American-led intervention in Iraq (2014–present)

For the closely related operations in Syria, see American-led intervention in Syria.

For previous American interventions in Iraq, see Gulf War (1990–91), Bombing of Iraq (1998), and Iraq War (2003–11).

American-led intervention in Iraq (2014–present)
Part of the Military intervention against ISIL, the Iraqi insurgency (2011–present), and the Global War on Terrorism
An American F/A-18C Hornet aboard USS George H.W. Bush prior to the launch of operations over Iraq
Date 15 June 2014 – present (9 years, 10 months and 4 days) Location Iraq Nineveh Governorate Saladin Governorate Diyala Governorate Baghdad Governorate Kirkuk Governorate Iraqi Kurdistan Anbar Governorate Result Ongoing US, French, UK, Belgian, Canadian, Australian, Dutch, Danish, Jordanian, and Moroccan airstrikes on ISIL positions in Iraq. Multinational humanitarian and arming of ground forces efforts Coalition advising and training Iraqi and Kurdish ground forces
Belligerents
Coalition forces: CJTF-OIR United States Australia Belgium Canada Denmark France Germany Italy Jordan Morocco Netherlands New Zealand Norway Portugal Spain Turkey United Kingdom Local forces: Iraq Iraqi Kurdistan Peshmerga Dwekh Nawsha Nineveh Plain Protection Units Humanitarian support With military aid: Greece Italy Singapore Unnamed Middle Eastern countries Unnamed Eastern European countries Czech Republic Albania Bulgaria Croatia Without military aid: European Union Slovakia Sweden Norway Poland	Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant
Commanders and leaders
Barack Obama Chuck Hagel Lloyd Austin Andrew J. Loiselle David Cameron Michael Fallon Andrew Pulford Nick Clegg Stephen Harper Rob Nicholson Thomas J. Lawson Yvan Blondin Tony Abbott David Johnston David Johnston Trevor Jones François Hollande Jean-Yves Le Drian Pierre de Villiers Mariano Rajoy Pedro Morenés Felipe VI Matteo Renzi Roberta Pinotti Claudio Graziano Pedro Passos Coelho José Pedro Aguiar-Branco Helle Thorning-Schmidt Peter Bartram Mark Rutte Jeanine Hennis-Plasschaert Frans Timmermans Sander Schnitger John Key King Abdullah II Abdullah Ensour King Mohammed VI Abdelilah Benkirane Fuad Masum Nouri al-Maliki Haider al-Abadi Masoud Barzani Jaafar Sheikh Mustafa Mustafa Said Qadir	Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi (Self-proclaimed Caliph) Abu Mohammad al-Adnani (Spokesperson) Abu Ayman al-Iraqi (Head of Military Shura) Abu Muslim al-Turkmani (Deputy, Iraq)† Abu Waheeb (Anbar Governorate Commander) Abu Hajar al-Souri† (Top Aide) Ali Mohammed al-Shayer† (Senior ISIL Leader) Radwan Taleb al-Hamdouni† (Former top ISIL leader in Mosul) Hassan Saeed Al-Jabouri† (ISIL governor of Mosul) "Prince of Nineveh"† (top ISIL commander in Mosul) Abu-Jihad Abdullah Dlemi† (ISIL Emir of Fajullah) Abu Maria (top ISIL leader in Tikrit)
Strength
United States: 4,400 troops 7,000 contractors USS George H.W. Bush carrier strike group USS Carl Vinson carrier strike group (replaced USS George H.W. Bush in late October) USS Theodore Roosevelt carrier strike group (replaced USS Carl Vinson in late March) F-15 Eagle, F-16 Falcon, F/A-18 Hornet, F/A-18 Super Hornet, AV-8B Harrier and F-22 Raptor fighter jets B-1 Lancer bomber aircraft EA-6B Prowler & EA-18G Growler electronic warfare aircraft. Boeing AH-64 Apache attack helicopters MQ-1 Predator, MQ-9 Reaper drones Australia: 400 RAAF personnel 200 special forces troops 6 F/A-18 Super Hornet 1 Boeing 737 AEW&C surveillance aircraft 1 KC-30A refueling plane C-130J Hercules & C-17A Globemaster transport aircraft Belgium: 6 F-16 Falcon fighters 120 supporting troops Canada: 600 Canadian Armed Forces personnel 100 special operations forces 6 McDonnell Douglas CF-18 Hornet 2 Lockheed CP-140 Aurora surveillance aircraft 1 Airbus CC-150 Polaris refueling tanker C-130J Hercules & CC-177 Globemaster III transport aircraft Denmark: 7 F-16 Falcon fighters 250 supporting troops 1 C-130J Hercules transport plane and associated support staff France: 9 Dassault Rafale Germany: 40 troops Italy: 280 troops 4 Panavia Tornado 1 Boeing KC-767 for in-flight refueling 2 MQ-1 Predator Netherlands: 6 F-16 Falcon fighters + 2 spare 250 supporting troops 130 trainers for the Iraqi Army 2 Patriot missile batteries and 200 supporting troops in Turkey to defend it's NATO ally against cross-border attacks. New Zealand: 10 military advisers. Spain: 300 trainers for the Iraqi Army 6 Patriot missile batteries and 130 supporting troops in Turkey to defend its NATO ally against cross-border attacks. United Kingdom: 1 Boeing RC-135 Reconnaissance aircraft 8 Tornado GR4 ground attack aircraft 2 armed MQ-9 Reaper 1 Type 45 destroyer 1 Trafalgar-class submarine (SSN) Special forces including the Special Air Service (SAS) and additional cargo aircraft and air-to-air tanker aircraft on standby in the area.	Around 100,000 fighters (according to Iraqi Kurdistan Chief of Staff.) 1 Mi-28 or Mi-24 Helicopter At least a few hundred tanks 3 Drones
Casualties and losses
United States: 2 Marines killed (non-combat related) 1 U.S. soldier wounded by enemy fire 1 F-15 damaged France: 6 civilians killed (1 executed) United Kingdom: 2 civilians executed Canada 1 soldier killed, 3 wounded (friendly fire) Saudi Arabia: 3 border guards killed Iraqi Kurdistan: 1,000+ soldiers killed, 5,000+ wounded, and 55 missing/captured	7,000+ killed (as of 23 February 2015), 162 vehicles, 21 weapons systems, and 29 facilities damaged or destroyed (as of mid-September 2014)
118 civilians killed by Coalition airstrikes 5,000+ civilians executed by ISIL (UN) Over 550,000 civilians displaced

An American-led intervention in Iraq started on 15 June 2014, when President Obama ordered U.S. forces to be dispatched to the region, in response to offensives in Iraq conducted by the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (ISIL). American troops went, at the invitation of the Iraqi Government, to assess Iraqi forces and the threat posed by ISIL.

