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Craig Venter

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Craig Venter
Craigventer2
Venter in 2007
Born John Craig Venter
October 14, 1946(1946-10-14) (age 77)
Salt Lake City, Utah, U.S.
Alma mater University of California, San Diego
Occupation Biologist
Entrepreneur
Known for DNA
Human genome
Metagenomics
Synthetic genomics
Shotgun approach to genome sequencing
Awards Gairdner Award (2002)
Nierenberg Prize (2007)
Kistler Prize (2008)
ENI award (2008)
Medal of Science (2008)
Dickson Prize (2011)
Leeuwenhoek Medal (2015)
Website
J. Craig Venter Institute

John Craig Venter (born October 14, 1946) is an American biotechnologist, biochemist, geneticist, and businessman. He is known for being involved with sequencing the second human genome[1] and assembled the first team to transfect a cell with a synthetic chromosome.[2][3] Venter founded Celera Genomics, The Institute for Genomic Research (TIGR) and the J. Craig Venter Institute (JCVI). He was the co-founder of Human Longevity Inc., served as its CEO until 2017, and is executive chairman of the board of directors.[4] He was listed on Time magazine magazine's 2007 and 2008 Time 100 list of the most influential people in the world. In 2010, the British magazine New Statesman listed Craig Venter at 14th in the list of "The World's 50 Most Influential Figures 2010".[5] He is a member of the USA Science and Engineering Festival's Advisory Board.[6]

Early life and education[]

Venter was born in Salt Lake City, Utah, the son of Elizabeth and John Venter.[7][8]:14 In his youth, he did not take his education seriously, preferring to spend his time on the water in boats or surfing. [8]:1–20 According to his biography, A Life Decoded, he was said to never be a terribly engaged student, having Cs and Ds on his eighth-grade report cards.[8]:1–20 He graduated from Mills High School in Millbrae, California.

Although he was against the Vietnam War,[9] Venter was drafted and enlisted in the United States Navy where he worked in the intensive-care ward of a field hospital.[10] While in Vietnam, he attempted suicide by swimming out to sea, but as he got deeper into the sea and was approaching the circling of a shark,[11] he changed his mind more than a mile out.[12] Being confronted with wounded, maimed, and dying [marines] on a daily basis instilled in him a desire to study medicine[13] — although he later switched to biomedical research.

Venter began his college education at a community college, College of San Mateo in California, and later transferred to the University of California, San Diego, where he studied under biochemist Nathan O. Kaplan. He received a BS in biochemistry in 1972, and a PhD in physiology and pharmacology in 1975, both from UCSD.[14][15] After working as an associate professor, and later as full professor, at the State University of New York at Buffalo, he joined the National Institutes of Health in 1984.

After a brief marriage to Barbara Rae-Venter, with whom he had a son, Christopher, he married his student, Claire M. Fraser,[15][16] remaining married to her until 2005.[17] In late 2008 he married Heather Kowalski.[18] They live in the La Jolla neighborhood of San Diego, CA where Venter gut-renovated a $6 million home.[18]

Venter is an atheist.[19]

Venter himself recognized his own ADHD behavior in his adolescence, and later found ADHD-linked genes in his own DNA.[20]

Career[]

EST controversy[]

While an employee of the NIH, Venter learned how to identify mRNA and began to learn more about those expressed in the human brain. The short cDNA sequence fragments he was interested in are called expressed sequence tags, or ESTs. The NIH Office of Technology Transfer and Venter decided to take the ESTs discovered by others in an attempt to patent the genes identified based on studies of mRNA expression in the human brain. When Venter disclosed this strategy during a Congressional hearing, a firestorm of controversy erupted.[21] The NIH later stopped the effort and abandoned the patent applications it had filed, following public outcry.[22]

Human Genome Project[]

Main article: Human Genome Project

Venter was passionate about the power of genomics to radically transform healthcare. Venter believed that shotgun sequencing was the fastest and most effective way to get useful human genome data.[23] The method was rejected by the Human Genome Project however, since some geneticists felt it would not be accurate enough for a genome as complicated as that of humans, that it would be logistically more difficult, and that it would cost significantly more.[24][25]

Venter viewed the slow pace of progress in the Human Genome project as an opportunity to continue his interest in patenting genes, so he sought funding from the private sector to birth Celera Genomics.[26] The company planned to profit from their work by creating genomic data to which users could subscribe for a fee. The goal consequently put pressure on the public genome program and spurred several groups to redouble their efforts to produce the full sequence. Venter's effort to publish a draft genome of his own DNA won him renown as the second person to sequence the human genome after the public effort, thus making it impossible to patent any of it.[27]

