2 cm Flak 30, Flak 38 and Flakvierling 38

Not to be confused with 10.5 cm FlaK 38.

2 cm Flak 30/38
2cm Flak 30 in travel configuration at Saumur
Type	Anti-aircraft weapon Anti-materiel and anti-personnel weapon
Place of origin	Nazi Germany
Service history
In service	April 1934–1945
Used by	Nazi Germany Finland
Wars	World War II
Production history
Manufacturer	Rheinmetall-Borsig Mauser Ostmarkwerk
Unit cost	3500 Reichmark
Produced	1934–1945
No. built	more than 144,000 (Flakvierling count per barrel) Flak 30: 8,000+ Flak 38: 40,000+
Variants	2 cm Flak 38, Gebirgsflak 38, Flakvierling 38
Specifications
Mass	Flak 30: 450 kg (990 lb) Flak 38: 405 kg (893 lb)
Length	4.08 m (13 ft 5 in)
Barrel length	1.3 m (4 ft 3 in) L/65
Width	1.81 m (5 ft 11 in)
Height	1.6 m (5 ft 3 in)
Crew	5
Shell	20×138mmB
Caliber	20 mm (.79 in)
Elevation	-12°to ±90°
Traverse	360°
Rate of fire	Flak 30: 280 rpm (cyclic)/120 rpm (practical) Flak 38: 450 rpm (cyclic)/180 rpm (practical)
Muzzle velocity	900 m/s (2,953 ft/s)
Effective firing range	2,200 m (2,406 yds) (anti-aircraft)
Maximum firing range	5,783 m (5,230 yds) (ground range)
Feed system	20 round box magazine

The Flak 30 (Flugzeugabwehrkanone 30) and improved Flak 38 were 20 mm anti-aircraft guns used by various German forces throughout World War II. It was not only the primary German light anti-aircraft gun, but by far the most numerously produced German artillery piece throughout the war. It was produced in a variety of models, notably the Flakvierling 38 which combined four Flak 38 autocannons onto a single carriage.

Development

A Flak 38 mounted on a vehicle, possibly an Sd.Kfz. 11/1, Russia June 1943.

The Germans fielded the unrelated early 2 cm Flak 28 just after World War I, but the Treaty of Versailles outlawed these weapons and they were sold to Switzerland.

The original Flak 30 design was developed from the Solothurn ST-5 as a project for the Kriegsmarine, which produced the 20 mm C/30. The gun fired the "Long Solothurn", a 20 × 138 mm belted cartridge that had been developed for the ST-5 and was one of the most powerful 20 mm rounds in existence.

The C/30, featuring a barrel length of 65 calibres, had a fire rate of about 120 rounds per minute. Disappointingly, it proved to have feeding problems and would often jam, which was offset to some degree by its undersized 20 round-magazine which tended to make reloading a frequent necessity. Nevertheless, the C/30 became the primary shipborne light AA weapon and equipped a large variety of German ships. The MG C/30L variant was also used experimentally as an aircraft weapon, notably on the Heinkel He 112, where its high power allowed it to penetrate armored cars and the light tanks of the era during the Spanish Civil War.^{[citation needed]}

A 2 cm Flak 30 in travel configuration and its crew in Seine-et-Oise, France, August 1944

Rheinmetall then started an adaptation of the C/30 for Army use, producing the 2 cm Flak 30. Generally similar to the C/30, the main areas of development were the mount, which was fairly compact. Set-up could be accomplished by dropping the gun to the ground off its two-wheeled carriage and levelling with hand cranks. The result was a triangular base that allowed fire in all directions.

A Flak 30 deployed on the Eastern Front

But the main problem with the design remained unsolved. The rate of fire of 120 RPM (rounds per minute) was not particularly fast for a weapon of this calibre. Rheinmetall responded with the 2 cm Flak 38, which was otherwise similar but increased the rate of fire to 220 RPM and slightly lowered overall weight to 420 kg. The Flak 38 was accepted as the standard Army gun in 1939, and by the Kriegsmarine as the C/38.

In order to provide airborne and mountain troops with AA capabilities, Mauser was contracted to produce a lighter version of the Flak 38, which they introduced as the 2 cm Gebirgsflak 38 (2 cm GebFlak 38). It featured a dramatically simplified mount using a tripod that raised the entire gun off the ground, which had the side benefit of allowing it to be set up on an uneven surface. These changes reduced the overall weight of the gun to a mere 276.0 kg. Production started in 1941 and entered service in 1942.