In early August 2014, ISIL attacked Kurdish-held territory in northern Iraq, and captured three towns in northern Iraq, close to the autonomous region Iraqi Kurdistan. Consequently, the U.S. started supplying the Iraqi Kurdish peshmerga forces with weapons on 5 August. On 7 August, the U.S. also started humanitarian aid air droppings of food, water, and medicine for the civilians fleeing ISIL in the Sinjar Mountains. On the next day, 8 August, the U.S. began airstrikes against ISIL positions in Iraq. These airstrikes led up to airstrikes from eight other foreign countries against ISIL, more or less in concert with ground warfare of Kurdish and Iraqi government forces against ISIL.

There have also been sporadic clashes between ISIL fighters, and U.S. and Canadian troops, several hundred of whom are reportedly acting as military advisers to Iraqi and Kurdish forces.

On 1 February 2015, Iraq's Foreign Minister Ibrahim al-Jaafari said that the fight against ISIL is effectively World War III, and that all the world’s major capitals are under threat.

By April 2015, ISIL had lost 25–30% from their peak territorial influence they had in Iraq in August 2014 to Iraqi and American coalition forces, leaving them still possessing 15,000 square miles in Iraq.

Background

Previous U.S. involvement

After the U.S.-led 2003 invasion of Iraq and ensuing Iraq War (2003–2011), with a peak of U.S. military force in Iraq of 170,000 soldiers in 2007, the U.S. by December 2011 had withdrawn most of its troops from Iraq.
The U.S. kept a staff though of 20,000 men in their embassy and consulates in Iraq, including dozens of U.S. Marine Embassy Guards and some 4,500 private military contractors (see Iraq War#2011: U.S. withdrawal).

In 2013, the U.S. started again to fly surveillance aircraft, unarmed drones, over Iraq to collect intelligence on mainly Sunni Islamic insurgent Islamist fighters targeting the Iraqi government during the Iraqi insurgency.

Old enemies

Main articles: Jama'at al-Tawhid wal-Jihad, Tanzim Qaidat al-Jihad fi Bilad al-Rafidayn, Mujahideen Shura Council (Iraq), and Islamic State of Iraq

The United States of America (U.S.) and 'Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant' (ISIL) have been old enemies since 2003, when ISIL, in its previous incarnations as Jama'at al-Tawhid wal-Jihad, Mujahideen Shura Council (MSC) and Islamic State of Iraq (al-Qaeda in Iraq), began to interfere and disturb plans of the Americans and United Nations and other Western powers for Iraq.

As revolt against the U.S.-led March 2003 invasion of Iraq and further “humiliating” Western and U.N. interference in Iraq, Jama'at and MSC started in August 2003 a terrorism campaign which had until 2014 never ended, targeting, besides over the years hundreds of Muslim Iraqis, several U.S. soldiers, in 2010 a church full of Christians, and presumably including the beheadings in 2004 of three American civilians, one British, one South Korean, and one Japanese civilian.

ISIL advances in Northern Iraq

Main articles: Iraq#2008–present, Iraqi insurgency (2011–present), 2012 in Iraq, 2013 in Iraq, and Northern Iraq offensive (June 2014)

After the December 2011 withdrawal of U.S. troops from Iraq, violent insurgency of mainly Sunni Islamic Islamist fighters targeting the Iraqi government continued in what is called the Iraqi insurgency.

Between 5 and 11 June 2014, Sunni Islamic, jihadist, 'Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant' (ISIL) militants, already successful in the Syrian civil war, conquered the Iraqi cities of Samarra, Mosul and Tikrit, and threatened the Mosul Dam and Kirkuk, where Iraqi Kurdish Peshmerga troops took control from the Iraqi government.

Internet beheading video campaign 2014–2015

Main article: ISIL beheading incidents

On 12 August 2014, ISIL started a beheading campaign of Western and Japanese civilian hostages (announcement 12 August, James Foley 19 August, Steven Sotloff 2 September, David Haines 13 September, Hervé Gourdel 24 September, Alan Henning 3 October, Peter Kassig 16 November, Haruna Yukawa sometime January 2015, Kenji Goto 30 January 2015) which not only by way of its natural gruesomeness but perhaps even more by its being glamorously and defiantly choreographed and scripted, professionally videotaped, and shrewdly published, branded and marketed via the Internet, hit Western public opinion like a devastating sledgehammer.

Though this provoking campaign couldn’t start off the American military intervention—that had already started on 8 August—it seems to have contributed to the decision of seven following Western countries, starting with France on 18 September, the Netherlands on 24 and Britain on 26 September (see next section ‘Chronology’), to join this American war on ISIL.

Chronology

US surveillance and military advising in Iraq

At the invitation of the Iraqi Government, on 15 June 2014 President Obama ordered dozens of United States troops to Iraq in response to offensives by ISIL (see previous section ‘Background’), to assess Iraqi forces and the ISIL threat.
At some date probably between 15 and 26 June, the U.S. secretly started to fly also with manned aircraft over Iraq.
On 26 June 2014, the U.S. started to survey over Baghdad also with armed drones "primarily" for protection of 180 U.S. military advisers in the area.

On 29–30 June 2014, the U.S. increased the number of its troops in Iraq from 180 to 480, to prevent ISIL from taking control of Baghdad International Airport, which the US said would be critical to any evacuation of Americans from Baghdad, and to protect U.S. citizens and property.

In July, Obama announced that owing to the continuing violence in Iraq and the growing influence of non-state actors such as the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant, the United States would be elevating its security commitment in the region.^{[citation needed]} Approximately 800 U.S. troops secured American installations like the Embassy in Baghdad and the Consulate in Erbil as well as seizing control of strategic locations like the Baghdad International Airport.^{[citation needed]}

Around 13 July, a classified military report concluded that many Iraqi army units were deeply infiltrated by either Sunni extremist informants or Shiite personnel backed by Iran, which would bring Americans wanting to advise the Iraqi forces into danger.

Around 5 August, the U.S. military forces in Iraq were acting to "assess and to advise [Iraqi security forces] as they confront [ISIL] and the complex security situation on the ground."

