Buchenwald Trial

The eight American officers of the U.S. military tribunal at the trial of former camp personnel and prisoners from Buchenwald. From left to right: Lt. Col. Morris, Col. Robertson, Col. Ackerman, Brig. Gen. Kiel, Lt. Col. Dwinell, Col. Pierce, Col. Dunning, and Lt. Col. Walker.

The Buchenwald Trial or United States of America vs. Josias Prince of Waldeck et al. (also referred as Case 000-50-9) was a war crime trial conducted by the United States Army as a court-martial in Dachau, then part of the American occupation zone. It took place from April 11 to August 14, 1947 in the internment camp of Dachau, where the former Dachau concentration camp had been located until late April 1945. In this trial, 31 people were indicted for war crimes related to the Buchenwald concentration camp and its satellite camps, all of whom were convicted. The Buchenwald Trial was part of the Dachau trials, which were held between 1945 and 1948.

Background

A SS guard who allegedly abused prisoners was identified on 14 April 1945 by a former Soviet Buchenwald prisoner at Buchenwald.

On 27 May 1945, a former Buchenwald inmate shows American soldier Jack Levine a container with human organs that nazi physicians removed from camp inmates.

American congressmen visited Buchenwald on 24 April 1945.

The pigs in the SS stables received better feed, compared to the food of the prisoners

— Peter Zenkl, former Buchenwald inmate, Testimony in the Buchenwald Trial from mid April 1947.

When American troops reached the concentration camps of the German Reich in the final stages of World War II, they were unprepared, partly because they were in the middle of combat, to face and trail the atrocities in the concentration camps. The care of mostly emaciated and very sick "Muselmänner" and the burial on the death marches of thousands of prisoners who perished from starvation or shooting presented a difficult task for the United States Army. Before the liberation of the Buchenwald concentration camp on 11 April 1945, the American soldiers had taken photographs after the capture of the Ohrdruf concentration camp, a subcamp of Buchenwald, that illustrate the horrific circumstances of the camp evacuation. As early as 12 April 1945 the Supreme Commander of the Allied forces, Dwight D. Eisenhower, visited the Ohrdruf concentration camp and, because of the terrible camp conditions, he asked for U.S. and British politicians, representatives of the United Nations and the U.S. press to view the camp. On 16 April 1945, 1000 people from Weimar under American command were mandated to visit Buchenwald concentration camp where they could witness the remaining traces of the mass extinction. Elsewhere nearby residents had to bury the victims from the evacuation marches.

In this context, as part of the U.S. War Crimes Trial Program, a U.S. program for the instauration of legal standards and a judicial system to prosecute German war crimes, American investigators began promptly with inquiries to identify those responsible for these crimes. The perpetrators were soon caught and detained, including the last commandant of Buchenwald concentration camp Hermann Pister, who was arrested in June 1945 by American soldiers in Munich. The Command staff was interned in a prisoner-of-war camp at Bad Aibling and was interrogated shortly after the war ended in 1945 by the Counterintelligence Corps. At least 450 former Buchenwald inmates were called as witnesses, including Hermann Brill, and two truckloads of documentary material from the camp commander was used as evidence. Because of the London EAC Protocols, on 1 July 1945 the American military in Thuringia handed it over to the Soviet Military Administration in Germany (SMAD). After preliminary investigations against more than 6000 people until the fall of 1945, about 250 suspects were detained. However, witnesses were often no longer available to identify or incriminating photographs were not properly assigned; and some suspects managed to flee.

Since the Soviet Union had the most victims (about 15,000) in Buchenwald compared to the other nations involved, presumably other suspects were staying in the Soviet occupation zone or were there in custody, the American military government in Germany (OMGUS) considered to leave the Soviet Union in charge of the judicial process. On 9 November 1945, the deputy military governor Lucius D. Clay submitted a proposal to the leader of the Soviet Military Administration in Germany, Vasily Sokolovsky, to transfer the Buchenwald Trial to the Soviet government. After lengthy negotiations and hesitant inspection of the investigation files, the Soviet side expressed interest in the proceeding only with respect to the mass killing in Gardelegen, where 1000 prisoners were burned alive. After the handover of the investigation of the 22 accused to the Soviet military authorities, it was agreed to perform the same procedure for the defendants in the Buchenwald concentration camp and Mittelbau-Dora, a former Buchenwald central warehouse and from October 1944 an independent concentration camp. 3 September 1946 was stipulated as the date for the transfer of the detainees and the extensive evidence concerning Buchenwald and Mittelbau; however, no representatives of the Soviet military administration appeared at the meeting point at the border zone. After 14 hours of waiting, the prisoners and the evidence were taken back to the detention center at Dachau. The Soviets may not have accepted the offer because they used the concentration camp after the takeover as "Special Camp 2" and may have feared future accusations of war crimes themselves.

