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Al-Hasakah Governorate campaign (2012–2013)

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Al-Hasakah Governorate campaign (2012–13)
Part of the 2012–13 escalation of the Syrian Civil War, the Rojava conflict, and the Syrian Kurdish–Islamist conflict (2013–present)
Date20 July 2012–31 December 2013
(1 year, 4 months, 4 weeks and 1 day)
LocationAl-Hasakah Governorate, Syria
Result

Indecisive; YPG and ISIL gains

  • YPG captured all Kurdish-majority towns in the governorate with the exceptions of Qamishli and Hasaka,[1] captured 40% of Qamishli,[2] and took control of al-Yaarubiyah and its border crossing[3]
  • ISIL, al-Nusra, and other Salafist jihadists take control over the majority of the southern Hasaka countryside[4]
Belligerents

RojavaFlag of Kurdistan Kurdish Supreme Committee

Bandera Provincia Cañar Syriac Union Party

Flag of al-Sanadid Forces Army of Dignity

Flag of Kurdistan Workers' Party Kurdistan Workers' Party

Flag of Syria Syrian Arab Republic

Logo of the Gozarto Protection Forces Sootoro

Flag of Jihad Al-Qaeda

Flag of Jihad Ghuraba al-Sham
Ahrar al-Sham black standard Ahrar al-Sham

Syrian opposition Free Syrian Army[a]
Commanders and leaders
Rojava Sîpan Hemo[5]
(YPG general commander)
Rojava Axin Nujin[6]
(YPJ Rukan Battalion commander)
Rojava Juan Ibrahim
(YPG commander)
Ala kurdên rojava "Dijwar"[7]
(Martyr Erdal Brigade commander)
Rojava Hawas al-Akub[8]
(Free Men of the Homeland commander)
Flag of al-Sanadid Forces Humaydi Daham al-Hadi
(Army of Dignity leader)

Syria Yusuf al-Abdullah[9]
(Abu Jabal Brigade commander)

Syria Hawas Jammo[9]
(Free Patriots Brigade commander)

Flag of the Al-Nusra Front Fahd al-Gaad[10]
(al-Nusra commander)

Syrian opposition Capt. Yusuf Yahya[11]
(SRGC 313th Brigade commander)
Syrian opposition Col. Hassan al-Abdullah[10]
(FSA military council commander)
Syrian opposition Nawaf Ragheb al-Bashir[12]
(FAEL commander) Syrian oppositionFlag of Kurdistan Osama Hilali[13]
(Mashaal Tammo Brigade commander)
Syrian opposition Lt. Col. Abdul Majid Sultan[14]
Syrian opposition Lt. Col. Mustafa Ibrahim[c][15]

(FSA commander)
Units involved

People's Protection Units Flag (2011-2012)People's Protection Units Flag People's Protection Units

  • Martyr Erdal Brigade[7]
  • Free Men of the Homeland[8]

YPJ Flag Women's Protection Units

  • Rukan Battalion[6]

InfoboxNDF National Defence Forces

  • Ta’ie tribal militia[16]
  • Abu Jabal Brigade[9]
  • Free Patriots Brigade[9]

Flag of the Syrian Arab Army Syrian Army

Flag of the Syrian Arab Air Force Syrian Air Force

Al-Liwaa Ahfad al-Rasul Brigades[18]
Syrian opposition Syrian Revolution General Commission[11]

  • 313th Brigade

Syrian opposition Free Syrian Army

a A number of FSA groups in ceasefire with YPG since February 2013, others continued fighting the YPG.[20]
b Kurdish FSA group which fought alongside al-Nusra against the YPG.

c Unlike most other FSA commanders listed above, Lt. Col. Mustafa Ibrahim had "good ties to a number of Kurdish militia units" in Hasaka and has fought alongside these units against al-Nusra.[15]

Civil uprising (March–July 2011)

Start of insurgency (July 2011–April 2012):

Cease-fire and civil war
(May 2012–December 2013):

Rise of the Islamists (January–September 2014)

Multinational intervention against the Islamic State (September 2014–)

International incidents:

The al-Hasakah Governorate campaign was a multi-sided military conflict between Syrian government forces, Kurdish forces, armed Syrian opposition groups, and Salafist jihadist forces, including al-Qaeda's Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant and the al-Nusra Front in the al-Hasakah Governorate as part of the Syrian Civil War. The clashes began with the People's Protection Units (YPG)'s entrance into the civil war in July 2012 and spread across the governorate.