ISIL conquests and massacring; twofold U.S. reaction

Main article: Northern Iraq offensive (August 2014)

Further information: Sinjar massacre and Persecution of Yazidis by ISIL

The first nine days of August 2014, ISIL expanded its territories in northern Iraq. On 3 August, they conquered the towns Sinjar, Wana and Zumar, killing 500–2,000 Yazidi men and taking Yazidi women into slavery in the Sinjar massacre, causing 50,000 Yazidis to flee into the adjacent Sinjar Mountains. During this whole August offensive, ISIL massacred 5,000 Yazidis.
On 7 August, ISIL conquered Qaraqosh, the largest Christian town in Iraq (60 km west of Erbil, 135 km east of Sinjar), and neighbouring towns, causing 100,000 Christian civilians to flee for ISIL troops.

In reaction, the U.S. on 5 August started directly supplying Iraqi Kurds with weapons to fight ISIL, and on 7 August started dropping food and water for the tens of thousands of Yazidi Kurdish civilians still trapped in the Sinjar Mountains (see also section ’Humanitarian efforts’).

Obama authorizes airstrikes

President Obama makes a statement on Iraq and dealing with ISIL, 7 August 2014.

U.S. Navy F/A-18 fighters bomb Islamic State artillery targets on 8 August 2014.

On the evening of 7 August, U.S. President Barack Obama gave a live address to the Nation. He described the worsening conditions in Iraq and said that ISIL’s persecution and threatening the extinction of Yazidis, a religious minority in northern Iraq, including especially the Yazidis who had fled into the Sinjar Mountains, in particular had convinced him that U.S. military action was necessary. The President said that he had ordered airstrikes to protect American diplomats, civilians and military in Erbil at the American consulate or advising Iraqi forces, prevent a potential massacre (genocide) of ISIL on thousands of Yazidis on Mount Sinjar, and to stop ISIL’s advance on Erbil, the capital of the Kurdish Autonomous Region where the U.S. had a consulate and a joint operations center with the Iraqi military.

On Friday, 8 August, U.S. Navy McDonnell Douglas F/A-18 Hornet fighters bombed ISIL artillery units. U.S. fighters later bombed ISIL military convoys, some of them advancing Erbil and besieging Kurdish forces defending Erbil. A round of U.S. airstrikes in the afternoon struck 8 Islamic State targets near Erbil.

On 8 and 9 August, Obama extended the purposes of the airstrikes of 8 August as to be: 1.) protecting Americans in Iraq; 2.) helping Iraqi minorities stranded on Mount Sinjar; 3.) breaking the siege that had stranded thousands of Yazidi atop Mount Sinjar; 4.) preventing massacres (genocides) to Yazidis and other minority groups as announced by ISIL; and 5.) helping Iraqis combat the threat from ISIL.

U.S./Iraqi air campaign at the Sinjar and Erbil areas

Further information: Sinjar massacre#Countering refugees’ crisis

The hardship of—initially 50,000--Yazidis stranded in the Sinjar Mountains, meanwhile, incited not only the U.S. into action but prompted also the nearby Kurdish communities and militias into succour, helping possibly 35,000 of them to escape into Syria (see Sinjar massacre#Kurdish reaction: safe corridor and aid).

While the U.S. and the United Kingdom (after 10 August) supplied the trapped Yazidis with humanitarian airdrops (see also section ’Humanitarian efforts’), and Kurds helped them to evacuate, the U.S. continued their airstrikes on ISIL positions in the Sinjar Mountains' vicinity.

On Saturday, 9 August, U.S. forces launched 4 airstrikes against ISIL fighters threatening civilians on Mount Sinjar, this time primarily aimed at armored fighting vehicles. A combination of US warplanes and drones destroyed four armored personnel carriers. The U.S. airstrikes that day killed 16 ISIL fighters, Iraqi officials reported.

On 10 August, U.S. forces launched a series of 5 air attacks which targeted ISIL armed vehicles as well as a mortar position. Assisted by these U.S. air attacks, Iraqi Kurdish forces claimed to have recaptured the Northern Iraqi towns of Mahmour and Gweyr from ISIL control. An Iraqi airstrike conducted 9—11 August in Sinjar killed 45 ISIS militants, Iraqi officials reported.

Over the next several days between 8 and 13 August, tens of thousands of the 50,000 stranded Yazidis managed to flee from the Sinjar Mountains into Syria, but different narratives gave the credit for that salvation either to bombarding and airdropping Americans and Britons, or to Turkish (PKK) and Syrian (YPG) Kurds, or to Iraqi (peshmerga) Kurds, or to some other combination of those parties: see Three narratives for Yazidis’ (partial) rescue.

On Monday, 11 August, Lt. Gen. William Mayville Jr., director of the U.S. operations, said the airstrikes since Thursday near Irbil and Mount Sinjar had slowed ISIL’s operational tempo and temporarily disrupted their advances toward Irbil. On 12 August, U.S. made airstrikes against ISIL mortar positions north of Sinjar.

While U.S. media suggested on 13 August that ISIL’s “Siege on [Mount Sinjar] in Iraq Is Over”—without defining their 'siege'— as if some mission was accomplished, professor Salim Hassan of the University of Sulimanieh rejected that suggestion: end of August he estimated that between 5,000 and 10,000 people still remained trapped in those mountains.

(The Sinjar Mountains remained more or less under siege from ISIL forces, until Kurdish forces finally broke that siege on 19 December, during the Sinjar offensive.)

Retaking Mosul Dam

On 16 August, U.S. drones and warplanes began a close air campaign aimed at supporting the advance of Kurdish fighters moving toward the Mosul Dam. Kurdish sources commented that this was the "heaviest US bombing of militant positions since the start of air strikes." On 16 August there were 9 U.S. airstrikes in northern Iraq, on 17 August 2014.

U.S. President Obama, in a letter to Congress on 17 August, explained this use of U.S. Forces as support to the Iraqi forces’ campaign against terrorist group ISIL. Obama said on 18 August that Kurdish Peshmerga fighters and Iraqi troops, with help from the U.S., had retaken the Mosul Dam from ISIL.

September 2014

Locations where the U.S has launched airstrikes against ISIL in Iraq (as of 16 September.)

On 8 September, the Iraqi army with close air support from U.S. F-18 aircraft managed to retake the key Haditha Dam. Following the recapture, Iraqi troops moved on to recapture the town of Barwana. Iraqi state television reported that 15 ISIL militants were killed in the battle. Following the Iraqi victory, ISIL responded with the public execution of David Haines.

Locations of airstrikes in Syria by 24 September 2014

On 18 September, France decided to initiate airstrikes on ISIL as well (see main article: ‘Opération Chammal’).

Around 23 September, Lloyd Austin, the general in charge of U.S. Central Command, has been confirmed to be the top officer in charge of the campaign against the ISIL in Iraq and Syria.

