Coast Guard Squadron One

Coast Guard Squadron One
Coast Guard Squadron One patch
Active	27 May 1965 – 15 August 1970
Country	United States of America
Branch	United States Coast Guard
Nickname(s)	RONONE
Engagements	Operation Market Time Operation Sealords
Decorations	Presidential Unit Citation (Navy) Navy Unit Commendation Meritorious Unit Commendation (Navy)

Coast Guard Squadron One was a combat unit formed by the United States Coast Guard in 1965 under the operational control of the United States Navy during the Vietnam War and assigned duties in Operation Market Time. Its formation marked the first time since World War II that Coast Guard personnel were used in a combat environment.

The squadron operated divisions in three separate areas during the period of 1965 to 1970. Twenty six Point-class cutters with their crews and a squadron support staff were assigned to the Navy with the mission of interdicting the movement of arms and supplies from the South China Sea into South Vietnam by Viet Cong and North Vietnam junk and trawler operators. The squadron also provided naval gunfire support to nearby friendly units operating along the South Vietnam coastline and assisted the Navy during Operation Sealords. As United States direct involvement in combat operations wound down during 1969, squadron crews began training South Vietnamese Navy (SVN) sailors in the operation and deployment of the cutters. The cutters were later turned over to the South Vietnamese Navy as part of the Vietnamization of the war effort. Turnover of the cutters to South Vietnamese crews began in May 1969 and was completed by August 1970 and Squadron One was disestablished with the decommissioning of the last cutter.

The squadron was awarded several unit citations for its service to the Navy and the South Vietnamese government during the six years the unit was active with over 3,000 Coast Guardsmen serving aboard cutters and on the squadron support staff. Six squadron members were killed in action during the time the unit was commissioned.

Squadron One, along with Navy and SVN units assigned to the task force that assumed the Market Time mission were successful interdicting seaborne North Vietnamese personnel and equipment from entering South Vietnamese waters. The success of the blockade served to change the dynamics of the Vietnam War, forcing the North Vietnamese to use a more costly and time consuming route down the Ho Chi Minh trail to supply their forces in the south.

Background

As the United States military involvement in South Vietnam shifted from an advisory role to combat operations, Military Assistance Command, Vietnam (MACV) advisors to the South Vietnamese government noticed an increase in the amount of military supplies and weapons being smuggled into the county by way of North Vietnamese junks and other small craft. The extent of infiltration was underscored in February 1965 by the detection of a North Vietnamese trawler disguised as an "island" by a United States Army helicopter crew. The event would later be known as the Vung Ro Bay Incident, named for the small bay that was the trawler's destination. After the Army helicopter crew called in air strikes on the trawler, it was sunk and captured after a five-day action conducted by elements of the South Vietnamese Navy (SVN). Investigators found 1 million rounds of small arms ammunition, more than 1,000 stick grenades, 500 pounds of prepared TNT charges, 2,000 rounds of 82mm mortar ammunition, 500 anti-tank grenades, 1,500 rounds of recoilless rifle ammunition, 3,600 rifles and sub-machine guns, and 500 pounds of medical supplies. Labels on captured equipment and supplies and other papers found in the wreckage indicated that the shipment was from North Vietnam. Concern by top MACV advisors as to whether the SVN was up to the task of interdicting shipments originating in North Vietnam led to the request by General William C. Westmoreland, commanding general of MACV, for Navy assistance.

The request for the Navy to provide surveillance and interdiction was initially filled by Navy radar picket destroyer escorts (DER) and minesweepers (MSO) in March 1965 when Operation Market Time was started; however it soon became apparent that these vessels had too great a draft to operate effectively in shallow coastal waters. In April the Navy immediately ordered 54 Swift boats (PCF); 50-foot (15 m) aluminum-hulled boats with a draft of only 5-foot (1.5 m) and capable of 25 knots (29 mph; 46 km/h). At the same time, the Navy queried the Treasury Department, the lead agency for the Coast Guard at the time, about the availability of suitable vessels. The Coast Guard had only a very minor role in combat operations during the Korean War and the Commandant of the Coast Guard, Admiral Edwin J. Roland, responded to the request by offering the use of 82-foot (25 m) Point-class cutters (WPB) and 40-foot (12 m) utility boats, fearing that if the Coast Guard were left out of a role in Vietnam that its status as one of the nation's armed services might be jeopardized.

The decision to use the Point-class cutter was one of logistics. The 95-foot (29 m) Cape-class cutter was initially considered an option by Roland since it had a greater speed because of its four main drive engines. The Point-class cutter had only two main drive engines but they were more consistent throughout the class than the Cape-class cutters, thus making it easier to maintain a supply of spare parts and fewer engines to maintain. Additional factors favoring the Point-class cutter were an unmanned engine room with all controls and alarms on the bridge and air-conditioned living spaces, a big factor with a tropical climate where crews were expected to live on the boat whether on or off duty. The 40-foot utility boats were rejected as not having the facilities for extended patrols offshore, no radar, and no berthing or messing facilities.

On 22 April 1965, representatives of the Coast Guard and the Navy signed a memorandum of understanding where the Coast Guard would supply 17 Point-class cutters and their crews and the Navy would provide transport to South Vietnam and logistical support with two LSTs that had been converted to repair ships. Ten of the cutters were sourced from stations on the Atlantic and Gulf coasts and seven were sourced from Pacific coast stations. After removal of the Oerlikon 20 mm cannon on the bow, each cutter was fitted with a combination over-under M2 Browning machine gun/MK 2 trigger and drop-fired 81mm mortar and loaded on merchant ships for shipment to U.S. Naval Base Subic Bay in the Philippines. On 29 April President Lyndon B. Johnson authorized Coast Guard units to operate under Navy command in Vietnam and to provide surveillance and interdiction assistance to Navy vessels and aircraft in an effort to stop the infiltration of troops, weapons and ammunition into South Vietnam by North Vietnamese Army (NVA) and Viet Cong (VC) forces. The combined Navy, Coast Guard and South Vietnamese Navy effort was designated Operation Market Time.

Commissioning ceremony for Coast Guard Squadron One at Base Alameda, 27 May 1965

Crew training and commissioning of Squadron One

While the cutters were being shipped to Subic Bay, crew members started reporting to Coast Guard Training Center Alameda, California on 17 May 1965 for overseas processing and training. The cutter crews received one week of small arms training at Naval Amphibious Base Coronado and Camp Pendleton while SERE (survival, evasion, resistance and escape) training was received at Marine Corps Mountain Warfare Training Center, near Coleville, California, in the Sierra Nevada Mountains and at Whidbey Island Naval Air Station, Washington. Returning to Alameda, they underwent refresher firefighting and damage control training from the Navy at Treasure Island Naval Base. Additional weapons qualifications and live fire exercises were held at Coast Guard Island and Camp Parks, California, along with refresher training in radar navigation, radio procedures and visual signaling. Gun crews received mortar and machine gun training at Camp Pendleton. Of the 245 personnel assigned to the unit only 131 were present at the squadron commissioning ceremony held at Alameda on 27 May 1965 with the remainder of the crews in the process of completing training elsewhere. For service in Vietnam, two officers were added to the normal crew complement of eight to add seniority to the crew in the mission of interdicting vessels at sea. All officers assigned to command cutters were required to have commanded a Cape-class cutter and had to volunteer for the assignment of commanding officer.

