| Battle of the Camel | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Part of the First Islamic civil war | |||||||
| |||||||
| Belligerents | |||||||
 Rashidun Caliphate | Rebel Arabs | ||||||
| Commanders and leaders | |||||||
|
Ali ibn Abi-Taleb Malik al-Ashtar Hasan ibn Ali Ammar ibn Yasir Muhammad ibn Abi Bakr Muslim ibn Aqeel Harith ibn Rab'i Jabir ibn Abd-Allah Muhammad ibn al-Hanafiyyah Abu Ayub Ansari Abu Qatada bin Rabyee Qays ibn Sa'd Qathm bin Abbas Abd-Allah ibn Abbas Khuzaima ibn Thabit |
Aisha bint Abu-Bakr Talha ibn Ubayd-Allah † Muhammad ibn Talha † Zubayr ibn al-Awwam † Kaab ibn Sur † Abd-Allah ibn Zubayr Marwan ibn al-Hakam (POW) Walid ibn Uqba (POW) | ||||||
| Strength | |||||||
| ~20,000[1] | ~30,000[1] | ||||||
| Casualties and losses | |||||||
| ~5,000[2][3] | ~13,000[2][3] | ||||||
| |||||
Harb al-Jamal translated into English as the Battle of the Camel (also known as the Battle of Jamal) took place at Basra, Iraq in November 7, 656 AD. The forces of Amir al-Momineen Ali ibn Abi Talib, the fourth Rashidun Caliph and the first Shia Imam who was the cousin/son in-law of the Islamic Prophet Muhammad, faced the forces led by Aisha, a widow of Muhammad. The battle is seen as the first Fitna (first Islamic civil war).
Before the conflict[]
The Rashidun Caliph Ali ibn Abi Talib forgave his opponents after the Battle of the Camel.
Talhah and Zubeir asked Ali the permission for pilgrimage. He let them and they departed. The Medina people wanted to know Ali’s point of view about war against Muslims by asking his view about Muawiyah I and his refusal to give Ali his allegiance. So they sent Ziyad Ben Hanzalah of Tamim who was an intimate friend to Ali. He went to him and sat for a while.
He went back and told the people in Madina that Ali wanted to confront Muawiyah. In Madina, Marwan also manipulated people. In Iraq many people hated the Syrians following the Byzantine-Sassanid Wars. Some of Ali's supporters were also very extreme in their views and considered everyone to be their enermy. They also felt that if there was peace, they would be arrested for the killing of Uthman.[4] Many of them later became the Kharijites and eventually killed Ali.
Aisha (Aisha bint Abu Bakr) (Muhammad's widow), Talhah (Talha ibn Ubayd-Allah) and Zubayr ibn al-Awam (Abu ‘Abd Allah Zubayr ibn al-Awwam) set off from Makah on their way to Iraq to ask Ali to arrest Uthman ibn Affan killers, not to fight Muawiyah.[5][6]
Preparation for battle[]
They evidently believed that Ali was wrong to occupy himself in other tasks before finding Uthman's murderer. They challenged Ali's caliphate under the claim that Ali had been unsuccessful in finding Uthman's murderer, claiming Qisas for Uthman. While passing Madina, on their way to Iraq, Aisha, Talha and Zubair passed a group of Umayyads leaving Madina led by Marwan who said that the people who had killed Uthman, had also been causing them trouble.[4] Everyone then went to Basra, which was the beginning of the first civil war in Islam. Some historians put the number at around 3000 people.[7]
On learning of the advance of Aisha, Talha and Zubair, Ali set out to meet them. He had with him only 700 men. Too weak to proceed, he camped at a desert well in Nejd.[8] He sent his elder son Hasan, in company with former Kufa governor Ammar ibn Yasir, to request assistance from Kufa; their appeal[9] eventually had the desired effect. Several thousand men from Kufa reinforcing his army, Ali was now ready for battle, and descended upon Basra.
Zubair and Talha, then went out to meet Ali. Not all Basra was with them. Beni Bekr, the tribe once led by the second Caliph, joined the army of Ali. Beni Temeem decided to remain neutral.[10]
Battle[]
Professor Leila Ahmed claims that it was during this engagement that Muslims fought Muslims for the first time. The battle was a reflection of pre-Islamic practices of bloodshed for vigilantly causes.[11]
According to prominent Sunni scholar and historian Ibn Jarir al-Tabari, Ali had employed Jats to guard the Basra treasury during the Battle of Jamal.
