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.357 SIG

Revision as of 11:17, 6 August 2019 by Reguylabot (Message Wall | contribs) (→‎Characteristics: Fix typo's, grammar, dates, minor fixes and cleanup)
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.357 SIG
357 SIG - FMJ - SB - 1
.357 SIG cartridge
Type Pistol
Place of origin Flag of Switzerland  Switzerland
United States
Production history
Designer SIGARMS / Federal Cartridge Co.
Designed 1994
Produced 1994–present
Specifications
Parent cartridge .40 S&W
Case type Rimless, bottleneck
Bullet diameter 9.02 mm (0.355 in)
Neck diameter 9.68 mm (0.381 in)
Shoulder diameter 10.77 mm (0.424 in)
Base diameter 10.77 mm (0.424 in)
Rim diameter 10.77 mm (0.424 in)
Rim thickness 1.40 mm (0.055 in)
Case length 21.97 mm (0.865 in)
Overall length 28.96 mm (1.140 in)
Case capacity 1.27 cm3 (19.6 gr H2O)
Rifling twist 406 mm (1 in 16 in)
Primer type Small pistol
Maximum pressure 275.8 MPa (40,000 psi)
Ballistic performance
Bullet weight/type Velocity Energy
115 gr (7 g) Doubletap Bonded defense JHP 1,550 ft/s (470 m/s) 614 ft·lbf (832 J)
125 gr (8 g) Doubletap FMJ-FP Match and Bonded defense JHP 1,450 ft/s (440 m/s) 584 ft·lbf (792 J)
147 gr (10 g) DoubletapBonded defense JHP 1,250 ft/s (380 m/s) 510 ft·lbf (690 J)
147 gr (10 g) DoubletapFMJ-FP 1,255 ft/s (383 m/s) 514 ft·lbf (697 J)
Test barrel length: 4 in (102 mm) rifled barrel.
Source(s): DoubleTap Ammunition, C.I.P.[1]

The .357 SIG pistol cartridge is the product of Swiss-German firearms manufacturer SIG Sauer, in cooperation with the American ammunition manufacturer Federal Cartridge. While it is based on a .40 S&W case necked down to accept 0.355-inch (9.0 mm) bullets, the .357 SIG brass is slightly longer (0.009-inch (0.23 mm) to 0.020-inch (0.51 mm)). The cartridge is used by a number of law enforcement agencies and has a good reputation for both accuracy and stopping power.[2]

History

Developed in 1994, the new cartridge was named "357" to highlight its purpose: to duplicate the performance of 125-grain (8.1 g) .357 Magnum loads fired from 4-inch (100 mm) barreled revolvers, in a cartridge designed to be used in a semi-automatic pistol with greater ammunition capacity than a revolver. Performance is similar to the 9x23mm Winchester.

Other than specialized competition cartridges like the 9x25mm Dillon (1988), necking a 10mm Auto case down to a 9mm bullet, the .357 SIG was the first modern bottleneck commercial handgun cartridge since the early 1960s, when Remington introduced the unsuccessful .22 Remington Jet (1961), which necked a .357 Magnum case down to a .22 caliber bullet, and the .221 Remington Fireball (1963). Soon after the .357 SIG, other bottleneck commercial handgun cartridges appeared: the .400 Corbon (1996), necking the .45 ACP down to .40 caliber; the .440 Corbon (1998), necking down the .50 AE to .44 caliber; the .32 NAA (2002), necking the .380 ACP down to .32 caliber; and the .25 NAA (2004), necking the .32 ACP down to .25 caliber.

Cartridge dimensions

The .357 SIG has 1.27 ml (19.5 grains) H2O cartridge case capacity.

357 SIG

.357 SIG maximum C.I.P. cartridge dimensions.[1] All sizes in millimeters (mm).

Americans would define the shoulder angle at alpha/2=18 degrees. The common rifling twist rate for this cartridge is 406 mm (1 in 16 in), 6 grooves, Ø lands=8.71 mm, Ø grooves=9.02 mm, land width=2.69 mm and the primer type is small pistol.

Several sources have published contradicting information regarding .357 SIG headspacing.[3] This is due to originally designed as .357 (9.02mm) round but has been rapidly adapted to .355 (9mm) bullet.

According to the official C.I.P. (Commission Internationale Permanente Pour L'Epreuve Des Armes A Feu Portatives) 2007 rulings the .357 SIG headspaces on the shoulder (P2-H1). Some US sources concur this C.I.P. ruling.[4] US reloading supplier Lyman once published the .357 SIG headspaces on the case mouth (H2).

