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BM-30 Smerch
RSZO Smertch
9A52-2 "Smerch" launch vehicle
Type Multiple rocket launcher
Place of origin Soviet Union, Russia
Service history
In service 1989 – present
Used by see Operators
Wars Second Chechen War, War in Donbass, Syrian Civil War[1]
Production history
Designer Splav State Research and Production Enterprise
Designed 1980s
Manufacturer Splav State Research and Production Enterprise
Produced 1989 – present
Variants See Variants
Specifications
Mass 43.7 t
Length 12 m (39 ft 4 in)
Width 3.05 m (10 ft)
Height 3.05 m (10 ft)
Crew 3

Caliber 300 mm (12 in)
Barrels 12
Maximum firing range 90 km (56 mi)

Main
armament
9M55 or 9M528 rockets
Engine D12A-525A V12 diesel engine
525 hp (391 kW)
Suspension 8×8 wheeled
Operational
range
850 km (530 mi)
Maximum speed 60 km/h (37 mph)
9a52 smerch

9K58 «Smerch» in Saint-Petersburg Artillery museum

Army2016demo-068

9T234-2 transporter-loader of 9K58

Army2016demo-065

9A52-2 launch vehicle of 9K58 / BM-30 Smerch MLRS

9К58 Смерч 3

9K58 Smerch (IDELF-2008 - Ministry of Defence of Russia exposition)

The BM-30 Smerch (Russian: Смерч, "tornado", "whirlwind"), 9K58 Smerch or 9A52-2 Smerch-M is a Soviet heavy multiple rocket launcher. The system is intended to defeat personnel, armored, and soft targets in concentration areas, artillery batteries, command posts and ammunition depots. It was designed in the early 1980s and entered service in the Soviet Army in 1989.[2] When first observed by the West in 1983, it received the code MRL 280mm M1983. It is being superseded by the 9A52-4 Tornado since 2018.[3]

Operational history[]

The first confirmed combat uses of the Smerch were in two war zones in 2014. Syrian military forces used the system against rebel forces during the Syrian civil war, including in fighting in Jobar.[4] It was also used by Russia-backed militants to deliver explosive and cluster munitions to Ukrainian military positions and by Ukrainian Army at populated areas of Donetsk and Lugansk regions in the War in Donbass.[5][6] Several have been seen in use by pro-Russian rebels.[7][8] The Russian Ground Forces used the BM-30 in Syria in October 2015 during the Russian intervention in Syria.[9]

Components[]

The main components of the RSZO 9K58 "Smerch" system are the following:

  • Rockets 9M55 or 9M528 (in containers);
  • BM 9A52-2 launch vehicle;
  • TZM 9T234-2 transloader with an 850 kg crane and 12 spare rockets;
  • Automated fire control equipment in the command post 1K123 "Vivary";
  • Maintenance vehicle PM-2-70 MTO-V;
  • Set of arsenal equipment 9F819;
  • Training facilities 9F827 and 9F840.

The 300mm rockets with a firing range of 70 and 90 km and various warheads have been developed for the Smerch MLRS.

The 9A52-2 vehicle with the automated system ensures:

  • delivery of fire from an un-surveyed fire position;
  • laying of the launch tube cluster with the crew staying in the cabin and without using aiming points;
  • autonomous determination of an azimuth of the launch tube cluster's longitudinal axis;
  • visual representation of graphical information for the launch tube cluster laying, the route of vehicle movement and location as well as a point of destination and direction of movement on the video terminal;
  • increase in MLRS survivability owing to reduced time of staying at a fire position;
  • increased comfort for the laying operator, especially in adverse weather conditions and at night;
  • increased independent operation owing to the navigation and survey equipment, which allows the vehicle to rapidly change fire positions and move autonomously;
  • reduction of the combat crew.