In 2000, Venter and Francis Collins of the National Institutes of Health and U.S. Public Genome Project jointly made the announcement of the mapping of the human genome, a full three years ahead of the expected end of the Public Genome Program. The announcement was made along with U.S. President Bill Clinton, and UK Prime Minister Tony Blair.[28] Venter and Collins thus shared an award for "Biography of the Year" from A&E Network.[29] On the 15 February 2001, the Human Genome Project consortium published the first Human Genome in the journal Nature, and was followed, one day later, by a Celera publication in Science.[30][31] Despite some claims that shotgun sequencing was in some ways less accurate than the clone-by-clone method chosen by the Human Genome Project,[32] the technique became widely accepted by the scientific community.

Venter was fired by Celera in early 2002.[33] According to his biography, Venter was fired due to a conflict with the main investor, Tony White, specifically barring him from attending the White House ceremony celebrating the achievement of sequencing the human genome.

Global Ocean Sampling Expedition[]

The Global Ocean Sampling Expedition (GOS) is an ocean exploration genome project with the goal of assessing the genetic diversity in marine microbial communities and to understand their role in nature's fundamental processes. Begun as a Sargasso Sea pilot sampling project in August 2003, Venter announced the full Expedition on 4 March 2004. The project, which used Venter's personal yacht, Sorcerer II, started in Halifax, Canada, circumnavigated the globe and returned to the U.S. in January 2006.[34]

Synthetic genomics[]

J

J. Craig Venter Institute, Rockville, Maryland, location

Venter is currently the president of the J. Craig Venter Institute, which conducts research in synthetic biology. In June 2005, he co-founded Synthetic Genomics, a firm dedicated to using modified microorganisms to produce clean fuels and biochemicals. In July 2009, ExxonMobil announced a $600 million collaboration with Synthetic Genomics to research and develop next-generation biofuels.[35] Venter continues to work on the creation of engineered diatomic microalgae for the production of biofuels.[36][37][38]

Venter is seeking to patent the first partially synthetic species possibly to be named Mycoplasma laboratorium.[39] There is speculation that this line of research could lead to producing bacteria that have been engineered to perform specific reactions, for example, produce fuels, make medicines, combat global warming, and so on.[40]

In May 2010, a team of scientists led by Venter became the first to successfully create what was described as "synthetic life".[41][42] This was done by synthesizing a very long DNA molecule containing an entire bacterium genome, and introducing this into another cell, analogous to the accomplishment of Eckard Wimmer's group, who synthesized and ligated an RNA virus genome and "booted" it in cell lysate.[43] The single-celled organism contains four "watermarks"[44] written into its DNA to identify it as synthetic and to help trace its descendants. The watermarks include

  1. Code table for entire alphabet with punctuations
  2. Names of 46 contributing scientists
  3. Three quotations
  4. The secret email address for the cell.[45]

On March 25, 2016 Venter reported the creation of Syn 3.0, a synthetic genome having the fewest genes of any freely living organism (473 genes). Their aim was to strip away all nonessential genes, leaving only the minimal set necessary to support life. This stripped-down, fast reproducing cell is expected to be a valuable tool for researchers in the field.[46]

Individual human genome[]

On September 4, 2007, a team led by Sam Levy published the first complete (six-billion-letter) genome of an individual human—Venter's own DNA sequence.[47] Some of the sequences in Venter's genome are associated with wet earwax,[48] increased risk of antisocial behavior, Alzheimer's and cardiovascular diseases.[8] This publication was especially interesting since it contained a diploid instead of a haploid genome and shows promise for personalized medicine via genotyping. This genome, dubbed HuRef by Levy and others, was a landmark accomplishment.

The Human Reference Genome Browser is a web application for the navigation and analysis of Venter's recently published genome. The HuRef database consists of approximately 32 million DNA reads sequenced using microfluidic Sanger sequencing, assembled into 4,528 scaffolds and 4.1 million DNA variations identified by genome analysis. These variants include single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), block substitutions, short and large indels, and structural variations like insertions, deletions, inversions and copy number changes.

The browser enables scientists to navigate the HuRef genome assembly and sequence variations, and to compare it with the NCBI human build 36 assembly in the context of the NCBI and Ensembl annotations. The browser provides a comparative view between NCBI and HuRef consensus sequences, the sequence multi-alignment of the HuRef assembly, Ensembl and dbSNP annotations, HuRef variants, and the underlying variant evidence and functional analysis. The interface also represents the haplotype blocks from which diploid genome sequence can be inferred and the relation of variants to gene annotations. The display of variants and gene annotations are linked to external public resources including dbSNP, Ensembl, Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man (OMIM) and Gene Ontology (GO).