On 24 September, the Dutch government decided to send six Fighter jets to contribute to the “international battle against ISIS (ISIL)” (see section ‘Airstrikes’).

On 26 September, the British Parliament decided to authorize British airstrikes on ISIL as well. Britain then announced to cooperate with Iraqi and Kurdish intelligence agencies (see main article: ‘Operation Shader’). Also the Belgian Parliament that day decided to start airstrikes on ISIL (see section ‘Airstrikes’).

Around 28 September 2014, airstrikes by the U.S.-led coalition together with Iraqi Army ground forces clashing with ISIL militants halted an ISIL offensive by Amariya al-Falluja, 40 km (25 miles) west of Baghdad, the Iraqi capital, a BBC reporter on the spot reported.

On 30 September, the U.S. launched eleven airstrikes in Iraq and the UK conducted their first two airstrikes in Iraq in this intervention. Together with eleven U.S. strikes in Syria against ISIL these 24 strikes were the highest number of strikes against ISIL on one day since 8 August.

By the end of September 2014, the United States Navy and Air Force had conducted 240 airstrikes in Iraq and Syria, as well as 1,300 tanker refueling missions, totaling 3,800 sorties by all types of aircraft.

October 2014

On 3 October 2014, the Australian government authorized airstrikes on ISIL in Iraq (see main article: ‘Operation Okra’). Early October, also Denmark’s Parliament seems to have approved of bombarding ISIL (see section ‘Airstrikes’).
On 7 October, the Canadian Parliament voted in favour of Canadian airstrikes against ISIL (see main article: ‘Operation Impact’).
On 11 October, 10,000 ISIL troops headed from Mosul and Syria toward the Iraqi capital city of Baghdad, and ISIL stood on the verge of taking the whole of Anbar Governorate just west of Baghdad. The provincial council’s deputy head, Al-Issawi, said they then asked Iraq’s government to ask the U.S. to bring in ground forces; the Iraqi government however squarely denied to have received such demand from Anbar. 12 October, ISIL came within 25 km (15.5 miles) of the Baghdad airport, U.S. General Dempsey reported. The U.S. then deployed low-flying Apache attack helicopters to keep ISIL at bay.

By 22 October, the U.S. had spent $424 million on both of its bombing campaigns against ISIL in Iraq and Syria.

December 2014

According to an obsure website, early December Moroccan F-16 fighter jets had begun airstrikes on ISIL in both Iraq and Syria (see section ‘Airstrikes’).
During the early morning hours of December 14, U.S. ground forces allegedly clashed with ISIL alongside the Iraqi Army and Tribal Forces near Ein al-Asad base, west of Anbar, in an attempt to repel them from the base of which includes about 100 U.S. advisers in it, when ISIL attempted to overrun the base. A field commander of the Iraqi Army in Anbar province, said that "the U.S. force equipped with light and medium weapons, supported by F-18, was able to inflict casualties against fighters of ISIL organization, and forced them to retreat from the al-Dolab area, which lies 10 kilometers from Ain al-Assad base." Sheikh Mahmud Nimrawi, a prominent tribal leader in the region, added that "U.S. forces intervened because of ISIL started to come near the base, which they are stationed in so out of self-defense," he responded, welcoming the U.S. intervention, and saying "which I hope will "not be the last." This was said to be the first encounter between the United States and the Islamic State, in four years. However, this claim has been stated to be "false" by The Pentagon.

In the Kurdish Sinjar offensive, 17–21 December, Kurdish troops, aided by U.S. airstrikes, retook the Sinjar Mountains, which had been under repeated ISIL sieges since August 2014, enabling the Yazidis who stayed on the mountains since August to be evacuated. On 22 December, Kurdish Peshmerga forces pushed into the city of Sinjar, taking control of the northern half of the city.

On December 25, 2014, Hassan Saeed Al-Jabouri, the ISIL governor of Mosul, who was also known as Abu Taluut, was killed by a US-led Coalition airstrike in Mosul. It was also revealed that the US planned to retake the city of Mosul in January 2015.

January 2015

In mid-January 2015, Canadian soldiers at the front lines between Iraqi and ISIL troops exchanged fire with ISIL fighters. Canadians were not hurt, but they "neutralized" an unknown number of ISIL militants.

On 20 January 2015, the SOHR reported that al-Baghdadi, the leader of ISIL, had been wounded in an airstrike in Al-Qa'im, an Iraqi border town held by ISIL, and as a result, withdrew to Syria.

On 21 January 2015, the US began coordinating airstrikes with a Kurdish launched offensive, to help them begin the planned operation to retake the city of Mosul.

On 29 January 2015, Canadian special forces in Iraq came under fire from ISIL forces, causing the Canadian troops to return fire, killing some ISIL militants.

February 2015

Jordan, which had been conducting airstrikes on ISIL in Syria since September 2014, initiated airstrikes on ISIL targets in Iraq on 4 February 2015 (see details in the Airstrikes section).

On 17 February, it was revealed that ISIL had launched another major assault on Erbil, coming within 45 kilometres (28 mi) of the city.

By late February, it was reported that ISIL was beginning to use chemical weapons, due to the gradual weakening of the organization, and that the Iraqi Army was expected to join the Liberation of Mosul sometime in April 2015.

March 2015

At the beginning of March, the Iraqi government announced that they would soon launch a military operation with the Kurdish Peshmerga and other allies to regain the city of Mosul, which was under ISIL control since 10 June 2014. On 10 March, U.S.-led warplanes dropped scraps of paper in Mosul, advising residents to evacuate the city and stay away from ISIL locations, because of those imminent military operations.

On 11 March 2015, ISIL threatened over loudspeakers to behead any civilian who tries to leave Mosul.

On 25 March 2015, the American-led Coalition joined the Second Battle of Tikrit, launching its first airstrikes on ISIL targets in the city center. That night, US aircraft carried out 17 airstrikes in the center of Tikrit, which struck an ISIL building, two bridges, three checkpoints, two staging areas, two berms, a roadblock, and a command and control facility. The US-led Coalition continued conducting airstrikes in Tikrit until 31 March, when Iraqi forces entered the city center.

April 2015

On 8 April 2015, Iraqi forces, building on their advances in the Saladin Governorate, launched an offensive to liberate the Anbar Governorate from ISIL occupation, beginning with an offensive in the region around east Ramadi, backed by Coalition aircraft. In retaliation, ISIL executed 300 people in the western Anbar Province. It was also reported that 10,000 Sunni tribal fighters would participate in the Anbar offensive.