USCGC Point Mast (WPB-82316) being loaded on board a merchant ship for shipment to U.S. Naval Base Subic Bay, Philippines (May 1965)

Naval Base Subic Bay

Divisions 11 and 12

The first crews arrived at Subic Bay on 11 June and a squadron office was established. At 0001 hours, 12 June 1965 the squadron came under the operational control of the commander, Vietnam Patrol Force (CTF 71). Administrative control for personnel actions such as pay and personnel records was retained by the Coast Guard. The first cutters arrived at Subic Bay on 17 June and before they were put in the water each hull bottom was inspected, repaired if necessary and painted from the waterline down. Mechanical, ordnance, electrical and electronic maintenance checks were completed before any modifications for duty in Vietnam were attempted. Modifications completed at Subic Bay included new radio transceivers, fabrication of gunner's platforms and ammunition ready boxes for the mortar, the addition of floodlights for night boardings, installation of small arms lockers on the mess deck and adding more sound-powered telephone circuits. Additional bunks and refrigerators were added to increase patrol on station time. Modifications were made to the bow-mounted over-under machine gun mortar combination allowing it to be depressed below the horizon for close range firing. Four additional M-2 machine guns with ready boxes were added to the gunwales of each cutter.

USCGC Point Marone (WPB-82331) leaving Subic Bay Naval Base for Vietnam along with other cutters of Division 11, 24 July 1965

As the crews arrived from the United States, they began required modification work in the shipyard and doing shakedown sorties in an effort to get all systems working. Night training exercises and gunnery drills were held each day and underway drills and training had been completed and commissary stores loaded by 9 July. A one day survival training course was conducted by Negrito natives and completion was compulsory for all squadron personnel. When it became known that the cutters would be operating in two widely separated locations, Squadron One was divided into two divisions with Division 11 operating in the Gulf of Thailand at An Thoi, Phú Quốc island and Division 12 operating near the port of Da Nang close to the Demilitarized Zone (DMZ). Division 11 consisted of nine cutters and a Navy support ship and Division 12 consisted of 8 cutters. With crew training completed and equipment checked, all that remained was for the order to form up and leave Subic Bay. At 1600 16 July 1965 Division 12 got underway accompanied by the music of Cast Your Fate to the Wind transmitted over the radio circuit by the crew of Division 11 cutter Point Banks. Once out of the harbor they formed up on USS Snohomish County, the LST assigned to support the division during the transit to Da Nang. Division 11 left Subic Bay bound for Phu Quoc Island at 0800 24 July with the support of USS Floyd County.

Division 13

Phu Quoc Island
(div 11)

Da Nang
(div 12)

Cat Lo
(div 13)

Cambodia

Laos

South China Sea

North Vietnam

Squadron One division locations

After reviewing a study of the overall infiltration threat, MACV requested additional aircraft and patrol vessels for Operation Market Time. A request for an additional division of Point-class cutters to be added to Squadron One was made on 5 August 1965 and preparations for deploying the additions cutters started in late October with the new division of nine patrol boats to be named Division 13. The staff and repair personnel arrived at Subic Bay 14 December 1965 while the boat crews of the division received weapons and survival training in California. The crews started arriving at Subic Bay on 28 December where additional survival and weapons training was given. Twenty one of the division's personnel were sent to Divisions 11 and 12 to be exchanged with crewmen who had Vietnam experience. Division 13 cutters began arriving as deck cargo on transport ships on 24 January 1966 and crews commenced outfitting and painting them deck gray. Some of the outfitting had been accomplished before shipment so that more time could be devoted to training crews in gunnery and procedure before the division's scheduled departure for Vietnam on 18 February. During a training exercise on 13 February, the main engine alarm sounded on the bridge of Point League. After checking the cause of the alarm, it was determined that a complete overhaul of one of the engines would be required. Division 12 at Da Nang shipped a complete kit of repair parts by way of a Marine Corps C-130 flight to Cubi Point Naval Air Station overnight. The flight was met by division personnel and repairs were done in a three-shift, around-the-clock basis, and was completed in 72 hours. A partial load break-in was made the morning of departure and the rest of the break-in procedure was done while the division was in route to Vietnam. At 1600 18 February, Division 13 left Subic Bay in the company of USS Forster, arriving at the Vietnamese Navy Base at Cat Lo on 22 February. Patrol work for six of the Division 13 cutters began at 0800 the following morning, covering the area from 60 miles (97 km) north of Vũng Tàu to 120 miles (193 km) south.

Operations

Arrival in Vietnam

Division 12 arrived at the port city of Da Nang at 0700 20 July 1965 and was the first Coast Guard unit to be stationed in Vietnam. The morning after their arrival five of the eight cutters prepared to get underway for their first patrol accompanied by the Navy destroyer USS Savage which coordinated the Market Time assets in the Da Nang area. Division 11 arrived at Côn Sơn Island on 29 July taking shelter from heavy seas and monsoon rains that had developed during the transit. Point Banks was the only cutter to have engine problems during the transit and repairs were made in the cramped engine room while underway so that no time was lost by the division during transit. During the lay over at Con Son minor repairs were made and repainting was completed on some of the cutter's hulls which had been partially stripped of paint by the storm. At Con Son, three SVN liaison officers reported aboard the cutters just before the division departed for Phu Quoc Island and the same three cutters started patrol work as the rest of the division put into Phu Quoc harbor on 31 July. On 30 July operational control of all Market Time elements, whether Navy, Coast Guard or South Vietnamese Navy was transferred to Commander, Task Force 115 (TF115).

Market Time operational theory

Main article: Operation Market Time

Market Time planners sectioned off nine patrol areas numbered in order from the Demilitarized Zone (DMZ) in the north to the Cambodian border in the south. The areas varied in size, measuring 80 by 120 miles (130 km × 190 km) and running 30 to 40 miles (48 to 64 km) out to sea. The outer two-thirds of each area was covered by the Navy DER and MSO fleet and was identified by the area number with the suffix "B". After May 1967 Coast Guard Squadron Three high endurance cutters (WHEC) also assisted in the outer patrol areas. Because the inner third of each patrol area was usually shallow water it was covered by Navy PCFs and Coast Guard WPBs which had shallow drafts. These smaller patrol areas were identified by a letter "C" or higher. Thus, the patrol area covering the waters near Cam Ranh Bay would have the outer two-thirds designated "4B" and the waters nearer shore designated "4C" through "4H". Overflying the whole area were Navy patrol aircraft that flew various assigned tracks, reporting any traffic to watchstanders stationed at five Coastal Surveillance Centers (CSC) operated jointly by the Navy and South Vietnamese Navy. Reports of movements by suspicious vessels were relayed to the nearest Market Time patrol craft whose duty it was to board and search for contraband material and persons on board with out proper identification. The rules of engagement that Market Time forces operated under allowed any vessel except warships to be stopped, boarded and searched within three miles (4.8 km) of the coastline and from the area three miles to twelve miles (19.4 km) from shore, identification and a declaration of intent could be demanded of any vessel except a warship. Outside the twelve mile limit only vessels of South Vietnamese origin could be stopped, boarded and searched.

