2/2nd Commando Squadron (Australia)

The 2/2nd Commando Squadron
An Australian commando in the mountains of Timor on 12 December 1942.
Active	1941–1946
Country	Australia
Branch	Australian Army
Type	Commando
Role	Irregular warfare
Size	17 officers, 256 other ranks
Part of	Sparrow Force
Double Diamonds	Red
Engagements	World War II Battle of Timor New Guinea campaign New Britain campaign
Commanders
Notable commanders	Lt.Col. Alexander Spence Major Bernard Callinan Major Geoffrey Laidlaw
Insignia
Unit Colour Patch

The 2/2nd Commando Squadron was one of 12 independent companies or commando squadrons raised by the Australian Army for service during World War II. The 2/2nd served in Timor, New Guinea and New Britain during World War II, taking part in the Battle of Timor in June 1942 as part of Sparrow Force. Following the capture of the island, the company was withdrawn in December 1942 and returned to Australia, later taking part in operations in New Guinea in 1943–44 and then on New Britain in 1945.

History

Formation

Initially formed as the "2nd Independent Company", the unit was raised in 1941. With an authorised strength of 17 officers, 256 other ranks, it undertook training at the Guerrilla Warfare Camp at Foster, on Wilsons Promontory, Victoria. After training the company was transported north to Katherine, Northern Territory, where they were stationed until Japan entered the war following the attacks on Pearl Harbor and Malaya.

Timor campaign

Amid fears of a Japanese advance towards mainland Australia, the 2nd Independent Company was sent to Timor, as part of Sparrow Force, along with the 2/40th Battalion and a small force of artillery. Upon arriving at Dili on 17 December 1941, most of the 2nd Independent Company moved to protect Dili airfield in east Timor, whilst other elements took up positions in the nearby mountains. The Japanese invaded Timor on 20 February 1942, attacking both east and west Timor at the same time, quickly overwhelming the small force of Australian and Dutch defenders. Hopelessly outnumbered the 2nd Independent Company was unable to hold the airfield and was forced retreat into to the mountains, from where they would wage a guerrilla campaign against the Japanese for over a year.

After the fall of the island, it was believed that the 2nd Independent Company had been captured along with the 2/40th Battalion, and for almost three months the unit was officially listed as missing by the Australian Army. On 19/20 April 1942, however, members of the unit were able to make contact with Darwin, using a wireless transmitter nicknamed Winnie the War Winner. "Winnie", reputedly named after Winston Churchill was cobbled together by Signaller Max (Joe) Loveless, a Tasmanian member of the unit who had a background as an Amateur Radio Station Operator. The set was built on the back of a 4 gallon kerosene tin, using parts from several failed radio sets. Some parts were obtained via night raids into occupied enemy territory. After this, at great risk the Royal Australian Navy was able to bring in supplies for the company on the south coast of east Timor in late May, allowing the guerilla campaign to continue. During August, the Japanese launched a major offensive against the guerrillas and carried out a series of reprisals against the civilian population of east Timor in order to reduce their support for the Australians.

This campaign was ultimately unsuccessful, although the local Timorese paid a high price for the assistance they provided the Australians and it is estimated that between 40,000 and 60,000 Timorese perished during the Japanese occupation. In September, in an effort to maintain the pressure on the Japanese, the 2nd Independent Company was reinforced with the landing of the 2/4th Australian Independent Company. By late-November 1942 however, it was clear that the Australians could not sustain their campaign due to extreme ill-health amongst all the men, and the ever-increasing number of Japanese reinforcements as well as reduced food supplies. Furthermore, the Japanese used increasing numbers of Dutch Timorese to wreak havoc among the Portuguese Timorese who then found it impossible to keep helping the Australians. As a result, both the 2/2 and 2/4 were withdrawn from Timor between mid-December 1942 and January 1943, along with Portuguese civilians, some Dutch troops and Timorese who would later serve with Z Special Unit.

Re-organisation

Upon return to Australia, the company, now renamed the "2/2nd Independent Company", reformed at the training centre at the Jungle Warfare School at Canungra, Queensland, where it was reinforced and re-equipped. The 2/2nd was relocated to the Atherton Tableland Camp, Atherton Tableland, where it briefly became part of the 2/6th Cavalry (Commando) Regiment, although this was short lived as it became an independent unit once again not long afterwards. As a part of this re-organisation, the company would eventually be renamed the "2/2nd Commando Squadron".

New Guinea and New Britain campaigns

In June 1943 the 2/2nd sailed from Townsville to Port Moresby and was subsequently flown to Bena Bena, in the Bismarck Ranges in New Guinea. Here, the 2/2nd supported the 2/7th Independent Company in patrolling the Ramu River area. In mid-July, the 2/2nd moved into position in Bena Bena and by the end of the month their patrols were skirmishing with the Japanese.