Ammunition

A wide variety of 20x138B ammunition was manufactured to be used in 2 cm Flak weapons; some of the more commonly used types are listed on the following table. Other kinds then in existence included numerous practice rounds (marked Übung or Üb. in German notation) and a number of different AP types. A high-velocity PzGr 40 round with a tungsten carbide core in an aluminium body existed in 20x138B caliber.

German designation	US Abbreviation	Projectile weight [g]	Bursting charge	Muzzle velocity [m/s]	Description
Sprenggranatpatrone L'spur mit Zerleger	HE-T	115	6.0 g HE (PETN)	?	Nose fuzed tracer round, self-destruct at 5.5 seconds (2000m range) due to tracer burn-through.
Sprenggranatpatrone L'spur mit Zerleger	HE-T	120	6.6 g HE (PETN)	?	Boat-tailed HE tracer round with nose fuze. Self-destruct at ca.2 km range due to tracer burn-through.
Brandsprenggranatpatrone L'spur mit Zerleger	HEI-T	120	2.4 g HE (RDX+wax) + 4.1 g incendiary (zinc)	900 m/s	Nose fuze, tracer (5 second burn), with self-destruct
Brandsprenggranatpatrone mit Zerleger	HEI	120	22 g total (HE and incendiary)	?	Nose fuze, no tracer, with self-destruct. Lack of tracer and high density of incendiary allows heavy filling load.
Panzergranatpatrone L'spur mit Zerleger	APHE-T	146	?	?	Base-fuzed tracer round, with self-destruct due to tracer burn-through after 2 second flight (1000m range).
Panzerbrandgranatpatrone (Phosphor) L'spur ohne Zerleger	API-T	148	3.0 g incendiary (WP)	800 m/s	Tracer round, with no fuze or self-destruct function.
Panzersprenggranatpatrone L'spur mit Zerleger (Kriegsmarine)	APHE-T	121	3.6 g HE	?	Base-fuzed round, self-destruct after 4.5 second flight (1800m range) due to tracer burn-through.

2,0cm Flakvierling 38

2 cm Flakvierling 38
Members of the Panzer-Grenadier-Division Großdeutschland train with a 2,0cm Flakvierling 38 (1943)
Type	Anti-aircraft warfare Anti-Aircraft Gun Anti-material Ground combat
Place of origin	Nazi Germany
Service history
In service	March 1940–1945
Used by	Nazi Germany
Wars	World War II
Production history
Designer	Mauser
Designed	1940
Manufacturer	Mauser Rheinmetall Ostmarkwerk
Produced	1940–1945
No. built	3.768
Specifications
Mass	1,509 kg (3,327 lbs) with trailer
Length	4.08 m (13 ft 5 in)
Barrel length	1.3 m (4 ft 3 in) L/65
Width	1.81 m (5 ft 11 in)
Height	1.6 m (5 ft 3 in)
Crew	8
Shell	20×138mmB
Caliber	2,0cm (.78 in)
Action	Short-recoil
Breech	Rotating bolt
Carriage	Sd.Ah 52 (Special Trailer 52)
Elevation	- 10° - +100°
Traverse	360°
Rate of fire	1,800 rpm (Cyclic) 800 rpm (Practical)
Muzzle velocity	900 m/s (2,953 ft/s)
Effective firing range	2,200 m (2,406 yds) (anti-aircraft)
Maximum firing range	5,783 m (5,230 yds) (ground range)
Feed system	4x 20 round box magazines

Even as the Flak 30 was entering service, the Luftwaffe and Heer (army) branches of the Wehrmacht had doubts about its effectiveness, given the ever-increasing speeds of low-altitude fighter-bombers and attack aircraft. The Army in particular felt the proper solution was the introduction of the 37 mm caliber weapons they had been developing since the 1920s, which had a rate of fire about the same as the Flak 38, but fired a round with almost eight times the weight. This not only made the rounds deadlier on impact, but their higher energy and ballistic coefficient allowed them to travel much longer distances, allowing the gun to engage targets at longer ranges. This meant it could keep enemy aircraft under fire over longer time spans.