Users can search the HuRef genome using HUGO gene names, Ensembl and dbSNP identifiers, HuRef contig or scaffold locations, or NCBI chromosome locations. Users can then easily and quickly browse any genomic region via the simple and intuitive pan and zoom controls; furthermore, data relevant to specific loci can be exported for further analysis.

Human Longevity, Inc.[]

On March 4, 2014 Venter and co-founders Peter Diamandis and Robert Hariri announced the formation of Human Longevity, Inc., a company focused on extending the healthy, "high performance" human lifespan.[49][50][51] At the time of the announcement the company had already raised $70 million in venture financing, which was expected to last 18 months.[49][50] Venter served as the chairman and chief executive officer (CEO) until January 2017, when he stepped aside to become executive chairman of the board of directors.[4] The company said that it plans to sequence 40,000 genomes per year, with an initial focus on cancer genomes and the genomes of cancer patients.[49]

Human Longevity's mission is to extend healthy human lifespan by the use of high-resolution big data diagnostics from genomics, metabolomics, microbiomics, and proteomics, and the use of stem cell therapy.[52]

Published books[]

Venter is the author of two books, the first of which was ostensibly an autobiography titled A Life Decoded.[8] Venter's second book was titled Life at the Speed of Light in which he announced his theory that this is the generation in which there appears to be a dovetailing of the two previously diverse fields of science represented by computer programming and the genetic programming of life by DNA sequencing.[53] He was applauded for his position on this by futurist Ray Kurzweil.

Television appearances[]

Venter appeared in the "Evolution" episode of the documentary television series Understanding in 2002.

Venter was featured on The Colbert Report on February 27, 2007, and again on October 30, 2007.

On December 4, 2007, Venter gave the Dimbleby lecture for the BBC in London.[54]

In February 2008, he gave a speech about his current work at the TED conference.[55]

Venter was interviewed on his boat by BBC One for the first episode of the TV show Bang Goes the Theory, which aired on July 27, 2009.

On November 21, 2010 Steve Kroft profiled Venter and his research on 60 Minutes.

Venter appears in the 2-hour 2001 NOVA special, "Cracking the code of life".[56][57]

In popular culture[]

Venter has been the subject of articles in several magazines, including Wired,[58] The Economist,[59] Australian science magazine Cosmos,[60][61] and The Atlantic.[62]

On May 16, 2004, Venter gave the commencement speech at Boston University.[63]

In a 2007 interview with New Scientist when asked "Assuming you can make synthetic bacteria, what will you do with them?", Venter replied: "Over the next 20 years, synthetic genomics is going to become the standard for making anything. The chemical industry will depend on it. Hopefully, a large part of the energy industry will depend on it. We really need to find an alternative to taking carbon out of the ground, burning it, and putting it into the atmosphere. That is the single biggest contribution I could make."

He was on the 2007 Time 100 most influential people in the world list made by Time magazine. In 2007 he also received the Golden Eurydice Award for contributions to biophilosophy.

Venter delivered the 2008 convocation speech for Faculty of Science honours and specialization students at the University of Alberta. A transcription of the speech is available here.[64]

Venter was featured in Time magazine's "The Top 10 Everything of 2008" article. Number three in 2008's Top 10 Scientific Discoveries was a piece outlining his work stitching together the 582,000 base pairs necessary to invent the genetic information for a whole new bacterium.[65]

On May 20, 2010, Venter announced the creation of first self-replicating semi-synthetic bacterial cell.[66]

In the June 2011 issue of Men's Journal, Venter was featured as the "Survival Skills" celebrity of the month. He shared various anecdotes, and advice, including stories of his time in Vietnam, as well as mentioning a bout with melanoma upon his back, which subsequently resulted in "giving a pound of flesh" to surgery.[67]

Venter is mentioned, in the season finale of the first season of the science fiction series Orphan Black, a joint production of Space and BBC America. In Venter has been a keynote speaker at the Congress of Future Medical Leaders (2014, 2015, 2016) and the Congress of Future Science and Technology Leaders (2015)

Awards and nominations[]

  • 2000: Jacob Heskel Gabbay Award in Biotechnology and Medicine [68]
  • 2001: Biotechnology Heritage Award with Francis Collins.[69][70]
  • 2007: On May 10, 2007, Venter was awarded an honorary doctorate from Arizona State University,[71] and on October 24 of the same year, he received an honorary doctorate from Imperial College London.[72]
  • 2007: Golden Eurydice Award
  • 2008: Double Helix Medal from Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory[73]
  • 2008: Kistler Prize from Foundation For the Future for genome research[74]
  • 2008: ENI award for Research & Environment[75]
  • 2008: National Medal of Science from President Obama[76]
  • 2010: On May 8, 2010, Venter received an honorary doctor of science degree from Clarkson University for his work on the human genome.[77]
  • 2011: On April 21, 2011, Venter received the 2011 Benjamin Rush Medal from William & Mary School of Law.[78]
  • 2011: Dickson Prize in Medicine[79]
  • 2012: Dan David Prize Award
  • 2015: On April 14, 2015, Venter received the Leeuwenhoek Medal.