Background[]

As of 2011, the Hasakah Governorate had a population of more than 1.5 million people. It is one of the most diverse regions in Syria. The diverse population of the governorate includes Kurds, Arabs, Assyrians, Armenians, Turkmen, Circassians, and Yazidis. The Arab tribes in the area are divided into several tribal confederations which play a role in the civil war.[21]

Anti-government protests had been ongoing in the Kurdish-inhabited areas of Syria since March 2011, as part of the wider Syrian uprising, but armed conflict in the region only started after the opposition Democratic Union Party (PYD) and Kurdish National Council (KNC) signed a seven-point agreement on 11 June 2012 in Erbil under the auspice of Iraqi Kurdistan president Massoud Barzani. This agreement, however, failed to be implemented. A new cooperation agreement between the two sides was signed on 12 July which saw the creation of the Kurdish Supreme Committee as a governing body of all Kurdish-controlled territories in Syria.[22][23][24]

The campaign[]

First week: YPG claims territory[]

On 20 July 2012, the YPG took control of the city of Amuda and established checkpoints outside it. The city fell without any major clashes, as the Syrian Army withdrew without any significant resistance and pulled out to fight elsewhere. A joint committee between the PYD and the KNC was planned to take over the administration of captured towns. The city of Derik was expected to be captured hours later. The goal of the KSC was the "full liberation of Syrian Kurdistan", restore peace and order, and to prevent the Free Syrian Army (FSA) from entering Kurdish-majority areas.[25] On the same day, the Kurdish Coordination Committees, a Kurdish opposition group, demanded Syrian security forces to withdraw from Qamishli, the largest city in Syria with a majority Kurdish population. "Otherwise, they will be forced to leave", the KCC threatened. The YPG then prepared for an operation in Qamishli.[26]

On 21 July, the YPG entered Derik and clashes took place. On the same day, Syrian government forces attacked a patrol of YPG fighters and wounded one fighter.[27] The next day it was reported that Kurdish forces were still fighting for al-Malikiyah, where a Kurdish activist was killed after government security forces opened fire on protesters. The YPG also took control over parts of the towns of Ras al-Ayn (Kurdish language: Serê Kaniyê) and al-Darbasiyah (Kurdish language: Dirbêsî), after government security and political units withdrew from these areas, following an ultimatum issued by the Kurds. On the same day, clashes erupted in Qamishli between YPG and government forces in which one Kurdish fighter was killed and two were wounded along with a government official.[28]

The ease with which Kurdish forces captured the towns and the government troops pulled back was speculated to be due to the government reaching an agreement with the Kurds so military forces from the area could be freed up to engage rebel forces in the rest of the country.[29] However, Salih Muslim Muhammad, co-leader of the PYD, denied that there was any agreement between the PYD and the government.[30] On 24 July, the PYD announced that Syrian security forces withdrew from the small Kurdish city of 16,000 of al-Ma'bada (Kurdish language: Girkê Legê), located between al-Malikiyah and the Syria–Turkey border. The YPG forces afterwards took control of all government institutions in the town.[31]

August–October 2012: YPG consolidates gains[]

On 2 August 2012, the National Coordination Committee for Democratic Change announced that most Kurdish-majority cities in Syria, with the exception of Qamishli and Hasaka, were no longer controlled by government forces and were now being governed by Kurdish political parties.[1] In Qamishli, government military and police forces remained in their barracks and administration officials in the city allowed the Kurdish flag to be raised.[32]

On 18 August, the government's intelligence center in Qamishli was bombed. The Hamza Battalion of the Free Syrian Army claimed responsibility for the bombing. This caused concerns among Kurdish parties in Qamishli as they have refused to allow the FSA to enter Kurdish-majority areas.[19]

On 30 September, a suicide bomber detonated a car bomb at the government intelligence center in Qamishli, killing between 4 and 8 people.[33]

November 2012–January 2013: Islamists join the fight and the Battle of Ras al-Ayn[]

