Douglas C-124 Globemaster II

The Douglas C-124 Globemaster II, nicknamed "Old Shaky", was a heavy-lift cargo aircraft built by the Douglas Aircraft Company in Long Beach, California.

The C-124 was the primary heavy-lift transport for United States Air Force Military Air Transport Service (MATS) during the 1950s and early 1960s, until the C-141 Starlifter entered service. It served in MATS-gained, later Military Airlift Command (MAC)-gained, units of the Air Force Reserve and Air National Guard until 1974.

Design and development
Douglas Aircraft developed the C-124 from 1947 to 1949, from a prototype they created from a World War II–design Douglas C-74 Globemaster, and based on lessons learned during the Berlin Airlift. The aircraft was powered by four large Pratt & Whitney R-4360 piston engines producing 3800 hp each. The C-124's design featured two large clamshell doors and a hydraulically actuated ramp in the nose as well as a cargo elevator under the aft fuselage. The C-124 was capable of carrying 68500 lb of cargo, and the 77 ft cargo bay featured two overhead hoists, each capable of lifting 8000 lb. As a cargo hauler, it could carry tanks, guns, trucks and other heavy equipment, while in its passenger-carrying role it could carry 200 fully equipped troops on its double decks or 127 litter patients and their attendants. It was the only aircraft of its time capable of transporting heavy equipment such as tanks and bulldozers without disassembly.

The C-124 first flew on 27 November 1949, with the C-124A being delivered from May 1950. The C-124C was next, featuring more powerful engines, and an APS-42 weather radar fitted in a "thimble"-like structure on the nose. Wingtip-mounted combustion heaters were added to heat the cabin, and enable wing and tail surface deicing. The C-124As were later equipped with these improvements.

One C-124C, 52-1069, c/n 43978, was used as a JC-124C, for testing the 15000 shp Pratt & Whitney XT57 (PT5) turboprop, which was installed in the nose.

Operational history


First deliveries of the 448 production aircraft began in May 1950 and continued until 1955. The C-124 was operational during the Korean War, and was also used to assist supply operations for Operation Deep Freeze in Antarctica. They performed heavy lift cargo operations for the US military worldwide, including flights to Southeast Asia, Africa and elsewhere. From 1959 to 1961 they transported Thor missiles across the Atlantic to England. The C-124 was also used extensively during the Vietnam War transporting materiel from the U.S. to Vietnam. Until the C-5A became operational, the C-124, and its sister C-133 were the only aircraft available that could transport very large loads.

The United States Air Force's Strategic Air Command (SAC) was the initial operator of the C-124 Globemaster, with 50 in service from 1950 through 1962. Four squadrons operated the type, consisting of the 1st, 2nd, 3rd and 4th Strategic Support Squadrons. Their primary duty was to transport nuclear weapons between air bases and to provide airlift of SAC personnel and equipment during exercises and overseas deployments.

The Military Air Transport Service (MATS) was the primary operator until January 1966, when the organization was retitled Military Airlift Command (MAC). Within a few years following the formation of MAC, the last remaining examples were transferred to the Air Force Reserve (AFRES) and the Air National Guard (ANG), said transfers being complete by 1970. The first ANG unit to receive the C-124C, the 165th Tactical Airlift Group (now known as the 165th Airlift Wing) of the Georgia Air National Guard was the last Air Force unit to retire their aircraft (AF Serial No. 52-1066 and 53-0044) in September 1974.

Variants

 * YC-124
 * Prototype re-built from a C-74 with a new fuselage and powered by four 3,500 hp R-4360-39 engines, it was later re-engined and re-designated YC-124A.


 * YC-124A
 * Prototype YC-124 re-engined with four 3,800 hp R-4360-35A engines.


 * C-124A
 * Douglas Model 1129A, production version with four 3,500 hp R-4360-20WA engines; 204 built, most retrofitted later with nose-radar and combustion heaters in wingtip fairings.


 * YC-124B
 * Douglas Model 1182E was a turboprop variant of the C-124A with four Pratt & Whitney YT34-P-6 turboprops; originally proposed as a tanker, it was used for trials on the operation of turboprop aircraft.


 * C-124C
 * Douglas Model 1317, same as C-124A but with four 3,800 hp R-4360-63A engines, nose radar, wingtip combustion heaters and increased fuel capacity; 243 built.