See also[]

  • Artificial gene synthesis
  • Eckard Wimmer
  • Full genome sequencing
  • Genetic testing
  • Genome: The Autobiography of a Species in 23 Chapters
  • Metagenomics
  • Personal genomics
  • Pharmacogenomics
  • Predictive medicine

References[]

  1. ↑ Shreeve, Jamie (October 31, 2005). "The Blueprint Of Life". Archived from the original on November 30, 2007. https://web.archive.org/web/20071130184339/http://www.usnews.com/usnews/news/articles/051031/31genome.htm. Retrieved December 6, 2007. 
  2. ↑ Fox, Stuart (May 21, 2010). "J. Craig Venter Institute creates first synthetic life form". http://www.csmonitor.com/Science/2010/0521/J.-Craig-Venter-Institute-creates-first-synthetic-life-form. Retrieved May 21, 2010. 
  3. ↑ http://www.jcvi.org/cms/research/projects/first-self-replicating-synthetic-bacterial-cell/overview/
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 Meiling, Brittany (January 4, 2017). "Genomics Pioneer Craig Venter Relinquishing CEO Role at HLI". San Diego Business Journal. http://www.sdbj.com/news/2017/jan/04/genomics-pioneer-venter-relinguishing-ceo-role-hum/. Retrieved 5 January 2017. 
  5. ↑ "14. Craig Venter - 50 People Who Matter 2010 |". New Statesman. http://www.newstatesman.com/global-issues/2010/09/gene-genius-craig-venter-life. Retrieved 21 October 2010. 
  6. ↑ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2010-04-21. https://web.archive.org/web/20100421005310/http://www.usasciencefestival.org/about/advisors/. Retrieved 2010-07-27.  retrieved 2010-07-05
  7. ↑ "John Craig Venter (1946-)". http://www.dnaftb.org/39/bio.html. Retrieved 1 February 2017. 
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 8.2 8.3 8.4 J. Craig Venter (2007). A Life Decoded: My Genome: My Life. Penguin Group US. p. 14. ISBN 978-1-101-20256-2. https://books.google.com/books?id=XtPKtR6gev4C&pg=PA14. 
  9. ↑ J. Craig Venter (2007). "Introduction". A Life Decoded. Viking. ISBN 978-0-670-06358-1. OCLC 165048736. http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=16004438. "For many years I have been trying to make sense and meaning out of the lives I saw destroyed or maimed due to the government policies that involved us in the war in Vietnam." 
  10. ↑ Ward, Logan (November 2010). "Breakthrough Awards 2010: Pioneering New Life". pp. 62–5. 
  11. ↑ "John Craig Turns His Worst Times Into An Inspiration". November 29, 2014. http://www.awazieikechi.com/john-craig-turns-worst-times-inspiration/. 
  12. ↑ Ross Douthat (January–February 2007). "The God of Small Things". https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2007/01/the-god-of-small-things/5556/. Retrieved 2011-01-28. 
  13. ↑ 'Artificial life' breakthrough announced by scientists, BBC, 21 May 2010. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science_and_environment/10138849.stm
  14. ↑ "Craig Venter Takes Aim at the Big Questions". September–October 1997. http://archive.sciencewatch.com/sept-oct97/sw_sep-oct97_page3.htm. Retrieved June 7, 2009. 
  15. ↑ 15.0 15.1 "The god of small things". January 26, 2007. http://www.smh.com.au/news/science/the-god-of-small-things/2007/01/25/1169594430068.html?page=fullpage. 
  16. ↑ Okie, Susan (August 11, 2011). "Is Craig Venter going to save the planet? Or, is this more hype from one of America’s most controversial scientists?". Washington Post. https://www.washingtonpost.com/lifestyle/magazine/is-craig-venter-going-to-save-the-planet-or-is-this-more-hype-from-one-of-americas-most-controversial-scientists/2011/06/07/gIQAfr2c8I_story.html. Retrieved 1 February 2017. 
  17. ↑ Wadman, Meredith (May 2007). "High-profile departure ends genome institute's charmed run". pp. 518. Digital object identifier:10.1038/nm1594. PMID 17479082. 
  18. ↑ 18.0 18.1 Lin, Sara (March 12, 2010). "Craig Venter's Hangout". The Wall Street Journal. Dow Jones. https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052748704548604575098131101212908. Retrieved January 9, 2011. 
