The term Army (軍 gun) in the Imperial Japanese Army was used in a different ways to designate a variety of large military formations, corresponding to the army group, field army and corps in the militaries of western nations.
General Armies
Kwantung Army on maneuvers
The General Army (総軍 Sō-gun) was the highest level in the organizational structure of the Imperial Japanese Army. It corresponded to the army group in western military terminology. Intended to be self-sufficient for indefinite periods, the general armies were commanded by either a field marshal or a full general. The initial General Army was the Japanese Manchurian Army, formed from 1904–1905 during the Russo-Japanese War as a temporary command structure to coordinate the efforts of several Japanese armies in the campaign against Imperial Russia.
In terms of a permanent standing organization, the Japanese Army created the Kantōgun, usually known in English as the Kwantung Army, to manage its overseas deployment in the Kwantung Territory and Manchukuo from 1906.
Subsequent general armies were created in response to the needs of the Second Sino-Japanese War and World War II, in which increased overseas deployment called for an organizational structure that could respond quickly and autonomously from the Imperial Japanese Army General Staff in Tokyo. As a result, Japanese forces were re-organized into three separate overseas operational commands: (Manchuria, China and Southeast Asia), with the Japanese home islands forming a fourth.
Towards the end of World War II, the home island command (i.e. the General Defense Command) was restructured geographically into the First General Army in the east, Second General Army in the west, and the Air General Army in charge of military aviation.
With the official Japanese surrender in September 1945, all of the general armies were dissolved, except for the First General Army, which continued to exist until November 30, 1945 as the 1st Demobilization Headquarters.
| Name | Active | Operational Area | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Kwantung Army (関東軍 Kantōgun) | 1906–1945 | Manchukuo |
| 2 | China Expeditionary Army (支那派遣軍 Shina hakengun) | 1939–1945 | China |
| 3 | Southern Expeditionary Army Group (南方軍 Nampōgun) | 1941–1945 | Southeast Asia, Southwest Pacific |
| 4 | General Defense Command (防衛総司令部 Bōei Sōshireibu) | 1941–1945 | Japanese home islands |
| 5 | First General Army (第1総軍 Dai-ichi Sōgun) | 1945-1945 | Japanese home islands |
| 6 | Second General Army (第2総軍 Dai-ni Sōgun) | 1945-1945 | Japanese home islands |
| 7 | Air General Army ( 航空総軍 Kōkū Sōgun) | 1945-1945 | Japanese home islands |
Area Armies
Area Armies (方面軍 Hōmen-gun) in Japanese military terminology were equivalent to field armies in western militaries. Area Armies were normally commanded by a lieutenant general. There is much confusion between the similarly numbered Area Armies and Armies in historical records, as many writers often did not make a clear distinction when describing the units involved.
| Name | Active | Operational Area | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | First Area Army ( 第1方面軍 Dai ichi hōmen gun) | 1942–1945 | Manchukuo |
| 2 | Second Area Army ( 第2方面軍 Dai ni hōmen gun) | 1942–1945 | Manchukuo |
| 3 | Third Area Army ( 第3方面軍 Dai san hōmen gun) | 1942–1945 | Manchukuo |
| 4 | Fifth Area Army ( 第5方面軍 Dai go hōmen gun) | 1944–1945 | Japanese home islands |
| 5 | Sixth Area Army ( 第6方面軍 Dai roku hōmen gun) | 1944–1945 | China |
| 6 | Seventh Area Army ( 第7方面軍 Dai nana hōmen gun) | 1944–1945 | British Malaya, Singapore, Sumatra |
| 7 | Eighth Area Army ( 第8方面軍 Dai hachi hōmen gun) | 1942–1945 | Solomon Islands, New Guinea |
| 8 | Tenth Area Army ( 第10方面軍 Dai jyū hōmen gun) | 1944–1945 | Taiwan |
| 9 | Eleventh Area Army ( 第11方面軍 Dai jyū ichi hōmen gun) | 1945-1945 | Japanese home islands |
