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{{merge from|Gerő interregnum|date=December 2010}} |
{{merge from|Gerő interregnum|date=December 2010}} |
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| − | {{Infobox |
+ | {{Infobox officeholder | name=Ernő Gerő |
| image=GeroErno.jpg |
| image=GeroErno.jpg |
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| − | | nationality= |
+ | | nationality=Hungarian |
| order=General Secretary of the [[Hungarian Working People's Party]] |
| order=General Secretary of the [[Hungarian Working People's Party]] |
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| term_start=July 18, 1956 |
| term_start=July 18, 1956 |
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| predecessor=[[Mátyás Rákosi]] |
| predecessor=[[Mátyás Rákosi]] |
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| successor=[[János Kádár]] |
| successor=[[János Kádár]] |
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| − | | order2 = |
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| − | | primeminister2 = |
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| − | | term_start2 = |
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| − | | term_end2 = |
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| − | | predecessor2 = |
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| − | | successor2 = |
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| − | | primeminister3 = |
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| − | | term_start3 = |
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| − | | term_end3 = |
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| − | | predecessor3 = |
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| − | | successor3 = |
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| birth_date={{Birth date|1898|07|8|mf=yes}} |
| birth_date={{Birth date|1898|07|8|mf=yes}} |
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| − | | birth_place=[[Trebušovce|Terbegec]], |
+ | | birth_place=[[Trebušovce|Terbegec]], Austria-Hungary |
| death_date={{Death date and age|1980|03|12|1898|07|8|mf=yes}} |
| death_date={{Death date and age|1980|03|12|1898|07|8|mf=yes}} |
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| − | | death_place= |
+ | | death_place=Budapest, [[People's Republic of Hungary|Hungary]] |
| − | | spouse= |
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| party=[[Hungarian Communist Party]],<br>[[Hungarian Working People's Party]] |
| party=[[Hungarian Communist Party]],<br>[[Hungarian Working People's Party]] |
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| − | | profession= |
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}} |
}} |
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==Life and career== |
==Life and career== |
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| − | Gerő was born in [[Trebušovce|Terbegec]], |
+ | Gerő was born in [[Trebušovce|Terbegec]], Hungary (now [[Trebušovce]], Slovakia) to Jewish parents, though he later totally repudiated religion. An early Hungarian communist, Gerő fled Hungary for the Soviet Union after [[Béla Kun]]'s brief communist government was overthrown in August 1919. During his two decades living in the USSR, Gerő was an active [[KGB]] agent. Through that association, Gerő was involved in Comintern—the international organization of communists—in France, and also fought in the [[Spanish Civil War]]. |
| − | |||
| ⚫ | |||
| − | |||
| ⚫ | In the November 1945 elections, Hungary, the Hungarian Communist Party, under Gerő and [[Mátyás Rákosi]] got 17% of the vote, compared to 57% for the [[Independent Smallholders' Party|Smallholders' Party]], but the [[Soviet Union|Soviet]] Commander in Hungary, Marshal [[Kliment Voroshilov]] installed a |
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| ⚫ | |||
| ⚫ | In the November 1945 elections, Hungary, the Hungarian Communist Party, under Gerő and [[Mátyás Rákosi]] got 17% of the vote, compared to 57% for the [[Independent Smallholders' Party|Smallholders' Party]], but the [[Soviet Union|Soviet]] Commander in Hungary, Marshal [[Kliment Voroshilov]] installed a coalition government with Communists in key posts. The Communists staged a sham election and took full control in 1949, with Rákosi as party leader, Prime Minister (and effective head of state. Gerő and [[Mihály Farkas]] were Rákosi's right-hand men. Rákosi's authority was shaken in 1953 by the death of Stalin, when the Soviet Union insisted on [[Imre Nagy]] taking over as prime minister, but Gerő was retained as a counterweight to the reformers. Rákosi, having managed to regain control, was then undermined by [[Nikita Khrushchev]]'s [[secret speech]] in early 1956 denouncing Stalinism, and forced to leave office on 18 July 1956, although he was able to designate Gerő to succeed him as party leader. Even before the October uprising, Gerő and [[András Hegedüs]] in Budapest requested that Rákosi be detained in the USSR since they thought he would only complicate matters if he returned to Hungary. Meanwhile Rákosi continually tried to contact his Budapest colleagues from Russia.<ref>Johanna Granville,[http://books.google.com/books?id=RkaWTipqnecC&printsec=frontcover&dq=%22johanna+granville%22&lr=&as_drrb_is=q&as_minm_is=0&as_miny_is=&as_maxm_is=0&as_maxy_is=&as_brr=0&as_pt=ALLTYPES ''The First Domino: International Decision Making During the Hungarian Crisis of 1956''] Texas A & M University Press, 2004, p. 33.</ref> |