They would continue to conduct operations in New Guinea until October 1944 when, after being away from Australia for more than a year, the 2/2nd were withdrawn from the fighting for a period of leave in Australia. After three months leave, the 2/2nd Commando Squadron reformed at Strathpine, Queensland and began a period of training and re-organisation in preparation for their next campaign. In April 1945, the unit embarked for New Britain, where they landed at Jacquinot Bay on 17 April and subsequently moved to Wide Bay, in order to support the 13th Brigade, attached to the 5th Division that was based at Lamarien.

Following the end of hostilities in the Pacific in August 1945, the 2/2nd Commando Squadron was deemed to be surplus to the post-war requirements of the Australian Army and as such it was steadily reduced in strength as men were discharged or transferred to other units. The remainder returned to Australia and in early 1946 the 2/2nd Commando Squadron was disbanded. During its service during the war, the 2/2nd lost 22 men killed in action or died on active service. Member's of the squadron received the following decorations: two DSOs, three MCs, one DCM, one MM, 35 MIDs and two foreign awards.

Legacy

There are around 28 surviving members of the nearly 400 men who served in the 2/2nd. 14 of those are based in Western Australia from where 70% of the original squadron originated. Since the end of the war, the 2/2nd Commando Association has operated a trust fund to benefit the Timorese people. Also some of its members have become advocates for the rights of Timorese, recognising the contribution that they had made during the war.^{[citation needed]}

One member, John Patrick "Paddy" Kenneally, who died in March 2009 at the age of 93, said they would "...not have lasted a week had the Timorese not protected them". Kenneally visited East Timor four times after World War II; once in 1990 and a further three times after independence from Indonesia was achieved in 1999. In 2005, he appeared in TV ads promoting a fair deal for the people of East Timor in negotiations over Timor Sea gas and oil and was instrumental in securing a fair share of the gas field for the Timorese people. On 25 April 2008 Kenneally, two of his sons and one of his grandsons attended an ANZAC day service in East Timor, at a memorial overlooking Dili and built by veterans from the 2/2nd.

Two other original members of the Timor Campaign, Alan Luby (Medic) and John Hartley NX78025, visited East Timor during September 1995 with Gordon Hart (2/4 Australian Independent Company) and made efforts to travel extensively through the mountain tracks and villages they had occupied in 1942. The occupying Indonesian Army turned them back in many places, but these men, who were in their late 70s, managed to reunite with creados who had given such vital support in 1942. They were also recognised and welcomed by many Timorese villagers as the famous men of 1942 as oral histories were passed on to younger generations.^{[citation needed]} John Hartley came home to Australia and lamented that the Timorese had fared worse under Indonesian occupation than all the Japanese dished out between 1942-1945.^{[citation needed]}

Commanding officers

The following officers commanded the 2/2nd during the war:

• Major Alexander Spence, DSO;
• Major Bernard Callinan;
• Major Geoffrey Gosford Laidlaw.

References

• Dexter, David (1961). The New Guinea Offensives. Australia in the War of 1939–1945. Series 1—Army. Volume VI. Canberra: Australian War Memorial. OCLC 186193918. http://www.awm.gov.au/histories/chapter.asp?volume=22. 
• Horner, David (1989). SAS: Phantoms of the Jungle—A History of the Australian Special Air Service (1st ed.). St Leonards: Allen & Unwin. ISBN 1-86373-007-9. 
• McCarthy, Dudley (1959). South–West Pacific Area—First Year: Kokoda to Wau. Australia in the War of 1939–1945. Series 1—Army. Volume V. Canberra: Australian War Memorial. OCLC 3134247. http://www.awm.gov.au/histories/chapter.asp?volume=21. 
• Wigmore, Lionel (1957). The Japanese Thrust. Australia in the War of 1939–1945. Series 1—Army. Volume IV. Canberra: Australian War Memorial. OCLC 186194020. http://www.awm.gov.au/histories/chapter.asp?volume=20. 

Further reading

• "The Second Second Commando Association of Australia website". http://doublereds.org.au. 
• Callinan, Bernard; Shute, Nevil (1953). Independent Company: The 2/2 and 2/4 Australian Independent Companies in Portuguese Timor, 1941–1943. Melbourne: Heinemann. OCLC 222164490. 
• Campbell, Archie (1988). The Double Reds of Timor. John Burridge Military Antiques. ISBN 978-0-646-25825-6. 
• Doig, Colin (1986). The History of the Second Independent Company. Perth: C Doig. ISBN 978-0-7316-0668-9. 
• Smailes, Jim (1988) [1947]. The Independents. 2/2nd Commando Association. ISBN 978-0-7316-9780-9. 
• Wray, Christopher (1987). Timor 1942: Australian Commandos at War with the Japanese. Hawthorne: Hutchinson Australia. ISBN 978-0-09-157480-2.