While on patrol the cutters operated under orders from an operational commander at the CSC and not the division commander to which they were assigned. The division was responsible for seeing that each cutter was ready to perform her assignments and properly supplied with trained personnel, supplies and equipment. Each division's staff performed regular readiness reviews on each assigned cutter; riding with the crews to judge their effectiveness.

On 30 September 1968, Vice Admiral Elmo Zumwalt assumed command of Naval Forces Vietnam and he redirected the focus of interdiction operations conducted by TF115 to areas nearer the DMZ as a part of Operation SEALORDS. (Southeast Asia Lake, Ocean, River, and Delta Strategy). The result was that all but four Division 11 WPBs were transferred to Divisions 12 and 13 and the shallower draft Navy PCFs that had been used for patrol duties at the DMZ were used to patrol the canals and rivers.

Major cutter operations

1965

Gun crew on board USCGC Point Comfort (WPB-82317) firing 81mm mortar during bombardment of suspected Viet Cong staging area one mile behind An Thoi.(August 1965)

Soon after patrol operations started in the Division 12 area of responsibility (AOR), Point Orient encountered machine gun and mortar fire from the shore south of the Cua Viet River while attempting to board a junk in the early morning hours of 24 July 1965; thus becoming the first Coast Guard unit in Vietnam to engage the enemy. It was obvious to the skipper of the Point Orient that the stateside paint scheme used by the Coast Guard was too visible at night and shortly thereafter the white paint was replaced by deck gray on all WPBs in Squadron One. On assuming control, The TF115 commander changed the way patrols were conducted in the DMZ. Future patrols were concentrated along the DMZ for most of the WPBs and PCFs with only a few assets placed in the Da Nang area. Assets were concentrated where vessel traffic was encountered; most traffic near the Da Nang area was interdicted further out to sea by the DER's and WHEC's and fewer shallow draft assets were needed there.

19 September was a busy day for Division 11 in the Gulf of Thailand with Point Glover encountering a junk that fired on her and when unable to escape tried to ram the cutter. The Viet Cong crew jumped overboard and Point Glover disabled the junk's engine with machine gun fire. A boarding party from Point Glover boarded the sinking junk and did a quick search of the vessel, finding arms and ammunition. Unable to stop the junk from sinking, she was beached in shallow water while Point Garnet, Point Clear and Point Marone went searching for the missing junk crew; however, only one crew member was captured. Later that night Point Marone attempted to stop an unlit junk near the coastal town of Ha Tien but the junk ignored a warning shot across her bow and attempted to evade a boarding while firing at the cutter and throwing hand grenades. Point Glover was nearby and assisted Point Marone in engaging the junk with machine gun fire. The junk caught fire and started sinking. Unable to keep the junk afloat the cutter crews marked it with a buoy and let it sink in shallow water. Salvage operations conducted later found rifles, ammunition, hand grenades, documents and money. Eleven Viet Cong were killed in action and one badly wounded crewman was captured ashore.

1966

After Division 13's arrival at Cat Lo, 22 February 1966, operations started at nearby Rung Sat Special Zone; an area of tidal mangrove swamp southeast of Saigon that straddled the Lòng Tàu River, the main shipping channel to the Port of Saigon. Point White was patrolling on the night of 9 March and intercepted a small junk attempting to smuggle supplies across the Soài Rạp River. After hailing the junk and receiving automatic weapons fire in reply, the cutter returned fire and killed several Viet Cong. They continued to fire on Point White so the skipper ordered the helmsman to ram the junk amidships at full speed. All but four of the crew of the junk were killed. One of the survivors turned out to be a key leader in the Viet Cong Rung Sat infrastructure. On 15 March Point Partridge engaged and damaged another junk, but shallow water allowed the junk to escape. On 22 March Point Hudson drew fire from another junk on the river. In the battle that followed, an estimated ten Viet Cong were killed. In conjunction with a joint Navy and Marine Corps operation designated Operation Jackstay, several Division 13 cutters were ordered to patrol the lower portion of the Soi Rap River in an effort to deny the Viet Cong operating in the Rung Sat Special Zone food, water and ammunition. From the start of patrols on 10 March until the ships of the amphibious ready group put the Marines ashore on the Long Thành peninsula on 26 March, Division 13 cutters had taken fire from the shore almost every night during patrol operations. Some of the most intense combat operations that Squadron One encountered occurred during the month of March 1966 in support of Operation Jackstay. The joint operation ended 6 April with the withdrawal of the Marine Amphibious Force but the skipper of Point Partridge decided to continue the patrols after the operation ended. On the night patrols from 1 May to 6 May Point Partridge engaged Viet Cong junks or received fire from the shore every night.

While patrolling off the coast of the Cà Mau Peninsula in the late evening hours of 9 May 1966 Point Grey reported sighting two large bonfires on the shore near the mouth of the Rach Gia River. Since this was an unusual activity the skipper decided to monitor the area for the remainder of the night. Shortly after midnight, a steel-hulled trawler was spotted and challenged but Point Grey received no answer. The trawler continued on a course headed for the beach area near the bonfires and ran aground 400 yards (370 m) from the shore. After daybreak Point Grey attempted to board the trawler but encountered heavy fire from the shore. After requesting assistance from the CSC, Point Grey stood off from the trawler until USS Brister arrived on scene. With Brister standing in deeper water and South Vietnamese Air Force A-1E Skyraider aircraft bombing the beach nearby, Point Grey attempted a boarding but she received very heavy small arms fire from Viet Cong positions beyond the beach which heavily damaged the bridge and wounded three of her crew manning the mortar on the bow. With evening approaching it was decided by CSC to destroy the trawler and Point Grey assisted by Point Cypress began mortaring the trawler. During the shelling an explosion on board the trawler broke it two pieces and it sank in the shallow waters. Salvage operations began the next morning and included the recovery of six crew served weapons and 15 short tons (14,000 kg) of ammunition of Chinese manufacture. The destruction of the trawler marked the first instance of the capture of a trawler by Market Time assets.