Private negotiations regarding the competence of the Buchenwald proceedings arose because of the significant delayed international criticism. In particular, the United Nations War Crimes Commission, a Commission of Allied states to prosecute war crimes committed by the Axis powers, demanded already at the beginning of 1946 the implementation of the Buchenwald Trial before an international court. After the Soviet military authorities showed no interest, French and Belgian judicial authorities announced their desire to carry out the trial. This option was rejected by the American side having regard to the immense work of translation that should have been done. The lead investigator in the U.S. Army forced then the beginning of the process. By the end of December 1946 the preparation for the process was completed.

Prosecution and legal bases

Most of the indicted had been members of the camp staff, but also SS and Police Leader Josias, Hereditary Prince of Waldeck and Pyrmont was indicted, because Buchenwald concentration camp was in his jurisdiction. The camp commander, Hermann Pister, and members of the command staff, as well as the widow of the first commander, Ilse Koch, were indicted. Also, three of the camp doctors and senior SS medical officers had to stand trial. Finally, even block leaders, detachment commanders, three prisoner functionaries and a civilian employee stood trial.

The legal basis of the process was the "Legal and Penal Administration" from March 1947, based on the decrees of the Military Government. The Control Council Law No. 10 of 20 December 1945, according to which any person who have been indicted for war crimes, crimes against peace and crimes against humanity could be convicted, played no significant role in this process.

The defendants in U.S. military photos from April 1947

Josias zu Waldeck und Pyrmont, SS and Police Leader

Hermann Pister, second and last camp commandant

Hans-Theodor Schmidt, attached to Hermann Pister

Ilse Koch, wife of the first camp commandant Karl Koch

Hermann Hackmann, attached to first camp commandant Karl Koch

Wolfgang Otto (hauptscharführer), head of the Kommandanturschreibstube

Hermann Grossmann, warehouse manager of Buchenwald's satellite camps

Max Schobert, Schutzhaftlagerführer

Hans Merbach, zweiter Schutzhaftlagerführer

Hans Eisele, camp physician

August Bender, camp physician

Werner Greunuss, physician in subcamp Ohrdruf

Friedrich Karl Wilhelm, SS-Sanitätsdienstgrad

Otto Barnewald, administrative director

Philipp Grimm (obersturmführer), labor overseer

Albert Fredrich Schwartz, labor overseer

Franz Zinecker, labor overseer

Richard Köhler (unterscharführer), member of the Kommando 99

Josef Kestel, block director and Kommando leader

Hubert Krautwurst, Kommando leader

Gustav Heigel, Kommando leader and head of the arrest blocks

Anton Bergmeier, the camp's internal prison supervisor

Hermann Helbig, crematorium Kommandoführer

Emil Pleissner, crematorium Kommandoführer

Guido Reimer, commander of the SS-Sturmbanns

Helmut Roscher, Rapport leader

Arthur Dietzsch, senior kapo nurse

Hans Wolf (Kapo concentration camp), kapo at central warehouse Tröglitz

Edwin Katzenellenbogen, kapo doctor

Peter Merker, Kommandoführer in Gustloff-Werk II

Walter Wendt, civilian personnel manager in Erla Maschinenwerk

Bibliography

• Buchenwald-Hauptprozess: Deputy Judge Advocate’s Office 7708 War Crimes Group European Command APO 407. (United States of America v. Josias Prince zu Waldeck et al. – Case 000-50-9). Review and Recommendations of the Deputy Judge Advocate for War Crimes, November 1947 (PDF)
• Ludwig Eiber, Robert Sigl (Hrsg.): Dachauer Prozesse –NS-Verbrechen vor amerikanischen Militärgerichten in Dachau 1945–1948. Göttingen: Wallstein, 2007, ISBN 978-3-8353-0167-2
• Manfred Overesch: Buchenwald und die DDR – oder die Suche nach Selbstlegitimation. Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 1995, ISBN 978-3-525-01356-4.
• Katrin Greiser: Entsetzen der Befreier: Das US-War Crimes Program.In: Die Todesmärsche von Buchenwald. Räumung des Lagerkomplexes im Frühjahr 1945 und Spuren der Erinnerung. Göttingen: Wallstein, 2008, ISBN 978-3-8353-0353-9, S. 370–450.
• Ute Stiepani: Die Dachauer Prozesse und ihre Bedeutung im Rahmen der alliierten Strafverfolgung von NS-Verbrechen. In: Gerd R. Ueberschär: Die alliierten Prozesse gegen Kriegsverbrecher und Soldaten 1943–1952. Frankfurt: Fischer, 1999, ISBN 3-596-13589-3.
• Robert Sigel: Im Interesse der Gerechtigkeit. Die Dachauer Kriegsverbrecherprozesse 1945–48. Frankfurt: Campus, 1992, ISBN 3-593-34641-9.
• Wolfgang Benz, Barbara Distel, Angelika Königseder: Der Ort des Terrors: Geschichte der nationalsozialistischen Konzentrationslager. Vol. 3: Sachsenhausen und Buchenwald. Munich: Beck, 2006, ISBN 3-406-52963-1.

External links

• Buchenwald cases
• (in German) "Der SS-Staat – Die Henker aus dem Totenwald". In: Der Spiegel. Nº 16, 19 April 1947, p. 5.