General characteristics[]

  • Chassis: MAZ-543M or MAZ-79111
  • Emplacement Time: 3 min
  • Displacement Time: 2 min
  • Launch Rate
Salvo Time: 12 rounds in 38 seconds
  • Reload Time: 20 min

Rocket projectiles[]

Variant Rocket Warhead Self-destruct time Range
Name Type Weight Length Weight Submunition Min. Max.
9M55K Cluster munition, anti-personnel 800 kg 7.6 m 243 kg 72 × 1.75 kg, each with 96 fragments (4.5 g each) 110 sec 20 km 70 km
9M55K1 Cluster munition, self-guided anti-tank 243 kg 5 × 15 kg
9M55K4 Cluster munition, AT minelets. 243 kg 25 × 5 kg mines 24 hour
9M55K5 HEAT/HE-Fragmentation. 243 kg 646 × 0.25 kg (up to 120 mm RHA armor-piercing) 260 sec
9M55F separable HE-Fragmentation 258 kg
9M55C Thermobaric 243 kg
9M528 HE-Fragmentation 815 kg 243 kg 25 km 90 km

Variants[]

Smerch 30MM hemant rawat (11)

Indian BM-30 Smerch launchers on Indian built Tatra 816 trucks during a military parade

  • 9A52- Standard variant on MAZ-79111 truck.
  • 9A52-2 - Modified variant on MAZ-543M truck.
  • 9A52-2T - Export version, based on the Tatra T816 10x10 truck.[10]
  • 9A52-4 - Lighter, airmobile version on KamAZ-6350 truck with modular 6-round rocket pack. Demonstrated in 2007.
  • Arctic version with rockets mounted on DT-30PM tracked vehicle.[11]

Operators[]

BM-30 operators

Map of BM-30 operators in blue with former operators in red

BM-30 Smerch parade

Ukrainian BM-30 Smerch launchers during a military parade

Kuwait BM-30 Smerch launchers, 2011

Kuwaiti BM-30 Smerch launchers during a military parade in Kuwait

Current operators[]

  • Flag of Algeria Algeria - 50 systems in 1999.[12]
  • Flag of Armenia Armenia - 6 systems. Received more as of 2018.[13]
  • Flag of Azerbaijan Azerbaijan - 40 systems.[14]
  • Flag of Belarus Belarus - 48 systems in 1990.[15]
  • Flag of the People's Republic of China China - Locally produced as the PHL03.
  • Flag of India India - 42 9A52-2T systems in service. The launchers for the Indian Army's 9K58 Smerch 300 mm multiple rocket launch (MRL) systems will be mounted on 81 Indian designed 10×10 high-mobility vehicles provided by Indian private-sector defence manufacturer Ashok Leyland. The vehicle, which is fitted with a hydraulic crane to reload the system, will supplement and eventually replace the 9A52-2 launch vehicles based on the MAZ-543M 8×8 truck chassis. The IA operates several launcher variants for the Smerch system, including around 62 9K58 Smerch batteries, each of which has six launch vehicles. Since 2012 India's state-owned Ordnance Factory Board has produced several rocket variants for the system that have a strike range of 70 or 90 km.[16]
  • Flag of Iraq Iraq - 0 systems in 2016.[17]
  • Flag of Kazakhstan Kazakhstan[18]
  • Flag of Kuwait Kuwait - 27 systems in 1996.
  • Flag of Morocco Morocco - 36 systems PHL03/AR2 Chinese version.[19][20]
  • Flag of Pakistan Pakistan - 36 units, produced locally as the A-100E with complete TOT, based on the Chinese A-100,[21]
  • Flag of Russia Russia - 106.[22]
  • Flag of Syria Syria - Unknown number, used in the Syrian civil war.[23]
  • Flag of Turkmenistan Turkmenistan - 6 systems 9A52-2T in 2008/2009.[24]
  • Flag of Ukraine Ukraine - 80.[25]
  • Flag of the United Arab Emirates United Arab Emirates - 6 systems.
  • Flag of Venezuela Venezuela - 12 systems.[26]

Former operators[]

  • Flag of the Soviet Union Soviet Union: Passed on to successor states.