According to the C.I.P. rulings the .357 SIG case can handle up to 305 MPa (44,236 psi) piezo pressure. In C.I.P. regulated countries every pistol cartridge combo has to be proofed at 130% of this maximum C.I.P. pressure to certify for sale to consumers.
The SAAMI pressure limit for the .357 SIG is set at 275.80 MPa (40,000 psi), piezo pressure.[5]

Conversions

357SIG ammo

Left to right: .357 SIG, 10 mm Auto, .40 S&W

Most .40 S&W pistols can be converted to .357 SIG by replacing the barrel, but sometimes the recoil spring must be changed as well. Pistols with especially strong recoil springs can accept either cartridge with a barrel change. Magazines will freely interchange between the two cartridges in most pistols. .357 SIG barrel kits have allowed this cartridge to gain in popularity among handgun owners. However, the .357 SIG is loaded to higher pressures than the .40 S&W (the C.I.P. and the SAAMI pressure limits for .40 S&W are 225 MPa and 35,000 psi), and may not be suitable for use in all .40 S&W-chambered pistols due to the increase in bolt thrust.

Performance

The table below shows common performance parameters for several .357 SIG loads. Bullet weights ranging from 115 to 150 grains (7.5 to 9.7 g) have been offered. Loads are available with energies from 488 foot-pounds force (662 J) to over 568 foot-pounds force (770 J), and penetration depths from 9 inches (230 mm) to over 16.5 inches (420 mm) are available for various applications and risk assessments.

Manufacturer Load Mass Velocity Energy Expansion[6] Penetration [6] PC[6] TSC[6]
Triton Quik-Shok 115 gr (7.5 g) 1,425 ft/s (434.3 m/s) 518 ft·lbf (702.3 J) frag 9.0 in (228.6 mm) 4.1 cu in (67.2 cm3) 43.2 cu in (707.9 cm3) (est)
Winchester Ranger T 125 gr (8.1 g) 1,385 ft/s (422.1 m/s) 532 ft·lbf (721.3 J) 0.75 in (19.1 mm) 11.5 in (292.1 mm) 5.1 cu in (83.6 cm3) 45.0 cu in (737.4 cm3) (est)
Federal Premium JHP 125 gr (8.1 g) 1,430 ft/s (435.9 m/s) 568 ft·lbf (770.1 J) 0.62 in (15.7 mm) 12.7 in (322.6 mm) 3.8 cu in (62.3 cm3) 49.5 cu in (811.2 cm3) (est)
Speer Gold Dot JHP 125 gr (8.1 g) 1,385 ft/s (422.1 m/s) 532 ft·lbf (721.3 J) 0.68 in (17.3 mm) 16.5 in (419.1 mm) 6.0 cu in (98.3 cm3) 45.0 cu in (737.4 cm3) (est)
Remington JHP 125 gr (8.1 g) 1,350 ft/s (411.5 m/s) 506 ft·lbf (686.0 J) 0.57 in (14.5 mm) 14.3 in (363.2 mm) 3.6 cu in (59.0 cm3) 41.7 cu in (683.3 cm3) (est)
Federal Premium JHP 150 gr (9.7 g) 1,210 ft/s (368.8 m/s) 488 ft·lbf (661.6 J) 0.60 in (15.2 mm) 15.0 in (381.0 mm) 4.2 cu in (68.8 cm3) 39.4 cu in (645.7 cm3) (est)


Key:
Expansion – expanded bullet diameter (ballistic gelatin).
Penetration – penetration depth (ballistic gelatin).
PC – permanent cavity volume (ballistic gelatin, FBI method).
TSC – temporary stretch cavity volume (ballistic gelatin).

Because of its relatively high velocity[7] for a handgun round, the .357 SIG has an unusually flat trajectory, extending the effective range. However, it does not quite reach the performance of the .357 Magnum with bullets heavier than 125 grains (8.1 g). Offsetting this general slight disadvantage in performance is that semi-automatic pistols tend to carry considerably more ammunition than revolvers.

