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The [[United States]] [[Department of Defense Dictionary of Military and Associated Terms]] (Joint Publication JP1-02, dated 5 January 2007) defines "clandestine operation" as "An operation sponsored or conducted by governmental departments or [[Government agency|agencies]] in such a way as to assure secrecy or concealment. A clandestine operation differs from a [[covert operation]] in that emphasis is placed on concealment of the operation rather than on concealment of the identity of the sponsor. In special operations, an activity may be both covert and clandestine and may focus equally on operational considerations and intelligence-related activities." (JP 3-05.1). |
The [[United States]] [[Department of Defense Dictionary of Military and Associated Terms]] (Joint Publication JP1-02, dated 5 January 2007) defines "clandestine operation" as "An operation sponsored or conducted by governmental departments or [[Government agency|agencies]] in such a way as to assure secrecy or concealment. A clandestine operation differs from a [[covert operation]] in that emphasis is placed on concealment of the operation rather than on concealment of the identity of the sponsor. In special operations, an activity may be both covert and clandestine and may focus equally on operational considerations and intelligence-related activities." (JP 3-05.1). |
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| − | The bulk of clandestine operations are related to the [[List of intelligence gathering disciplines|gathering of intelligence]], typically by both people ([[Clandestine HUMINT]]) and by hidden [[sensor]]s. Placement of underwater or land-based communications cable [[Telephone tapping|taps]], |
+ | The bulk of clandestine operations are related to the [[List of intelligence gathering disciplines|gathering of intelligence]], typically by both people ([[Clandestine HUMINT]]) and by hidden [[sensor]]s. Placement of underwater or land-based communications cable [[Telephone tapping|taps]], cameras, [[microphone]]s, traffic sensors, monitors such as [[sniffer]]s, and similar systems require that the mission go undetected and unsuspected. Clandestine sensors may also be on [[unmanned underwater vehicle]]s, [[Spy satellite|reconnaissance (spy) satellites]] (such as [[Misty (classified project)|Misty]]), low-observability [[unmanned aerial vehicle]]s (UAV), or [[Measurement and Signature Intelligence|unmanned detectors]] (as in [[Operation Igloo White]] and its successors), or [[Measurement and Signature Intelligence|hand-placed]] by clandestine human operations. |
The terms ''clandestine'' and ''covert'' are not synonymous. As noted in the definition (which has been used by the [[United States]] and [[NATO]] since [[World War II]]) in a covert operation the identity of the sponsor is concealed, while in a clandestine operation the operation itself is concealed. Put differently, ''clandestine'' means "hidden", while ''covert'' means "deniable". The term ''stealth'' refers both to a broad set of [[military tactics|tactic]]s aimed at providing and preserving the element of surprise and reducing enemy resistance. It can also be used to describe a set of [[Technology|technologies]] ([[stealth technology]]) to aid in those tactics. While secrecy and stealthiness are often desired in clandestine and covert operations, the terms ''secret'' and ''stealthy'' are not used to formally describe types of missions. |
The terms ''clandestine'' and ''covert'' are not synonymous. As noted in the definition (which has been used by the [[United States]] and [[NATO]] since [[World War II]]) in a covert operation the identity of the sponsor is concealed, while in a clandestine operation the operation itself is concealed. Put differently, ''clandestine'' means "hidden", while ''covert'' means "deniable". The term ''stealth'' refers both to a broad set of [[military tactics|tactic]]s aimed at providing and preserving the element of surprise and reducing enemy resistance. It can also be used to describe a set of [[Technology|technologies]] ([[stealth technology]]) to aid in those tactics. While secrecy and stealthiness are often desired in clandestine and covert operations, the terms ''secret'' and ''stealthy'' are not used to formally describe types of missions. |
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Some operations may have both clandestine and covert aspects, such as the use of concealed remote sensors or human observers to direct [[artillery]] attacks and [[airstrike]]s. The attack is obviously covert (coming under attack alerts the target that he has been located by the enemy), but the targeting component (the exact method that was used to locate targets) can remain clandestine. |
Some operations may have both clandestine and covert aspects, such as the use of concealed remote sensors or human observers to direct [[artillery]] attacks and [[airstrike]]s. The attack is obviously covert (coming under attack alerts the target that he has been located by the enemy), but the targeting component (the exact method that was used to locate targets) can remain clandestine. |
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| − | In [[World War II]], targets found through [[cryptanalysis]] of |