Similar systems[]

  • PHL-96 - Aesthetically similar missile based on the Wanshan WS-2400 8 x 8 cross country truck. However, the PHL-03 and BM-30 do not share interchangeable parts, so they are distinct missiles despite their similar appearance. The Chinese vehicle utilizes a German-designed diesel engine, transmission and hydraulics, manufactured by Wanshan in China, following a technology transfer from ZF Friedrichshafen. The program actually begun in the late 1990s, with the '96' in the designation reportedly meaning 1996, the year that the Chinese military first issued the requirement for a new long range SPMRLS. The program went through major redesign changes when the BM-30 Smerch was purchased.[27] Although dubbed by many Chinese as a guided self-propelled multiple rocket launching system (SPMRLS), the PHL96 is not strictly speaking a guided SPMRLS because, technically, none of rockets are guided - the guidance is actually achieved via the sub-munitions, such as the 9M55K1 cluster munition. Only a very limited number of the PHL96 entered Chinese service because its successor, the PHL03, entered service shortly after.
PHL-03 heavy multiple rocket launcher

PHL-03 heavy multiple rocket launcher.

  • A-100 - A 300 mm, 10-tube multiple rocket launcher developed by the Beijing-based China Academy of Launch Vehicle Technology (CALT) in the late 1990s. The A-100 has a minimum firing range of 40 km & a maximum firing range of 100 km.
  • PHL-03 - Chinese development of the PHL96 with 150 km range.[28] The PHL03 is a highly digitized PHL96 with a computerized fire control system (FCS) incorporating GPS/GLONASS, similar to that of the Type 90A SPMRL, with a four-man crew (compared with three for the BM-30/PHL96), which entered service around 2004–2005,[29] only a year or two after its predecessor, the PHL96. As with the PHL96, the PHL03 is not exactly a guided SPMRL because it is the submunitions that are guided, not the rockets themselves.
  • AR-1 - Chinese development of the PHL03. This is actually the first model of the Chinese versions of the BM-30 SPMRL that is a truly a guided rocket system, in that the rockets themselves are guided by the simple primitive cascade inertial terminal guidance used on the WS series SPMRL, which became standard for later Chinese versions. Russia had already developed a guided version of the BM-30 with mid-course radio command guidance to immediately correct the error in the flight of the rocket once detected by the ballistic tracking radar, but this was not adopted due to financial constraints.[30]
  • AR-1A - Chinese development of the AR-1. A 10-round version of the AR-1, with two launching boxes, each containing five expandable launching tubes. Once rockets are launched, the entire launch box is replaced, instead of individually reloading each tube as in earlier versions, thus greatly reducing the reload time.[31][32]
  • A-100E - Export variant of the AR-1A. In service with the Pakistan Army.
  • AR-2 - Chinese development of the AR-1/1A manufactured by Norinco, with range increased to 130 km.[33]
  • AR-3 - Chinese development of the AR-2 manufactured by Norinco, with its caliber increased to 370 mm; (BRE6 Fire Dragon 220 guided rockets with maximum range of 220 km, CEP of no more than 50 m)[34][35][36] although it can still fire the BRE3 300 mm rockets. As with the AR-1/1A/2, the AR-3 adopts a modular design by incorporating two launching boxes containing several launching tubes, with the launching boxes replaced after the launching of rockets. When using 300 mm caliber rockets, each launching box contains five launching tubes like the earlier AR-1/1A/2, and when using 370 mm caliber rockets, each launching box contains four launching tubes.[37][38] Can also launch two 750 mm BRE8 Fire Dragon 480 ballistic missiles with a 480 kg warhead and range of 290 km.[39][40][41]

See also[]

  • BM-30 Smerch MLRS

    BM-30 Smerch with projectile as a monument to A.N. Ganichev in Tula city

  • Katyusha, BM-13, BM-8, and BM-31 multiple rocket launchers of World War II
  • BM-14 140mm multiple rocket launcher
  • BM-21 Grad 122mm multiple rocket launcher
  • BM-27 Uragan 220mm multiple rocket launcher
  • M270, U.S. multiple rocket launcher
  • Pinaka Multi Barrel Rocket Launcher, 214mm Indian multiple rocket launcher
  • TOS-1 Buratino Heavy Flame Thrower System (multiple rocket / thermobaric weapon launcher)

References[]