Main article: Battle of Ras al-Ayn

On 8 November 2012, Free Syrian Army groups attacked Syrian Army positions in Ras al-Ayn and took control of parts of the city. A correspondent on the ground said that local Kurds aided the FSA in the attack.[34] 300 jihadist fighters from Ghuraba al-Sham then entered the city, although it did not enter the neighbourhoods controlled by the PYD and the latter did not intervene in the clashes between the rebels and the government.[35] Around 10-26 rebels and 20 Syrian soldiers were killed in the fighting, while about 8,000 residents fled to Ceylanpınar as fighting raged.[36][37]

On 10 November, YPG militiamen aided by local Kurds stormed the last government security and administrative stations in the towns of al-Darbasiyah (Kurdish language: Dirbêsî) and Tel Tamer. This attack was prompted by violence in Ras al-Ayn where the FSA and Islamist rebels stormed the town because of the presence of government security units.[38] 12 November, the PYD forced the last Syrian government forces to withdraw from Derik.[39]

On 15 November, the rebels led by al-Qaeda's al-Nusra Front announced that they had taken full control of Ras al-Ayn, capturing or killing the last remaining Syrian Army soldiers stationed there. There were also no government airstrikes in the town for the first time in three days, as government forces gave up trying to retake the city.[40] Al-Nusra Front fighters summarily executed dozens of Syrian soldiers after they captured a border outpost near Ras al-Ayn. Inside the town, al-Nusra implemented Sharia and burned a liquor store. This caused a confrontation with the YPG.[41]

On 19 November, the Islamist rebels launched an assault on the PYD in Ras al-Ayn[42] A rebel sniper also assassinated Abed Khalil, the president of the local PYD council.[43] By the next, SOHR reported that the death toll in the rebel-PYD fighting in the town had reached 34.[44] The opposition activist group Local Coordination Committees of Syria put the number of deaths at 46.[45] Also on 19 November, members of the al-Nusra Front and Ghuraba al-Sham opened fire on a YPG checkpoint, sparking clashes that killed dozens of people. The rebels planned to launch an offensive in Qamishli, but were stopped by the Assyrian Democratic Organization.[46] Meanwhile, pro-government Arab tribes in Qamishli organized themselves into the Popular Committees and clashed with the PYD.[16]

As a result of the fighting, there was a buildup in the number of forces deployed by both sides in Ras al-Ayn. By 22 November, Kurdish forces had strengthened their numbers to around 400 militiamen, who faced 200 fighters from the al-Nusra Front and 100 fighters from Ghuraba al-Sham.[47] By the same day, the fighting killed more than 54 people. The next day, however, a tenuous two-day ceasefire was announced between Kurdish fighters and the al-Nusra Front and Ghuraba al-Sham in order to determine terms of a possible permanent agreement between the two sides. Prior to this announcement, the PYD claimed that its forces had killed 25 rebels.[48] Negotiations between the two sides on 4 December resulted in a fragile truce that lasted only until 6 December, when clashes broke out again. From 12 to 14 December, rebels conducted a series of rocket attacks on the town. It was reported that they had also tried and failed to expand fighting to the nearby towns and villages.[49]

Negotiations between the Arab rebels and Kurds resumed on 15 December.[49] An agreement was reached the next day.[50] On 17 December, a ceasefire came into effect between local Kurdish militias and Arab rebels.[51] Under the terms of the ceasefire, both sides were to withdraw from the city, share checkpoints surrounding it, and transfer its administration to local civilian Kurds, Arabs, Chechens, and Christians. Though fighting ended, fighters on both sides failed to withdraw, raising concerns about the strength of the truce.[50]

Fighting in Ras al-Ayn resumed on 17 January 2013.[52] By 22 January, more than 56 people were killed in a week of fighting in Ras al-Ayn.[53]

February 2013: al-Qaeda launches new offensive, ceasefire between YPG and FSA[]

See also: Battle of Shaddadi (2013)