While on patrol near the mouth of the Cổ Chiên River in the early hours of 20 June, the skipper of Point League noted a large radar contact which, upon further investigation, was found to be running without lights. After informing the CSC of the situation the cutter went to general quarters and spotlighted the incoming trawler. The trawler ignored a hail from Point League and two bursts of machine gun fire across its bow. The trawler returned with heavy machine gun fire hitting the cutter's bridge and wounding the executive officer and a crewman manning the mortar on the forecastle. The trawler dropped the line on a towed junk and picked up speed in an effort to beach along the shore. When the commanding officer of Point League noticed that the trawler was headed for shoal water near the mouth of the river, he let the trawler run aground 75 yards (69 m) from shore and moved to a position 1,000 yards (910 m) away while keeping the target illuminated with mortar rounds. Point League then came under fire from Viet Cong elements operating from just behind the shoreline. With assistance from Point Slocum the two cutters poured machine gun fire into the grounded trawler. Just after dawn the trawler was sunk by what was probably a scuttling charge resulting in a large fire. At 0715 the USS Haverfield arrived on scene and assumed control of the operation. With the assistance of two Air Force F-100 aircraft, resistance from the shoreline was finally controlled. It was decided by the commanding officer of the Haverfield that salvage of the trawler would be attempted in order to learn more about the trawler, its origins and the cargo on board. The crews of the two cutters were joined by Point Hudson and USS Tortuga and several South Vietnamese Navy junks in fighting the fire and beginning salvage operations. After patching the hull and dewatering; the trawler was eventually towed to the South Vietnamese Navy shipyard at Vung Tau. The 99-foot (30 m) trawler yielded valuable information about the capabilities of that particular class of trawler. It was carrying about 100 short tons (91,000 kg) of small arms and ammunition of recent manufacture in China and North Korea. The surviving log and navigation charts helped determine the trawler's origin and two possible destinations.

Point Welcome incident

Main article: USCGC Point Welcome (WPB-82329)

USCGC Point Welcome on patrol

Point Welcome was patrolling Area 1A1 immediately south of the DMZ in the early morning hours of 11 August 1966. At 0340 the cutter was illuminated by an Air Force forward air controller (FAC) that mistook her for an enemy vessel. The FAC called in one B-57 and two F4C aircraft which proceeded to strafe the cutter for about one hour, each making from seven to nine passes. Point Welcome turned on all of her running and docking lights when first illuminated by the FAC aircraft and contacted the CSC by radio telling them that they were being illuminated by aircraft. During the first pass all of the crew on the bridge were wounded and the commanding officer Lieutenant Junior Grade David Brostrom was killed along with the helmsman, Engineman Second Class Jerry Phillips. All signaling equipment, electronics and radios were knocked out on the first pass. Point Welcome began evasive maneuvers at the direction of Chief Boatswains Mate Richard Patterson, who had assumed command after the executive officer was seriously injured. Patterson attempted to avoid the illumination lights of the attacking aircraft and move out of the way of the strafing aircraft. At 0415 Patterson decided that the best course of action was to beach the cutter and move the wounded ashore, however when this was attempted, the crew came under fire from unknown sources from the shoreline. At 0425 Point Orient and Point Caution arrived on the scene and started rescue proceedings. In addition to the commanding officer, one other crewman was killed, nine other crewmen were injured along with a SVN liaison officer and civilian free lance journalist Tim Page. The bridge of the cutter was severely damaged and there were nine holes 5 to 9 inches (13 to 23 cm) in diameter in the main deck but the hull was undamaged. Point Welcome was escorted back to Da Nang under her own power and required three months to repair the damage. Patterson saved the cutter and the surviving crew at great risk to himself. He was awarded a Bronze Star with the combat "V" device for his actions.

1967

In the late evening hours of 1 January 1967 Point Gammon and two Navy PCFs intercepted a trawler attempting to land supplies on the Cau Mau Peninsula. After running the trawler aground the PCFs managed to hit it with several mortar rounds while Point Gammon kept the trawler illuminated. Several secondary explosions occurred, however the trawler successfully escaped although heavily damaged.

A more successful conclusion occurred in the early morning hours of 14 March 1967 when a Navy patrol aircraft spotted a trawler near Cù-Lao Ré, an island 65 miles (105 km) southeast of Da Nang. USS Brister and two PCFs along with Point Ellis closed on the trawler and forced it aground near the village of Phouc Thien on Cape Batangan. The patrol elements continued to exchange heavy gunfire with the trawler and land-based Viet Cong units until dawn when the trawler was scuttled with a massive explosion. Investigators later discovered a heavy machine gun, a recoilless rifle, sub-machine guns, rifles and carbines along with thousands of rounds of ammunition. Also in the wreckage was a complete surgical kit for a field hospital and medical supplies.

A similar conclusion was the result of the capture of a steel hull trawler 15 July 1967 after three days of tracking by patrol aircraft and the radar picket, USS Wilhoite. After playing a cat-and-mouse game for three days with TF115 units the trawler headed for the mouth of the Sa Ky River on the Batangan Peninsula late on 14 July. The trawler was directed by Point Orient to heave to, but the hail was answered with gunfire. The cutter returned fire along with Wilhoite and USS Gallup, USS Walker, and swift boat PCF-79. At 0200 15 July, the trawler was boxed in and ran aground 200 yards (180 m) from shore and the trawler was ablaze. Republic of Korea Marines directed artillery fire from the shore and at 0600 with the trawler apparently abandoned, a Navy demolitions expert from Walker boarded the trawler and defused 2,000 pounds of TNT charges that were designed to scuttle the craft. Found on board were several thousand rounds of rifle and machine gun ammunition, mortar and rocket rounds, anti-personnel mines, grenades, and several thousand pounds of C-4 plastic explosive and TNT. Weapons found included several hundred machine guns, AK-47 rifles, AK-56 rifles, and B-40 rocket launchers.

On many occasions during the months of October, November and December 1967, the cutters Point Hudson, Point Jefferson, Point Grace and Point Gammon were called on to assist in naval gunfire support missions in the Long Toan and Thanh Phu Secret Zones near Sóc Trăng. These missions resulted in the destruction of several sampans and structures as well as bunkers used by the Viet Cong.

1968

During the morning hours of 31 January 1968, combined forces of North Vietnamese Army/Viet Cong personnel initiated coordinated attacks on military installations throughout South Vietnam in what would be later be referred to as the "Tet Offensive". Because of monsoon weather in the northern provinces of South Vietnam and a general curfew imposed by the South Vietnamese government on most sampan traffic, routine boardings by Squadron One vessels during February were far below normal. However, requests for naval gunfire support by land based Army and Marine units increased significantly after "Tet". The cutters Point Gammon, Point Arden, Point Grey, Point Cypress, Point League, and Point Slocum were involved in multiple naval gunfire support missions throughout the month of February. The use of Squadron One cutters as a blocking force against exfiltration by NVA/VC forces operating along the coastline also increased at this time.