On 12 April, the Iraqi government declared that Tikrit was free of ISIL forces, stating that it was safe for residents to return home. However, many refugees from Tikrit still feared returning to the city. On 12 April, Abu Maria, the top ISIL leader in Tikrit, was killed by Iraqi forces at the Ajeel Oil Field near Tikrit, along with his top aide, after they were both caught trying to flee from the city.

By mid-April 2015, ISIL had lost 25–30%, 5,000 to 6,500 square miles, in Iraq since their peak territorial influence in August 2014 to Iraqi and American coalition forces, leaving them still possessing 15,000 square miles in Iraq.

Later reports revealed that ISIL resistance in Tikrit continued to persist until 17 April. On 17 April, Iraqi forces in Tikrit located and killed 130 ISIL sleeper agents, finally ending the Second Battle of Tikrit. However, cleanup operations to remove the 5,000–10,000 IEDs left behind by ISIL are expected to take at least several months.

Contributions to intervention since August 2014

Further information: International Conferences on Peace and Security in Iraq (2014) and Spillover of the Syrian Civil War

Military aid to the Kurds

• The United States had begun on 5 August 2014, with the direct supply of munitions to the Iraqi Kurdish Peshmerga forces and, with Iraq’s agreement, the shipment of Foreign Military Sales (FMS) program weapons to the Kurds, according to Zalmay Khalilzad, the former U.S. ambassador to Iraq and the U.N., in the Washington Post, and the following days the American CIA secretly sent arms to the Kurds. Before 11 August, U.S. and allies had started rushing antitank weapons etc. to Kurdish fighters, and the U.S. intended to provide longer-range weapons.
• The United Kingdom placed the Special Air Service on the ground briefly and are airlifting munitions to the Kurds from an unnamed Eastern European nation. Members of the 2nd Battalion, the Yorkshire Regiment, have also been deployed to the area.
• Germany has provided instructors to train Kurdish Peshmerga troops. It is also supporting the Peshmerga with shipments of machine guns and ammunition, anti-tank missiles, armored transport vehicles and personal equipment like night vision goggles, helmets, vests, radio sets and other equipment. It hopes to provide equipment for 10,000 Peshmerga troops.
• France is planning to ship arms directly to the Kurds.
• Italy decided to give military aid to the Kurds.
  • Spokesman Halgurd Hikmat for the Peshmerga Ministry confirmed that the United States, the United Kingdom, Germany, France, Canada, Italy, and also Finland have agreed to supply weapons and military goods to Kurdish Peshmerga. Erbil-based BASNEWS reported that the Kurdistan Regional Government, in cooperation with the Iraqi and American governments, will open a military air base in Erbil.
• Australia in September began using RAAF C-17s and C-130Js to airlift arms and munitions to forces in Kurdish-controlled northern Iraq. Australian Prime Minister Tony Abbott said in October his country could dispatch up to 200 special forces troops to "advise" local forces in a "non-combat" role.
• Croatia in late August began sending arms to the Kurds. The armaments from Croatia are particularly useful to the effort because of the fact that they are compatible with the Kurds' Russian made weapons systems which make up the majority of their equipment.
• The Czech Republic has or will provide weapons to local forces. The Czech Republic offered to provide 10 million rounds for AK-47, 8 million rounds for machine guns, 5,000 warheads for RPG and 5,000 hand grenades. In September 2014 with the help of Royal Canadian Air Force it sent 8 millions rounds for machine guns to Iraq and in December 2014 another supply flight (provided by US Air Force's C-17 Globemaster) with 5,000 warheads.
• Estonia, Hungary, Greece, and Bulgaria have or will provide weapons to local forces.
  • The European Union welcomed the "decision by individual Member States to respond positively to the call by the Kurdish regional authorities to provide urgently military material."
• Albania has or will provide weapons to local forces. Albania in late August began sending arms to the Kurds. With the help of Western air transport systems, Albania has sent 22 million rounds of AK-47 7.62 millimeter bullets, 15,000 hand grenades and 32,000 artillery shells to the Kurdish forces. The armaments from Albania are particularly useful to the effort because of the fact that they are compatible with the Kurds' Russian made weapons systems which make up the majority of their equipment.

Military aid to the Iraqi government

• After the United States’s had in June 2014 started to send troops to Iraq to secure American interests and assess and advise the Iraqi forces (see section US surveillance and military advising in Iraq), President Barack Obama end of September planned to send 1,600 troops to Iraq as "advisers" to the Iraqi army and Kurdish forces. 800 of them would provide security for soldiers and Marines and for property; hundreds would train and advise Iraqi and Kurdish forces how to fight ISIS. 8–9 November Obama doubled the number of American soldiers in Iraq to some 3,100. By February 2015, the US had deployed 4,500 troops.
• Germany is shipping non-lethal military equipment to the Iraqi Central Government and the Kurdish Regional Government.
• Canadian Prime Minister Harper announced on 4 September 2014 that Canada would deploy "about 100" military advisers to be based in Baghdad assisting the Iraqi Military in the fight against ISIS. These personnel are special operations forces which will work closely with US special forces to "provide advice that will help the government of Iraq and its security forces be more effective against ISIL", but their role is not expected to be direct combat. CBC News reports that about 100 Canadians will be deployed, primarily to help Kurdish forces.
• Denmark sent 120 military personnel to Iraq in November to train the Iraqi army.
• Italy has offered to supply weapons, ammunition, and other aid to local forces in Iraq. The prime minister of Italy Matteo Renzi visited Iraq and the Kurds on 20 August to consider the response to ISIL. He said that without international involvement it would be a "new Srebrenica".
• New Zealand will send up to 143 military personnel to Iraq, to help train local Iraqi Security Forces. Sixteen of which will be trainers, the remaining personnel will be deployed to protect the trainers, and help with advisory/intelligence roles. New Zealand has also sent up to $14.5m in humanitarian aid.
• Norway in October 2014 decided to send 5 headquarters personal, 120 advisors to help train the Iraqi army, and has used transport aircraft to deliver supplies to Iraq.
• Portugal has worked with neighboring Spain to provide training to the Iraqi Army south of Baghdad.
• Spain has provided 300 instructors to train the Iraqi Army and offered to provide weapons to the Iraqi Army and the Kurdish Peshmerga forces, and has stationed a Patriot missile battery and 150 servicemen in Turkey in case of cross-border attacks against its NATO ally.

