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Battle of Gaza
Part of the Fatah–Hamas conflict
Date10–15 June 2007
LocationGaza Strip
Result Hamas victory
Territorial
changes
Hamas takes over the Gaza Strip
Belligerents
Flag of Hamas Hamas File:Fatah flag.jpg Fatah
Casualties and losses
120 combatants
39 civilians[1]
2 UN personnel[2]

The Battle of Gaza, also referred to as Hamas' takeover of Gaza was a short military conflict between Fatah and Hamas, that took place in the Gaza Strip between 10 and 15 June 2007. It was a climax in the Fatah–Hamas conflict, centered around the struggle for power, after Fatah lost the parliamentary elections of 2006. Hamas fighters took control of the Gaza Strip[3] and removed Fatah officials. The battle resulted in the dissolution of the unity government and the de facto division of the Palestinian territories into two entities, the West Bank governed by the Palestinian National Authority, and Gaza governed by Hamas.

In the preceding period, the US and Israel apparently strengthened Fatah's military power to topple Hamas.

The ICRC estimated that at least 118 people were killed and more than 550 wounded during the fighting in the week up to June 15.[4]

Background[]

Palestinian Authority[]

The conflict between Fatah and Hamas had been simmering since Hamas won the Palestinian legislative elections in January 2006.

On January 30, 2006, the Quartet (United States, Russia, United Nations, and European Union) conditioned future foreign assistance to the Palestinian Authority (PA) on the future government's commitment to non-violence, recognition of the State of Israel, and acceptance of previous agreements. Hamas rejected these demands,[5] establishing a Hamas dominated government in march. Which followed by the Quartet suspension of its foreign assistance program and Israel imposed economic sanctions. The US and Israel attempted to undermine Hamas and force it from power while strengthening the position of President Mahmoud Abbas.[6][7]

By 2007 Hamas was unable to manage the government and pay the salaries and get recognition from the European donor countries and international organisations. This led to the clashes between Hamas and Fatah.[7] In the last month of 2006, factional fighting has left 33 people dead. In January 7, 2007, Palestinian Authority President Mahmoud Abbas ordered the Hamas-led Interior Ministry's paramilitary police force, the most powerful armed unit outside his control in factional fighting, to be incorporated into the security apparatus loyal to him. The ministry responded with defiance, announcing plans to double the size of its force. The dueling announcements raised the prospect of an intensified armed standoff. Abbas's only means of enforcing the order appeared to be coercive action by police and security units under his command, but they are relatively weak in the Gaza Strip, Hamas's stronghold.[8]

The Abbas/Fatah plan to replace the government[]

Under pressure of the international sanctions, Fatah developed a plan to replace the Hamas government. According to the plan, a National Unity Government or a government of technocrats would be formed to prepare early presidential and legislative elections. If the establishment of a government meeting the Quartet conditions would fail, President Abbas would announce a state of emergency, dismiss the present cabinet and form an emergency government, or call for early elections. The developers of the plan were aware of the problem that an emergency government legally could govern only for 1 month without PLC vote of confidence. The plan supposed a strong enlargement of Fatah's Presidential Guard, internal reform of Fatah, empowering of presidential institutions, resumption of aid by the international community through the President’s Office, and end of the illegal withhold of taxes by Israel.[9]

On 8 February 2007, Saudi-sponsored negotiations in Mecca produced agreement on a national unity government, signed by Abbas on behalf of Fatah and Khaled Mashal on behalf of Hamas. The new government was called on to achieve Palestinian national goals as approved by the Palestine National Council, the clauses of the Basic Law and the National Reconciliation Document (the "Prisoners' Document") as well as the decisions of the Arab summit.[10]

On 17 March 2007, the Palestinian Legislative Council established a national unity government, with 83 representatives voting in favor and three against. Government ministers were sworn in by Abu Mazen, the chairman on the Palestinian Authority, at a ceremony held simultaneously in Gaza and Ramallah.

External Involvement[]

Documents published in Palestine Papers reveal the British intelligence MI6, helped draw up a security plan for Fatah-led Palestinian Authority. The plan mentioned as objective "encourage and enable the Palestinian Authority (PA) to fully meet its security obligations under Phase 1 of the Roadmap". It proposes a number of ways of "degrading the capabilities of rejectionists", naming Hamas, PIJ (Palestinian Islamic Jihad) and the Fatah-linked al-Aqsa Brigades.[11] The plan was described by the Guardian as a "wide-ranging crackdown on Hamas".[12]