  19. ↑ Steve Kroft asked Venter on CBS' Sixty Minutes, 21 November 2010: "Do you believe in God?" Venter replied, "No. The universe is far more wonderful."
  20. ↑ Venter, Craig (October 16, 2007). "Craig Venter: Creating life in a lab using DNA". The Daily Telegraph. http://www.telegraph.co.uk/science/science-news/3310672/Craig-Venter-Creating-life-in-a-lab-using-DNA.html. 
  21. ↑ Roberts, Leslie (October 11, 1991). "Genome patent fight erupts: an NIH plan to patent thousands of random DNA sequences will discourage industrial investment and undercut the Genome Project itself, the plan's critics charge". pp. 184–186. Bibcode 1991Sci...254..184R. Digital object identifier:10.1126/science.1925568. 
  22. ↑ "Patent Law—Utility—Federal Circuit holds that expressed sequence tags lack substantial and specific utility unless underlying gene function is identified.—In re Fisher, 421 F.3d 1365 (Fed. Cir. 2005)". 2006. pp. 2604–2611. http://www.harvardlawreview.org/issues/119/june06/recent_cases/in_re_fisher.pdf. 
  23. ↑ Weber, James L.; Myers, Eugene W. (1997). "Human Whole-Genome Shotgun Sequencing". pp. 401–409. Digital object identifier:10.1101/gr.7.5.401. PMID 9149936. http://genome.cshlp.org/content/7/5/401.full. 
  24. ↑ Gannett, Lisa, The Human Genome Project Entry in the Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Fall 2010 Edition), Edward N. Zalta (ed.)
  25. ↑ Green, Philip (1997). "Against a Whole-Genome Shotgun". pp. 410–417. Digital object identifier:10.1101/gr.7.5.410. PMID 9149937. http://genome.cshlp.org/content/7/5/410.full. 
  26. ↑ Victor K. McElheny (2010). Drawing the Map of Life: Inside the Human Genome Project. Basic Books (AZ). ISBN 978-0-465-04333-0. 
  27. ↑ Singer, Emily (September 4, 2007). "Technology Review". http://www.technologyreview.com/biomedicine/19328/?a=f. Retrieved 12 October 2014. "The genome we published at Celera was a composite of five people. ... After leaving Celera in 2002, Venter announced that much of the genome that had been sequenced there was his own." 
  28. ↑ Shreeve, Jamie (October 31, 2005). "The Blueprint of Life". https://www.usnews.com/usnews/news/articles/051031/31genome.htm. Retrieved January 30, 2007. 
  29. ↑ ""Time Magazine Dubs Montgomery County "DNA Alley"". Montgomery County, Maryland Government. December 19, 2000. Archived from the original on October 13, 2006. https://web.archive.org/web/20061013151412/http://www.montgomerycountymd.gov/mc/news/press/00-463.html. Retrieved January 30, 2007. 
  30. ↑ Venter, J. C.; Adams, M.; Myers, E.; Li, P.; Mural, R.; Sutton, G.; Smith, H.; Yandell, M. et al. (2001). "The Sequence of the Human Genome". pp. 1304–1351. Bibcode 2001Sci...291.1304V. Digital object identifier:10.1126/science.1058040. PMID 11181995. 
  31. ↑ Lander, E. S.; Linton, M.; Birren, B.; Nusbaum, C.; Zody, C.; Baldwin, J.; Devon, K.; Dewar, K. et al. (Feb 2001). "Initial sequencing and analysis of the human genome". pp. 860–921. Bibcode 2001Natur.409..860L. Digital object identifier:10.1038/35057062. ISSN 0028-0836. PMID 11237011. 
  32. ↑ Olson, M.V. (2002). "The Human Genome Project: A Player's Perspective". pp. 931–942. Digital object identifier:10.1016/S0022-2836(02)00333-9. PMID 12079320. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6WK7-462733V-D&_user=10&_rdoc=1&_fmt=&_orig=search&_sort=d&_docanchor=&view=c&_acct=C000050221&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=10&md5=2756b52b46093f7dbc0b492540267ac6. 
  33. ↑ Regalo, Antonio (July 24, 2005). "Maverick biologist at work on next goal: creating life". 
  34. ↑ Larkman, Kirell (September 7, 2007). "Yacht for Sale: Suited for Sailing, Surfing, and Seaborne Metagenomics". GenomeWeb.com. GenomeWeb News. 
  35. ↑ Howell, Katie (July 14, 2009). "Exxon Sinks $600M Into Algae-Based Biofuels in Major Strategy Shift". NYTimes.com. New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/gwire/2009/07/14/14greenwire-exxon-sinks-600m-into-algae-based-biofuels-in-33562.html. 