Main article: Action of 1 March 1968

In the early morning hours of 1 March 1968, several Squadron One cutters were involved in the interdiction and destruction of four North Vietnamese trawlers attempting to smuggle arms and ammunition into South Vietnam at different locations. This co-ordinated attempt by the North Vietnamese was met by various elements of TF115; including U.S. Navy aircraft and vessels, South Vietnamese Navy junks, Air Force aircraft, Army helicopters, Coast Guard Squadron Three cutters Androscoggin, Winona, and Minnetonka; and Squadron One cutters Point Grey, Point Hudson, and Point Welcome. As a result of this action, three of the North Vietnamese trawlers were destroyed and a fourth was turned back before it could reach the coast. After this action the incidence of smuggling by trawler was decreased and Communist forces had to resort to shipments through the Ho Chi Minh trail or through the port of Sihanoukville in Cambodia.

While on patrol just south of the DMZ in the early morning hours of 16 June 1968 Point Dume reported seeing two rockets fired from an unidentified source hit the Navy swift boat, PCF-19 which sank very quickly with the loss of five of the crew. Shortly thereafter, Point Dume came under fire from an unidentified aircraft along with the heavy cruiser USS Boston and the Australian destroyer HMAS Hobart. The duration of the attack was about one hour with little damage to the cutter and Boston but considerable damage to Hobart and injury to several of her crew. Evidence showed later during a board of inquiry that it was a friendly fire incident involving Air Force and Navy aircraft mistaking the ships for enemy targets. This incident and the 11 August 1966 friendly fire incident involving Point Welcome caused several procedures for the identification of naval vessels by Navy, Marine and Air Force aircrews to change.

Operations conducted by South Vietnamese Regional Force troops on Phu Quoc Island in September were assisted by Market Time assets. Point Partridge and Point Banks assisted with naval gunfire support on 9 September which destroyed three bunkers, killing four and wounding several others. Ten Viet Cong were captured. On 20 September, Point Cypress and South Vietnamese Navy MSC-116 assisted the Regional Forces troops that had been ambushed by Viet Cong forces by lending heavy naval gunfire support. Point Hudson, Point Kennedy, and Navy swift boats PCF-50 and PCF-3 arrived shortly after the action started and joined in the gunfire support. Small boats from the cutters helped evacuate wounded Regional Forces troops.

Heavy weather in the form of monsoons in the northern half of South Vietnam cut indigenous coastal traffic down during October 1968 and the Navy's swift boat support of Market Time was limited by heavy seas; however Market Time units including Squadron One cutters fired a record number of naval gunfire missions for the sixth month in a row. The 1,027 missions conducted during October was 19 percent higher than the previous record.

On 5 December 1968, three crewmen operating the small boat from Point Cypress in a small stream on the Cà Mau Peninsula were ambushed, severely wounding two and killing the third, Fireman Heriberto S. Hernandez. Admiral Elmo R. Zumwalt awarded a Bronze Star Medal with "V" Device posthumously to Hernandez for his heroic actions in saving his fellow crewmen's lives.

1969

In February 1969, Squadron One personnel began training SVN engineers in the maintenance and repair of the Point class cutters that would eventually be turned over to the South Vietnamese government under the "Vietnamization" program.

On 22 March during routine operations involving the inspection of fishing craft for contraband arms and supplies, the chief engineer, Chief Engineman Morris S. Beeson of the Point Orient was killed in ambush fire from three shore positions while attempting to board a sampan near Qui Nhon.

On 27 March, Point Dume was notified by a unit of the Army's 173rd Airborne that a Viet Cong unit was located at a village 40 miles (64 km) north of Qui Nhơn and Point Dume was requested to perform a blocking patrol while Army troops conducted a sweep. Point Dume assisted with naval gunfire support. Additionally, a landing party helped to destroy 41 sampans in the aftermath that had been used to transport Viet Cong supplies.

The first turnover of Squadron One cutters occurred on 16 May with the transfer of Point League and Point Garnet to the South Vietnamese Navy under the Vietnamization plan. An elaborate ceremony was held at the SVN Base in Saigon with dignitaries from many area naval activities witnessing the turnover of the two cutters. On 5 June, Division 11 was disestablished and its cutters were transferred to Division 13. The need for Squadron One cutters had been supplanted by the shallower draft PCFs and PBRs that were being concentrated in the Delta region for use in Operation SEALORDS. With better foul weather stationkeeping abilities than the Navy craft, the Point class cutters of the Squadron were shifted for use during the northeast monsoon season in the northern half of the country.

On 9 August while conducting a harassment and interdiction mission aboard Point Arden, a misfire occurred with the mortar killing Lieutenant Junior Grade Michael W. Kirkpatrick, the cutter's executive officer, and Engineman First Class Michael H. Painter.

1970–Vietnamization and disestablishment

“

The disestablishment of COGARDRON ONE upon turnover of the final WPBs to the Republic of Vietnam marks a significant step in Vietnamization. The Coast Guard performance in Vietnam operations has been characterized by the highest professionalism, traditional with the Coast Guard, and has been recognized by every Navy man, both U.S. and Vietnamese, who have had occasion to work with and receive support from WPBs. The record and reputation achieved by COGARDRON ONE have earned our highest respect.

”

-- Admiral John J. Hyland, USN, Commander, Pacific Fleet,
25 August 1970

With the growing dissatisfaction of the American electorate about Vietnam in 1969, high officials in the Nixon Administration sought a way to disengage the United States from the war. Part of the strategy to placate public opinion was termed "Vietnamization" and it included plans to remove most U.S. combat troops from Vietnam and the turnover of supplies and equipment to the South Vietnamese military. Other parts of the plan, referred to as Accelerated Turnover to Vietnamese (ACTOV), included the training of Vietnamese in the use of equipment that was to be turned over to them and a gradual phase-in of responsibilities for the conduct of the war by the South Vietnamese government. The first assets turned over to the Vietnamese under ACTOV occurred 1 February 1969 when 25 mostly smaller U.S. Navy vessels were transferred to the South Vietnamese Navy to be used in supporting Operation SEALORDS in the Mekong Delta.

ACTOV

The naval assets portion of the ACTOV plan consisted of two parts: SCATTOR (Small Craft Assets, Training, and Turnover of Resources) and VECTOR (Vietnamese Engineering Capability, Training of Ratings). While SCATTOR trained Vietnamese replacement crews for the patrol boats of Squadron One, VECTOR trained and prepared Vietnamese repair personnel to maintain them.

Background

Since the patrol boats of Squadron One were an essential part of the blockade of war supplies entering South Vietnam from North Vietnam, it was decided that they would be transferred to the South Vietnamese Navy after crews had been trained to operate them effectively. On 2 November 1968, Admiral Elmo R. Zumwalt, Commander, Naval Forces Vietnam, presented a plan to General Creighton W. Abrams, Commander, MACV to turn over all Navy resources to the South Vietnamese by 30 June 1970. Abrams approved the Navy's plan with the caveat that any equipment turned over to the Vietnamese would have to be in first-class condition and that they would have to be properly trained in its use. The Navy plan called for the enlisted Vietnamese personnel to report aboard vessels for training first with the officers finally reporting aboard after the crews were trained. In a recommendation made 14 January 1969, the Commander, Coast Guard Activities Vietnam, Captain Ralph W. Niesz, suggested that English speaking Vietnamese officers report aboard first and given the chance to receive extensive procedural training with Coast Guard crews before any junior personnel report aboard. Neisz cited cultural imperatives that required seniors to be more knowledgeable than subordinates and that it would be very difficult for officers to accept instruction from junior personnel without losing face. Zumwalt agreed with the Coast Guard plan enthusiastically and ordered it implemented immediately.