Jats were the guards of the Baitul Mal at al-Basra during the time of both Uthman's and Ali's caliphate.[7]
Ali and Aisha at the Battle of the Camel
Some chieftains of the Kufa tribes contacted their tribes living in Basra.[4] A Chieftain contacted Ali to settle the matter.[4] Ali did not want to fight and Ali agreed to negotiate.[4] He then contacted Aisha and spoke to her,[4] "Is it not wise to shed the blood of five thousand for the punishment of five hundred"[4] She agreed to settle the matter.[4] Ali then met Talha and Zubair and told them about the prophecy of Muhammad. Ali's cousin Zubair said to Ali "What a tragedy that the Muslims who had acquired the strength of a rock are going to be smashed by colliding with one another".[4] Both Talha and Zubair did not want to fight and left the field. Everyone was happy, but not the people who had killed Uthman and the supporters of Ibn Saba and the Qurra, who later became the Khawarij.[4] They thought that if a settlement was reached, they would not be safe.[4] The Qurra and the Sabaites launches a night attack and started burning the tents.[4] Ali tried to restrain his men but no one was listening. Everyone thought that the other party had committed breach of trust. Confusion prevailed throughout the night.[4] The Qurra and the Sabaites attacked the Umayyads and the fighting started.
Talhah had also left. On seeing this, Marwan who was also manipulating everyone shot Talhah with a poisoned arrow [4] saying that he had disgraced his tribe, by leaving the field.[4] According to some Shia accounts Marwan ibn al-Hakam shot [12] Talha, who became disabled in the leg by the shot, and was carried into Basra, where he died later of his wound.[13][14][15] According to Shia sources Marwan said,
By God, now I will not have to search for the man who murdered Uthman.[16]
While in the Sunni sources it says that he said that Talha had disgraced his tribe, by leaving the field.[4]
With the two generals Zubair and Talhah gone, confusion prevailing and the Qurra, the Sabaites and the Umayyads fought.[4][17]
Qadi Kaab ibn Sur of Basra held the Quran on his head and then advised Aysha to mount her camel to tell people to stop fighting, until he was killed by arrows shot by the forces of Ali.[4] As the battle raged Ali's forces targeted their arrows to pierce the howdah of Aisha. The rebels lead by Aisha then gathered around her and about a dozen of her warriors were beheaded while holding the reins of her camel. However the warriors of Ali faced much casualties during their attempts to reach Aisha as dying corpses lay pilled in heaps. The battle only came to an end when Ali's troops as commanded attacked the camel from the rear and cut off the legs of the beast. Aisha fled from the arrow-pierced howdah and was captured by the forces of Ali.[18]
Ali's cousin Zubair, was by then making his way to Medina and he was killed in an adjoining valley by a Sabait [4] called Amr ibn Jarmouz, he had followed Zubair and murdered him while he was performing Salah prayers.[4][19]
Aisha's brother Muhammad ibn Abi Bakr, who was Ali's commander, then approached Aisha.
Ali then met Aisha, who was at that time aged 45, there was reconciliation between them and Ali pardoned Aisha. He then sent Aisha to Medina under military escort headed by her brother Muhammad ibn Abi Bakr, one of Ali's commanders. She subsequently retired to Medina with no more interference with the affairs of state.[4][20] Muhammad ibn Abi Bakr was the son of Abu Bakr, the adopted son of ‘Ali ibn Abi Talib, and the great-grandfather of Ja‘far al-Sadiq. Muhammad ibn Abi Bakr was raised by Ali alongside Hasan and Husein. Hassan also accompanied Aisha part of the way back to Madina. ‘Ali and Aisha were said to have become friends after the battle. Aisha then started teaching in Medina and deeply resented Marwan.[21][22]
Tom Holland writes in the best selling book "The shadow of the sword, The Battle for Global Empire and the End of the Ancient World "Marwan was fabulously venal and slippery. Nothing he had done had helped to improve his reputation for double dealing.[22][23]
Casualties[]
According to historian William Muir, 10,000 people lost their life in this battle, with each party bearing equal loss. In the three days after the battle, Ali performed a funeral service for all the dead from both parties.[20]
Aftermath[]