  36. ↑ Ball, Philip (2016). "Man Made: A History of Synthetic Life". pp. 15–23. https://www.chemheritage.org/distillations/magazine/man-made-a-history-of-synthetic-life. Retrieved 1 February 2017. 
  37. ↑ Karas, Bogumil J.; Diner, Rachel E.; Lefebvre, Stephane C.; McQuaid, Jeff; Phillips, Alex P.R.; Noddings, Chari M.; Brunson, John K.; Valas, Ruben E. et al. (21 April 2015). "Designer diatom episomes delivered by bacterial conjugation". pp. 6925. Digital object identifier:10.1038/ncomms7925. http://www.nature.com/articles/ncomms7925. Retrieved 1 February 2017. 
  38. ↑ "Scientists at the J. Craig Venter Institute Publish Paper Outlining Efficient Synthetic Biology Methods to Genetically Engineer Microalgae". J. Craig Venter Institute. April 21, 2015. http://www.jcvi.org/cms/press/press-releases/full-text/article/scientists-at-the-j-craig-venter-institute-publish-paper-outlining-efficient-synthetic-biology-meth/. Retrieved 1 February 2017. 
  39. ↑ Regalado, Antonio (June 29, 2005). "Biologist Venter aims to create life from scratch". Pittsburgh Post-Gazette. http://www.post-gazette.com/pg/05180/530330.stm. 
  40. ↑ Highfield, Roger (June 8, 2007). "Man-made microbe 'to create endless biofuel'". The Daily Telegraph. London. http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/1553919/Man-made-microbe-to-create-endless-biofuel.html. Retrieved April 30, 2010. 
  41. ↑ Gibson, D.; Glass, J.; Lartigue, C.; Noskov, V.; Chuang, R.; Algire, M.; Benders, G.; Montague, M. et al. (2010). "Creation of a Bacterial Cell Controlled by a Chemically Synthesized Genome". pp. 52–56. Bibcode 2010Sci...329...52G. Digital object identifier:10.1126/science.1190719. PMID 20488990. 
  42. ↑ Swaby, Rachel (May 20, 2010). "Scientists Create First Self-Replicating Synthetic Life". Wired. https://www.wired.com/wiredscience/2010/05/scientists-create-first-self-replicating-synthetic-life/. 
  43. ↑ Wimmer, Eckard; Mueller, Steffen; Tumpey, Terrence M; Taubenberger, Jeffery K (December 2009). "Synthetic viruses: a new opportunity to understand and prevent viral disease". pp. 1163–72. Digital object identifier:10.1038/nbt.1593. PMC 2819212. PMID 20010599. 
  44. ↑ Using Arc to decode Venter's secret DNA watermark by Ken Shirriff
  45. ↑ Sample, Ian (May 20, 2010). "Craig Venter creates synthetic life form". The Guardian. London. https://www.theguardian.com/science/2010/may/20/craig-venter-synthetic-life-form. 
  46. ↑ http://science.sciencemag.org/content/351/6280/1380.full
  47. ↑ Levy S; Sutton G (2007). "The Diploid Genome Sequence of an Individual Human". pp. e254. Digital object identifier:10.1371/journal.pbio.0050254. PMC 1964779. PMID 17803354. http://www.plosbiology.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pbio.0050254. 
  48. ↑ Omim - Ear Wax, Wet/Dry
  49. ↑ 49.0 49.1 49.2 "Human Longevity Inc. (HLI) Launched to Promote Healthy Aging Using Advances in Genomics and Stem Cell Therapies". PR Newswire. 4 March 2014. http://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/human-longevity-inc-hli-launched-to-promote-healthy-aging-using-advances-in-genomics-and-stem-cell-therapies-248379091.html. Retrieved 2014-12-16. 
  50. ↑ 50.0 50.1 Bigelow, Bruce V. (4 March 2014). "Craig Venter’s Latest Startup Gets $70M To Sequence Loads of Genomes". Xconomy. http://www.xconomy.com/san-diego/2014/03/04/craig-venters-latest-startup-gets-70m-to-sequence-loads-of-genomes/. Retrieved 2014-12-16. 
  51. ↑ Downey, Michael (November 2014). "Massive Database Planned To Crack The Secrets Of Aging". Wellness Profile. Life Extension Magazine. http://www.lef.org/Magazine/2014/11/Massive-Database-Planned-To-Crack-The-Secrets-Of-Aging/Page-01. Retrieved 2014-02-08. 
  52. ↑ Smith, Robin L. (11 November 2014). "The Regeneration Generation: A Conversation With Bob Hariri, Vice-Chairman and Co-Founder of Human Longevity Inc.". The Huffington Post. http://www.huffingtonpost.com/robin-l-smith/the-regeneration-generati_b_6199076.html. Retrieved 2014-12-16. 