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Had [[János Kádár]] or Imre Nagy succeeded Rákosi in July 1956, rather than Gerő, the entire Hungarian revolution might very well have been avoided altogether. In truth, the Hungarian Politburo members disliked Gerő, but were too timid to admit this to their Russian comrades. They described Gerő as "rigid" [''zhestkii''], "impatient," and "very austere in his relations with the people." They said, "He does not tolerate criticism, does not follow the advice of comrades…[and] does not love the people."<ref>Granville, ''The First Domino,'' p. 34.</ref> |
Had [[János Kádár]] or Imre Nagy succeeded Rákosi in July 1956, rather than Gerő, the entire Hungarian revolution might very well have been avoided altogether. In truth, the Hungarian Politburo members disliked Gerő, but were too timid to admit this to their Russian comrades. They described Gerő as "rigid" [''zhestkii''], "impatient," and "very austere in his relations with the people." They said, "He does not tolerate criticism, does not follow the advice of comrades…[and] does not love the people."<ref>Granville, ''The First Domino,'' p. 34.</ref> |
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workers."<ref>Johanna Granville, [http://www.scribd.com/doc/14152546/Soviet-Archival-Documents-on-Hungary-October-November-1956-Translated-by-Johanna-Granville "Soviet Documents on the Hungarian Revolution, 24 October - 4 November 1956"], ''Cold War International History Project Bulletin'', no. 5 (Woodrow Wilson Center for International Scholars, Washington, DC), Spring, 1995, pp. 22-23, 29-34.</ref> |
workers."<ref>Johanna Granville, [http://www.scribd.com/doc/14152546/Soviet-Archival-Documents-on-Hungary-October-November-1956-Translated-by-Johanna-Granville "Soviet Documents on the Hungarian Revolution, 24 October - 4 November 1956"], ''Cold War International History Project Bulletin'', no. 5 (Woodrow Wilson Center for International Scholars, Washington, DC), Spring, 1995, pp. 22-23, 29-34.</ref> |
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| − | The Soviet envoys finally forced Gerő to resign on October 25, 1956, during the second day of the [[Hungarian Revolution of 1956|Hungarian Uprising]], after he gave an unduly harsh speech that enraged the people. He fled to the Soviet Union, but after the revolution was crushed, the more moderate Communist regime of Kádár initially refused to let him return to Hungary. |
+ | The Soviet envoys finally forced Gerő to resign on October 25, 1956, during the second day of the [[Hungarian Revolution of 1956|Hungarian Uprising]], after he gave an unduly harsh speech that enraged the people. He fled to the Soviet Union, but after the revolution was crushed, the more moderate Communist regime of Kádár initially refused to let him return to Hungary. He was finally allowed to return from exile in 1960, but was promptly expelled from the Communist Party. He worked as an occasional translator in Budapest during his retirement. His character plays a central role in [[Vilmos Kondor]]'s 2012 novel [[Budapest Noir]] and the whole series. |
| − | === |
+ | ===Bibliography=== |
| − | * Almendros, Joaquín: ''Situaciones españolas: 1936-1939. El PSUC en la guerra civil''. Dopesa, |
+ | * Almendros, Joaquín: ''Situaciones españolas: 1936-1939. El PSUC en la guerra civil''. Dopesa, Barcelona, 1976. |
| − | * Chacón, R.L.: ''Por qué hice las checas de Barcelona. [[Alphonse Laurencic|Laurencic]] ante el consejo de guerra''. Editorial Solidaridad nacional, |
+ | * Chacón, R.L.: ''Por qué hice las checas de Barcelona. [[Alphonse Laurencic|Laurencic]] ante el consejo de guerra''. Editorial Solidaridad nacional, Barcelona, 1939. |
* [http://books.google.com/books?id=RkaWTipqnecC&printsec=frontcover&dq=%22johanna+granville%22&lr=&as_drrb_is=q&as_minm_is=0&as_miny_is=&as_maxm_is=0&as_maxy_is=&as_brr=0&as_pt=ALLTYPES ''The First Domino: International Decision Making During the Hungarian Crisis of 1956''] Texas A & M University Press, 2004, p. 33. |
* [http://books.google.com/books?id=RkaWTipqnecC&printsec=frontcover&dq=%22johanna+granville%22&lr=&as_drrb_is=q&as_minm_is=0&as_miny_is=&as_maxm_is=0&as_maxy_is=&as_brr=0&as_pt=ALLTYPES ''The First Domino: International Decision Making During the Hungarian Crisis of 1956''] Texas A & M University Press, 2004, p. 33. |
||