In 2004, the plan was passed to Jibril Rajoub, a senior Fatah official of the PA. The bulk of the plan has since been carried out.[12][13] Issues noted in the plan were suicide bombing, weapons smuggling, Qassam rockets and "terror finance". Its most controversial section recommended that "Degrading the capabilities of the rejectionists – Hamas, PIJ [Palestinian Islamic Jihad] and the [Fatah-linked] Al Aqsa Brigades – through the disruption of their leaderships' communications and command and control capabilities; the detention of key middle-ranking officers; and the confiscation of their arsenals and financial resources". Suggesting temporary internment of leaders and activists, the closure of radio stations and the replacement of imams in mosques.[12][13][14]

After 2006 elections, Hamas announced the formation of its own security service, the Executive Force, appointing Jamal abu Samhadana, a prominent militant, at its head. Abbas had denounced the move as unconstitutional, saying that only the Palestinian president could command armed forces.[15] U.S. training program began after that. According to Lt. Gen. Keith Dayton, the U.S. security coordinator "We are involved in building up the Presidential Guard, instructing it, assisting it to build itself up and giving them ideas. We are not training the forces to confront Hamas," adding that "Hamas is receiving money and arms from Iran and possibly Syria, and we must make sure that the moderate forces will not be erased,".[15] The American effort was part of a broader international package proposed to the Quartet to strengthen Mahmoud Abbas's Palestinian security forces as Hamas threatens to increase its parallel Executive Force to 6,000 men. Training for Fatah Presidential Guard was provided by Egypt, Jordan and Turkey. Additional non-lethal equipment and fund for the purchase of arms were provided. Israel, too, allowed light arms to flow to members of the Presidential Guard, though Jordan and Egypt[8][15][16][17][18][19][20]

According to the IISS, the June 2007 escalation was triggered by Hamas's conviction that the PA's Presidential Guard, loyal to Mahmoud Abbas, was being positioned to take control of Gaza. The US had helped build up the Presidential Guard to 3,500 men since August 2006.[16]

The battle[]

On 10 June 2007, the Fatah-Hamas conflict culminated in clashes, between the Fatah-allied forces on one side and the Hamas-allied forces on the other side. Major Fatah forces were the National Security Forces, notably the "Presidential Guard". Main force of Hamas was the "Executive Force".

Hamas militants seized several Fatah members and threw one of them, Mohammed Sweirki, an officer in the elite Palestinian Presidential Guard, off the top of the tallest building in Gaza, a 15-story apartment building. In retaliation, Fatah militants attacked and killed the imam of the city's Great Mosque, Mohammed al-Rifati. They also opened fire on the home of Prime Minister Ismail Haniya. Just before midnight, a Hamas militant was thrown off a 12-story building.[21]

On 11 June, the residences of both Mahmoud Abbas, Fatah's leader and the Palestinian Authority president, and of then-Prime Minister Ismail Haniya, of Hamas, were targeted with gun and shell fire.[22]

On 12 June, Hamas began attacking posts held by their Fatah faction rivals. Hundreds of Hamas fighters had moved on the positions after giving their occupants two hours to leave. A major Fatah base in the northern town of Jabaliya fell to Hamas fighters, witnesses told AFP news agency. Heavy fighting also raged around the main Fatah headquarters in Gaza City, with Hamas militants attacking with rocket-propelled grenades and automatic weapons.[23]

On 13 June, Hamas seized the headquarters of the Fatah-controlled National Security Forces in northern Gaza. Gunmen fought for control of high-rise buildings serving as sniper positions and Hamas said it had bulldozed a Fatah outpost controlling Gaza's main north-south road. Also on that day, an explosion wrecked the Khan Younis headquarters of the Fatah-linked Preventive Security Service, killing five people.[2]

On 14 June, Hamas gunmen completed the takeover of the central building of the Palestinian Preventive Security Service's headquarters in the Gaza Strip. The Hamas members took over vehicles and weapons in the compound, which was considered the Palestinian Authority's main symbol in the Strip. The Preventive Security Service cooperated with Israel in the past, and has been armed by the United States.[24] It has been identified with Fatah powerhouse Mohammed Dahlan, who has become a figure hated by the Islamists in Gaza.[24] The gunmen who entered the compound held a prayer there and waved a flag on the building's rooftop. At least 10 people were killed. Hamas TV broadcast a display of weapons inside the building, as well as jeeps, mortar shells and bulletproof vests seized in the compound, which according to Hamas, were smuggled to Fatah by Israel and the Americans in the past few months through the border with Egypt.[25]

Hamas members held a prayer in the compound, which they referred to as the "heresy compound." Hamas also changed the name of the neighborhood where the building is located from "Tel al-Hawa" to "Tel al-Islam."[25]