On 3 February 1969 the first South Vietnamese Navy officers reported aboard Point Garnet and Point League for an 18 week pilot training program. Each cutter's executive officer was relieved and assigned staff duties ashore with the commanding officer assuming his duties. The two spare bunks on each cutter were utilized by the new Vietnamese personnel reporting on board. As experience was gained by the Vietnamese crew members, new junior personnel reported in pairs replacing Coast Guardsmen that were then assigned ashore to assist with the VECTOR phase of training. The first transfer of Squadron One cutters occurred at the South Vietnamese Navy Base in Saigon during joint decommissioning and commissioning ceremonies held 16 May 1969 by the Coast Guard and the South Vietnamese Navy. Point Garnet and Point League were the first cutters transferred under the ACTOV plan.

Problems

SCATTOR training was not easy for either the trainers or the trainees. Cultural differences and language barriers had to be breached by both. English–Vietnamese dictionaries were used extensively and Vietnamese sailors who spoke even broken English were often pressed into service to help translate the training syllabus for each job on the cutter. Coast Guardsmen that had maintained their cutters with pride couldn't understand the Vietnamese sailors seeming lack of care about housekeeping chores. Orders dictated that any cutter entering the ACTOV Program had to be ready for turnover within four months. Often after a return from patrol duties the Vietnamese sailors would just leave the cutter as soon as it reached homeport, leaving maintenance, cleanup, and re-provisioning to the Coast Guardsmen. AWOL rates for Vietnamese sailors often interfered with training schedules as well as patrol operations. Morale of the Coast Guardsmen charged with the training of the replacement Vietnamese crew was often very low and this caused friction between the two parts of the crew. Because of political pressures in the United States to end involvement in the war as soon as possible, the SCATTOR program of training was accelerated to a fifteen week program and eventually an eleven-week program. This caused overcrowding on the cutters and further problems with the mixed crews.

All of the Squadron One cutters eventually completed training of the Vietnamese crews and as cutters were transferred to the South Vietnamese Navy each division shrunk in size until they were consolidated with other divisions. Division 11 was disestablished on 5 June 1969 with the remaining cutters in the division moving to Cat Lo. Division 12 was consolidated with Division 13 at Cat Lo 16 March 1970.

South Vietnamese Navy crewmen board a former Squadron One cutter during re-commissioning ceremonies at Cat Lo Navy Base, 15 August 1970.

Last patrols

After Point Grey and Point Orient were turned over to the South Vietnamese Navy on 14 July only Point Cypress and Point Marone were left in Division 13. On that day the remaining two cutters were given orders to report to the lower Mekong Delta and provide support for operations in the Than Phu Secret Zone. On 19 and 20 July the crews of both cutters consisted of a full complement of thirteen SVN sailors and five Coast Guardsmen including the commanding officers. Kit Carson Scouts were also embarked, making the decks very crowded. The Scouts were put ashore on a search and destroy mission and the cutters backed them up with gunfire from their decks and the cutter small boats. The raid was successful, netting several captured Viet Cong troops and boxes of documents. A week later both cutters with Australian Army explosive ordnance detachment soldiers aboard cruised the Mỹ Thanh River and destroyed fortifications.

On 4 August 1970, coincidentally Coast Guard Day, the pair of cutters set out on what would prove to be their last combat patrol. Each cutter had 25 Kit Carson Scouts embarked for a patrol of the Co Chien River. While following a narrow canal leading off the main channel, Point Marone was the target of a command detonated mine. The blast killed two of the SVN sailors instantly; all five Coast Guardsmen were injured along with ten Kit Carson Scouts. After the mine explosion, Point Marone listed to starboard but managed to get underway while Point Cypress laid down suppressing fire and escorted the damaged cutter back to base at Cat Lo. Point Marone suffered three shrapnel holes at the starboard waterline as well as extensive damage to the bridge windows and damage to the watertight door between the mess deck and the forward berthing space. The deck aft of the bridge was covered with three inches of mud. After patching and painting, Point Marone was prepared for a final Operational Readiness Inspection to check the SVN crew readiness for the pending turnover of both Point Marone and Point Cypress.

Last turnover

With the turnover of Point Cypress and Point Marone to the South Vietnamese Navy on 15 August 1970, Squadron One and its remaining division, Division 13, came to an end. Over 3000 Coast Guardsmen had served with Squadron One in Vietnam since May 1965. Administrative and liaison functions that had been carried out by the Squadron One staff were turned over to the Office of Senior Coast Guard Officer, Vietnam (SCGOV). Several officers of Squadron One were assigned temporary duties as advisors to former Squadron One cutters to further assist the new SVN commanding officers in their new duties. The Coast Guard continued to provide technical assistance and training under the SCATTOR/VECTOR programs for the South Vietnamese Navy after Squadron One was disestablished through the formation of four Technical Assistance Groups. Each group was composed of an officer and eight to eleven engineers reporting to SCGOV. The groups were located at Da Nang where there were six cutters assigned; Cam Ranh Bay, six cutters; Vung Tau, eight cutters; and An Thoi, six cutters. As tours of duty for each Coast Guardsman ended, Navy personnel gradually took over the training duties.

Civic action

Coast Guard personnel stationed in Vietnam were encouraged by their commands to donate off duty time to assist in various civic action programs supporting the Vietnamese people. Squadron One personnel participated as time permitted in an island adoption program that was designed to provide educational materials and provide medical treatment to inhabitants of the many coastal islands in their area of operation. This program was offered to counter Viet Cong propaganda and promote a better understanding of South Vietnamese government and USAID rural development programs. Since medical personnel were normally not a part of the make-up of the Squadron One patrol boat crews, medical corpsmen were borrowed from Squadron Three cutters or nearby Navy units. Division 11 crews constructed a fresh water well and distribution system in addition to constructing voting booths on Hon Thom Island. Division 12 cutters helped evacuate refugees from the vicinity of Cape Batangan when military operations became intense during 1967. Division 13 personnel spent many hours of off duty time at the children's ward of the Army 36th Medevac Hospital and gave games, toys, clothing and candy to injured Vietnamese children. All Squadron personnel distributed gifts of candy and toys as well as clothing, soap and toothpaste during the Christmas holidays at local orphanages that had been donated by Coast Guard families in the United States and brought to Vietnam on the Commandant's airplane. Squadron One crews arranged for transportation of a small girl by an Air Force helicopter to USS Sanctuary for eye surgery while the squadron commander personally delivered a cornea for transplant.