Airstrikes

• The United States began conducting airstrikes in Iraq on 8 August 2014. Fighter aircraft from the United States Air Force and United States Navy, and military "advisers" on the ground, have been involved in combating ISIL in Northern Iraq, as well as in the north and west of Baghdad.
• Australia (Main article: Operation Okra)
  Australia's Prime Minister announced on 3 October 2014 that Australia would commence airstrikes on ISIL. At least until 2 November, dozens of those airstrikes held on, in at least some cases hitting and killing ISIL people, but also targeting military equipment and an oil refinery. The Australian government is reticent with giving detailed information, out of concern for possible propaganda from the side of ISIL.
• Belgium decided on 26 September 2014 that it would send six F-16 Fighting Falcons and a number of Lockheed C-130 Hercules cargo planes, supported by 120 pilots and other staff, to support the military effort against ISIL in Iraq. Belgian air forces operate from Shaheed Mwaffaq Air Base located in Jordan. On 5 October, a Belgian F-16 dropped its first bomb on an Islamic State target, east of Baghdad.
• Canada (Main article: Operation Impact)
  On 7 October, the House of Commons voted in favour of Canadian airstrikes against ISIL, and approved of deploying six CF-18 fighter jets, an air-to-air refueling aircraft and two surveillance aircraft to participate in targeted airstrikes from an allied air base in Kuwait. The first Canadian airstrike took place on 2 November 2014, targeting construction equipment near Fallujah. The second airstrike was made on 11 November 2014, targeting ISIL artillery near Bayji, north of Baghdad.
• Denmark
  Danish Prime Minister Thorning-Schmidt promised 26 September 2014 to send four planes and three reserve jets (F-16s), with 250 pilots and staff, to launch airstrikes on ISIL in Iraq, but still needed the approval of Parliament. Until 20 October, Denmark had flown 11 missions and had dropped bombs on ISIL targets.
• France (Main article: Opération Chammal)
  On 15 September, Dassault Rafale fighter aircraft operating from the United Arab Emirates conducted reconnaissance flights on ISIL positions. On 19 September 2014, France conducted its first airstrike which targeted an ISIL depot, making it the first Western coalition partner to conduct airstrikes in Iraq.
• Morocco was the only Arab state to join the American-led intervention in Iraq with airstrikes in 2014. Four F-16 Fighting Falcon fighters from the Royal Moroccan Air Force reportedly carried out aistrikes against ISIL positions on the outskirts of Baghdad, among other areas, beginning in early December 2014. According to The New York Times, the Moroccan warplanes were to focus on hitting fixed targets, including training camps, oil refineries, and weapons depots.
• Netherlands
  On 24 September, the Dutch government decided to send six F-16 Fighter jets to contribute to the “international battle against ISIS (ISIL)” in Iraq. Dutch forces operate from Shaheed Mwaffaq Air Base, located in Jordan. On 7 and 8 October, Dutch fighters dropped their first bombs in the north of Iraq, hitting at least an ISIL vehicle. On average, Dutch F-16's conduct one or two sorties per day. By 17 November, Dutch F-16's had dropped 75 bombs on ISIL targets in Iraq. Chief of Defence General Tom Middendorp said that these airstrikes have contributed to the halting of the ISIL advance.
• United Kingdom (Main article: Operation Shader)
  The Royal Air Force began attacking targets in Iraq on 30 September, with six and then later eight, Tornado GR4 strike aircraft. Around four, and then later six, MQ-9 Reaper unmanned combat aerial vehicles also began attacking targets on 10 November 2014. Airstrikes have been supported by Boeing E-3 Sentry, Boeing RC-135 and Airbus Voyager aircraft. On 16 January 2015, Prime Minister David Cameron announced that the UK was the second-largest contributor to the anti-ISIL coalition in Iraq, contributing over 100 airstrikes. The majority of British forces engaged in Iraq operate from RAF Akrotiri in Cyprus, however, MQ-9 Reapers are based in Kuwait and a RC-135 Rivet Joint is based at RAF Al Udeid in Qatar.
• Jordan (See also: Jordanian reaction to murder on al-Kasasbeh)
  Jordanian officials said on 4 February 2015, after the release of a video showing captured RJAF pilot Muath al-Kasasbeh being burned alive by his ISIL captors in Syria, that the kingdom would consider joining the coalition by launching airstrikes against ISIL targets in Iraq.
  The Jordanian Air Force on 4 February 2015 began targeting ISIL positions in Iraq in retaliation for ISIL's brutal burning of Jordanian pilot Muath al-Kasasbeh, beginning the campaign with a large airstrike campaign centered on Mosul, which killed 55 ISIL militants, including ISIL's top senior commander of Mosul known as the "Prince of Nineveh".

Facilitating or preparing for airstrikes

• Italy has offered to assist coalition partners in air-to-air refueling and ISR operations with one KC-767, four Tornado IDS attack planes, and two UAVs Predators. Air operations continue.
• Spain had in September announced that its contribution to ‘a US-led anti-IS coalition’ would remain limited to weapons, transport assistance, etc., for the Iraqi government, but has in October offered to assist coalition partners in transport, air-to-air refueling and ISR operations.
• The Grand National Assembly of Turkey on 2 October allowed foreign soldiers to use Turkish bases for a fight against ISIL, after pressure from the U.S. government on Ankara to join the anti-ISIL coalition.

Humanitarian efforts

See also: Persecution of Yazidis by the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant and Sinjar massacre

Water is loaded on a U.S. C-17 for an airdrop on 8 August.

The United States and international partners have undertaken a large humanitarian effort to support refugees stranded in northern Iraq with airdropped supplies.

On 7 August, 2 Lockheed C-130 Hercules's and 1 Boeing C-17 Globemaster III dropped tens of thousands of meals and thousands of gallons of drinking water to Yazidi refugees who were stranded in the Sinjar Mountains by advancing ISIL forces. On 9 August 2014, U.S. aircraft again dropped humanitarian supplies over northern Iraq, this time consisting of 4,000 gallons of drinking water and 16,000 ready-to-eat meals.

British aid for Iraq is loaded at RAF Brize Norton

On 10 August, the United Kingdom began humanitarian supply airdrops to the Yazidi refugees on Mount Sinjar.

On the night of 13–14 August, a 16-aircraft mission including US C-17s and C-130Hs, a British C-130J, and an Australian C-130J airdropped supplies to Yezidi civilians trapped on Mount Sinjar in what was later described as "the first mass air delivery of humanitarian cargo since the outbreak of violence in East Timor in 1999."

