two. The major difference (among many) being these new ships had a v-shaped bow to allow for greater speed (20+ knots), versus the blunt bow LSTs of World War II and later. The Harlan County had a light weight of 4792 long ton, but almost doubled in weight to 8450 long ton at full load.

The ships of the class had the ability to transport 2000 short ton of cargo or 500 short ton for beaching on 1765 sqyd of deckspace. The ships had the capacity to transport twenty-three AAV-7A1 armored personnel carriers (APCs), or twenty-nine M-48 tanks (used by the Marines), or forty-one 2½ ton cargo trucks (deuce and a halfs) on the tank deck, which had turntables both fore and aft. They could also carry twenty-nine 2½ ton trucks on the upper deck. The Harlan County normally carried two LCVPs on the port Welin davit, and another LCVP and an LCPL (Captain's Gig) on the starboard davit.

The Harlan County carried 900000 usgal of marine diesel, 141600 usgal of vehicle fuel, 20000 usgal of gasoline (mogas), and 10000 usgal of JP-5 aviation fuel. The ship also had below deck berthing in the forward hull for a small battalion of Marine ground forces. A bow thruster and stern anchor was used for ship positioning during bow ramp operations, stern gate launchings, and beaching evolutions. The bow ramp itself was 112 ft long, and weighs 20 short ton constructed from aluminum. The ramp was rated at 75 short ton capacity (an M1A1 Tank weighs 70 short ton) and when deployed, the aft end fits onto a "king post", upon which it could swivel to a limited degree. The bow ramp (when deployed) is supported by a set of derrick arms, giving the ship its distinctive cross section. Aft of the bow ramp (when extended) is a vehicle ramp (known as the "'tween decks ramp") which allows vehicles to proceed directly from the tank deck to the bow ramp, thence to the deployment site, beach or causeway. When the bow ramp is retracted, the 'tween decks ramp is located directly below and is raised and sealed to ensure water tight integrity between the main deck and the tank deck. A forward turntable facilitates maneuvering of various Marine and Seabee vehicles. At the aft end of the tank deck, another turntable likewise facilitates maneuvering of these vehicles and allows AAV (Marine "LVTs"-Tracked Landing Vehicles) to launch directly into the water via the sterngate, which opens directly to the sea during "launching operations". Four causeway sections could be mounted aft (two on the port side and two on the starboard) of the superstructure directly adjacent the flight deck; these were linked together to form a pontoon bridge which allowed offloading of vehicles when the ship was not to beach herself. These causeway sections were also lashed to the stern gate as needed; "steel beach" was a popular recreational activity for the crew while she was deployed. Causeway sections were married to the stern gate and the crew could enjoy barbecue, beer, and an occasional swim call. For helicopter operations, the ship had a 250 sqyd landing pad aft of the smoke-stacks and twin 10 short ton capacity cargo winches. A power-driven cargo hatch leads from the flight deck to the tank deck.