16th Air Assault Infantry Brigade

16 Air Assault Brigade (16 Air Asslt Bde) is a formation of the British Army based in Colchester in the county of Essex. It is the Army's rapid response airborne formation and is the only Operational Brigade in the British Army capable of delivering Air Manoeuvre, Air Assault and Airborne operations.

It was formed as part of the defence reforms implemented by the Strategic Defence Review on 1 September 1999 by the merging of 24 Airmobile Brigade and elements of 5th Airborne Brigade. This grouping created a highly mobile brigade of parachute units and airmobile units which employ helicopters. It is the only airborne brigade within the British Army, and in line with current Dress Regulations members of parachute regiment wear the maroon beret.

Background
As the British Army's rapid response formation, 16 Air Assault Brigade has served in the vanguard of all the Army's recent operational deployments to Sierra Leone, Macedonia, Iraq and Afghanistan, and is the largest brigade in the British Army, with 8,000 personnel. Its structure makes it a highly flexible unit. It comprises a Formation Reconnaissance Squadron, an artillery regiment with an attached air defence battery, an engineer regiment, two parachute infantry battalions and two air assault infantry battalions, three aviation regiments, logistics, medical and mechanical engineering regiments or battalions and the Pathfinder group.

The brigade HQ is based in Colchester Garrison and is under the operational command of the tri-service Joint Helicopter Command (JHC). It is assigned to the British-led Allied Rapid Reaction Corps of NATO as Corps Troops. For administrative purposes, it is under the control of 5th Division, now Support Command.

The brigade is based in Colchester, Essex and the Brigade Headquarters has personnel from both the British Army and the Royal Air Force assigned, enabling it to carry out Air and Land operations.

Due to the brigade's mobile role it is lightly armed and equipped. The brigade's land equipment includes Scimitars, WMIK Land Rovers, Supacats, towed L118 105 mm light guns, Javelin anti-tank and lightweight Starstreak air-defence missile launchers. The aviation element of the brigade consists of three attack regiments equipped with WAH-64 Apache and Lynx helicopters from the Army Air Corps, and Chinook, Merlin and Puma support helicopters from the RAF. The brigade is also supported by the RAF's Hercules transport aircraft fleet. Furthermore, two four-man Tactical Air Control Parties (TACPs) manned by the RAF Regiment, provide airspace deconfliction, integration of air platforms within the battlespace, and terminal control of air assets.

Pathfinder Group
The Pathfinder Group is made up of selected personnel from the armed forces, who have undergone a rigorous selection and training programme. The Group is formed around a platoon to company strength cadre of reconnaissance and communications specialists. Its role includes locating and marking parachute drop zones and tactical and helicopter landing zones for air landing operations. Once the main force has landed, the group provides tactical intelligence vital to the operational decision-making within the brigade headquarters.

The pathfinders can utilise various airborne insertion techniques which range from the current in-service Low Level Parachute (LLP), going up to High Altitude Low Opening (HALO) and High Altitude High Opening (HAHO) systems.

Traditions
The numeral 16 is derived from the 1st Airborne Division and 6th Airborne Division of the Second World War, first used by the 16th Parachute Brigade formed in 1948.

The brigade's sign is that of a light-blue and maroon shield with a light blue Striking Eagle outlined in maroon emblazoned on it and was adopted from the Special Training Centre in Lochailort, Scotland, where Special Forces and Airborne troops were trained between 1943 and 1945. The sign is worn on the left arm. The colours chosen are traditional and show the make-up of the brigade, maroon for Airborne and light-blue for Army Air Corps. The symbol of 5 Airborne Brigade had been Bellerophon on top of Pegasus (a winged horse of Greek mythology) which became synonymous with the airborne forces during World War II. There was some controversy when the Parachute units of 5 Airborne had to give up the symbol and replace it with 16 Air Assault's symbol.

Macedonia
After a ceasefire was declared in the Republic of Macedonia between government forces and rebels known as the National Liberation Army, NATO launched a British-led effort, Operation Essential Harvest, to collect weapons voluntarily given up by the rebels. The brigade HQ and some of its elements deployed in August 2001, acting as the spearhead for the NATO operation. It returned home after the NATO mission was successfully completed in September.

Afghanistan
After the invasion of Afghanistan in 2001, NATO established a peacekeeping force in December known as the International Security Assistance Force (ISAF), based in the capital Kabul. The brigade HQ and some of its units deployed to Afghanistan in 2001, 2006, 2008 and again in 2010-11, 16th Air Assault Brigade has currently deployed to Afghanistan more than any other.

Iraq
During the build-up to the invasion of Iraq, the brigade, commanded by Brigadier 'Jacko' Page, was deployed to Kuwait in February 2003. The brigade was part of 1 (UK) Armoured Division and after extensive training in Kuwait it took part in the beginning of the invasion on 20 March. Initial speculation in the British media suggested that the brigade would support the American 82nd and 101st divisions in an airborne assault on the Saddam International Airport in Baghdad. This plan did not, however, come into fruition. The brigade's eventual objective was to secure the southern oil fields before they were destroyed by Saddam Hussain's forces. The brigade's 7th Parachute Regiment, Royal Horse Artillery entered Iraq on 20 March to support U.S. Marine Corps forces in their efforts to capture the Rumaila oil fields, nearly all of the oil wells being taken intact. The rest of the brigade, supported by its AAC helicopters, entered Iraq soon afterwards, still tasked with securing Rumaila. The brigade often met sporadic resistance and had to deal with disarming the many explosives attached to the infrastructure.