Legacy and impact

The cutters of Squadron One made a significant contribution to the success of Operation Market Time by forcing the Viet Cong and North Vietnamese forces to rely on the difficult Ho Chi Minh trail for most of their supplies and reinforcements. During the period between 27 May 1965 and 15 August 1970 the squadron cruised 4,215,116 miles (6,783,572 km) and boarded 236,396 vessels while detaining 10,286 persons. During 4,461 naval gunfire missions they damaged or destroyed 1,811 enemy vessels and killed or wounded 1,232 of the enemy.

Unit and service awards

• Presidential Unit Citation

The Presidential Unit Citation (Navy) was awarded for extraordinary heroism and outstanding performance to units participating in Operation SEALORDS for the period 18 October to 5 December 1968 and included the Squadron One cutters Point Cypress, Point White, Point Grace, Point Young, Point Comfort, Point Mast, Point Marone, Point Caution, and Point Partridge.

• Navy Unit Commendation

The Navy Unit Commendation was awarded for exceptionally meritorious service to the United States Navy Coastal Surveillance Force (Task Force 115) which included the administrative staff of Squadron One and Division 11 for service during period 1 January 1967 to 31 March 1968; Division 12, 1 January to 28 February 1967; and Division 13, 1 January to 10 May 1967.

• Navy Meritorious Unit Commendation

The Navy Meritorious Unit Commendation was awarded for meritorious service to units of the United States Navy Coastal Surveillance Force (Task Force 115) which included the following Squadron One cutters: Point White, Point Arden, Point Dume, Point Glover, Point Jefferson, Point Kennedy, Point Young, Point Partridge, Point Caution, Point Welcome, Point Banks, Point Lomas, Point Grace, Point Mast, Point Grey, Point Orient, Point Cypress, and Point Marone.

• Vietnam Service Medal

Although the Vietnam Service Medal is a personal service award, it is permissible and customary under Coast Guard regulations for cutters to display service awards on the port and starboard bridge wings. Squadron One cutters were entitled to display the VSM by virtue of having served in Vietnam for more than thirty days during the eligibility period of 15 November 1961 to 30 April 1975.

• Republic of Vietnam Gallantry Cross Unit Citation with Palm

All units serving under MACV were awarded the Vietnam Gallantry Cross Unit Citation with Palm by the Republic of Vietnam. Because U.S. Navy units serving in Vietnam were subordinate to MACV this included all Coast Guard Squadron One cutters.

• Republic of Vietnam Campaign Medal

The Vietnam Campaign Medal was an award of the Republic of Vietnam for those individuals who served in Vietnam for a period of at least six months. Although it was a personal award, Coast Guard regulations permitted its display on a cutter's port and starboard bridge wings since Squadron One's cutters served during the eligibility period of 1 March 1961 to 28 March 1973.

Cutter assignment and disposition information

Legend:

      Denotes initial assignment to Division 11

      Denotes initial assignment to Division 12

      Denotes initial assignment to Division 13

Name	Hull number	Commissioned	Decommissioned	Homeport	Disposition
Point Caution	WPB-82301	5 Oct 1960	29 Apr 1970	Galveston, Texas 61-65; Division 12, RVN 65-70	Transfer to RVN as RVNS Nguyễn An (HQ-716) 29 Apr 1970
Point Young	WPB-82303	26 Oct 1960	16 March 1970	Grand Isle, Louisiana 61-65; Division 11, RVN 65-70	Transfer to RVN as RVNS Trần Lợi (HQ-714) 16 March 1970
Point League	WPB-82304	9 Nov 1960	16 May 1969	Morgan City, Louisiana 61-65; Division 13, RVN 65-69	Transfer to RVN as RVNS Lê Phước Đức (HQ-700) 16 May 1969,
Point Partridge	WPB-82305	23 Nov 1960	27 March 1970	Beals and West Jonesport, Maine 61-65; Division 13, RVN 66-70	Transfer to RVN as RVNS Bùi Viết Thành (HQ-715) 27 March 1970
Point Jefferson	WPB-82306	7 Dec 1960	21 Feb 1970	Nantucket, Massachusetts 61-65; Division 13, RVN 65-70	Transfer to RVN as RVNS Lê Ngọc Ẩn (HQ-712) 21 Feb 1970
Point Glover	WPB-82307	7 Dec 1960	14 Feb 1970	Fort Hancock, New Jersey 61-65; Division 11, RVN 65-70	Transfer to RVN as RVNS Đào Văn Đặng (HQ-711) 14 Feb 1970
Point White	WPB-82308	18 Feb 1961	12 Jan 1970	New London, Connecticut 61-65; Division 13, RVN 66-70	Transfer to RVN as RVNS Lê Đình Hùng (HQ-708) 12 Jan 1970
Point Arden	WPB-82309	1 Feb 1961	14 Feb 1970	Pt. Pleasant, New Jersey 61-65; Division 12, RVN 65-70	Transfer to RVN as RVNS Phạm Ngọc Châu (HQ-710) 14 Feb 1970
Point Garnet	WPB-82310	15 Mar 1961	16 May 1969	Norfolk, Virginia 61-65; Division 11, RVN 65-69	Transfer to RVN as RVNS Lê Văn Ngà (HQ-701) 16 May 1969
Point Slocum	WPB-82313	12 Apr 1961	11 Dec 1969	St. Thomas, VI 61-65; Division 13, RVN 66-69	Transfer to RVN as RVNS Nguyễn Ngọc Thạch (HQ-706) 11 Dec 1969
Point Clear	WPB-82315	26 Apr 1961	15 Sep 1969	San Pedro, California 61-65; Division 11, RVN 65-69	Transfer to RVN as RVNS Huỳnh Văn Đức (HQ-702) 15 Sep 1969
Point Mast	WPB-82316	10 May 1961	15 Jun 1970	Long Beach, California 61-65; Division 11, RVN 65-70	Transfer to RVN 15 Jun 1970
Point Comfort	WPB-82317	24 May 1961	17 Nov 1969	Benicia, California 61-65; Division 11, RVN 65-69	Transfer to RVN as RVNS Đào Thức (HQ-704) 17 Nov 1969
Point Orient	WPB-82319	28 Jun 1961	14 Jul 1970	Ft. Pierce, Florida 61-65; Division 12, RVN 65-70	Transfer to RVN as RVNS Nguyễn Kim Hưng (HQ-722) 14 Jul 1970
Point Kennedy	WPB-82320	19 Jul 1961	16 Mar 1970	San Juan, PR 61-65; Division 13, RVN 66-70	Transfer to RVN as RVNS Huỳnh Văn Ngan (HQ-713) 16 Mar 1970
Point Lomas	WPB-82321	9 Aug 1961	23 May 1970	Port Aransas, Texas 61-65; Division 12, RVN 65-70	Transfer to RVN 23 May 1970
Point Hudson	WPB-82322	30 Aug 1961	11 Dec 1969	Panama City, Florida 61-65; Division 13, RVN 65-69	Transfer to RVN as RVNS Đặng Văn Hoành (HQ-707) 11 Dec 1969
Point Grace	WPB-82323	27 Sep 1961	15 Jun 1970	Crisfield, Maryland 61-65; Division 13, RVN 66-70	Transfer to RVN 15 Jun 1970
Point Grey	WPB-82324	11 Oct 1961	14 Jul 1970	Norfolk, Virginia 61-65; Division 11, RVN 65-70	Transfer to RVN as RVNS Huỳnh Bộ (HQ-723) 14 Jul 1970
Point Dume	WPB-82325	1 Nov 1961	14 Feb 1970	Fire Island, New York 61-65; Division 12, RVN 65-70	Transfer to RVN as RVNS Trường Tiền (HQ-709) 14 Feb 1970
Point Cypress	WPB-82326	22 Nov 1961	15 Aug 1970	Boston, Massachusetts 61-65; Division 13, RVN 66-70	Transfer to RVN as RVNS Hồ Duy (HQ-724) 15 Aug 1970
Point Banks	WPB-82327	13 Dec 1961	26 Mar 1970	Woods Hole, Massachusetts 61-65; Division 11, RVN 66-70	Transfer to RVN 26 Mar 1970
Point Gammon	WPB-82328	31 Jan 1962	11 Nov 1969	Ft. Bragg, California 62-65; Division 12, RVN 65-69	Transfer to RVN as RVNS Nguyễn Đao (HQ-703) 11 Nov 1969
Point Welcome	WPB-82329	14 Feb 1962	29 Apr 1970	Everett, Washington 62-65; Division 12, RVN 65-70	Transfer to RVN as RVNS Nguyễn Hấn (HQ-717) 29 Apr 1970
Point Ellis	WPB-82330	28 Feb 1962	9 Dec 1969	Port Townsend, Washington 62-65; Division 12, RVN 65-69	Transfer to RVN as RVNS Lê Ngọc Thanh (HQ-705) 9 Dec 1969
Point Marone	WPB-82331	14 Mar 1962	15 Aug 1970	San Pedro, California 62-65; Division 11, RVN 65-70	Transfer to RVN as RVNS Trương Ba (HQ-725) 15 Aug 1970