  53. ↑ J. Craig Venter (October 17, 2013). Life at the Speed of Light: From the Double Helix to the Dawn of Digital Life. New York, New York: Viking Adult. ISBN 9780670025404. OCLC 834432832. 
  54. ↑ "Press Releases The Richard Dimbleby Lecture 2007: Dr J Craig Venter – A DNA-Driven World". BBC. 2007-12-05. http://www.bbc.co.uk/pressoffice/pressreleases/stories/2007/12_december/05/dimbleby.shtml. Retrieved 1 February 2017. 
  55. ↑ TED | Talks | Craig Venter: On the verge of creating synthetic life (video)
  56. ↑ "Cracking the Code of Life: Meet the Decoders". https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/genome/decoders.html. Retrieved 1 February 2017. 
  57. ↑ "Cracking the Code of Life: The Race to Decode Human DNA (2001)". https://bioethics.georgetown.edu/film-collection/cracking-the-code-of-life-the-race-to-decode-human-dna-2001/. Retrieved 1 February 2017. 
  58. ↑ Shreeve, James. "Craig Venter's Epic Voyage to Redefine the Origin of the Species," Wired magazine, August 2004. Accessed June 7, 2007.
  59. ↑ "The Journey of the Sorcerer", The Economist, December 4, 2004.
  60. ↑ First individual person's genome decoded - Cosmos Magazine. September 4, 2007.
  61. ↑ Geneticists on verge of creating artificial life - Cosmos Magazine. October 8, 2007.
  62. ↑ Douthat, Ross. "The God of Small Things," The Atlantic, Jan/Feb 2007.
  63. ↑ Warren, Jessica. April 30: Genome scientist to speak at Commencement, The Daily Free Press, April 28, 2004. Accessed August 2, 2008.
  64. ↑ Brown, M.: "Genomics leader accepts U of A honorary degree", "UofA ExpressNews"; retrieved on June 7, 2009.
  65. ↑ "The Top 10 Everything Of 2008". Time. November 3, 2008. http://www.time.com/time/specials/2008/top10/article/0,30583,1855948_1863947,00.html. Retrieved April 30, 2010. 
  66. ↑ http://www.ted.com/talks/lang/eng/craig_venter_unveils_synthetic_life.html
  67. ↑ Will Cockrell (May 20, 2011). "Survival Skills: Craig Venter". Men's Journal. http://www.mensjournal.com/survival-skills-craig-venter. 
  68. ↑ http://www.brandeis.edu/rosenstiel/gabbayaward/past.html
  69. ↑ "Biotechnology Heritage Award". Chemical Heritage Foundation. https://www.chemheritage.org/node/285. Retrieved 5 February 2014. 
  70. ↑ Strickland, Debbie (13 June 2001). "Genomic Leaders Receive 2001 Biotechnology Heritage Award". BIO. http://www.bio.org/media/press-release/genomic-leaders-receive-2001-biotechnology-heritage-award. Retrieved 5 February 2014. 
  71. ↑ Aufrett, Sarah. "ASU Celebrates Spring Graduates", ASU Insight, May 11, 2007. Accessed June 7, 2007.
  72. ↑ "Honorary degrees awarded to Browne, Venter and Rausing", Imperial College, October 24, 2007. Accessed May 21, 2010.
  73. ↑ "J. Craig Venter, Ph.D. Receives Double Helix Medal from Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory". 12 November 2008. http://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/j-craig-venter-phd-receives-double-helix-medal-from-cold-spring-harbor-laboratory-65398802.html. Retrieved 6 February 2014. 
  74. ↑ "Bellevue-based foundation awards $100,000 prize for genome research". 9 September 2008. http://www.bellevuereporter.com/news/28102159.html. Retrieved 6 February 2014. 
  75. ↑ "Eni Award 2008: the Winners are Announced". ENI. 18 February 2008. http://www.eni.com/en_IT/media/press-releases/2008/02/2008-02-18-eni-award.shtml. Retrieved 6 February 2014. 
  76. ↑ Piercey, Judy (12 October 2009). "Alumnus J. Craig Venter Awarded National Medal of Science". http://ucsdnews.ucsd.edu/archive/thisweek/2009/10/12_venter.asp. Retrieved 6 February 2014. 
  77. ↑ http://www.clarkson.edu/news/view.php?id=2455
  78. ↑ Welch-Donahue, Jaime. "Benjamin Rush Scholars to Honor Dr. J. Craig Venter on April 21". http://law.wm.edu/news/stories/2011/benjamin-rush-scholars-to-honor-dr.-j.-craig-venter-on-april-21.php. Retrieved 21 April 2011. 
  79. ↑ "2011 Dickson Prize Winner". University of Pittsburgh. http://www.dicksonprize.pitt.edu/recipients/2011-venter.php. Retrieved 6 February 2014. 