The Virginia State Police has reported that attacking dogs have been stopped dead in their tracks by a single shot, whereas the former 147 grain 9 mm duty rounds would require multiple shots to incapacitate the animals.[8] Proponents of the hydrostatic shock theory contend that the energy available in the .357 SIG is sufficient for imparting hydrostatic shock with well-designed bullets.[9][10][11] Users have commented, "We're really impressed with the stopping power of the .357 SIG round."[2]

The bottleneck shape of the .357 SIG cartridge makes feeding problems almost non-existent.[12] This is because the bullet is channeled through the larger chamber before being seated entirely as the slide goes into full battery. Flat point bullets are seldom used with other autoloader platforms because of feeding problems; however, such bullets are commonly seen in the .357 SIG chambering and are quite reliable, as are hollow-point bullets.

The "Accurate Powder" reloading manual claims that it is "without a doubt the most ballistically consistent handgun cartridge we have ever worked with."[5]

Characteristics

9mm 7,62mm 357sig 10mm 45SW 45GAP 50AE 002

From left to right: 9mm, 7.62mm Tokarev, .357 SIG, 10mm Auto, .40 S&W, .45 GAP, .50 AE.

The goal of the .357 SIG project was to offer a level of performance equal to the highly effective 125 grains (8.1 g) .357 Magnum load.[13][14] The .357 SIG accomplishes this with a 125 grains (8.1 g) bullet at a muzzle velocity of 1,450 feet per second (440 m/s) out of a 4 in (102 mm) barrel, which is generally identical to the velocity achieved by standard factory 125 grains (8.1 g)r .357 Magnum loads out of a 4 in (102 mm) revolver barrel.[citation needed](A check of advertised ballistics both in articles from the late 1990s & current ballistics tables from ammunition manufacturers show commonly a nominal velocity of 1,350fps for the .357 SIG with a 125gr bullet in a 4" bbl.) The .357 SIG gains extra muzzle velocity when fired from a longer barrel, like an after-market drop-in 6 in (152 mm) barrel.(This might achieve a velocity of 1,450 feet per second (440 m/s)).

With a simplistic approach to physics, recoil being directly proportional to "muzzle velocity x bullet mass" (due to conservation of momentum), the recoil of the .357 SIG is equal to or slightly less than that of the .40 S&W, and less than that of the full-power 10 mm Auto loads or the original .357 Magnum,[15] Handgun Recoil table as well as Federal and.[16] This simple approach to recoil is incomplete since the properties of the bullet alone do not determine the felt recoil, but also the rocket-like blast of propellant gases coming out of the barrel, after the bullet leaves the muzzle.[17] A more accurate view on recoil is that it is proportional to the mass of all ejecta x velocity of ejecta.[18] Even so, recoil calculated in this manner is only the starting point in a comparison with the .357 Magnum cartridge, since the latter is used in a revolver, in which the recoil energy is due to the Bullet and propellant less ejecta escaping between the cylinder and breech, while the .357 SIG cartridge in a semi-automatic pistol using recoil operation, a significant portion of the recoil energy is diverted to cycle the action, effectively prolonging the recoil phase. Of course, other considerations affect the user's perceived recoil, such as the weight of the weapon, front to back balance, moving mass, height difference between the shooter's grip parallel to the barrel, and grip.

In comparing the energy levels of premium self-defense ammunition the muzzle energy of 584 ft.lbs (792 J) of the 125 grains (8.1 g) 1,450 feet per second (440 m/s) .357 SIG load is greater than either the 475 ft·lbf (644 J) generated by a 155 grains (10.0 g) 1,175 feet per second (358 m/s) Speer GoldDot .40 S&W load or the 400 ft·lbf (540 J) generated by a 180 grains (12 g) 985 feet per second (300 m/s) Speer GoldDot .40 S&W load.[19]

Like the 10 mm Auto, the .357 SIG can be down-loaded to reduce recoil to the point where recoil is similar to that of a 9x19mm Parabellum. However, since the .357 SIG uses bullets that are generally the same as those used in the 9 mm Para,[20] downloading it to this point would defeat the purpose of having the SIG cartridge in the first place, as the .357 SIG casing was designed to handle up to 160gr. bullets whereas 9mm max out at 147gr. and to download for recoil and ballistics to be identical to the less-powerful 9 mm cartridge would basically defeat the purpose of using .357 sig.

Because the .357 SIG fires at relatively high pressures, muzzle flash and noise can be significant with standard loads, even with longer barrels. Utilizing loads with specialized powders and various bullet weights might reduce flash.

Implementation

357 SIG - FMJ - SB - 3

Oblique view of a .357 SIG FMJ cartridge.

In 1995, the Texas Highway Patrol became the first government agency to deploy a firearm utilizing .357 SIG cartridge.