* Johanna Granville, [http://www.scribd.com/doc/14152546/Soviet-Archival-Documents-on-Hungary-October-November-1956-Translated-by-Johanna-Granville "Soviet Documents on the Hungarian Revolution, 24 October - 4 November 1956"], ''Cold War International History Project Bulletin'', no. 5 (Woodrow Wilson Center for International Scholars, Washington, DC), Spring, 1995, pp. 22–23, 29-34. |
* Johanna Granville, [http://www.scribd.com/doc/14152546/Soviet-Archival-Documents-on-Hungary-October-November-1956-Translated-by-Johanna-Granville "Soviet Documents on the Hungarian Revolution, 24 October - 4 November 1956"], ''Cold War International History Project Bulletin'', no. 5 (Woodrow Wilson Center for International Scholars, Washington, DC), Spring, 1995, pp. 22–23, 29-34. |
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| − | * {{cite book |last1=Thomas |first1=Hugh |title=Historia de la Guerra Civil Española |accessdate=22 August 2010 |language=español |year=1976 |work=Círculo de Lectores |location=Barcelona |isbn=84-226-0873-1 |
+ | * {{cite book |last1=Thomas |first1=Hugh |title=Historia de la Guerra Civil Española |accessdate=22 August 2010 |language=español |year=1976 |work=Círculo de Lectores |location=Barcelona |isbn=84-226-0873-1}} |
==References== |
==References== |
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{{succession box|title=[[List of Hungarian rulers#General Secretaries of the Hungarian Communist.2FSocialist Workers.27 Party .281945-1989.29|General Secretary of the Hungarian Communist Party]]|before=[[Mátyás Rákosi]]|after=[[János Kádár]]|years=1956}} |
{{succession box|title=[[List of Hungarian rulers#General Secretaries of the Hungarian Communist.2FSocialist Workers.27 Party .281945-1989.29|General Secretary of the Hungarian Communist Party]]|before=[[Mátyás Rákosi]]|after=[[János Kádár]]|years=1956}} |
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{{s-end}} |
{{s-end}} |
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| − | {{Leaders of the Ruling Parties of the Eastern Bloc}} |
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| − | {{HungarianInteriorMinisters}} |
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| − | {{HungarianFinanceMinisters}} |
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| + | {{Wikipedia|Ernő Gerő}} |
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| − | {{Authority control|VIAF=52626549}} |
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| + | |||
| − | {{Persondata <!-- Metadata: see [[Wikipedia:Persondata]]. --> |
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| − | | NAME = Gero, Erno |
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| − | | ALTERNATIVE NAMES = |
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| − | | SHORT DESCRIPTION = |
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| − | | DATE OF BIRTH = July 8, 1898 |
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| − | | PLACE OF BIRTH = [[Trebušovce|Terbegec]], [[Austria-Hungary]] |
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| − | | DATE OF DEATH = March 12, 1980 |
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| − | | PLACE OF DEATH = [[Budapest]], [[People's Republic of Hungary|Hungary]] |
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| − | }} |
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Gero, Erno}} |
{{DEFAULTSORT:Gero, Erno}} |
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[[Category:1898 births]] |
[[Category:1898 births]] |
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[[Category:Finance ministers of Hungary]] |
[[Category:Finance ministers of Hungary]] |
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[[Category:Hungarian people of the Spanish Civil War]] |
[[Category:Hungarian people of the Spanish Civil War]] |
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| − | [[Category:People's Republic |
+ | [[Category:Hungarian People's Republic]] |
[[Category:Hungarian expatriates in the Soviet Union]] |
[[Category:Hungarian expatriates in the Soviet Union]] |
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[[Category:People of the Hungarian Revolution of 1956]] |
[[Category:People of the Hungarian Revolution of 1956]] |
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Revision as of 20:10, 29 May 2021
 |
It has been suggested that [[::Gerő interregnum|Gerő interregnum]] be merged into this article. (Discuss) Proposed since December 2010. |
| Ernő Gerő | |
|---|---|
| File:GeroErno.jpg | |
| General Secretary of the Hungarian Working People's Party | |
In office July 18, 1956 – October 25, 1956 | |
| Preceded by | Mátyás Rákosi |
| Succeeded by | János Kádár |
| Personal details | |
| Born | July 8, 1898 Terbegec, Austria-Hungary |
| Died | March 12, 1980 (aged 81) Budapest, Hungary |
| Nationality | Hungarian |
| Political party | Hungarian Communist Party, Hungarian Working People's Party |
The native form of this personal name is Gerő Ernő. This article uses the Western name order.