Operators



 * United States Air Force
 * Air Force Logistics Command
 * 3079th Aviation Depot Wing – Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Ohio
 * 7th Logistic Support Squadron – Robins Air Force Base, Warner Robins, Georgia
 * 28th Logistic Support Squadron – Hill Air Force Base, Ogden, Utah
 * 19th Logistic Support Squadron – Kelly Air Force Base, San Antonio, Texas


 * Strategic Air Command
 * Geographically Separated Units –
 * 1st Strategic Support Squadron – Fort Worth AFB, Texas Later: Biggs AFB, Texas
 * 2d Strategic Support Squadron – Biggs AFB, Texas Later: Walker AFB, New Mexico, Castle AFB, California, Pinecastle AFB, Florida
 * 3d Strategic Support Squadron – Hunter AFB, Georgia Later: Barksdale AFB, Louisiana
 * 4th Strategic Support Squadron – Rapid City AFB, South Dakota Later: Dyess AFB, Texas


 * Military Air Transport Service / Military Airlift Command
 * 60th Military Airlift Wing – Travis AFB, California
 * 28th Military Airlift Squadron Geographically Separated Unit – Hill Air Force Base, Ogden, Utah Inactivated 1968(?)
 * 62nd Military Airlift Wing – Larson AFB Later: McChord AFB, Washington
 * 4th Military Airlift Squadron
 * 7th Military Airlift Squadron
 * 8th Military Airlift Squadron
 * 15th Troop Carrier Squadron 1952–1954
 * 19th Military Airlift Squadron (Geographically Separated Unit) – Kelly AFB, Texas, Inactivated 22 December 1969
 * 63d Military Airlift Wing – Donaldson AFB, South Carolina; Hunter AFB, Georgia; Norton AFB, California
 * 3d Troop Carrier Squadron 1953–1960
 * 7th Air Transport Squadron (Geographically Separated Unit) – Robins Air Force Base, Warner Robins, Georgia
 * 9th Troop Carrier Squadron 1953–1963
 * 14th Military Airlift Squadron
 * 15th Military Airlift Squadron
 * 52d Troop Carrier squadron
 * 53d Troop Carrier Squadron
 * 58th Military Airlift Squadron, Special (Geographically Separated Unit) – Robins Air Force Base, Warner Robins, Georgia (Replaced 7th Air Transport Squadron )
 * 65th Military Airlift Wing – Tachikawa Air Base, Japan
 * 22nd Military Airlift Squadron
 * 374th Troop Carrier Group – Tachikawa Air Base, Japan
 * 22nd Troop Carrier Squadron, Heavy
 * 435th Troop Carrier Wing, Heavy – Homestead AFB, Florida
 * 78th Troop Carrier Squadron
 * 436th Military Airlift Wing – Dover AFB, Delaware
 * 9th Military Airlift Squadron
 * 20th Military Airlift Squadron
 * 31st Military Airlift Squadron
 * 52d Military Airlift Squadron (Geographically Separated Unit) – Rhine-Main AB, Germany
 * 58th Military Airlift Squadron, Special (Geographically Separated Unit) – Robins Air Force Base, Warner Robins, Georgia
 * 437th Military Airlift Wing – Charleston AFB, South Carolina
 * 14th Military Airlift Squadron
 * 17th Military Airlift Squadron
 * 1501st Air Transport Wing, Heavy – Travis AFB, California
 * 75th Air Transport Squadron, Heavy
 * 1502d Air Transport Wing (Hickam AFB) (Hawaii) Later 61st Military Airlift Wing at same Location
 * 48th Air Transport Squadron Later: 48th Military Airlift Squadron
 * 49th Air Transport Squadron Later: 49th Military Airlift Squadron
 * 50th Air Transport Squadron Later: 50th Military Airlift Squadron
 * 1503d Air Transport Wing, Heavy – Tachikawa Air Base, Japan
 * 6th Troop Carrier Squadron 1952 –
 * 22nd Military Airlift Squadron 1952–1957 1959 –
 * 15th Troop Carrier Squadron 1952
 * 1607th Air Transport Wing, Heavy – Dover AFB, Delaware
 * 1st Air Transport Squadron
 * 15th Air Transport Squadron
 * 20th Air Transport Squadron
 * 31st Air Transport Squadron
 * 31st Air Transport Squadron
 * 40th Air Transport Squadron
 * 45th Air Transport Squadron
 * 1707th Air Transport Wing, Heavy – Palm Beach AFB, Florida Later: Tinker AFB, Oklahoma "University of MATS",


 * Air National Guard
 * 118th Military Airlift Group – Nashville International Airport/ANGB, Tennessee (1967–1971)
 * 105th Military Airlift Squadron
 * 137th Military Airlift Group – Will Rogers World Airport/ANGS, Oklahoma (1967–1971)
 * 185th Military Airlift Squadron
 * 125th Military Airlift Squadron – Tulsa International Airport/ANGB, Oklahoma (1967–1971)
 * 145th Air Transport Group (Heavy)/145th Tactical Airlift Group – Charlotte Douglas International Airport/ANGB, North Carolina (1967–1971)
 * 151st Military Airlift Group – Salt Lake City International Airport/ANGB, Utah (1969–1972)
 * 191st Military Airlift Squadron
 * 157th Military Airlift Group – Pease Air Force Base/ANGB, New Hampshire (1968–1971)
 * 133rd Military Airlift Squadron
 * 164th Military Airlift Group – Memphis International Airport/ANGB, Tennessee (1967–1974)
 * 165th Military Airlift Group – Savannah International Airport/ANGB, Georgia (1967–1974)
 * 158th Military Airlift Squadron
 * 172d Military Airlift Group – Jackson International Airport/ANGB, Mississippi (1953–1972)
 * 183rd Military Airlift Squadron