Humanitarian intervention efforts per country:

• Australian C-130J transport aircraft from the Royal Australian Air Force based in the Middle East on 13/14 August 2014, started airdropping humanitarian aid in Northern Iraq.
• Denmark has committed a C-130 transport aircraft and money for relief efforts.
• France plans to contribute to ongoing humanitarian efforts in Iraq, in addition to offering asylum to Iraqi Christians fleeing the violence.
• Germany ramped up humanitarian spending in Northern Iraq and sent 4 transport aircraft.
• Italy started humanitarian support.
• Sweden expressed support for military assistance by others but for legal reasons will only provide humanitarian support.^{[citation needed]}
• United Kingdom made humanitarian supply airdrops to Yazidi refugees on Mount Sinjar starting on 10 August 2014, using Royal Air Force C-130's operating from RAF Akrotiri in Cyprus, while surveillance was provided by Panavia Tornado GR4s. It has been announced that Boeing Chinooks will also be deployed.
• New Zealand's Foreign Minister Murray McCully has announced that New Zealand will provide $500,000 to the Office of the UN High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) to help people displaced by fighting in Iraq.
• The European Commission of the European Union announced it would boost humanitarian aid to Iraq to €17m, and approved special emergency measures to meet the crisis. On 15 August 2014, 20 of the 28 EU foreign ministers met in Brussels to discuss military and humanitarian assistance.

Casualties

Civilians

When ISIL swept through northern Iraq in August 2014, 5,000 Yazidi male civilians were gunned down by them in a series of massacres, the UN confirmed.

In January 2015, Iraq Body Count had counted 118 civilians killed by coalition air strikes.

ISIL fighters

On 9 August, U.S. airstrikes killed 16 ISIL fighters, Iraqi officials reported. Between 9–11 August, in a concerted U.S.-Iraqi operation, an Iraqi airstrike killed 45 ISIL men. On 8 September, in an operation of Iraqi forces with U.S. airstrikes, Iraq reported that 15 ISIL fighters were killed. On 23 February 2015, it was revealed that over 8,500 ISIL fighters had been killed by US-led airstrikes, with at least 7,000 of the deaths in Iraq.

Peshmerga troops

"At least 999 Peshmerga troops lost their lives and 4,596 have been injured between June 10, 2014 and February 3, 2015," said Jabbar Yawar, secretary-general of the Ministry of Peshmerga Affairs to reporters at a press conference in Arbil on February 4, 2015.

In late February 2015, it was revealed that the Peshmerga losses had increased to over 1,000 dead, and over 5,000 wounded.

U.S. soldiers

The United States suffered its first casualty of the conflict on 2 October 2014, when a United States Marine Corps MV-22 Osprey crashed in the Persian Gulf after takeoff from USS Makin Island, leaving one of its crewmen missing and presumed dead.

Extending U.S. presence on Iraqi ground

While some U.S. troops were already active in Iraq for several purposes since June 2014 (see section Background), on 13 August, the U.S. deployed another 130 military advisers to Northern Iraq, and up to 20 U.S. Marines and special forces servicemen landed on Mount Sinjar from V-22 aircraft to coordinate the evacuation of Yazidi refugees. A team of British SAS was already in the area.

On 3 September, an increase of 350 servicemen was announced to be sent to Baghdad, increasing U.S. forces in Baghdad to 820, and increasing U.S. forces in Iraq to 1,213.

On 10 September, President Obama gave a speech in which he reiterated that American troops will not fight in combat. He also said that about 500 more troops will be sent to Iraq to help train Iraqi forces. At the end of September, Obama planned to send 1,600 troops to Iraq as "advisers" to the Iraqi army and Kurdish forces. 800 of them would provide security for soldiers and Marines and for property; hundreds would train and advise Iraqi and Kurdish forces on how to fight ISIL.

In early November 2014, President Obama announced that he would be doubling the number of US troops present on the ground in Iraq to around 3,000 men. By early December 2014, the number of US ground troops in Iraq had increased to 3,100, while other nations in the US-led Coalition decided to send 1,500 more ground troops to Iraq, increasing the total number of troops to 4,600.

In January 2015, the 1,000 Paratroopers of the "Panther Brigade" of the US Army's 82nd Airborne Division were deployed to Iraq. They came with an additional 300 soldiers, Airmen, and Marines, bringing US troop levels deployed in the country to 4,400.
According to the New York Times by February 4, 2015 the US had 4,500 troops in Iraq.

US naming controversy

Main article: Operation Inherent Resolve

Unlike previous U.S. combat operations, no name was initially given to the 2014 military operation in Iraq and Syria by the U.S. Government, until mid-October. The fact that the operation was still nameless drew considerable media criticism. U.S. Servicemen remained ineligible for Campaign Medals and other service decorations due to the continuing ambiguous nature of the continued U.S. involvement in Iraq. On 15 October 2014, two months after the first airstrikes by the USA, the operation was named Inherent Resolve.

Technicalities

Types of aircraft used

In the first U.S. airstrikes on 8 August, armed drones as well as fixed wing aircraft: McDonnell Douglas F/A-18 Hornet fighters, were used. The F/A-18s were that day launched from the aircraft carrier USS George H.W. Bush. A Navy official said that the two planes involved in the airstrikes were Super Hornets from Carrier Air Wing 8, of Naval Air Station Oceana, Virginia. A number of Fairchild Republic A-10C Thunderbolt II's from the USAF's 163d Expeditionary Fighter Squadron were deployed on November 17, 2014.

Air bases and aircraft carriers

The following is a list of publicly disclosed air bases that have been used for the interventions in Iraq and Syria. It is likely that there are other, yet undisclosed air bases being used. Turkey has refused to allow using Incirlik Air Base for airstrikes against ISIL.

• Ahmed Al Jaber Air Base, Kuwait
• Ali Al Salem Air Base, Kuwait (used by Denmark, Canada and Italy)
• Isa Air Base, Bahrain
• Al Udeid Air Base, Qatar (also used by United States and United Kingdom)
• Al Dhafra Air Base, UAE (also used by France)
• Shaheed Mwaffaq Air Base, Jordan (also used by Belgium and Netherlands)
• RAF Akrotiri, Cyprus (used by United Kingdom)
• Al Minhad Air Base, UAE (also used by Australia)
• USS George H.W. Bush (CVN-77) in the Persian Gulf until mid October 2014
• USS Carl Vinson (CVN-70) deployed to the Persian Gulf from mid October 2014
• Cruise missiles have been launched from various American ships or submarines (against targets in Syria at least)

Strategics

Kurdish and Iraqi forces battling Islamic State fighters have been closely cooperating with U.S. air force controllers based in Baghdad and in Erbil, suggesting ISIL targets to those U.S. air force controllers. The US controllers then checked those suggestions with live stream video information (ISR), to avoid hitting Iraqi or Kurdish forces with their airstrikes.