| 10 | Twelfth Area Army ( 第12方面軍 Dai jyū ni hōmen gun) | 1945-1945 | Japanese home islands |
| 11 | Thirteenth Area Army ( 第13方面軍 Dai jyū san hōmen gun) | 1945-1945 | Japanese home islands |
| 12 | Fourteenth Area Army ( 第14方面軍 Dai jyū yon hōmen gun) | 1942–1945 | Philippines |
| 13 | Fifteenth Area Army ( 第15方面軍 Dai jyū go hōmen gun) | 1945-1945 | Japanese home islands |
| 14 | Sixteenth Area Army ( 第16方面軍 Dai jyū roku hōmen gun) | 1945-1945 | Japanese home islands |
| 15 | Seventeenth Area Army ( 第17方面軍 Dai jyū nana hōmen gun) | 1945-1945 | Korea |
| 15 | Eighteenth Area Army ( 第18方面軍 Dai jyū hachi hōmen gun) | 1943–1945 | Thailand |
| 16 | Burma Area Army ( 緬甸方面軍 Biruma hōmen gun) | 1943–1945 | Burma |
| 17 | Central China Area Army ( 中支那方面軍 Naka-Shina hōmen gun) | 1937–1938 | China |
| 18 | Northern China Area Army ( 北支那方面軍 Kita-Shina hōmen gun) | 1937–1945 | China |
| 19 | Southern China Area Army ( 南支那方面軍 Minami-Shina hōmen gun) | 1940–1941 | China |
| 19 | Northern District Army ( 北部軍 Hokubu gun) | 1940–1945 | Japanese home islands |
| 20 | Eastern District Army ( 東部軍 Tobu gun) | 1923–1945 | Japanese home islands |
| 22 | Western District Army (西部軍 Seibu gun) | 1937–1945 | Japanese home islands |
| 21 | Central District Army (中部軍 Chubu gun) | 1945-1945 | Japanese home islands |
| 22 | Shanghai Expeditionary Army (上海派遣軍 Shanhai Haken gun) | 1932, 1937–1938 | China |
Armies
The Japanese Army (軍 gun) corresponded to an army corps in American or British military terminology. It was usually commanded by a lieutenant general.
- First Army – China
- Second Army – China
- Third Army – Manchukuo
- Fourth Army – Manchukuo
- Fifth Army – Manchukuo
- Sixth Army – Manchukuo
- Tenth Army – China
- Eleventh Army – China
- Twelfth Army – China
- Thirteenth Army – China
- Fourteenth Army – Philippines
- Fifteenth Army – Burma
- Sixteenth Army – Java
- Seventeenth Army – Solomon Islands
- Eighteenth Army – New Guinea
- Nineteenth Army – eastern Netherlands East Indies
- Twentieth Army – China
- Twenty-First Army – China
- Twenty-Second Army – China
- Twenty-Third Army – China
- Twenty-Fifth Army – Malaya, Singapore, Sumatra
- Twenty-Seventh Army – Chishima Islands
- Twenty-Eighth Army – Burma
- Twenty-Ninth Army – British Malaya
- Thirtieth Army – Manchukuo
- Thirty-First Army – Truk
- Thirty-Second Army – Okinawa
- Thirty-Third Army – Burma
- Thirty-Fourth Army – Manchukuo
- Thirty-Fifth Army – Philippines
- Thirty-Sixth Army – Japanese home islands
- Thirty-Seventh Army – Borneo
- Thirty-Eighth Army -Indochina
- Thirty-Ninth Army -Thailand
- Fortieth Army – Japanese home islands
- Forty-First Army – Philippines
- Forty-Third Army – China
- Forty-Fourth Army – Manchukuo
- Fiftieth Army – Japanese home islands
- Fifty-First Army – Japanese home islands
- Fifty-Second Army – Japanese home islands
- Fifty-Third Army – Japanese home islands
- Fifty-Fourth Army – Japanese home islands
- Fifty-Fifth Army – Japanese home islands
- Fifty-Sixth Army – Japanese home islands
- Fifty-Seventh Army – Japanese home islands
- Fifty-Eighth Army – Korea
- Fifty-Ninth Army – Japanese home islands
- China Garrison Army – China
- Mongolia Garrison Army- Inner Mongolia
- Imperial Japanese Army Air Force
- First Air Army – HQ Tokyo, basing in the Kanto Plain covering the Japanese home islands, Taiwan, Korea and Karafuto.
- Second Air Army – HQ Hsinking, covering Manchukuo
- Third Air Army – HQ Singapore, covering Southeast Asia
- Fourth Air Army – HQ Rabaul, covering the Solomon Islands and New Guinea
- Fifth Air Army – HQ Nanking, covering Japanese-occupied portions of southern and eastern China.
- Sixth Air Army – HQ Kyūshū covering Taiwan and Okinawa
Auxiliaries
- Manchukuo Imperial Army
- Mengjiang National Army
- Indian National Army
- Burmese National Army
- Kempeitai
References
The original article can be found at Armies of the Imperial Japanese Army and the edit history here.