 * Air Force Reserve
 * 94th Military Airlift Wing – L.G. Hanscon Field, Massachusetts
 * 901st Military Airlift Group – L.G. Hanscon Field, Massachusetts
 * 731st Airlift Squadron
 * 904th Military Airlift Group – Stewart AFB, New York
 * 336th Military Airlift Squadron
 * 905th Military Airlift Group – Westover AFB, Massachusetts
 * 337th Military Airlift Squadron
 * 459th Military Airlift Group – Andrews AFB, Maryland
 * 909th Military Airlift Group – Andrews AFB, Maryland
 * 756th Military Airlift Squadron
 * 349th Troop Carrier Wing – Hamilton AFB, California (1966–1969)
 * 445th Military Airlift Wing – Dobbins AFB, Georgia (1965–1971)
 * 512th Military Airlift Wing – Carswell AFB, Texas (1965–71)
 * 911th Military Airlift Group – Pittsburgh International Airport/ARS, Pennsylvania (1966–72)
 * 915th Military Airlift Group – Homestead AFB, Florida (1964–69)
 * 932d Military Airlift Group – Scott AFB, Illinois (1966–1971)
 * 935 and 936th Military Airlift Group – Richard-Gebaur AFB, Missouri (1961–1972)
 * 917th Military Airlift Group – Barksdale AFB, Louisiana (1963–1972)
 * 945th Military Airlift Group – Hill AFB, Utah (1965–1973)

Accidents and incidents

 * 23 March 1951: A C-124A 49-0244 flying from Loring to Mildenhall RAFB reported a fire in the cargo crates, signaling Mayday. They began jettisoning the crates and announced they were ditching.  The C-124 ditched at approximately, 50.75°N, -24.05°W 700 SW of Ireland. The aircraft was intact when it touched down on the ocean.  All hands exited the aircraft wearing life preservers and climbed into the inflated 5-man life rafts.  The rafts were equipped with cold-weather gear, food, water, flares, and Gibson Girl hand crank emergency radios. Shortly after the men were in the life rafts, a B-29 pilot out of Ireland spotted the rafts and the flares that the men had ignited.  Their location was reported and the pilot left the scene when his fuel was getting low.  No other United States or Allied planes or ships made it to the ditch site for over 19 hours, until Sunday, 25 March 1951.  When the ships arrived all they found were some charred crates and a partially deflated life raft.  Ships and planes continued searching for the next several days but not a single body was found.  The men of C-124 #49-0244 had disappeared. There is circumstantial evidence that the airmen may have been "snatched" by the Soviet Union for their intelligence value, but their fate remains a mystery.  See 1951 Atlantic C-124 disappearance.
 * 22 November 1952: A C-124A flying out of McChord Air Force Base in Washington state went down 40 miles east of Anchorage, Alaska, killing all 41 passengers and 11 crew. It may have recently been uncovered by receding glaciers and found by the Alaska National Guard on 10 June 2012.
 * 20 December 1952: A C-124 flying out of Moses Lake, Washington (Larson AFB) and taking airmen home to Texas for the holidays as part of "Operation Sleigh Ride" crashed not long after takeoff. A total of 87 airmen were killed.
 * 18 June 1953: A C-124 took off from Tachikawa Air Base in Japan. Shortly after takeoff, one of the engines failed, forcing the pilot to make an emergency landing. Due to a loss of airspeed, the pilot lost control and crashed into a melon patch, killing all seven crew and 122 passengers. At the time it was the worst accident in aviation history.
 * 31 August 1957: C-124C 52-1021, operated by the 1st Strategic Squadron, crashed during an instrument approach to Biggs Air Force Base in El Paso, Texas, USA, in bad weather after a flight from Hunter AFB near Savannah, Georgia, USA. 5 aircrew were killed, 10 injured.
 * 4 September 1957, C-124A 51-5173 en route from Larson AFB, Washington crashed while attempting a landing at Binghamton Airport, Binghamton, New York. The C-124A was delivering 20 tons of equipment for Link Aviation.  The crew of nine survived.
 * 27 March 1958: C-124C 52-0981 collided in midair with a USAF Fairchild C-119C Flying Boxcar, 49-0195, over farmland near Bridgeport, Texas, United States, killing all 15 on the Globemaster and all 3 on the Flying Boxcar. The two transports crossed paths over a VHF omnidirectional range (VOR) navigational radio beacon during cruise flight under instrument flight rules in low visibility. The C-124 was on a north-north-easterly heading flying at its properly assigned altitude of 7,000 ft (2,100 m); the C-119 was on a southeasterly heading, and the crew had been instructed to fly at 6,000 ft (1,800 m), but their aircraft was not flying at this altitude when the collision occurred.
 * 16 October 1958: C-124C 52-1017 crashed into a 3200 feet mountain near Cape Hallett Bay, killing 7 out of the 13 on board. Navigational errors were made during this air-drop mission over Antarctica.
 * 2 January 1964: 52–0968, a C-124C flying from Wake Island Airfield to Hickam Air Force Base, Honolulu disappeared over the ocean, 1,200 km west of Hawaii. Eight crew and one passenger were lost in the accident.
 * 24 June 1965: A United States Air Force Douglas C-124 Globemaster II out of 442nd Wing out of the Richards-Gebaur AFB, crashed just outside of Whiteman AFB, Missouri. The aircraft burned completely except for the wingtips and tail section. All six crewmen escaped before the aircraft was destroyed by the fire. As reported by the Kansas City Star, this was only the second crash of this type; the other occurred on 19 December 1961, killing all seven crewmen.
 * 28 July 1968: A United States Air Force Douglas C-124A 51-5178 flying from Paramaribo-Zanderij to Recife, while on approach to land at Recife, flew into a 1,890 ft high hill, 50 miles (80 km) away from Recife. The 10 occupants died.