Ernő Gerő [ˈɛrnøː ˈɡɛrøː] (born Ernő Singer; July 8, 1898 – March 12, 1980) was a Hungarian Communist Party leader in the period after World War II and briefly in 1956 the most powerful man in Hungary as first secretary of its ruling communist party.
Life and career
Gerő was born in Terbegec, Hungary (now Trebušovce, Slovakia) to Jewish parents, though he later totally repudiated religion. An early Hungarian communist, Gerő fled Hungary for the Soviet Union after Béla Kun's brief communist government was overthrown in August 1919. During his two decades living in the USSR, Gerő was an active KGB agent. Through that association, Gerő was involved in Comintern—the international organization of communists—in France, and also fought in the Spanish Civil War.
Ernő Gerő was a member of Hungary's High National Council (provisional government) between January 26, and May 11, 1945. In the November 1945 elections, Hungary, the Hungarian Communist Party, under Gerő and Mátyás Rákosi got 17% of the vote, compared to 57% for the Smallholders' Party, but the Soviet Commander in Hungary, Marshal Kliment Voroshilov installed a coalition government with Communists in key posts. The Communists staged a sham election and took full control in 1949, with Rákosi as party leader, Prime Minister (and effective head of state. Gerő and Mihály Farkas were Rákosi's right-hand men. Rákosi's authority was shaken in 1953 by the death of Stalin, when the Soviet Union insisted on Imre Nagy taking over as prime minister, but Gerő was retained as a counterweight to the reformers. Rákosi, having managed to regain control, was then undermined by Nikita Khrushchev's secret speech in early 1956 denouncing Stalinism, and forced to leave office on 18 July 1956, although he was able to designate Gerő to succeed him as party leader. Even before the October uprising, Gerő and András Hegedüs in Budapest requested that Rákosi be detained in the USSR since they thought he would only complicate matters if he returned to Hungary. Meanwhile Rákosi continually tried to contact his Budapest colleagues from Russia.[1] Had János Kádár or Imre Nagy succeeded Rákosi in July 1956, rather than Gerő, the entire Hungarian revolution might very well have been avoided altogether. In truth, the Hungarian Politburo members disliked Gerő, but were too timid to admit this to their Russian comrades. They described Gerő as "rigid" [zhestkii], "impatient," and "very austere in his relations with the people." They said, "He does not tolerate criticism, does not follow the advice of comrades…[and] does not love the people."[2]
Soviet Presidium members Anastas Mikoyan and Mikhail Suslov visited Budapest on October 24 - during the first Soviet military intervention - to assess the situation. Gerő informed them that "the arrival of Soviet troops in the city has [had] a negative effect on the disposition of the inhabitants, including the workers."[3]
The Soviet envoys finally forced Gerő to resign on October 25, 1956, during the second day of the Hungarian Uprising, after he gave an unduly harsh speech that enraged the people. He fled to the Soviet Union, but after the revolution was crushed, the more moderate Communist regime of Kádár initially refused to let him return to Hungary. He was finally allowed to return from exile in 1960, but was promptly expelled from the Communist Party. He worked as an occasional translator in Budapest during his retirement. His character plays a central role in Vilmos Kondor's 2012 novel Budapest Noir and the whole series.
Bibliography
- Almendros, Joaquín: Situaciones españolas: 1936-1939. El PSUC en la guerra civil. Dopesa, Barcelona, 1976.
- Chacón, R.L.: Por qué hice las checas de Barcelona. Laurencic ante el consejo de guerra. Editorial Solidaridad nacional, Barcelona, 1939.
- The First Domino: International Decision Making During the Hungarian Crisis of 1956 Texas A & M University Press, 2004, p. 33.
- Johanna Granville, "Soviet Documents on the Hungarian Revolution, 24 October - 4 November 1956", Cold War International History Project Bulletin, no. 5 (Woodrow Wilson Center for International Scholars, Washington, DC), Spring, 1995, pp. 22–23, 29-34.
- Thomas, Hugh (1976) (in español). Historia de la Guerra Civil Española. Barcelona. ISBN 84-226-0873-1.
References
- ↑ Johanna Granville,The First Domino: International Decision Making During the Hungarian Crisis of 1956 Texas A & M University Press, 2004, p. 33.
- ↑ Granville, The First Domino, p. 34.
- ↑ Johanna Granville, "Soviet Documents on the Hungarian Revolution, 24 October - 4 November 1956", Cold War International History Project Bulletin, no. 5 (Woodrow Wilson Center for International Scholars, Washington, DC), Spring, 1995, pp. 22-23, 29-34.
The original article can be found at Ernő Gerő and the edit history here.