Luftwaffenhelfer

Luftwaffenhelfer (commonly: Flakhelfer = anti-aircraft warfare helpers) are terms commonly used for German students deployed as child soldiers during World War II.

The Luftwaffenhelfer ("Luftwaffe assistant") program was the implementation of the "Kriegshilfseinsatz der Jugend bei der Luftwaffe" ("war auxiliary deployment of youth into the Luftwaffe") order issued on January 22, 1943.

The order called for drafting whole school classes with male students born in 1926 and 1927 into a military corps, supervised by Hitler Youth and  Luftwaffe personnel. The draft was later extended to include the 1928 and 1929 births.

Deployment included ideological indoctrination by the Hitler Youth, military duties and limited continuation of the normal school curriculum, often by the original teachers.

While the official term was "Luftwaffenhelfer (HJ)", the term more commonly used is "Flakhelfer" ("Flak-assistant"). The 1926-1929 births are commonly referred to as the "Flakhelfer-Generation". In German ears the phrase associates with the collective and incisive experience of being torn out of conventional adolescent life (though under circumstances of total war) and being thrown into strict military service and extreme peril, when in the final phase of the war, the AA-batteries themselves became preferred targets of allied strafers.

In August 1944 some 660,000 regular male soldiers and 450,000 female helpers (anti-aircraft personnel) in all departments served with the Luftwaffe within the auxiliary antiaircraft defense. Many of the girls came from the BDM, although they had to officially join the Wehrmacht, because it was forbidden for BDM-girls to do armed duty. In 1945, "Flakhelferinnen" and other female subsidiaries were trained and allowed to carry weapons to protect themselves.

Luftwaffenhelfer in Latvia
On April 1944 the Germans had requested the drafting of 7000 Latvian boys, aged 14–16, and 400 girls, all for service as Air Defense auxiliaries. However, the Self-Administration of Latvia refused and consented only to invite the youths to volunteer. As the situation at the Eastern Front worsened, in June and July the Self-Administration did agree to draft boys born in 1927 and 1928. From July 28 to September 9, 4139 boys were drafted, 525 of whom were volunteers.

Famous Luftwaffenhelfer

 * Peter Alexander
 * Hans-Dietrich Genscher (Minister of Foreign Affairs)
 * Günter Grass (German novelist, poet, playwright, illustrator, graphic artist, sculptor and recipient of the 1999 Nobel Prize in Literature.)
 * Jürgen Habermas (German sociologist and a philosopher in the tradition of critical theory and pragmatism.)
 * Dieter Hildebrandt (German Kabarett Artist)
 * Niklas Luhmann (German sociologist, and a prominent thinker in sociological systems theory.)
 * Josef Alois Ratzinger (Pope Benedict XVI)
 * Manfred Rommel (German politician and son of Erwin Rommel; mayor of Stuttgart)
 * Walter Sedlmayr (German stage, television, and movie actor.)
 * Wilhelm Volkert (German historian)
 * Udo Walendy
 * Paul Wunderlich (German painter, draftsman, sculptor and graphic artist.)