On the afternoon of 14 June, the Associated Press reported an explosion that rocked Gaza City. According to Fatah officials, security forces withdrew from their post and blew it up in order to not let Hamas take it over. The security forces afterwards repositioned to another location. Later on 14 June, Hamas also took control of the southern Gaza Strip city Rafah which lies near an already closed border crossing with Egypt, which is monitored by Israeli, Palestinian and European Union security forces. The EU staff had, at that time, already been relocated to the Israeli city of Ashkelon for safety reasons.[26] On 14 June Abbas dissolved the Palestinian-Hamas unity government, on June 15, Hamas completed the control over Gaza.[27]

Military coup[]

As a result of the battle, Hamas got complete control of Gaza. The pro-Fatah view is, that it was a plain military coup by Hamas. The pro-Hamas view is, that the US drew up a plan to arm Fatah cadres with the aim of forcefully removing Hamas from power in Gaza. According to the pro-Hamas view, Fatah fighters, led by commander Mohammed Dahlan with logistical support from the US Central Intelligence Agency, were planning to carry out a bloody coup against Hamas.[28] Then, Hamas pre-emptively took control over Gaza.

In an April 2008 article in Vanity Fair magazine, the journalist David Rose published confidential documents, apparently originating from the US State Department, which would prove that the United States collaborated with the Palestinian Authority and Israel to attempt the violent overthrow of Hamas in the Gaza Strip, and that Hamas pre-empted the coup. The documents suggest that a government with Hamas should meet the demands of the Middle East Quartet, otherwise President Mahmoud Abbas should declare a state of emergency, which effectively would dissolve the current unity government, or the government should collapse by other means.[29][30] Rose quotes former Vice President Dick Cheney’s chief Middle East adviser David Wurmser, accusing the Bush administration of “engaging in a dirty war in an effort to provide a corrupt dictatorship [led by Abbas] with victory.” He believes that Hamas had no intention of taking Gaza until Fatah forced its hand. “It looks to me that what happened wasn’t so much a coup by Hamas but an attempted coup by Fatah that was pre-empted before it could happen”[30]

According to Alastair Crooke, the then British Prime Minister Tony Blair decided in 2003 to tie UK and EU security policy in the West Bank and Gaza to a US-led counter-insurgency against Hamas. This lead to an internal policy contradiction that pre-empted the EU from mounting any effective foreign policy on the "peace process" alternative to that of the US. At a political level, the EU "talked the talk" of reconciliation between Fatah and Hamas, Palestinian state-building and democracy. At the practical level, the EU "walked the walk" of disruption, detention, seizing finances, and destroying the capabilities of one [Hamas] of the two factions and prevented the parliament from exercising any function.[31]

According to Crooke, the Quartet conditions for engagement with Hamas, which the EU had endorsed after the 2006 elections, were conditions raised precisely in order to prevent Hamas from meeting them, rather than as guidelines intended to open the path for diplomatic solutions. Then, British and American intelligence services were preparing a "soft" coup to remove Hamas from power in Gaza.[31]

Violations of international law[]

These attacks by both Hamas and Fatah constitute brutal assaults on the most fundamental humanitarian principles. The murder of civilians not engaged in hostilities and the willful killing of captives are war crimes, pure and simple.

—Sarah Leah Whitson,
Middle East director for Human Rights Watch.[32]

Human Rights Watch accused both sides with violations of international humanitarian law, in some cases amounting to war crimes.[33] The accusations include the targeting and killing of civilians, public executions of political opponents and captives, throwing prisoners off high-rise apartment buildings, fighting in hospitals, and shooting from a jeep marked with "TV" insignias.[32] The International Committee of the Red Cross has denounced attacks in and around two hospitals in the northern part of the Gaza strip.[34]

During the fighting several incidents of looting took place: a crowd took furniture, wall tiles and personal belongings from the villa of the late Palestinian leader Yasser Arafat;[35] the home of former Fatah commander Mohammed Dahlan was also looted: "An AFP correspondent witnessed dozens of Palestinians taking everything they could carry from Dahlan's villa – furniture, pot plants and even the kitchen sink, complete with plumbing fixtures such as taps,";[36] and at the Muntada, Abbas's seafront presidential compound, witnesses reported seeing Hamas fighters remove computers, documents and guns.[36]

Aftermath[]

Division of government[]