Bibliography[]

Venter has authored over 200 publications in scientific journals.[1]

  • Fleischmann, Robert D.; Adams, Mark D. (July 28, 1995). "Whole-Genome Random Sequencing and Assembly of Haemophilus influenzae Rd". Washington, DC: American Association for the Advancement of Science. pp. 496–512. Bibcode 1995Sci...269..496F. Digital object identifier:10.1126/science.7542800. PMID 7542800. 
  • Tomb, Jean-F.; White, Owen (August 7, 1997). "The complete genome sequence of the gastric pathogen Helicobacter pylori". London, England: Nature Publishing Group. pp. 539–47. Digital object identifier:10.1038/41483. PMID 9252185. 
  • Adams, Mark D.; Celniker, Susan E. (March 24, 2000). "The genome sequence of Drosophila melanogaster". Washington, DC: American Association for the Advancement of Science. pp. 2185–95. Bibcode 2000Sci...287.2185.. Digital object identifier:10.1126/science.287.5461.2185. PMID 10731132. http://faculty.evansville.edu/be6/b4456/genomep/adams.pdf. 
  • Venter, J. C.; Adams, M.; Myers, E.; Li, P.; Mural, R.; Sutton, G.; Smith, H.; Yandell, M. et al. (2001). "The Sequence of the Human Genome". pp. 1304–1351. Bibcode 2001Sci...291.1304V. Digital object identifier:10.1126/science.1058040. PMID 11181995. 
  • Venter, J. C.; Remington, K.; Heidelberg, J.; Halpern, A.; Rusch, D.; Eisen, J.; Wu, D.; Paulsen, I. et al. (2004). "Environmental Genome Shotgun Sequencing of the Sargasso Sea". pp. 66–74. Bibcode 2004Sci...304...66V. Digital object identifier:10.1126/science.1093857. PMID 15001713. 
  • Rusch, Donald B.; Halpern, Aaron L. (March 13, 2007). "The Sorcerer II Global Ocean Sampling expedition: Northwest Atlantic through Eastern Tropical Pacific". Public Library of Science. pp. 398–431. Digital object identifier:10.1371/journal.pbio.0050077. PMC 1821060. PMID 17355176. 
  • Yooseph, Shibu; Sutton, Granger (March 13, 2007). "The Sorcerer II Global Ocean Sampling Expedition: Expanding the Universe of Protein Families". Public Library of Science. pp. 432–466. Digital object identifier:10.1371/journal.pbio.0050016. PMC 1821046. PMID 17355171. 
  • Venter, J. Craig (October 18, 2007). A Life Decoded: My Genome: My Life. New York, New York: Viking Adult. ISBN 0-670-06358-4. OCLC 165048736.  editor Roger Highfield
  • Venter, J. Craig (October 17, 2013). Life at the Speed of Light: From the Double Helix to the Dawn of Digital Life. New York, New York: Viking Adult. ISBN 9780670025404. OCLC 834432832.  editor Roger Highfield

Further reading[]

  • Ewing-Duncan, David (2006). Masterminds: Genius, DNA, and the Quest to Rewrite Life. New York, New York: Harper Perennial. ISBN 978-0-00-716184-3. 
  • Shreeve, James (2004). The Genome War: How Craig Venter Tried to Capture the Code of Life and Save the World. New York, New York: Alfred A. Knopf. ISBN 0-375-40629-8. 
  • Sulston, John; Ferry, Georgina (2002). The Common Thread: A Story of Science, Politics, Ethics and the Human Genome. Washington, D.C.: Joseph Henry Press. ISBN 0-309-08409-1. 

External links[]

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  1. ↑ "Venter, J. Craig". ISIHighlyCited.com. August 19, 2003. http://hcr3.isiknowledge.com/author.cgi?&link1=Browse&link2=Results&id=770. Retrieved October 17, 2009. 
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