Reaction

The initial decision to intervene in Iraq was met with bipartisan support in the United States Congress, albeit subject to a range of interpretations as to what constitutes legitimate intervention. Barbara Lee supported a strictly humanitarian intervention and opposed any mission creep as did Richard Blumenthal who argued for humanitarian relief, but opposed a prolonged direct military involvement. Bob Corker expected greater clarity with regards to the intervention's objectives, time frame and source of authorization. while Dick Durbin opined that he, "still had concerns" despite assurances from Obama that no U.S. ground troops would be deployed in Iraq. Congressional Democrats and Republicans who were more hawkish for their support for the intervention included the Senate Armed Services Committee Chairman Carl Levin, Senate Majority Leader Harry Reid, chairwoman of the Senate Intelligence Committee Dianne Feinstein and current Speaker of the United States House of Representatives John Boehner.

Despite the bipartisan support, the President's decision to re-engage the United States into a conflict in Iraq has attracted criticism from both the political left and right. Andrew Bacevich argued against military action, but not humanitarian assistance as did Seumas Milne who argued against military, but not humanitarian intervention. On the contrary, Cal Thomas accused Obama's decision to withhold American military assistance barring efforts by the Iraqi government to bridge the country's sectarian differences as tantamount to abandonment while an article in the Globe and Mail cautioned that an American intervention "would kill both ISIS and MCIR fighters as well as many Sunni civilians and fail to fix the underlying issues." An article by the Associated Press wrote that critics of Obama drew a direct connection between his foreign policy approach that underestimated ISIS and his decision to withdraw all American troops from Iraq in late 2011.

Mirroring the bipartisan congressional support for the interventions, polls, notwithstanding varying qualifications, show majorities of Americans supporting air strike in Iraq.

The editorial boards of The Washington Post, The New York Times, The Guardian, and The Wall Street Journal penned editorials that were supportive of the intervention. Two editorials by The Washington Post argued that Iraqi's disintegration would threaten national, regional and global security and described efforts by the Obama administration to create a more inclusive Iraq government as presenting the best hope for the country in its fight against ISIS. Two editorials written in August by the New York Times also supported the intervention, praising Obama's sagacity in delivering the necessary humanitarian assistance to the Christians, Yazidis and other minorities on Mount Sinjar while eschewing the redeployment of American ground troops, and describing the subsequent deployment of American military airstrikes and other forms of assistance as, although insufficient, a necessary component of a more comprehensive strategy to defeating ISIS. An editorial by the Guardian written in June opined that ISIS's June 2014 Iraqi offensive invited foreign intervention that included the United States and that Obama's conditionalization of aid on Iraqis working together was in the best interest of all of Iraq's regions. Similarly, an editorial in the Wall Street Journal written in August wrote of the strategic interest the United States had in defeating ISIS and positively assessed the efficacy of American airstrikes in, "...reducing the jihadists' room for maneuver and giving new confidence to the Kurdish forces." While condemning ISIS's savagery and acknowledging the threat to American national interests in the Middle East that the group posed, an editorial by the editorial board of the Los Angeles Times argued that congressional authorization should override Obama's legal authority as the ultimate legal basis for the usage of military force in Iraq.

However, support for the intervention in the media was not unanimous. A Washington Post editorial criticized the American strategy of creating a unity government in order to fight ISIS was a mirage due to the country's political-religious cleavages and ISIS's numerical and technological superiority. William Hartung, writing in Stars and Stripes argued that the intervention would result in mission creep.

In an article for the BBC, Marc Weller, professor of international law at Cambridge University, argued that the US airstrikes are consistent with international law. Specifically, he argued that: the government in Baghdad invited international forces to join in the fight against IS; the newly reconstituted and religiously representative Iraqi government has a positive obligation to deliver on its constitutional promises and defend its population from subjugation by ISIS; and foreign intervention exercising the right of collective self-defense on behalf of Iraq can involve forcible action in IS-controlled territories in Syria that is proportional to the necessity of securing Iraq's borders. Similarly, Michael Ignatieff, professor of politics at Harvard University discussed the international dimensions of American intervention in Iraq in an interview with Der Spiegel in which he described the Islamic State as an "attack on all values of civilization" and that it was essential that America, "continued with their air strikes."

Ramzi Mardini in The New York Times wrote an op-ed opposing armed intervention as it exacerbated the blowback risk of terrorism against US although he did not object to humanitarian assistance aimed at helping the persecuted religious minorities living in ISIS controlled territories and instead called for greater diplomatic intervention in which the United States played a key role as an arbiter between Iraq's warring sectarian factions. On the other hand, Aaron Zelin of the Washington Institute for Near East Policy argues that ISIS are "likely planning attacks whether the U.S. conducts targeted air strikes or not" and that, in his opinion, the United States, "should destroy them as soon as possible." Former Secretary of State Hillary Clinton and members of the Republican party including John McCain, Lindsey Graham, Ted Cruz, and John Boehner have likewise called for greater military strikes in the region to contain the Islamic State.

In an interview with The Atlantic, Hillary Clinton suggested that the current crisis in Iraq was a result of his [President Obama] refusal to arm Syrian rebels, which Obama, in a meeting with lawmakers before Clinton’s interview, criticized as "horseshit."

An editorial in Vox defined the intervention as being limited to Kurdistan, effectively allowing the Islamic State to control a large part of Iraq absent any other occupying power. The editorial argued that the stability of Kurdistan would make it a better ally for the US.

See also

• History of Iraq
• International Conferences on Peace and Security in Iraq (2014)
• Spillover of the Syrian Civil War
• 2015 Egyptian military intervention in Libya
• Opération Chammal - included French operation against ISIL
• Operation Shader - included UK operation against ISIL
• Operation Okra - included Australian operation against ISIL
• Operation Impact - included Canadian operation against ISIL
• American-led intervention in Syria
• Military intervention against the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant
• Iranian intervention in Iraq (2014–present) - separate Iranian operation against ISIL
• Persecution of Yazidis by ISIL
• Persecution of Assyrians by ISIL
• Iraqi insurgency (2011–present)
• Overseas interventions of the United States
• Fall of Mosul
• First Battle of Tikrit
• Siege of Amirli
• Battle of Baiji (October–November 2014)
• Battle of Ramadi (2014–15)
• Battle of Baiji
• Sinjar offensive
• Second Battle of Tikrit (March–April 2015)
• Liberation of Mosul

External links

• Operation Inherent Resolve airstrike updates
• ISIL frontline maps (Iraq)