The SIG Sauer P229 in .357 SIG has been adopted for use by agents and officers of the following national and state organizations:

  • United States Secret Service[2]
  • Bureau of Industry and Security
  • Federal Air Marshals[2]
  • Delaware State Police[2]
  • Rhode Island State Police
  • Virginia State Police[2]
  • Montana Highway Patrol

The Tennessee Highway Patrol currently issues the Glock 31 pistol chambered in .357 SIG. The Mississippi Highway Patrol issues a (Glock 31 Generation 4) with their logo engraved on the weapon.[21][22] The Bedford Heights Police Department in Ohio currently issues the Glock 31/32/33. The Elloree Police Department in South Carolina Elloree Police also issues the Glock 31, .357 SIG and the Madison Police Department in Madison, WV issues the Glock 32 in .357 SIG. The Gouverneur Police Department in New York issues the Glock 32. The Lexington Police Department in North Carolina issues the Sig P229 DAK in .357 Sig. The Oklahoma Highway Patrol issues the SIG Sauer P226 in .357 SIG. The Paramus Police Department in New Jersey also issues the SIG P229 in .357 SIG. The West Grove Borough Police Department, West Grove PA, also carry the SIG Sauer P229 in the .357 SIG caliber. Both the New Mexico State Police[23] and the North Carolina State Highway Patrol use Smith & Wesson M&Ps chambered in .357 SIG. The Herculaneum (Missouri) Police Department uses the P229 and P226 in .357 SIG. The Coral Springs Police Department in Florida uses the Sig P226 and P229 Enhanced Elite pistols chambered in .357 SIG.[24] The Orlando Police Department uses the SIG Sauer P229 in .357 SIG.[25]

See also

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 "C.I.P. decisions, texts and tables – free current C.I.P. CD-ROM version download (ZIP and RAR format)". http://www.cip-bp.org/index.php?id=tdcc-telechargement. Retrieved 2008-10-17. 
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 The gun digest book of Sig-Sauer: a complete look at Sig-Sauer pistols. Massad Ayoob. 2004. pp. 51–53.
  3. ↑ 357 SIG handload reliability...controlling headspace By Joseph D'Alessandro Editor RealGuns.Com
  4. ↑ The return of the giant .357 Headspace Part I By Joseph D'Alessandro Editor RealGuns.Com
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 ".357 SIG" data from Accurate Powder. Accessed 2009-06-09. Archived 2009-06-11.
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 6.3 Marshall and Sanow, Stopping Power, Paladin 2001, p. 75.
  7. ↑ Ballistics By The Inch .357Sig results
  8. ↑ Ayoob, Massad. (2002). The Gun Digest Book of Combat Handgunnery, 5th edition: Krause Publications. ISBN 0-87349-485-7
  9. ↑ Michael Courtney; Amy Courtney (2008). "Scientific Evidence for Hydrostatic Shock". arXiv:0803.3051 [physics.med-ph]. 
  10. ↑ Sturtevant B, Shock Wave Effects in Biomechanics, Sadhana, 23: 579–596, 1998.
  11. ↑ Courtney A, Courtney M: Links between traumatic brain injury and ballistic pressure waves originating in the thoracic cavity and extremities. Brain Injury 21(7): 657–662, 2007.
  12. ↑ Gun Digest Buyer's Guide to Concealed-Carry Handguns By Jerry Ahern. 2010. p. 35.
  13. ↑ recorded results in Street Stoppers pg 173 .357 Magnum and Handgun Stopping Power by Marshall & Sanow
  14. ↑ Michael Courtney; Amy Courtney (2007). "Relative incapacitation contributions of pressure wave and wound channel in the Marshall and Sanow data set". arXiv:physics/0701266 [physics.med-ph]. 
  15. ↑ Lyman Reloading Handbook, 43rd Edition
  16. ↑ Street Stoppers page 142 .357 SIG Recoil
  17. ↑ http://38super.net/Pages/Recoil.html
  18. ↑ http://www.thehighroad.org/showthread.php?t=69535
  19. ↑ Midway USA page
  20. ↑ Lyman Reloading Handbook, 48th edition, 2002, Lyman Products Corp.
  21. ↑ New Glock 31, .357 Testing & Evaluation
  22. ↑ Mississippi Highway Patrol logo on Glock 31 Generation 4
  23. ↑ Smith & Wesson advertisement in Sept. 2010 issue of Tactical Weapons magazine.
  24. ↑ S. Mitchell Coral Springs Police Training Unit Oct 2013
  25. ↑ Police Weapons in the USA: Florida

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