See also

• Brown-water navy
• History of the United States Coast Guard
• Operation Sealords
• Ships of the Republic of Vietnam Navy
• Vietnamization

Notes

Footnotes

Citations

 This article incorporates public domain material from the United States Government document "U.S. Coast Guard Cutters and Craft Index".
 This article incorporates public domain material from the United States Government document "U.S. Navy, Naval History and Heritage Command's Operational Archives".

References cited

• "Republic of Vietnam Galantry Cross Unit Citation". General Orders No. 8. Headquarters, Department of the Army. http://armypubs.army.mil/epubs/pdf/go7408.pdf. Retrieved 24 April 2013. 
• "Title 32 - National Defense, § 578.129, Republic of Vietnam Campaign Medal.". Code of Federal Regulations. Government Printing Office. http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2008-title32-vol3/xml/CFR-2008-title32-vol3-sec578-129.xml. Retrieved 22 April 2013. 
• Cutler, Thomas J. (2000). Brown Water, Black Berets: Coastal and Riverine Warfare in Vietnam. Naval Institute Press, Annapolis, Maryland. ISBN 978-1-55750-196-7. 
• Historian's Office, US Coast Guard. "Point-Class 82-foot WPBs" (asp). US Coast Guard. http://www.uscg.mil/history/webcutters/Point_Class_WPB_Index.asp. Retrieved 23 June 2012. 
• Historian's Office, US Coast Guard. "U.S. Coast Guardsmen Killed in Action during the Vietnam Conflict" (asp). Coast Guard History Frequently Asked Questions. US Coast Guard. http://www.uscg.mil/history/faqs/VietnamKIA.asp. Retrieved 23 June 2012. 
• Historian's Office, US Coast Guard. "USCG in Vietnam Chronology". U.S. Coast Guard History Program. U.S. Coast Guard. http://www.uscg.mil/history/uscghist/USCGVietnamChronology.pdf. Retrieved 3 August 2012. 
• Johnson, Robert Irwin (1987). Guardians of the Sea, History of the United States Coast Guard, 1915 to the Present. Naval Institute Press, Annapolis, Maryland. ISBN 978-0-87021-720-3. 
• Karnow, Stanley (1983). Vietnam: A History. The Viking Press, New York, New York. ISBN 978-0-670-74604-0. 
• Kelley, Michael P. (2002). Where We Were in Vietnam. Hellgate Press, Central Point, Oregon. ISBN 978-1-55571-625-7. 
• Larzelere, Alex (1997). The Coast Guard at War, Vietnam, 1965-1975. Naval Institute Press, Annapolis, Maryland. ISBN 978-1-55750-529-3. 
• Mann, Robert (2001). A Grand Delusion: America's Descent Into Vietnam. Basic Books, New York, New York. ISBN 978-0-465-04369-9. 
• Naval Historical Center, U.S. Navy. "Vietnam Operational Archives". U.S. Navy. http://www.history.navy.mil/branches/org10-8.htm. Retrieved 16 January 2012. 
• Scheina, Robert L. (1990). U.S. Coast Guard Cutters & Craft, 1946-1990. Naval Institute Press, Annapolis, Maryland. ISBN 978-0-87021-719-7. 
• Scotti, Paul C. (2000). Coast Guard Action in Vietnam: Stories of Those Who Served. Hellgate Press, Central Point, Oregon. ISBN 978-1-55571-528-1. 
• Sorley, Lewis (1999). A Better War. Harcourt, Inc., New York, New York. ISBN 978-0-15-601309-3. 
• Summers Jr., Harry G. (1995). Historical Atlas of the Vietnam War. Houghton Mifflin Co., New York, New York. ISBN 978-0-395-72223-7. 
• Thiessen, William H. "Heriberto S. Hernandez" (pdf). Human Stories. Atlantic Area Historian, USCG. http://www.uscg.mil/lantarea/ExternalAffairs/humanstories/Heriberto%20S.%20Hernandez.pdf. Retrieved 28 March 2012. 
• Tulich, Eugene N. (1975). "The United States Coast Guard in South East Asia During the Vietnam Conflict" (asp). http://www.uscg.mil/history/articles/h_tulichvietnam.asp. Retrieved 16 January 2012. 
• Wells II, William R. (August 1997). "The United States Coast Guard's Piggyback 81mm Mortar/.50 cal. machine gun". Vietnam Magazine. http://www.pcf45.com/misfire/81-50.html. Retrieved 16 January 2012. 

External links

• Coast Guard Combat Veterans Association website
• US Coast Guard Historian's Office official website
• US Navy, Naval History and Heritage Command official website
• Notes on Mk 2 Mod 0 and Mod 1 .50 Caliber MG/81mm Mortar