Ali's forces overcame the rebels, and the defeated army was treated with generosity. Ali met Aisha, who was at that time aged 45, there was reconciliation between them. He sent her back to Medina under military escort headed by her brother Muhammad ibn Abi Bakr, one of Ali's commanders. She subsequently retired to Medina with no more interference with the affairs of state.[20]
Talha, who became disabled in the leg by the shot and fled the battlefield was carried into Basra, where he died later of his wound.[13]
When the head of Zubayr ibn al-Awwam was presented to Ali by Ahnaf ibn Qais, the Caliph Ali couldn't help but to sob and condemn the murder of his cousin this reaction caused Ahnaf ibn Qais to commit suicide by stabbing himself.[24]
Marwan I and the Qurra (who later became the Khawarij) manipulated every one and created conflict. Marwan was arrested but he later asked Hassan and Hussein for assistance and was released.[5]
Ali was later killed by a Kharijite Abd-al-Rahman ibn Muljam while he was praying in the mosque of Kufa.[25]
Two decades later, after years of planning and scheming and making every one else fight, Marwan came to power in Syria and the Qurra (the Kharijites) established a state in Southern Iraq.[26]
Participants[]
Soldiers of Imam Ali's Army[]
- Imam Ali[27]
- Malik al-Ashtar
- Imam Hasan ibn Ali
- Imam Hussain ibn Ali
- Ammar ibn Yasir
- Muhammad ibn Abi Bakr
- Muslim ibn Aqeel
- Harith ibn Rab'i[27]
- Jabir ibn Abd-Allah
- Muhammad ibn al-Hanafiyyah
- Abu Ayub Ansari[28]
- Abu Qatada bin Rabyee[28]
- Qays ibn Sa'd[28]
- Qathm bin Abbas[28]
Soldiers of Aisha's Army[]
- Aisha[27]
- Talha ibn Ubayd-Allah[27]
- Muhammad ibn Talha[29]
- Zubayr ibn al-Awwam[27]
- Marwan ibn al-Hakam[27]
- Abd al-Rahman I[30]
- Abdullah ibn al-Walid (KIA)[30]
- Abdullah ibn Hakim (KIA)[30]
- Abdullah ibn Saffron[30]
- Yahya ibn Hakim ibn Safwan[30]
- Amir ibn Mascud ibn Umayya ibn Khalaf[30]
- Ayyiib b. Habib b. Alqama b. Rabia[30]
- Utba[30]
- Abdullah ibn Abi Uthman ibn al-Akhnas ibn Sharlq (KIA)[30]
Others involved[]
Unclassified[]
- Abdullah bin Aamir Hadhrami of Makkah[27]
- Ya'la bin Umayya[27]
- Abdullah bin Aamir bin Kurayz of Basra[27]
- Saeed bin Aas[27]
- Mughira bin Shaaba[27]
See also[]
References[]
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=axL0Akjxr-YC&pg=PT472&dq=Ali+20,000+battle+of+the+camel&hl=en&sa=X&ei=PNc-UresF4nAtQaZioGQCg&ved=0CDsQ6AEwAg#v=onepage&q=Ali%2020%2C000%20battle%20of%20the%20camel&f=false
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 Jibouri, Yasin T. Kerbalā and Beyond. Bloomington, IN: Authorhouse, 2011. Print. ISBN 1467026131 Pgs. 30
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 Muraj al-Thahab Vol. 5, Pg. 177
- ↑ 4.00 4.01 4.02 4.03 4.04 4.05 4.06 4.07 4.08 4.09 4.10 4.11 4.12 4.13 4.14 4.15 4.16 4.17 4.18 4.19 4.20 Nadvi, Sulaimān. Hadhrat Ayesha Siddiqa: Her Life and Works. Safat, Kuwait: Islamic Book, 1986. Print. Pg. 44
- ↑ 5.0 5.1 Nahj al Balagha Sermon 72
- ↑ Medieval Islamic civilization By Josef W. Meri Page 131
- ↑ 7.0 7.1 Dr. Mohammad Ishaque in Journal of Pakistan Historical Society, Vol 3, Part 1
- ↑ The Great Arab Conquests by Sir John Glubb, p. 318, 1967
- ↑ Narrated Abu Maryam Abdullah bin Ziyad Al-Aasadi: "When Talha, AzZubair and 'Aisha moved to Basra, 'Ali sent 'Ammar bin Yasir and Hasan bin 'Ali who came to us at Kufa and ascended the pulpit. Al-Hasan bin 'Ali was at the top of the pulpit and 'Ammar was below Al-Hasan. We all gathered before him. I heard 'Ammar saying, 'Aisha has moved to Al-Busra. By Allah! She is the wife of your Prophet in this world and in the Hereafter. But Allah has put you to test whether you obey Him (Allah) or her ('Aisha).'" Sahih Bukhari, 088.219-223>
- ↑ Sir John Glubb, The Great Arab Conquests, 1967, p. 320
- ↑ Goodwin, Jan. Price of Honour: Muslim Women Lift the Veil of Silence on the Islamic World. UK: Little, Brown Book Group, 1994
- ↑ anwary-islam.com
- ↑ 13.0 13.1 http://anwary-islam.com/companion/ten-talhah-ibn-ubaydullah.htm
- ↑ http://www.al-islam.org/restatement/61.htm
- ↑ http://www.islam4theworld.com/Sahabah/talhah_bn_ubaydullah_R.htm
- ↑ Ibn Saad, Tabaqat, vol. III, p. 223
- ↑ The Early Caliphate, Maulana Muhammad Ali, Al-Jadda Printers, pg. 169-206, 1983
- ↑ http://www.alim.org/library/biography/khalifa/content/KAL/53/3
- ↑ anwary-islam.com
- ↑ 20.0 20.1 20.2 William Muir, The Caliphate: Its Rise, Decline and Fall from Original Sources. Chapter XXXV: "Battle of the Camel". London: 1891. p. 261.