The 20 mm weapons had always had weak development perspectives, often being reconfigured or redesigned just enough to allow the weapons to find use. Indeed, it came as a surprise when Rheinmetall introduced the 2 cm Flakvierling 38, which improved the weapon just enough to make it competitive once again. The term Vierling literally translates to "quadruplet" and refers to the four 20 mm autocannon constituting the design.

The Flakvierling weapon consisted of quad-mounted 2 cm Flak 38 AA guns with collapsing seats, folding handles, and ammunition racks. The mount had a triangular base with a jack at each leg for levelling the gun. The tracker traversed and elevated the mount manually using two handwheels. When raised, the weapon measured 307 cm (10 feet 1 inch) high.

Each of the four mounted guns had a separate magazine that held only 20 rounds. This meant that a maximum combined rate of fire of 1,400 rounds per minute was reduced practically to 800 rounds per minute for combat use – which would still require that an emptied magazine be replaced every six seconds, on each of the four guns. This is the attainable rate of fire; the sustained rate of fire is significantly lower due to rapid heat buildup and barrel erosion. Automatic weapons are typically limited to roughly 100 rounds per minute per barrel to give time for the heat to dissipate, although this can be exceeded for short periods if the firing window is brief.

The gun was fired by a set of two pedals — each of which fired two diametrically opposite barrels — in either semi-automatic or fully automatic mode. The effective vertical range was 2,200 metres. It was also used just as effectively against ground targets as it was against low-flying aircraft.

Mounting versatility

The rear-location wheelhouse of this Siebel ferry features a Flakvierling quadmount AA battery to defend it in 1942 Yugoslavia.

The Flakvierling four-autocannon anti-aircraft ordnance system, when not mounted into any self-propelled mount, was normally transported on a Sd. Ah. 52 trailer, and could be towed behind a variety of half-tracks or trucks, such as the Opel Blitz and the armored Sd.Kfz. 251 and normally unarmored Sd.Kfz. 7/1 and Sd.Kfz. 11 artillery-towing half-track vehicles. Its versatility concerning the vehicles it could be mounted to included its use even on tank hulls to produce fully armored mobile anti-aircraft vehicles, such as the Panzer IV-based low-production Wirbelwind and original Möbelwagen prototype-design, anti-aircraft tanks. In Kriegsmarine use, it was fitted to U-boats, Siebel ferries and ships to provide short-range anti-aircraft defence, and was also employed in fixed installations around ports, harbours and other strategic naval targets. The Flakvierling was also a common fixture on trains, even on Hitler's own command train, where pairs of them were mounted on either end of a "camelback" flatbed car and then covered to make it look like a boxcar, sometimes with a pair of such twin-Flakvierling mount cars for defense, one near each end of Hitler's Führersonderzug train.

Users

• Nazi Germany
• Lithuania 150 Flak 30 (20 mm lėktuvinis automatinis pabūklas LAP) bought in 1939.
• Finland 50 Flak 30 (named 20 Itk/30 BSW) delivered from Germany in 1939. 113 Flak 38 (named 20 ItK/38 BSW) guns bought during the Continuation War.
• Greece 108 total in service
• Romania 300 ordered in September 1940, the delivery beginning in May 1941, known as Gustloff guns (after one of their manufacturers)
• Denmark 69 in service from 1945 to 1955 in The Royal Danish Navy, where it was known as 20 mm Mk M/39 LvSa, mounted on minesweepers of the SØLØVE class and motor torpedo boats of the GLENTEN class.
• Sweden 56 Flak 30 bought in 1939, designated 20 mm lvakan m/39 in Swedish service.

See also

• List of anti-aircraft guns
• List of artillery of Germany
• MG 151 cannon
• MG FF cannon
• 2 cm KwK 30 - variant for armored cars and light tanks, slightly shortened barrel

Similar

• M45 Quadmount, the closest Allied equivalent to the Flakvierling system

Bibliography

• Gander, Terry and Chamberlain, Peter. Weapons of the Third Reich: An Encyclopedic Survey of All Small Arms, Artillery and Special Weapons of the German Land Forces 1939-1945. New York: Doubleday, 1979 ISBN 0-385-15090-3
• Hogg, Ian V. German Artillery of World War Two. 2nd corrected edition. Mechanicsville, PA: Stackpole Books, 1997 ISBN 1-85367-480-X

External links

• tarrif.net (dead link)
• 2 cm Flak 38: A.A./A.T. Gun, Catalog of Enemy Ordnance, U.S. Office of Chief of Ordnance, 1945.