On 14 June 2007, Palestinian President Mahmoud Abbas, reacted to the Hamas takeover by announcing the dissolution of the current unity government and declaring state of emergency.[37][38] Abbas dismissed the serving Prime Minister Ismail Haniya, and installed Salam Fayyad in his place.[39] Haniyeh has refused to accept his dismissal and has accused Abbas of participating in a US-led plot to overthrow him.[39] Experts in Palestinian law and independent members of the PLC have questioned the legality of the Fayyad government.[40] According to the Palestinian Basic Law, the President can dismiss the Prime Minister but the dismissed government continues to function as a caretaker government until a new government is formed and receives a vote of confidence from an absolute majority of the Palestinian Legislative Council.[40] To date, the Hamas-majority PLC has yet to meet and confirm the Fayyad government.[40]

With the dissolution of the unity government, the territory controlled by the Palestinian Authority was de facto divided into two entities: the Hamas-controlled government of the Gaza Strip, and the West Bank, governed by the Palestinian National Authority.[41]

In the wake of the recent developments, the Quartet have reiterated their continued support to Abbas and resume of normal relations with Fatah led PA. While UN Secretary General Ban Ki-moon urged international support for Abbas's efforts "to restore law and order".[39][42] Israel and Egypt began a blockade of the Gaza Strip.

Possible religious consequences[]

A Hamas spokesman in Gaza, Fouzi Barhoum, said earlier that Hamas was imposing Islamic law in Gaza but this was denied by exiled Hamas leader Khaled Meshaal.[43]

Sheik Abu Saqer, leader of Jihadia Salafiya, an Islamic outreach movement that recently announced the opening of a "military wing" to enforce Muslim law in Gaza. "I expect our Christian neighbors to understand the new Hamas rule means real changes. They must be ready for Islamic rule if they want to live in peace in Gaza."[44] The sole Christian bookstore in Gaza was attacked and the owner murdered.[45]

Weapons[]

Hamas has captured thousands of small arms and eight armored combat vehicles supplied by the United States,[citation needed] Egypt, and Jordan[46] to the Palestinian Authority.

According to Muhammad Abdel-El of the Hamas-allied Popular Resistance Committees, Hamas and its allies have captured quantities of foreign intelligence, including CIA files. Abu Abdullah of Hamas' "military wing", the Izz ad-Din al-Qassam Brigades, claims Hamas will make portions of the documents public, in a stated attempt to expose covert relations between the United States and "traitor" Arab countries.[citation needed]

While Hamas collected most of the 15,000 weapons registered to the former security forces, it failed to collect more than a fraction of the 400,000 weapons that are in the hands of various clans, and said that it would not touch weapons used for fighting Israel, only those that might be used against Hamas.[47]

Notes[]