On 12 February 2013, the al-Nusra Front launched an offensive on the Syrian Army in the town of al-Shaddadah in the southern Hasaka Governorate. 2 days later, al-Nusra took full control of the town and killed around 100 Syrian soldiers.[54] On 18 February, an agreement was reached between the Kurdish Supreme Committee and FSA groups in Ras al-Ayn. The terms of agreement include the withdrawal of all foreign fighters from Ras al-Ayn, joint checkpoints between the YPG and the FSA, the establishment of a joint city council in Ras al-Ayn, the creation of a local police force, and cooperation between the two groups to fight the Syrian government.[20]

March 2013: YPG take control of oil fields[]

In March 2013, the YPG surrounded Syrian forces in Rmelan and al-Qahtaniya and took control of the towns without firing a shot. The YPG also took over the oil fields in the area. Meanwhile further south, multiple rebel groups including Ahrar al-Jazeera, the al-Nusra Front, Ghuraba al-Sham, and Ahrar al-Sham captured the town of al-Yaarubiyah on the Iraq–Syria border.[55] In Qamishli, the PYD controlled 40% of the city while the government controlled the remaining parts.[2] Meanwhile, clashes between rebels and the Syrian Army erupted in Tell Hamis.[6]

April 2013: renewed YPG-government clashes in Qamishli, concurrent rebel offensive[]

On 5 April 2013, 3 YPG fighters and 3 Syrian soldiers were killed in clashes in Qamishli city. This marked the first time that Syrian government forces attacked the YPG in Qamishli for several months.[56]

On 13 April, the Syrian Revolution General Commission's 313th Brigade declared the start of a rebel offensive south of Qamishli.[11] The rebels launched an attack on the Syrian Army's 154th Brigade base in southern Qamishli. Both the PYD and the KNC stated their intentions to prevent fighting in the city, but according to al-Akhbar, the rebels contacted the YPG and were given a pathway to attack the base. In response to the rebel offensive, the Syrian Air Force conducted airstrikes on rebel-held villages south of Qamishli.[17] Fighting also reached Qamishli Airport.[57] The battle was described as a "massacre" by UNICEF.[58]

May–September 2013: YPG fully capture Ras al-Ayn; further YPG gains[]

In June 2013, clashes between the PYD and anti-PYD protesters took place in Amuda.[59] Opponents of the PYD stated that fighters had opened fire on protesters following tensions with pro-Free Syrian Army youth committees and rival Kurdish groups. The PYD on the other hand stated it had been attacked by a mercenary gang.[59][60] On 17 July, Kurdish fighters expelled the remaining jihadists of the al-Nusra Front and the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant from Ras al-Ayn after a night of fighting[61] and soon after took control of the border crossing with Turkey.[62] Islamist forces retreated from Ras al-Ayn to Tal Half, Asfar and Najar, which were under rebel control.[63] On 19 July, the YPG captured the village of Tal A'lo.[64] Fighting was still continuing in Karhouk and A'li Agha.[65] The next day, Kurdish fighters captured an al-Nusra checkpoint near the contested villages. By this point, 35 jihadists and 19 YPG fighters had been killed in the fighting.[66]

At the end of August 2013, the Syrian Air Force conducted an airstrike on the PYD-held town of Derik.[67]

October–December 2013: YPG capture border town; ISIL offensives[]

See also: Battle of al-Yaarubiyah

In October 2013, Ahrar al-Jazeera was expelled from the border town of al-Yaarubiyah by the al-Nusra Front, the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant, and other Salafist jihadist groups. At the end of the month, YPG forces supported by local Arab tribes and Iraq captured Yarubiya from the jihadists after a 4-day battle.[3]

From October to December 2013, ISIL conducted a campaign of suicide bombings on both YPG and Syrian government's National Defence Forces in Qamishli. Meanwhile, fighting between the YPG and ISIL, supported by al-Nusra and Ahrar al-Sham, escalated in the countryside of Qamishli.[4]

See also[]

References[]