+ | In [[World War II]], targets found through [[cryptanalysis]] of radio communication, were attacked only if there had been aerial reconnaissance in the area, or, in the case of the shootdown of [[Naval ranks of the Japanese Empire during World War II|Admiral]] [[Isoroku Yamamoto]], where the sighting could be attributed to the [[Coastwatchers]]. During the [[Vietnam War]], trucks attacked on the [[Ho Chi Minh trail]] were completely unaware of some sensors, such as the airborne [[Radiofrequency MASINT|Black Crow]] device that sensed their ignition. They could also have been spotted by a clandestine human patrol. Harassing and interdiction (H&I) or [[free-fire zone]] rules can also cause a target to be hit for purely random reasons. |
Until the 1970s, clandestine operations were primarily political in nature, generally aimed at assisting groups or nations favored by the sponsor. Examples include [[U.S. intelligence involvement with German and Japanese war criminals after World War II]]. Today these operations are numerous and include technology-related clandestine operations. |
Until the 1970s, clandestine operations were primarily political in nature, generally aimed at assisting groups or nations favored by the sponsor. Examples include [[U.S. intelligence involvement with German and Japanese war criminals after World War II]]. Today these operations are numerous and include technology-related clandestine operations. |
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Revision as of 08:11, 27 November 2013
A clandestine operation is an intelligence or military operation carried out in such a way that the operation goes unnoticed by the general population.
The United States Department of Defense Dictionary of Military and Associated Terms (Joint Publication JP1-02, dated 5 January 2007) defines "clandestine operation" as "An operation sponsored or conducted by governmental departments or agencies in such a way as to assure secrecy or concealment. A clandestine operation differs from a covert operation in that emphasis is placed on concealment of the operation rather than on concealment of the identity of the sponsor. In special operations, an activity may be both covert and clandestine and may focus equally on operational considerations and intelligence-related activities." (JP 3-05.1).
The bulk of clandestine operations are related to the gathering of intelligence, typically by both people (Clandestine HUMINT) and by hidden sensors. Placement of underwater or land-based communications cable taps, cameras, microphones, traffic sensors, monitors such as sniffers, and similar systems require that the mission go undetected and unsuspected. Clandestine sensors may also be on unmanned underwater vehicles, reconnaissance (spy) satellites (such as Misty), low-observability unmanned aerial vehicles (UAV), or unmanned detectors (as in Operation Igloo White and its successors), or hand-placed by clandestine human operations.
The terms clandestine and covert are not synonymous. As noted in the definition (which has been used by the United States and NATO since World War II) in a covert operation the identity of the sponsor is concealed, while in a clandestine operation the operation itself is concealed. Put differently, clandestine means "hidden", while covert means "deniable". The term stealth refers both to a broad set of tactics aimed at providing and preserving the element of surprise and reducing enemy resistance. It can also be used to describe a set of technologies (stealth technology) to aid in those tactics. While secrecy and stealthiness are often desired in clandestine and covert operations, the terms secret and stealthy are not used to formally describe types of missions.
Some operations may have both clandestine and covert aspects, such as the use of concealed remote sensors or human observers to direct artillery attacks and airstrikes. The attack is obviously covert (coming under attack alerts the target that he has been located by the enemy), but the targeting component (the exact method that was used to locate targets) can remain clandestine.
In World War II, targets found through cryptanalysis of radio communication, were attacked only if there had been aerial reconnaissance in the area, or, in the case of the shootdown of Admiral Isoroku Yamamoto, where the sighting could be attributed to the Coastwatchers. During the Vietnam War, trucks attacked on the Ho Chi Minh trail were completely unaware of some sensors, such as the airborne Black Crow device that sensed their ignition. They could also have been spotted by a clandestine human patrol. Harassing and interdiction (H&I) or free-fire zone rules can also cause a target to be hit for purely random reasons.
Until the 1970s, clandestine operations were primarily political in nature, generally aimed at assisting groups or nations favored by the sponsor. Examples include U.S. intelligence involvement with German and Japanese war criminals after World War II. Today these operations are numerous and include technology-related clandestine operations.
See also
External links
- International Society for Intelligence Research (homepage)
- Global Clandestine Operations Network