  1. Palestinian Center for Human Rights
  2. 2.0 2.1 Hamas battles for control of Gaza, BBC News Online, June 13, 2007.
  3. Guardian, 15 June 2007, Hamas takes control of Gaza
  4. Gaza-Westbank – ICRC Bulletin No. 22 / 2007, AlertNet. Retrieved June 16, 2007.
  5. CRS Report for Congress, 27 June 2006, U.S. Foreign Aid to the Palestinians
  6. U.S. and Israelis Are Said to Talk of Hamas Ouster.. New York Times, 14 February 2006. "recognize Israel's right to exist, forswear violence and accept previous Palestinian-Israeli agreements ... or face isolation and collapse."
  7. 7.0 7.1 Erlanger, Steven (2006-02-18). "Hamas Leader Faults Israeli Sanction Plan". http://www.nytimes.com/2006/02/18/international/middleeast/18mideast.html. Retrieved April 22, 2010.  Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name "nyt20060218" defined multiple times with different content
  8. 8.0 8.1 Abbas outlaws Hamas's paramilitary Executive Force. Richard Boudreaux, The Boston Globe/Los Angeles Times, 7 January 2007
  9. Palestinian Vision for Resolving the Current PA Crisis (Draft #6). The Palestine Papers, 30 October 2006. On [1]
  10. The Palestinian National Unity Government. Shlomo Brom, Canada Free Press, 24 February 2007
  11. "Palestinian papers: UK's MI6 'tried to weaken Hamas'". BBC. 25 January 2006. http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-12283082. 
  12. 12.0 12.1 12.2 Palestine papers reveal MI6 drew up plan for crackdown on Hamas. Ian Black and Seumas Milne, Guardian, 25 January 2011
  13. 13.0 13.1 Palestine papers: MI6 plan proposed internment – and hotline to Israelis. Ian Black and Seumas Milne, Guardian, 25 January 2011
  14. UK Security Plan: British MI6 Palestinian Security Plan with Annex, 2003. On [2]
  15. 15.0 15.1 15.2 U.S. training Fatah in anti-terror tactics, San Francisco Chronicle, 14 December 2006
  16. 16.0 16.1 Hamas coup in Gaza.International Institute for Strategic Studies, Volume 13, Issue 5; June 2007
  17. Israel, US, and Egypt back Fatah's fight against Hamas, Christian Science Monitor, 25 May 2007
  18. Diplomats fear US wants to arm Fatah for 'war on Hamas'. Stephen Farrell, The Times, 18 November 2006. On web.archive.org
  19. Israeli defense official: Fatah arms transfer bolsters forces of peace, Haaretz, 28 December 2006
  20. Six killed in Hamas ambush on Gaza convoy. Nidal al-Mughrabi, Reuters, 1 February 2007. On web.archive.org
  21. Haaretz/Associated Press, 10 June 2007, Palestinian gunmen target Haniyeh's home in Gaza. On web.archive.org
  22. Abraham Rabinovich, Deadly escalation in Fatah-Hamas feud. The Australian, 12 June 2007. On web.archive.org
  23. Hamas launches new Gaza attacks, BBC News Online, June 12, 2007.
  24. 24.0 24.1 A pyrrhic victory, The Guardian, June 16, 2007.
  25. 25.0 25.1 We'll execute Fatah leaders, Israel News, June 14, 2007.
  26. Update, cnn.com.
  27. http://www.debka.com/article.php?aid=1282
  28. This ‘Bombshell’ Took a Year Falling. Adam Morrow and Khaled Moussa al-Omrani, Inter Press Service, 2 April 2008
  29. 1. Talking points. US State Department, date unknown; 2. Plan B. US State Department, 2007; 3. An action plan for the Palestinian Presidency. US State Department, 2 March 2007
  30. 30.0 30.1 The Gaza Bombshell. David Rose, Vanity Fair, April 2008. Original without links.
  31. 31.0 31.1 Blair's counter-insurgency "surge". Alastair Crooke, Aljazeera, 25 January 2011
  32. 32.0 32.1 Gaza: Armed Palestinian Groups Commit Grave Crimes, Human Rights Watch, June 13, 2007.[dead link]
  33. Armed Palestinian Groups Commit Grave Crimes, HRW via BBSNews, New York, June 14, 2007.
  34. Hospitals offer no safety in Gaza strip, ABC News, June 13, 2007.
  35. Crowd loots Gaza home of Arafat, Ali Waked and Reuters, June 16, 2007.
  36. 36.0 36.1 Hamas goes on Gaza looting spree, IOL, June 15, 2007.
  37. "Abbas Dissolves Palestinian Authority Government in Wake of Hamas-Fatah War". Fox News. June 14, 2007. Archived from the original on June 16, 2007. http://web.archive.org/web/20070616164426/http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,282195,00.html. Retrieved June 14, 2007. 
  38. Levinson, Charles; Matthew Moore (June 14, 2007). "Abbas declares state of emergency in Gaza". The Daily Telegraph. London. Archived from the original on June 18, 2007. http://web.archive.org/web/20070618102009/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/main.jhtml?xml=/news/2007/06/14/wgaza614.xml. Retrieved June 14, 2007. 
  39. 39.0 39.1 39.2 Gaza on the Boil, Institute for Defence Studies and Analyses (IDSA), S. Samuel C. Rajiv, June 21, 2007
  40. 40.0 40.1 40.2 Abrahams, Fred; Human Rights Watch (2008). Internal fight: Palestinian abuses in Gaza and the West Bank. Human Rights Watch. p. 14. 
  41. Erlanger, Steven (June 13, 2007). "Hamas Forces Seize Control Over Much of Gaza". The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2007/06/13/world/middleeast/13cnd-mideast.htm. Retrieved April 26, 2010. 
  42. "Key powers back Abbas government". BBC News. June 18, 2007. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/6764541.stm. Retrieved June 18, 2007. 
  43. Hamas controls Gaza, says it will stay in power
  44. 'Christians must accept Islamic rule' – Israel News, Ynetnews
  45. Ormestad, Catrin (April 30, 2010). "'I know how to make you a Muslim' – Haaretz Daily Newspaper | Israel News". Haaretz. Israel. http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/919567.html. Retrieved March 27, 2011. 
  46. Hamas seizes US-financed weapons, equipment, Middle East Newsline, June 14, 2007.
  47. "Few Gazans turn in weapons as Hamas deadline for arms collection expires". Haaretz. June 21, 2007. http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/873736.html. 

External links[]

Coordinates: 31°31′N 34°27′E / 31.517°N 34.45°E / 31.517; 34.45

All or a portion of this article consists of text from Wikipedia, and is therefore Creative Commons Licensed under GFDL.
The original article can be found at Battle of Gaza (2007) and the edit history here.
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