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 "PYD Press Release: A call for support and protection of the peaceful establishment, the self-governed Rojava region | هيئة التنسيق الوطنية لقوى التغيير الديمقراطي". Syrianncb.org. 24 February 2012. Archived from the original on 15 September 2012. https://web.archive.org/web/20120915073042/http://syrianncb.org/2012/08/02/pyd-press-release-a-call-for-support-and-protection-of-the-peaceful-establishment-the-self-governed-syrian-kurdish-region/. Retrieved 20 August 2012. 
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 Wladimir van Wilgenburg (7 March 2013). "Syrian Kurdish Militia Takes Over Oil Fields". Al-Monitor. http://www.al-monitor.com/pulse/originals/2013/03/power-vacuum-oil-fields-syria-kurdish-militia-pyd.html. 
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 "The Fall of Yaroubiya to the YPG In Context". 5 November 2013. http://www.aymennjawad.org/14025/the-fall-of-yaroubiya-to-the-ypg-in-context. Retrieved 6 April 2017. 
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 "The Qamishli Front". 10 December 2013. http://www.aymennjawad.org/14125/the-qamishli-front. 
  5. ↑ Mutlu Civiroglu (23 September 2013). "YPG Commander Sipan Hemo: ‘Give Us Real Support’". Rudaw. http://www.rudaw.net/english/interview/23092013. 
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 Jan Kalan (3 March 2013). "Formation the first battalion of women’s protection units in western Kurdistan". https://jankalan.wordpress.com/2013/03/03/formation-the-first-battalion-of-womens-protection-units-in-western-kurdistan/. 
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 "YPG: We clear Serikani off the bandit groups". Rojhelat.info. 22 November 2012. http://rojhelat.info/en/?p=4487. Retrieved 1 March 2017. 
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 Wladimir van Wilgenburg (13 December 2013). "Kurdish Strategy Towards Ethnically-Mixed Areas in the Syrian Conflict". Jamestown Foundation. https://jamestown.org/program/kurdish-strategy-towards-ethnically-mixed-areas-in-the-syrian-conflict/. 
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 9.2 9.3 Andrea Glioti (13 February 2014). "Syrian Kurds recruit regime loyalists to fight jihadists". al-Monitor. http://www.al-monitor.com/pulse/originals/2014/02/pyd-kurds-syria-regime-assad-autonomy.html. Retrieved 6 April 2017. 
  10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 AFP (20 February 2013). "Syria Islamist-Kurd warring ends as dissident mediates". NOW. https://now.mmedia.me/lb/en/nowsyrialatestnews/syria-islamist-kurd-warring-ends-as-dissident-mediates. Retrieved 20 February 2013. 
  11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 11.2 "Statement of the 313th Brigade on the Battle of Qamishli". Muhammad al-Masri. 13 April 2013. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FGgvqG2I7qo. 
  12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 Azizi, Bradost (6 February 2013). "Islamists Fighting Kurds in Syria Admit to Turkish Military Support". Rudaw. Archived from the original on 9 February 2013. https://web.archive.org/web/20130209210918/http://www.rudaw.net/english/news/syria/5716.html. Retrieved 10 February 2013. 
  13. ↑ 13.0 13.1 Wladimir van Wilgenburg (24 November 2013). "Kurdish militia aims to connect Kurdish enclaves in Syria". al-Monitor. http://www.al-monitor.com/pulse/tr/originals/2013/11/kurdistan-syria-militias-turkey.html. Retrieved 6 April 2017. 
  14. ↑ 14.0 14.1 "The formation of the band 15 pushes Hasaka to the forefront of military action". Zaman al-Wasl. 9 July 2013. https://www.zamanalwsl.net/news/39587.html. 
