Battle of Khajwa

Battle of Khajwa (Khajuha) was a battle fought on January 5, 1659, between the newly coronated Mughal Emperor Aurangzeb and Shah Shuja who also declared himself Mughal Emperor in Bengal.

Background
Aurangzeb had defeated his elder brother Dara Shikoh during the Battle of Samugarh and captured Agra and placed his frail father Shah Jahan under house arrest in the Agra Fort. Aurangzeb then imprisoned his younger brother and longtime ally Murad Baksh at Gwalior Fort. Aurangzeb then launched an expedition to capture Lahore fearing that Dara Shikoh and his son Suleiman Shikoh both of whom who had fled westward might capture it first. After capturing Lahore and gaining the support of the Muslim Rajputs in the region, Aurangzeb set out on another expedition towards the eastern territories of the Mughal Empire in Bengal with the sole objective of defeating his brother Shah Shuja.

Confrontation
Aurangzeb had now gathered a massive army of 90,000 men and even admitted his former Hindu enemies such as Jaswant Singh and his Hindu Rajput followers into his army although they had fought against him during the Battle of Dharmat in support of Dara Shikoh.

As the two armies of Aurangzeb and Shah Shuja gathered in front of each other at Khajwa (now known as Khajuha, a small town in district Fatehpur in Uttar Pradesh, India), a skirmish led by Jaswant Singh broke out within Aurangzebs encampment. In the skirmish Hindu Rajputs led by Jaswant Singh who then made their way into some of the most important weapons camps and made their escape. The Hindu Rajputs had now killed Aurangzebs troops and set Mughal camps ablaze and looted the Mughal of their valuable Matchlocks. prompting Aurangzeb to dispatch his Elite Zamburak and light Cavalry to chase the fleeing forces of Jaswant Singh.

Shah Shuja witnessed the chaos caused by the Hindu Rajputs from afar but did not lead any surprise attack against his younger brother Aurangzeb, because he adhered to the principles of a just and honorable victory.

Commanders
Shah Shuja was well prepared his he employed European gunners to his Cannons, he also purchased many of the latest Matchlock from the European outposts with whom he enjoyed good relations and even offered tax exemptions. Shah Shujas army of 25,000 were commanded by his eldest son Buland Akhtar and his other younger sons Sultan Bang and Zainul Abedin were also so in command. But his greatest assets were his 10,000 War elephants and three Elite War elephants in particular, which were very well armored in Chain mail.

Aurangzeb had a Mughal Army of almost 90,000 his main commanders were Mir Jumla II, who had good knowledge of the region and Islam Khan was given command of the Elite Cavalry. Because the Muslim Rajputs had been demoralized by the attempted mutiny of Jaswant Singh, Aurangzeb chose to split his army into two forces in the main in the front and the other reserve just behind led by Kilich Khan Bahadur and Shaista Khan.

Location
Battle was fought at Khajuha, now a small town in district Fatehpur of Uttar Prdaesh. It falls in middle of Ganga - Yamuna plains and would have been ideal spot for Shahshuja's elephants with its large open fields. Post vicotry, Aurangjeb also built a memorial named 'Bagh Badshahi' with a large 'baithak' as well as a big inn with two high gates guarding the central road. 'Bagh Badshahi' is now a preserved monument by Archeological Survey of India

Battle


Both the armies of Aurangzeb and Shah Shuja fired their cannons at each other, until Shah Shuja released his bulky War elephants and believed that his well trained Cannon gunners would reinforce the charge of his War elephants and eliminate any counterattack by Aurangzeb. Bamboo rockets were fired from afar when a War elephant was released and this allowed the coordination and release of other War elephants. This tactic allowed Shah Shuja to gain much control of the battlefield.

But Aurangzeb ordered his front to slightly move behind he ordered his cannons to fire long range shots and his Matchlock Sepoys to take control of the front and halt the arrival of the incoming War elephants.

And just when the War elephants collided with Aurangzeb's Sepoys, Shah Shija ordered his son Buland Akhtar to lead the Elite Sowars against the Sepoys of Aurangzeb. Buland Akhtar's attack was aided by the three armored War elephants and their outcome was highly successful. Aurangzeb's Cavalry commander Islam Khan himself was nearly killed by a cannonball while his cavalry was absolutely confused against the War elephants and the assault of the rival Cavalry led by Buland Akhtar.

Aurangzeb realized the battle was nearly lost and ordered a full scale attack by his reserves led by Kilich Khan Bahadur and Shaista Khan, the reserve infantry and its Matchlocks then killed many of Shah Shujas, rampaging War elephants and Mir Jumla II then led an advancing Mughal Army to the center of the battlefield braving the artillery of Shah Shuja.

As Kilich Khan Bahadur and Mir Jumla II drew nearer so did Aurangzeb's artillery and his reserve cavalry. Buland Akhtar's exhausted and scattered cavalry now withdrew and regrouped around Shah Shuja's cannons that fired gaps into Aurangzebs approaching infantry. Aurangzeb himself led his cannons forward and then concentrated their firepower at Shah Shuja's center inflicting much disarray against his rivals.

As Aurangzebs reserve Sepoys, Sowars and War Elephants came very near and began to overrun Shah Shuja's encampment. Shah Shuja first ordered his European gunners to retreat and later ordered his mainly Mughal forces to withdraw, but it was far too late when Aurangzeb's Zamburak and Sepoy led by Kilich Khan Bahadur had them surrounded causing most his forces eventually organize a mass surrender. Shah Shuja himself chose to flee from his Howdah and then rode away conceding the battlefield to his younger brother the new Mughal Emperor Aurangzeb.

Aftermath
The Hindu rulers of Koch Bihar and the Ahoms began to annex rich Mughal territories, while Aurangzeb dispatched the highly experienced Mir Jumla II to chase his brother Shah Shuja, who had fled to Arakan.

Aurangzeb installed Shaista Khan as the new Nawab of Bengal replacing Shah Shuja. Shaista Khan was very strict with the Portuguese, thus emboldening their superiority on the sea, which eventually led to the tragedies of the Child's War.