The brigade was subsequently used to guard the oil fields and protect Allied supply lines with elements moving further north of Basra – Iraq's second largest city – to provide a screen protecting it from Iraqi attack. On 31 March the brigade, assisted by artillery and air support, attacked an Iraqi armoured column advancing on Basra, destroying 17 T-55 tanks, 5 artillery pieces and 7 armoured personnel carriers. After British forces entered Basra on 6 April, 3 PARA was employed to clear the 'old quarter' of the city on 7 April due to the narrow streets making it inaccessible to vehicles.

After Basra's capture the brigade was based in Maysan Province, centred around the province's capital Al-Amarah. The brigade carried out patrols into towns, helped bring normality back to the south, tried to maintain order and destroyed any conventional weapons caches that were found. The war was officially declared over on 1 May and the brigade began to return home that same month. During one patrol into Majar al-Kabir on 24 June the brigade suffered its largest casualties in Iraq when six Royal Military Policemen of 156 Provost Company were killed by a large Iraqi mob. A patrol of 1 PARA were ambushed at the same time but were successfully extracted from the area. By the time the brigade left Iraq it had collectively suffered nine killed. It was reported that two soldiers from the brigade had refused to fight just before the war began, and were sent back to Colchester Garrison.

Future
The unit composition is likely to change due to the Army 2020 plan. The Argyll and Sutherland Highlanders, 5th Battalion The Royal Regiment of Scotland will not be part of the brigade and will be reduced to a company-sized unit for public duties in Scotland. 4th Battalion, Parachute Regiment will be paired with the Brigade as a reserve air assault battalion. The Brigade HQ, along most of the main combat and support units, will remain at Colchester. The Household Cavalry squadron may not be part of the ORBAT in 2020.

Commanders

 * Brigadier Peter Wall (late Royal Engineers) (1 September 1999)
 * Brigadier Barney White-Spunner (late Blues and Royals) (21 December 2000)
 * Brigadier 'Jacko' Page (late Parachute Regiment) (December 2002)
 * Brigadier 'Ed' Butler (late Royal Green Jackets) (c.2006)
 * Brigadier Mark Carleton-Smith (late Irish Guards) (c.2008)
 * Brigadier James Chiswell (late Parachute Regiment)
 * Brigadier Giles Hill (late Parachute Regiment)
 * Brigadier Nick Borton DSO MBE (late SCOTS) (June 2013)

Current formation

 * D Squadron, Household Cavalry--possibly removed under Army 2020.
 * 7th Parachute Regiment Royal Horse Artillery
 * 21 Air Assault Battery, Royal Artillery--removed under Army 2020.
 * 23 Engineer Regiment (Air Assault)
 * The Argyll and Sutherland Highlanders, 5th Battalion The Royal Regiment of Scotland--removed under Army 2020.
 * 1st Battalion, The Royal Irish Regiment (27th (Inniskilling), 83rd, 87th and Ulster Defence Regiment)--removed under Army 2020.
 * 2nd Battalion, The Royal Irish Regiment (27th (Inniskilling), 83rd, 87th and Ulster Defence Regiment)--removed under Army 2020.
 * 2nd Battalion, The Parachute Regiment
 * 3rd Battalion, The Parachute Regiment
 * 4th Battalion, The Parachute Regiment (TA)
 * Pathfinder Group
 * 3 Regiment, Army Air Corps
 * 4 Regiment, Army Air Corps
 * 9 Regiment, Army Air Corps--under Army 2020, merged with 1 Regiment, Army Air Corps, not organic to the brigade.
 * 13 Air Assault Support Regiment, Royal Logistic Corps
 * 16 Medical Regiment, Royal Army Medical Corps
 * 7 (Air Assault) Battalion, Royal Electrical and Mechanical Engineers
 * 156 Provost Company, Royal Military Police
 * 216 Parachute Squadron Royal Signals
 * 613 and 616 Tactical Air Control Parties (Parachute)

Note: 1st Battalion, The Parachute Regiment now operates within the Special Forces Support Group.

2003 Iraq War

 * 16 Air Assault Brigade Headquarters and Signals Squadron (216)
 * D Squadron, Household Cavalry
 * 7 (Parachute) Regiment, Royal Horse Artillery, Royal Artillery
 * 23 Engineer Regiment (Air Assault), Royal Engineers
 * 1st Battalion, Royal Irish Regiment
 * The Royal Irish Rangers, now known as 2nd Battalion, The Royal Irish Regiment
 * 1st Battalion, The Parachute Regiment
 * 3rd Battalion, The Parachute Regiment
 * 4th Battalion, The Parachute Regiment (TA)
 * Pathfinder Group
 * 3 Regiment, Army Air Corps
 * 13 Air Assault Support Regiment, Royal Logistics Corps
 * 16 Medical Regiment, Royal Army Medical Corps
 * 7 Air Assault Battalion, Royal Electrical Mechanical Engineers
 * 156 Provost Company, Royal Military Police