The E14 munition was a cardboard sub-munition (air-dropped or ground-launched munitions that eject smaller submunitions) developed by the United States biological weapons program as an anti-crop weapon. In 1955 the E14 was used in a series of field tests, during the tests the munition was loaded with fleas and air-dropped.
History[]
The E14 munition was developed by the United States for use in its offensive biological warfare arsenal as an anti-crop weapon.[1] After the Korean War U.S. interest in large-scale entomological warfare increased.[1] The E14 was one of two sub-munitions used in large-scale testing aimed at learning the feasibility and result of an air-dropped insect attack.[2] In September 1954, at Dugway Proving Ground in Utah, the E14 was again used in a series of tests known as "Operation Big Itch".[2] During Big Itch, uninfected rat fleas[3] (Xenopsylla cheopis) were loaded into the E14 and air-dropped over the proving ground.[2]
The E14 used cardboard and sponge inserts to hold the fleas inside the cardboard container.[2] With the sponge inserts in place, the E14 could hold about 100,000 fleas.[1] Eighty cardboard inserts, or "loop tubes", could be carried in the E14 as well. The munition could hold 80 loop tubes, each one capable of holding 3,000 fleas.[1] The testing in Utah was ultimately successful.[1][2]
In May 1955 the U.S. utilized the E14 in field test, this time in the U.S. state of Georgia.[2] The E14 was packed with "aircomb waffles" or loop tubes, instead of fleas these tests used uninfected yellow fever mosquitoes[4] (Aedes aegypti). The successful Georgia trials were known as "Operation Big Buzz".[2]
Specifications[]
The E14 munition was a sub-munition that can be clustered in the E86 cluster bomb.[1] It was a 248-millimetre (9 3⁄4 in) long, 330-millimetre (13 in) wide cardboard container.[1] Internally the bomb contained an actuator, which emitted carbon dioxide, a piston that would expel the bomb's contents, and a small parachute, to be deployed when the weapon was dropped from the E86 cluster bomb.[1] The weapons were designed to release their payload of biological agent, be it a vector or anti-crop agent, at 300–610 metres (1,000–2,000 ft) above the ground, after it was released from the cluster munition.[1]
See also[]
Notes[]
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 1.8 Kirby, Reid. "Using the flea as weapon", (Web version via findarticles.com), Army Chemical Review, July 2005, accessed December 28, 2008.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 Rose, William H. "An Evaluation of Entomological Warfare as as Potential Danger to the United States and European NATO Nations", U.S. Army Test and Evaluation Command, Dugway Proving Ground, March 1981, via thesmokinggun.com, accessed December 28, 2008.
- ↑ The rat flea is a known vector for bubonic plague. See: Trivedi, "Xenopsylla cheopis".
- ↑ The yellow fever mosquito is a known vector for pathogens such as Dengue fever and yellow fever. See: Russell, "Aedes aegypti".
References[]
- Trivedi, Janki. "Xenopsylla cheopis", Animal Diversity Web, University of Michigan Museum of Zoology, 2003, accessed December 28, 2008.
- Russell, R.C., "Aedes aegypti", from A colour photo atlas of mosquitoes of Southeastern Australia, 1996, via the Department of Medical Entomology, University of Sydney and Westmead Hospital, accessed December 28, 2008.
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