Nuvola apps kaboodle External video
Nuvola apps kaboodle 300mm Smerch Multiple Rocket Launcher:
0:48 - Cluster - fragmentation
1:30 - Separable HE-Frag warhead
2:00 - Cluster - self-guided EFP (AT) elements
3:00 - Cluster - anti-tank mines
3:30 - Cluster - shaped charge/frag elements
3:50 - Unmanned aerial vehicle
5:20 - Thermobaric warhead
  1. BM-30 Smerch and BM-27 Uragan of Syrian Army shooting at IS positions in Palmyra - Syria on YouTube
  2. "Военная кафедра МЭСИ" (in ru). 2007-12-23. http://www.vk.mesi.ru/arms2108.html. 
  3. "Archived copy". https://www.janes.com/article/84715/russia-refits-missile-troops-and-artillery. 
  4. "Syria's BM-30 Smerchs, emerging from the shadows". 2014-12-27. https://www.bellingcat.com/news/mena/2014/12/27/syrias-bm-30-smerchs-emerging-from-the-shadows/. 
  5. "Ukraine: Rising Civilian Toll in Luhansk". https://www.hrw.org/news/2014/09/01/ukraine-rising-civilian-toll-luhansk. 
  6. "Archived copy". https://www.hrw.org/news/2014/10/20/ukraine-widespread-use-cluster-munitions. 
  7. "[1152 Makeevka: Smerch"]. Bellingcat Vehicles. 22 January 2015. Archived from the original on 11 February 2015. https://web.archive.org/web/20150211194523/https://bellingcat-vehicles.silk.co/page/1152-Makeevka%3A-Smerch. Retrieved 11 February 2015. 
  8. "[1154 Makeevka: Smerch"]. Bellingcat Vehicles. 22 January 2015. Archived from the original on 11 February 2015. https://web.archive.org/web/20150211183317/https://bellingcat-vehicles.silk.co/page/1154-Makeevka%3A-Smerch. Retrieved 11 February 2015. 
  9. "Russian Troops Fire Artillery and Rockets in Syria". https://abcnews.go.com/Politics/russian-troops-fire-artillery-rockets-syria/story?id=34322668. 
  10. "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 22 February 2011. https://web.archive.org/web/20110222032836/http://www.otvaga2004.narod.ru/xlopotov_8/2010_smerch1.htm. Retrieved 2011-01-05. 
  11. "Russian army Arctic brigade will be equipped with Grad & Smerch MLRS on DT-30PM". 2013-07-14. https://www.armyrecognition.com/february_2018_global_defense_security_army_news_industry/russian_army_arctic_brigade_will_be_equipped_with_grad_smerch_mlrs_on_dt-30pm.html. 
  12. "Archived copy". http://tass.ru/armiya-i-opk?pag=article&aid=93042&cid=24. 
  13. "Archived copy". http://tass.com/world/1014422. 
  14. "Archived copy". http://www.vedomosti.ru/politics/news/13199631/v_baku_idet_smerch. 
  15. "Belarus Army Equipment". http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/belarus/army-equipment.htm. 
  16. "Archived copy". https://www.janes.com/article/82102/indian-army-s-smerch-launchers-to-be-mounted-on-locally-designed-10x10-vehicles. 
  17. "Армия и ОПК" (in ru). 2019-08-14. https://tass.ru/armiya-i-opk?pag=article&aid=93042&cid=24. 
  18. "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 4 October 2011. https://web.archive.org/web/20111004105920/http://otvaga2004.narod.ru/publ_w7_2010/matybulak/43/otvaga_matybulak_260.jpg. Retrieved 2011-01-05. 
  19. "China Providing AR2 Long-range MLRS to Morocco". Kanwa Daily News. Archived from the original on 25 September 2013. https://web.archive.org/web/20130925080657/http://www.kanwa.com/dnws/showpl.php?id=626. Retrieved 21 September 2013. 
  20. "United Nations Register of Conventional Arms". https://www.un.org/ga/search/view_doc.asp?symbol=A%2F67%2F212. 
