Ilija Trifunović-Birčanin

Ilija Trifunović-Birčanin (Serbian Cyrillic: Илија Трифуновић-Бирчанин; 1877 – 3 February 1943) was a Serbian Chetnik military commander. He took part in the Balkan Wars and First World War and afterwards served as the president of the Association of Serb Chetniks for Freedom and the Fatherland in the Kingdom of Yugoslavia. Beginning in 1941 he collaborated with the Italians under the awareness and condonation of supreme Chetnik commander Draža Mihailović until the Italian capitulation in 1943. In the spring of 1942, he was appointed by Mihailović as the commander of Chetniks in Dalmatia, Herzegovina, western Bosnia and southwestern Croatia. In October 1942, Trifunović-Birčanin and his subordinate commanders, Dobroslav Jevđević and Petar Baćović, were responsible for the killing of over 500 Bosnian Muslim and Catholic civilians in the Prozor region in October 1942. He died in Split on 3 February 1943.

Early life
Born in Topola in 1877, Trifunović-Birčanin served as a volunteer on Serbian side in the Balkan Wars, as well as in the First World War on the eastern front against Bulgaria. He gained the title of vojvoda within the Chetnik movement – the title was used internally to designate its top commanders – in 1916 following the death of Vojin Popović, known as 'Vojvoda Vuk', in a battle in which Trifunović-Birčanin lost a hand. Following the First World War, he fought against Albanian forces in Kosovo. From 1929 to 1932, during a period in the Kingdom of Yugoslavia when other political parties were banned, Trifunović-Birčanin served as president of the Association of Serb Chetniks for Freedom and the Fatherland. After 1932, he led the Serbian Narodna Odbrana (National Defence).

Yugoslav coup d'etat
Prior to the Axis invasion of Yugoslavia in April 1941, Trifunović-Birčanin was the chairman of the Narodna Odbrana, a Serbian patriotic association composed mainly of First World War veterans. An organisation with considerable influence with the Serbian public, it petitioned Prince Paul on various occasions urging him to resist pressure from Hitler for Yugoslavia to join the Tripartite Pact. Trifunović-Birčanin was in close contact at this time with the British Special Operations Executive (SOE), which was actively attempting to prevent Yugoslavia from joining the Axis powers. SOE funded the Narodna Odbrana and established especially close ties to Trifunović-Birčanin. After discovering that Yugoslav Prime Minister Dragiša Cvetković and Foreign Minister Aleksander Cincar-Marković were travelling to Vienna on 24 March 1941 to sign a limited form of the Pact, the SOE opted to foment a coup d'etat. Trifunović-Birčanin was closely involved in its preparation and execution, informing the SOE that the coup was 99% certain to succeed and that preparations were making good progress.

The coup by predominantly Serbian military officers led by the Head of the Air Force General Dušan Simović took place on 27 March, and Prince Paul was replaced by King Peter II. Within days, it became clear that Simović was not as anti-Axis as the SOE had hoped, and Trifunović-Birčanin and others began "discussing the possibility of a second coup", although nothing was done prior to the German invasion on 6 April.

Move to Split and Italian collaboration
With the defeat of the Kingdom, Trifunović-Birčanin fled to Kolašin in Montenegro, moving to Split, under the control of fascist Italy, in October 1941. The Chetnik movement was openly and deeply hostile to the nascent Partisan movement, and this led to Chetnik commanders negotiating a series of local co-operation agreements with Italian occupying forces, based on the strong mutual wish that the Partisans' insurrection be extinguished. In essence, these agreements were that Italian and Chetnik forces would leave one another alone, and in return there would be an end to persecution of Serbs by the Italians. One such Chetnik-Italian agreement was concluded at a meeting in Split on 20 October 1941 by Trifunović-Birčanin, Dobroslav Jevđević, a leading Chetnik in the inter-war kingdom and Angelo de Matteis, head of the information division of the Italian 6th Army Corps. Draža Mihailović was aware of the collaborationist arrangements entered by Jevđević and Trifunović-Birčanin and condoned them. In addition to Jevđević, with whom he worked closely on liaison with the Italian forces, Trifunović-Birčanin's subordinate commanders included Momčilo Đujić (northern Dalmatia), Ilija Mihić and Slavko Bjelajac (Lika), and Petar Baćović (Herzegovina and southeastern Bosnia).