  15. ↑ 15.0 15.1 "Selected Supreme Military Council Members". Institute for the Study of War. http://www.understandingwar.org/sites/default/files/Selected-Supreme-Military-Command-Members.pdf. 
  16. ↑ 16.0 16.1 Nicholas A. Heras, Carole A. O'Leary (27 June 2013). "The Tribal Factor in Syria’s Rebellion: A Survey of Armed Tribal Groups in Syria". Jamestown Foundation. https://jamestown.org/program/the-tribal-factor-in-syrias-rebellion-a-survey-of-armed-tribal-groups-in-syria/. 
  17. ↑ 17.0 17.1 Youssef Sheikho (19 April 2013). "Syria: Qamishli’s Kurds Fight Two Enemies at Once". Al-Akhbar. http://english.al-akhbar.com/node/15574. 
  18. ↑ AFP (18 January 2013). "Raging clashes pit Syrian Kurds against jihadists". NOW. https://now.mmedia.me/lb/en/nowsyrialatestnews/raging_clashes_pit_syrian_kurds_against_jihadists. Retrieved 20 January 2014. 
  19. ↑ 19.0 19.1 "Explosion at intelligence center in Qamishli, Syrian Kurdistan". Ekurd.net. http://www.ekurd.net/mismas/articles/misc2012/8/syriakurd594.htm. Retrieved 20 August 2012. 
  20. ↑ 20.0 20.1 "AGREEMENT IN SERÊKANIYÊ BETWEEN YPG AND FSA". Firat News Agency. 18 February 2013. http://rojhelat.info/en/?p=5132. 
  21. ↑ Nicholas A. Heras (24 October 2013). "THE BATTLE FOR SYRIA’S AL-HASAKAH PROVINCE". Combating Terrorism Center. https://www.ctc.usma.edu/posts/the-battle-for-syrias-al-hasakah-province. 
  22. ↑ "Syrian Kurds Try to Maintain Unity". 17 July 2012. Archived from the original on 23 July 2012. https://web.archive.org/web/20120723012730/http://www.rudaw.net/english/news/syria/4964.html. Retrieved 27 July 2012. 
  23. ↑ "Syria: Massive protests in Qamishli, Homs". 19 May 2011. http://english.cntv.cn/program/newsupdate/20110519/103075.shtml. Retrieved 27 July 2012. 
  24. ↑ "Syrian Kurdish Official: Now Kurds are in Charge of their Fate". 27 July 2012. Archived from the original on 1 August 2012. https://web.archive.org/web/20120801020239/http://www.rudaw.net/english/news/syria/5010.html. Retrieved 30 July 2012. 
  25. ↑ "More Kurdish Cities Liberated As Syrian Army Withdraws from Area". 20 July 2012. Archived from the original on 21 July 2012. https://web.archive.org/web/20120721142617/http://www.rudaw.net/english/kurds/4978.html. Retrieved 27 July 2012. 
  26. ↑ Guillaume Perrier (23 July 2012). "The Kurds of the PKK on the offensive against the regime of Damascus". Le Monde. http://www.lemonde.fr/proche-orient/article/2012/07/23/les-kurdes-du-pkk-a-l-offensive-contre-le-regime-de-damas_1737116_3218.html. 
  27. ↑ "Clashes between Kurds and Syrian army in the Kurdish city of Qamişlo, Western Kurdistan". 21 July 2012. http://www.ekurd.net/mismas/articles/misc2012/7/syriakurd542.htm. Retrieved 27 July 2012. 
  28. ↑ "Armed Kurds Surround Syrian Security Forces in Qamishli". 22 July 2012. Archived from the original on 24 July 2012. https://web.archive.org/web/20120724224808/http://www.rudaw.net/english/news/syria/4984.html. Retrieved 27 July 2012. 
  29. ↑ "Fighting in Syria indicates Bashar Assad's end isn't imminent". 23 July 2012. http://www.charlotteobserver.com/2012/07/23/3400914/fighting-in-syria-indicates-bashar.html. Retrieved 27 July 2012. [dead link]
  30. ↑ Jomaa Akkash (24 September 2012). "Syrian Kurds move to rule themselves as Assad’s grip loosens". Al Arabiya English. https://english.alarabiya.net/articles/2012/09/24/239892.html. 
  31. ↑ "Girke Lege Becomes Sixth Kurdish City Liberated in Syria". 24 July 2012. Archived from the original on 29 November 2012. https://web.archive.org/web/20121129100410/http://www.rudaw.net/english/news/syria/4992.html. Retrieved 27 July 2012. 
  32. ↑ "Syria – News". Peter Clifford Online. http://www.petercliffordonline.com/syria/. Retrieved 20 August 2012. 
  33. ↑ "Syria suicide blast kills 4 at security compound". Associated Press. 30 September 2012. http://www.cnsnews.com/news/article/syria-suicide-blast-kills-4-security-compound. 