Survivors



 * C-124A Air Force Serial Number 49-0258 has been restored at the Air Mobility Command Museum located at Dover Air Force Base near Dover, Delaware. This is the oldest surviving C-124. In July 2005, museum volunteers reattached the aircraft's wings and clamshell doors.
 * C-124C 51-0089 is on display at the Museum of Aviation located at Robins Air Force Base in Georgia.
 * C-124C 52-0943 is on display at the KAI Aerospace Museum in South Korea.
 * C-124C 52-0994 is on display at the McChord Air Museum located at McChord Air Force Base in Tacoma, Washington. This aircraft was formerly under civilian registration N86599 and located for many years at the Detroit Institute of Aeronautics. On 9 October 1986 the aircraft was flown non-stop from Selfridge Air National Guard Base near Detroit, Michigan to McChord Air Force Base. While flying over Washington State the aircraft was joined by a Lockheed C-130 Hercules and Lockheed C-141 Starlifter of McChord's 62nd Military Airlift Wing. This is the last recorded flight of a C-124. The museum has been subject to restricted access since 11 September 2001.
 * C-124C 52–1000 is on display at the Jimmy Doolittle Air & Space Museum, at Travis Air Force Base in Fairfield, California. The museum was given the C-124 in August 1982. The aircraft had been stored for many years outside at the Aberdeen Proving Ground in Maryland where it was used as a storage shed. Transporting the aircraft by ground to California would have been prohibitively expensive so the decision was made to fly the aircraft to the museum. Volunteers joined with members of the Georgia Air National Guard's 116th Tactical Fighter Wing from Dobbins Air Force Base to restore the C-124 to an airworthy and ferryable condition. The aircraft was then ferried from Aberdeen to Dobbins AFB in Georgia where members of the 116 TFW completed the aircraft's restoration. The aircraft was then flown cross country to Norton Air Force Base in California. After a photo session over the Golden Gate Bridge the C-124 arrived at the Jimmy Doolittle Air & Space Museum at exactly 1400 on 10 June 1984. This was the first recorded flight of a C-124 in nearly a decade.
 * C-124C 52-1004 is displayed at the Pima Air and Space Museum adjacent to Davis Monthan Air Force Base in Tucson, Arizona.
 * C-124C 52-1066 is located at the National Museum of the United States Air Force at Wright-Patterson Air Force Base near Dayton, Ohio. This aircraft is stored indoors with the clamshell doors open, allowing visitors to go inside. This was one of the last two Air National Guard C-124s retired in 1974. The aircraft is displayed with serial number 51-0135.
 * C-124C 52-1072 is on display at the Charleston Air Force Base airpark located in Charleston, South Carolina.
 * C-124C 53-0044 one of the last two Air National Guard C-124s retired in 1974, was located for many years on the corner of Koval Lane and Reno Avenue near McCarran International Airport in Paradise, Nevada. Numerous plans were made to use the aircraft for advertising, display, and even as a restaurant, but nothing came of this and over the years the aircraft's condition deteriorated. This aircraft was scrapped in 2001.
 * C-124C 53-0050 was restored at the Hill Aerospace Museum at Hill Air Force Base, Utah. In 1992, the aircraft was rescued from the Aberdeen Proving Ground in Maryland, which planned to use it for ballistics testing.