  21. "Type A100". http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/china/a100.htm. Retrieved 17 March 2016. 
  22. "Russian Army Equipment". http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/russia/army-equipment.htm. 
  23. Eliot Higgins (14 February 2014). "Evidence Of The Syrian Military Deploying BM-30 Smerch Launched Cluster Munitions". Brown Moses Blog. http://brown-moses.blogspot.com/2014/02/evidence-of-syrian-military-deploying.html. 
  24. The Military Balance 2010. p.-372
  25. "Міністерство". Міністерство оборони України. http://www.mil.gov.ua/index.php?lang=en&part=armament&sub=sv_rszv. Retrieved 23 December 2014. 
  26. "Las Fuerzas Armadas de Venezuela reciben más armamento ruso" (in Spanish). 3 April 2012. http://www.infodefensa.com/?noticia=las-fuerzas-armadas-de-venezuela-reciben-mas-armamento-ruso. Retrieved 10 April 2012. 
  27. John Pike. "9A52-2 BM-30 300-mm Multiple Rocket Launcher". http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/russia/9a52.htm. Retrieved 23 December 2014. 
  28. Blasko, Dennis J. (2013-06-17). The Chinese Army Today: Tradition and Transformation for the 21st Century. Routledge. p. 192. ISBN 978-1-136-51996-3. https://books.google.com/books?id=MpCHGYHjyEAC&pg=PT192. 
  29. "PHL03式远程火箭炮_百度百科". http://baike.baidu.com/view/4025237.htm. Retrieved 23 December 2014. 
  30. "BM-30龙卷风式火箭炮系统_百度百科". http://baike.baidu.com/view/435856.htm. Retrieved 23 December 2014. 
  31. "й³ڱָȱݣʵڣ-½-½". http://club.xilu.com/emas/msgview-821955-4273681.html. Retrieved 23 December 2014. 
  32. "AR2型300毫米远程火箭炮系统 - 飞扬军事 - 信息资讯 - 军事主题 - 陆地狂飙" (in zh). 2013-09-27. http://www.fyjs.cn/viewarticle.php?id=241742. 
  33. "AR2300Զ̻ϵͳ". http://wenku.baidu.com/view/8d9431bdf121dd36a32d82b6.html. Retrieved 23 December 2014. 
  34. "Archived copy". https://www.janes.com/article/49332/long-range-firepower-idx15d2. 
  35. "Archived copy". http://www.military-today.com/artillery/ar3.htm. 
  36. "Archived copy". https://tiananmenstremendousachievements.wordpress.com/2018/04/19/dsa-2018-chinas-norinco-reveals-fire-dragon-280a-tactical-missile/. 
  37. "俄媒称中国将出口最新式AR-3型远程火箭炮(图)". http://www.360doc.com/content/10/0805/12/37874_43829340.shtml. Retrieved 23 December 2014. 
  38. "AR3 370mm MRLS multiple rocket launcher system data sheet specifications information description U". 2011-03-04. https://www.armyrecognition.com/china_artillery_vehicles_and_weapon_systems_uk/ar3_370mm_mrls_multiple_rocket_launcher_system_data_sheet_specifications_information_description_uk.html. 
  39. "DSA 2018: China’s Norinco reveals Fire Dragon 280A tactical missile". 2018-04-19. https://tiananmenstremendousachievements.wordpress.com/2018/04/19/dsa-2018-chinas-norinco-reveals-fire-dragon-280a-tactical-missile/. /
  40. "Archived copy". https://www.shephardmedia.com/news/landwarfareintl/dsa-2018-china-unveils-new-fire-dragon-missile/. 
  41. Foss, Christopher F (2015-02-24). "Long-range firepower". https://www.janes.com/article/49332/long-range-firepower-idx15d2. 
  • Russia's Arms Catalog 2004

Bibliography[]

  • Jamie Prenatt and Adam Hook, Katyusha – Russian Multiple Rocket Launchers 1941–Present, New Vanguard 235, Osprey Publishing Ltd, Oxford 2016. ISBN 978 1 4728 1086 1

External links[]

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The original article can be found at BM-30 Smerch and the edit history here.
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