  34. ↑ "مراسل الكردية نيوز: مقاتلون كرد يحاربون إلى جانب الجيش الحر في مدينة "سري كانيه"". Archived from the original on 4 February 2016. https://web.archive.org/web/20160204074230/http://www.alkurdiyanews.net/%D9%85%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%84-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%83%D8%B1%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%B2-%D9%85%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%AA%D9%84%D9%88%D9%86-%D9%83%D8%B1%D8%AF-%D9%8A%D8%AD%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%86-%D8%A5%D9%84%D9%89-%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%A8-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%8A%D8%B4-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%B1-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D9%85%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%A9-%D8%B3%D8%B1%D9%8A-%D9%83%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%87. Retrieved 16 November 2014. 
  35. ↑ "Kurds Caught in Crossfire In Northwest Syria Battle". Ekurd. 15 November 2012. http://ekurd.net/mismas/articles/misc2012/11/syriakurd673.htm. 
  36. ↑ Matthew Weaver. "Assad vows to 'live and die' in Syria - Thursday 8 November 2012". The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/world/middle-east-live/2012/nov/08/syria-cameron-review-arms-embargo-live. Retrieved 16 November 2014. 
  37. ↑ "Thousands Flee Syria as Fighting Continues". Arutz Sheva. http://www.israelnationalnews.com/News/News.aspx/161915#.UO32hW_7JCg. Retrieved 16 November 2014. 
  38. ↑ "Kurds seize two towns in Syria's northeast, watchdog says". Now Lebanon. http://www.nowlebanon.com/NewsArticleDetails.aspx?ID=455325. Retrieved 16 November 2014. [dead link]
  39. ↑ Jose Miguel Calatayud (20 November 2012). "Kurds oust Syrian forces from northern towns". Al Jazeera English. http://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/features/2012/11/2012111984841162626.html. 
  40. ↑ "Community news from Biloxi and Gulfport, MS - Sun Herald". Archived from the original on 24 October 2014. https://web.archive.org/web/20141024135604/http://www.sunherald.com/2012/11/15/4306949/rebels-capture-ras-al-ayn-1st.html. Retrieved 16 November 2014. 
  41. ↑ "Al Qaida-linked group Syria rebels once denied now key to anti-Assad victories". McClatchydc. 2 December 2012. http://www.mcclatchydc.com/news/nation-world/world/article24741022.html. 
  42. ↑ "Syria rebels clash with armed Kurds". Al Jazeera English. 19 November 2012. http://www.aljazeera.com/news/middleeast/2012/11/2012111917551517843.html. Retrieved 7 December 2012. 
  43. ↑ "Final death toll for Monday 19/11/2012: Approximately 134 Syrians were killed". https://www.facebook.com/syriahroe/posts/300699616705050. Retrieved 16 November 2014. 
  44. ↑ "Syria troops besiege town near Damascus". http://english.ahram.org.eg/NewsContent/2/8/58712/World/Region/Syria-troops-besiege-town-near-Damascus.aspx. Retrieved 16 November 2014. 
  45. ↑ Ivan Watson and Ammar Cheikh Omar, CNN (20 November 2012). "Dozens dead after clashes in Syrian border town". CNN. http://edition.cnn.com/2012/11/20/world/europe/turkey-syria-violence/. Retrieved 16 November 2014. 
  46. ↑ "Assyrian Party Mediated a Ceasefire in Syria". Assyrian International News Agency. 28 November 2012. http://www.aina.org/news/20121128195314.htm. 
  47. ↑ AFP/Reuters (22 November 2012). "Jihadist rebels in standoff with Syria Kurds: NGO". Al Arabiya. http://english.alarabiya.net/articles/2012/11/22/251219.html. Retrieved 7 December 2012. 
