James D. Watkins

James David Watkins (March 7, 1927 – July 26, 2012) was a United States Navy admiral and former Chief of Naval Operations who served as the U.S. Secretary of Energy during the George H. W. Bush administration, also chairing U.S. government commissions on HIV/AIDS and ocean policy. Watkins also served on the boards of various companies and other nongovernmental organizations and as the co-chair of the Joint Ocean Commission Initiative.

Watkins' important positions within the United States Government include:
 * Chief of Naval Operations during part of the Reagan Administration (1982-1986)
 * Chairman of the Watkins Commission on AIDS (1987-1988)
 * Secretary of Energy (1989 - 1993)
 * Chairman of the United States Commission on Ocean Policy (also known as the Watkins Commission) (2001-2004)

He has also served several non-Governmental roles:
 * Co-chair of the Joint Ocean Commission Initiative (JOCI) (2004-)
 * A Director of the Joint Oceanographic Institutions, Inc. (1993 - 2000)
 * A Director of GTS Duratek since April 1997
 * A Director of Southern California Edison Co.
 * A Director of International Technology Corp.
 * A Director of Philadelphia Electric Co.
 * A Director of VESTAR Inc.
 * Trustee, Carnegie Corporation of New York (1993-1998)
 * President of the Consortium for Oceanographic Research and Education (1994-March 2001)
 * Member, Naval Academy Endowment Trust Board of Directors
 * Life Member, USNA Alumni Association
 * Member of the Board of Directors of the U.S. Naval Academy Foundation

Biography
Watkins was born March 7, 1927 in Alhambra, California. His grandfather George Clinton Ward was president of Southern California Edison during the 1930s. His father, Edward Francis Watkins, owned the Southern California Winery Co. His mother, Louise Watkins, unsuccessfully sought the Republican nomination for Senate in 1938; he described his mother as "a woman ahead of her time."

He attended Webb School of California in Claremont, California; he subsequently graduated from the U.S. Naval Academy in 1949 and received his master's degree in mechanical engineering from the Naval Postgraduate School in 1958.

He spent 37 years in the Navy, serving on destroyers, cruisers and submarines, and shore assignments in personnel management. During his tenure in the U.S. Navy, Watkins served as Chief of Naval Operations, Commander of the Sixth Fleet, Vice Chief of Naval Operations, and Commander-in-chief of the Pacific Fleet.

He was the father of six children, including Katherine Watkins Coopersmith, RNCS; Edward Francis Watkins, a successful internet entrepreneur; Susan Watkins, a nuclear engineer; and Catholic priest Monsignor James D. Watkins, pastor of Immaculate Conception Parish, Northeast Washington D.C.

He died of congestive heart failure on July 26, 2012, at the age of 85.

Oceans work
Admiral Watkins’ ties to oceans as a graduate of the Naval Academy, submariner and former Chief of Naval Operations, have contributed to his commitment to ocean policy reform. When the Oceans Act of 2000 was passed, President George W. Bush established the U.S. Commission on Ocean Policy, and appointed Admiral Watkins to chair the commission. The 16-member commission presented recommendations for a new and comprehensive national ocean policy. Their final report, An Ocean Blueprint for the 21st Century, was released in 2004.

Concurrently, the Pew Charitable Trusts established the Pew Oceans Commission, which was led by President Bill Clinton’s former Chief of Staff Leon Panetta. The 18-member group presented its own recommendations on ocean policy to Congress and the Administration. Their final report, America's Living Oceans: Charting a Course for Sea Change, was released in 2003.

The two reports listed strikingly similar recommendations. As a result, Congress and the Administration began to recognize the importance of ocean policy reform. To further these recommendations, and to act as one unified force, the two commissions came together in 2004 to establish the Joint Ocean Commission Initiative. Admiral Watkins currently co-chairs the Joint Ocean Commission Initiative with Leon Panetta, and is called on as an expert to advise and testify before Congress on ocean governance reform. He is also cited in the media as an expert on ocean issues and has penned a number of opinion pieces calling for ocean reform that were published in national outlets.

Reagan Administration
President Reagan appointed Watkins as chairman of his President’s Commission on the HIV Epidemic. The Admiral won the support of many AIDS-awareness advocates when his conservative panel unexpectedly recommended supporting antibias laws to protect HIV-positive people, on-demand treatment for drug addicts, and the speeding of AIDS-related research.

George H. W. Bush Administration
On March 9, 1989, Watkins was sworn in as Secretary of Energy by President George Bush. He remained as Energy Secretary until 1993.

On June 27, 1989, Watkins announced the Ten-Point Plan to strengthen environmental protection and waste management activities at the United States Department of Energy's production, research, and testing facilities. In September 1989, he established the Modernization Review Committee to review the assumptions and recommendations of the 2010 Report. On November 9, 1989, Watkins established the Office of Environmental Restoration and Waste Management within the Department of Energy. On August 15, 1990, Secretary Watkins announced plans to increase oil production and decrease consumption to counter Iraqi-Kuwaiti oil losses caused by the Iraqi Invasion of Kuwait. On March 4, 1991, he transmitted the Administration's energy bill to the House and Senate. On May 10, 1992, in testimony before the Senate Armed Services Committee he reported that, for the first time since 1945, the United States was not building any nuclear weapons.

George W. Bush Administration
Admiral Watkins was appointed to what would be the second Presidential commission to be known as the Watkins Commission when named Chairman of the United States Commission on Ocean Policy in 2001.

Awards
He received the Presidential Citizens Medal, Defense Distinguished Service Medal, Navy Distinguished Service Medal, Legion of Merit with two gold award stars, Bronze Star with Combat V device, China Service Medal, World War II Victory Medal, Navy Occupation Service Medal, Vietnam Service Medal with four campaign stars, and has been decorated and honored by several other nations including receiving the United Nations Service Medal, Vietnam Campaign Medal and decorations from Brazil, Korea, Italy, France, Spain, Japan, Pakistan and Sweden.

In March 2001, Watkins was given the title of President Emeritus of the Consortium for Ocean Research and Education (CORE), and was awarded the Navy's Distinguished Public Award by the Secretary of the Navy. On April 21, 2005, the Naval Postgraduate Mechanical Engineering Building was renamed Watkins Hall, after Admiral James D. Watkins. Watkins was also a member of the Naval Postgraduate School (NPS) Hall of Fame.

In 1983, Watkins was inducted as a Knight of Malta. In 1991 he was awarded the AAES Chairs' Award from the American Association of Engineering Societies.