- ↑ Sahih Al Bukhari Volume 6, Book 60, Number 352
- ↑ 22.0 22.1 The shadow of the sword, The Battle for Global Empire and the End of the Ancient World By Tom Holland, ISBN 978-0-349-12235 Abacus Page 409
- ↑ See:
- Lapidus (2002), p.47
- Holt (1977a), p.70 - 72
- Tabatabaei (1979), p.50 - 53
- Nahj Al-Balagha Sermons 8, 31, 171, 173,
- ↑ http://www.alim.org/library/biography/khalifa/content/KAL/53/4
- ↑ Tabatabae (1979), page 192
- ↑ Sahih Al Bukhari Volume 9, Book 88, Number 228:[1] Narrated by Abu Al-Minhal When Ibn Ziyad and Marwan were in Sham and Ibn Az-zubair took over the authority in Mecca and Qurra' (the Kharijites) revolted in Basra, I went out with my father to Abu Barza Al-Aslami till we entered upon him in his house while he was sitting in the shade of a room built of cane. So we sat with him and my father started talking to him saying, "O Abu Barza! Don't you see in what dilemma the people has fallen?" The first thing heard him saying "I seek reward from Allah for myself because of being angry and scornful at the Quraish tribe. O you Arabs! You know very well that you were in misery and were few in number and misguided, and that Allah has brought you out of all that with Islam and with Muhammad till He brought you to this state (of prosperity and happiness) which you see now; and it is this worldly wealth and pleasures which has caused mischief to appear among you. The one who is in Sham (i.e., Marwan), by Allah, is not fighting except for the sake of worldly gain
- ↑ 27.00 27.01 27.02 27.03 27.04 27.05 27.06 27.07 27.08 27.09 27.10 27.11 27.12 27.13 Razwy, Ali Asgher. A Restatement of the History of Islam & Muslims: 579 to 661 CE. Stanmore: World Federation of KSI Muslin Communities, 1997. Print. Ch. 62 Cite error: Invalid
<ref>tag; name "Restatement" defined multiple times with different content - ↑ 28.0 28.1 28.2 28.3 Islamic period
- ↑ www.islam4theworld.com
- ↑ 30.0 30.1 30.2 30.3 30.4 30.5 30.6 30.7 30.8 Madelung, Wilferd. The Succession to Muḥammad: A Study of the Early Caliphate. Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 1997. Print. ISBN 0521646960 Pg. 18
External links[]
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Wikimedia Commons has media related to Battle of the Camel. |
- Ali ibn Abi Talib (1984). Nahj al-Balagha (Peak of Eloquence), compiled by ash-Sharif ar-Radi. Alhoda UK. SBN 0940368439.
- Al-Tabari, Muhammad ibn Jarir (1990). History of the Prophets and Kings, translation and commentary issued by R. Stephen Humphreys. SUNY Press. ISBN 0-7914-0154-5. (volume XV.)
- Holt, P. M.; Bernard Lewis (1977). Cambridge History of Islam, Vol. 1. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-29136-4.
- Madelung, Wilferd (1997). The Succession to Muhammad: A Study of the Early Caliphate. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-64696-0.
- William Muir. The Caliphate: Its Rise, Decline, and Fall [2].
The original article can be found at Battle of the Camel and the edit history here.