  48. ↑ van Wilgenburg, Wladimir (24 November 2012). "Kurdish Fighters and Syrian Rebels Announce Fragile Ceasefire". Rudaw. Archived from the original on 3 December 2012. https://web.archive.org/web/20121203082416/http://www.rudaw.net/english/news/syria/5463.html. Retrieved 27 November 2012. 
  49. ↑ 49.0 49.1 "Raʾs al-ʿAyn: Ceasefire between PYD and FSA is fragile". KurdWatch. 19 December 2012. http://www.kurdwatch.org/?aid=2714&z=en&cure=245. Retrieved 5 February 2013. 
  50. ↑ 50.0 50.1 "Raʾs al-ʿAyn: No easing of tensions despite agreement between PYD and Free Syrian Army". KurdWatch. 4 January 2013. http://www.kurdwatch.org/index.php?aid=2725&z=en&cure=1009. Retrieved 5 February 2013. 
  51. ↑ "Cessez-le-feu à Rass al-Ain" (in French). ActuKurde. 17 December 2012. http://www.actukurde.fr/actualites/390/cessez-le-feu-a-rass-al-ain.html. Retrieved 10 February 2013. 
  52. ↑ "Fighting continues across Syria". Syria Live Blog. Al Jazeera English. 18 January 2013. http://blogs.aljazeera.com/topic/syria/fighting-continues-across-syria-0. Retrieved 10 February 2013. 
  53. ↑ "Syrian rebels clash with Kurds in northeast: activists". Reuters. 2013-01-22. https://www.reuters.com/article/2013/01/22/us-syria-crisis-idUSBRE90L0DJ20130122. Retrieved 2013-11-08. 
  54. ↑ "Preliminary death toll for Thursday 14/2/2013". https://www.facebook.com/syriahroe/posts/337519286356416. Retrieved 2013-02-17. 
  55. ↑ "Arab Tribes Split Between Kurds And Jihadists". Carnegie Endowment for International Peace. 15 May 2014. http://carnegieendowment.org/syriaincrisis/?fa=55607. Retrieved 20 May 2014. 
  56. ↑ Wladimir van Wilgenburg (5 April 2013). "Conflict Intensifies in Kurdish Area of Syria". Al-Monitor. http://www.al-monitor.com/pulse/originals/2013/04/conflict-intensifies-syrian-kurdish-region.html. 
  57. ↑ "Syrian rebel attack on Kurdish Qamishli city in Syrian Kurdistan points to end of peace pact". Reuters. 13 April 2013. http://ekurd.net/mismas/articles/misc2013/4/syriakurd777.htm. 
  58. ↑ "Children of Syria - A UNICEF update". UNICEF. 25 April 2013. http://reliefweb.int/report/syrian-arab-republic/children-syria-unicef-update-25-april-2013-enar. 
  59. ↑ 59.0 59.1 "Kurdish militia kills three protesters in Syria town: activists". 28 June 2013. http://www.dailystar.com.lb/News/Middle-East/2013/Jun-28/221903-kurdish-militia-kills-three-protesters-in-syria-town-activists.ashx. 
  60. ↑ Glioti, Andrea (1 July 2013). "Syrian Kurdish Group Linked to PKK Kills Protesters". http://www.al-monitor.com/pulse/originals/2013/07/syria-kurds-pyd-amuda-protest.html#. 
  61. ↑ "Jihadists expelled from flashpoint Kurdish Syrian town, NGO says". 17 July 2013. https://now.mmedia.me/lb/en/nowsyrialatestnews/jihadists-expelled-from-flashpoint-kurdish-syrian-town-ngo-says. Retrieved 19 September 2014. 
  62. ↑ AFP, "Syrie: les Kurdes infligent une cuisante défaite aux jihadistes", L'Orient le Jour, 17 July 2013.
  63. ↑ "YPG clears Serekaniye of armed groups". Support Kurds in Syria. 17 July 2013. http://supportkurds.org/news/wednesday-17-july-2013/. Retrieved 19 September 2014. 
  64. ↑ "Friday 19 July 2013". Support Kurds in Syria. http://supportkurds.org/news/friday-19-july-2013/. Retrieved 21 September 2014. 
  65. ↑ "Syrian Observatory for Human Rights Reports On PKK-Qaida Fight". http://vvanwilgenburg.blogspot.com/2013/07/syrian-observatory-for-human-rights.html. Retrieved 21 September 2014. 
  66. ↑ "Syria Kurds expel jihadists, seize weapons: NGO". Fox News. 20 July 2013. http://www.foxnews.com/world/2013/07/20/syria-kurds-expel-jihadists-seize-weapons-ngo/. Retrieved 21 September 2014. 
  67. ↑ Youssef Sheikho (22 August 2013). "Syrian Kurdish Fronts Exhaust Islamist Battalions". Al-Akhbar. http://english.al-akhbar.com/node/16802. 
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