Allies Day, May 1917, National Gallery of Art
Field Marshal Bernard Montgomery decorates Soviet Marshals and generals at the Brandenburg Gate in Berlin, 12 July 1945.
An alliance is a relationship among people, groups, or states that have joined together for mutual benefit or to achieve some common purpose, whether or not explicit agreement has been worked out among them.[1] Members of an alliance are called allies. Alliances form in many settings, including political alliances, military alliances, and business alliances. When the term is used in the context of war or armed struggle, such associations may also be called allied powers, especially when discussing World War I or World War II.
A formal military alliance is not required for being perceived as an ally—co-belligerence, fighting alongside someone, is enough. According to this usage, allies become so not when concluding an alliance treaty but when struck by war.
When spelled with a capital "A", "Allies" usually denotes the countries who fought together against the Central Powers in World War I (the Allies of World War I), or those who fought against the Axis Powers in World War II (the Allies of World War II). The term has also been used by the United States Army to describe the countries that gave assistance to the South Vietnamese during the Vietnam War.[2]
More recently, the term "Allied forces" has also been used to describe the coalition of the Gulf War, as opposed to forces the Multi-National Forces in Iraq which are commonly referred to as "Coalition forces" or, as by the George W. Bush administration, "the coalition of the willing".
The Allies in World War I (also known as the Entente Powers) were initially the United Kingdom, France, the Russian Empire, Belgium, Serbia, Montenegro and Japan, joined later by Italy, Portugal, Romania, the United States, Greece and Brazil. Some, such as the Russian Empire, withdrew from the war before the armistice due to revolution or defeat.
Effects[]
Scholars are divided as to the impact of alliances. Several studies find that defensive alliances deter conflict.[3][4][5][6] One study questions these findings, showing that alliance commitments deterred conflict in the prenuclear era but has no statistically meaningful impact on war in the postnuclear era.[7][8] Another study finds that while alliance commitments deter conflict between sides with a recent history of conflict, alliances tend to provoke conflicts between states without such a history.[9]
A 2003 study found that allies fulfill their alliance commitments approximately 75% of the time.[10] Most research suggests that democracies are more reliable allies than non-democracies.[11][12][13] A 2004 study did however question whether alliance commitments by democracies are more durable.[14]
See also[]
References[]
- ↑ "Define Alliance". http://www.dictionary.com/browse/alliance.
- ↑ Larsen, Stanley; Collins, James (1975). Allied Participation in Vietnam. Vietnam Studies. Washington, D.C.: Department of the Army. OCLC 1119579. http://www.history.army.mil/books/Vietnam/allied/. Retrieved January 15, 2013.
- ↑ Fang, Songying; Johnson, Jesse C.; Leeds, Brett Ashley (2014-10-01). "To Concede or to Resist? The Restraining Effect of Military Alliances". pp. 775–809. Digital object identifier:10.1017/S0020818314000137. ISSN 0020-8183. https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/international-organization/article/to-concede-or-to-resist-the-restraining-effect-of-military-alliances/5AE6E043122ECF3754F42E106362DECC.
- ↑ Leeds, Brett Ashley; Johnson, Jesse C. (2016-11-10). "Theory, Data, and Deterrence: A Response to Kenwick, Vasquez, and Powers". pp. 000–000. Digital object identifier:10.1086/687285. ISSN 0022-3816. http://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/abs/10.1086/687285.
- ↑ Johnson, Jesse C.; Leeds, Brett Ashley (2011-01-01). "Defense Pacts: A Prescription for Peace?1" (in en). pp. 45–65. Digital object identifier:10.1111/j.1743-8594.2010.00122.x. ISSN 1743-8594. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1743-8594.2010.00122.x/abstract.
- ↑ Leeds, Brett Ashley (2003-07-01). "Do Alliances Deter Aggression? The Influence of Military Alliances on the Initiation of Militarized Interstate Disputes" (in en). pp. 427–439. Digital object identifier:10.1111/1540-5907.00031. ISSN 1540-5907. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/1540-5907.00031/abstract.
- ↑ Kenwick, Michael R.; Vasquez, John A.; Powers, Matthew A. (2015-10-01). "Do Alliances Really Deter?". pp. 943–954. Digital object identifier:10.1086/681958. ISSN 0022-3816. http://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/abs/10.1086/681958.
- ↑ Kenwick, Michael R.; Vasquez, John A. (2016-11-10). "Defense Pacts and Deterrence: Caveat Emptor". pp. 000–000. Digital object identifier:10.1086/686700. ISSN 0022-3816. http://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/abs/10.1086/686700.
- ↑ Morrow, James D. (2016-11-10). "When Do Defensive Alliances Provoke Rather than Deter?". pp. 000–000. Digital object identifier:10.1086/686973. ISSN 0022-3816. http://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/abs/10.1086/686973.
- ↑ Leeds, Brett Ashley (2003-01-01). "Alliance Reliability in Times of War: Explaining State Decisions to Violate Treaties". pp. 801–827. Digital object identifier:10.1017/s0020818303574057. JSTOR 3594847.
- ↑ "Analysis | Allies can’t rely on America like they used to. And not just because of Trump.". https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/monkey-cage/wp/2017/05/31/allies-cant-rely-on-america-like-they-used-to-and-not-just-because-of-trump/.
- ↑ Gaubatz, Kurt Taylor (1996-01-01). "Democratic states and commitment in international relations". pp. 109–139. Digital object identifier:10.1017/S0020818300001685. ISSN 1531-5088. https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/international-organization/article/democratic-states-and-commitment-in-international-relations/A59F5EA9ED7F327C12A3EB990C100B12.
- ↑ Leeds, Brett Ashley; Mattes, Michaela; Vogel, Jeremy S. (2009-04-01). "Interests, Institutions, and the Reliability of International Commitments" (in en). pp. 461–476. Digital object identifier:10.1111/j.1540-5907.2009.00381.x. ISSN 1540-5907. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1540-5907.2009.00381.x/abstract.
- ↑ Gartzke, Erik; Gleditsch, Kristian Skrede (2004-10-01). "Why Democracies May Actually Be Less Reliable Allies" (in en). pp. 775–795. Digital object identifier:10.1111/j.0092-5853.2004.00101.x. ISSN 1540-5907. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.0092-5853.2004.00101.x/abstract.
External links[]
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Look up Alliance in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. |
"Alliance" Encyclopædia Britannica 1 (11th ed.) 1911 p. 695
The original article can be found at Alliance and the edit history here.