In early January 1942, Trifunović-Birčanin played a central role in organizing the units of Chetnik leaders in western Bosnia, Lika, and northern Dalmatia into the "Dinara Division" and dispatched former Yugoslav Army officer to help. Đujić was to be the commander of the division and its goal was for the "establishment of a Serb national state" in which "an exclusively Orthodox population is to live". In the same month General Lorenzo Dalmazzo, Italian 6th Army Corps commander organised a meeting in the hope that the Chetniks would take part in a joint operation against the Partisans. This was attended by Trifunović-Birčanin, Jevđević, Jezdimir Dangić and Stevo Rađenović, although "for the time being, however, the Germans vetoed any use of the Chetniks in such a capacity". Chetnik leader Draža Mihailović "was aware of and condoned the collaborationist agreements into which Jevđević and Trifunović-Birčanin entered".

Based in Split, Trifunović-Birčanin was appointed by Mihailović to command the Chetnik army over Dalmatia, Herzegovina, western Bosnia and southwestern Croatia in the spring of 1942, and "both Chetnik and Italian documents clearly show that his role as liaison officer between the Chetniks and the Italian Second Army was just as important as his command over the Chetnik formations in those areas. On 23 June 1942, assisted by Trifunović-Birčanin, the Italians set up the first units of Anti-Communist Volunteer Militia known as MVAC (Milizia Volontaria Anti-Comunista), dedicated to "the annihilation of communism" and under Italian control. In 1942 and 1943 19–20,000 Chetniks, "an overwhelming proportion of [their] forces in the Italian-occupied parts of the territory of the Croatian puppet state were organised as Italian auxiliary forces" in the MVAC and equipped with arms, ammunition and clothing by the Italians, although the agreements with the Italians came under threat in 1942 when "the Italians warned the Chetnik leaders Jevđević and Trifunović that their units were provoking disorder, and for this reason they threatened to cut off provisions and funding".

Operation Alfa
Since September 1942 the Chetniks attempted to persuade the Italians into carrying out a "large operation" within their occupation zone. On 10 and 21 September, Trifunović-Birčanin met with Mario Roatta, commander of the Italian Second Army, and urged him to take action "as soon as possible" in a large operation against the Yugoslav Partisans in the Prozor-Livno area and offered aid in the form of 7,500 Chetniks on the condition that they be provided the necessary arms and supplies. In the meeting on 10 September, Trifunović-Birčanin told Roatta that he was not under the command of Draža Mihailović, but that he had seen him on 21 July in Avtovac and had his approval in collaborating with the Italians. In late September or early October, Mihailović, responding to a letter from Trifunović-Birčanin dated 20 September, congratulated him on his conduct and "high comprehension of the national line" in these talks.

In early October, Operation Alfa was launched by the Italians and targeted Partisans northwest of the middle part of the Neretva. Between 3,000-5,500 Chetniks took part in the operation and were under the command of Baćović and Jevđević. The Chetniks, acting on their own, massacred over five hundred Catholics and Muslims and burnt numerous villages in the process of the operation. According to incomplete data, around 543 Catholic and Muslim civilians were massacred on the pretense that they had harbored and aided the Partisans. Roatta objected to these "massive slaughters" of noncombatant civilians and threatened to halt Italian aid to the Chetniks if they did not end. He stated that "I request that Commander Trifunović be apprised that if the Chetnik violence against the Croatian and Muslim population is not immediately stopped, we will stop supplying food and daily wages to those formations whose members are perpetrators of the violence. If this criminal situation continues, more severe measures will be undertaken."

Death
Having been in poor health for a considerable period, Trifunović-Birčanin died in Split on 3 February 1943. Following his death, Jevđević, along with Đujić, Baćović, and Radovan Ivanišević vowed to the Italians to carry on Trifunović-Birčanin's policies of closely collaborating with them against the Yugoslav Partisans.