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Fahd (armored personnel carrier)

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Not to be confused with Al-Fahd, a Saudi infantry fighting vehicle based on the LAV-25.
Fahd 240/280
Egyptian Armored personnel carrier 'Fahd'
Egyptian Fahd 240 serving as part of UN Operation in Somalia. Note the smoke grenade launchers on the side and the firing ports.
Type Armored personnel carrier
Place of origin Egypt
Service history
In service 1986-present
Used by See below
Production history
Designer Thyssen Henschel (today Rheinmetall Landsysteme and part of Rheinmetall Defence)
Manufacturer Kader Factory for Developed Industries, Arab Organization for Industrialization
Produced 1985
No. built Over 1,907 (all variants , most users)
Variants Mainly Fahd 240, and Fahd 280-30. See text for extended list.
Specifications
Mass 10.9 - 12.5 tons (depending on the variant)
Length 6 meters
Width 2.45 meters
Height 2.25 meters (without towers)
Crew 2 + 10 passengers (Fahd-240), 3 + 7 passengers (Fahd-280-30)
Armor Welded steel.
Main
armament
 30 mm automatic cannon 2A42
AT-5 Spandrel or AT-4 Spigot ATGM (Fahd-280-30)
Secondary
armament
 1-3 7.62 mm machine guns
Engine Mercedes Benz Diesel OM 366 LA 4-Stroke turbo-charged water-cooled diesel engine
275 hp at 2,300 rpm
Suspension 4 x 4
Ground clearance 37 cm
Fuel capacity 280 liters
Operational
range
 700 km (on road)
450 km (cross country)
Maximum speed 100 km/h (on road)
60 km/h (cross country)

The Fahd is a 4x4 Egyptian armored personnel carrier, designed to fit the requirements of the Egyptian Military. It replaced older APCs in Egyptian service such as the BTR-40, and the Walid (called Waleed in Egypt).[1] It has been used by eight nations including Egypt,[2] besides being used by the United Nations.[3]

The flexible design of the vehicle, its high speed, maneuverability and long range, on road and off road, makes it possible to produce various versions to satisfy various military and security purposes. Variants include the Fahd 240/280 APC, Fahd 280-30 IFV, a command post vehicle, ambulance vehicle, light armored recovery vehicle, and can be used for anti-riot purposes, mine laying and mine dispensing purposes, making it possible to form independent units capable of dealing with different threats of armor, low-flying targets, and personnel, with common repair duties, and operation.[4][5] The Fahd consists of a Mercedes-Benz LAP 1117/32 truck (4 × 4) chassis fitted with an armored body. It has a usual APC configuration of placing the driver and the commander on the front, and a large box-like shape, similar to the German Fuchs.[1]

Design characteristics[]

The hull of the Fahd is of all-welded steel armor construction giving complete protection against attack by 7.62 mm caliber AP rounds and shell splinters. The vehicle is equipped with air conditioning. The driver sits at the front of the vehicle on the left side with the commander to the right. Both have forward observation via large bulletproof windows, which can be rapidly covered by an armored shutter hinged at the top, and a side door that opens to the front, featuring a window in its upper part that can also be covered by a shutter as well. Above the commander's position is a single-piece, rear-opening hatch cover. The driver has a forward-facing, roof-mounted day periscope, which can be replaced by a passive periscope for night driving. The troop compartment is at the rear of the hull with the infantry entering via a door in the rear, the upper part of which folds upwards and the lower part downwards to form a step. Over the top of the troop compartment are two rectangular roof hatches hinged in the center that can be locked vertically. The infantry sits on individual bucket seats down the center of the vehicle facing outwards. In either side of the troop compartment are four firing ports with a vision block above so that the troops can fire their weapons from within the vehicle. Either side of the rear door has a firing port with a vision block above. Optional equipment may be fitted on the vehicle, such as an NBC protection system and passive IR among others.[1]

Armament[]

Up to three weapons may be fitted on to the roof of the Fahd, one on each side of the roof hatches and one to the rear. The armament usually consists of three PK machine guns, each with 1,500 7.62 mm rounds, but other 7.62 mm machine guns can be fitted on the vehicle, such as the FN MAG.[6]

Maneuverability[]

The Fahd APC has a top speed of 100 km/h (62 mph) on-road with a range of 700 km. It has average speed of 65 km/h (40 mph) off-road with a range of 450 km. The engine is a Mercedes Benz Diesel OM 366 LA 4-Stroke turbocharged water-cooled diesel engine, capable of providing 280 hp at 2,200 rpm. The vehicle is able to negotiate slopes up to 80%, and side slopes up to 30%, trenches with a width of up to 0.8 m, and vertical obstacle with a maximum height of 0.5 m, and it has a steering radius of 8 m.[6]

Comparison with contemporary vehicles[]

The Fahd APC is relatively lighter, smaller, and better armed than other modern wheeled APCs and IFVs[citation needed] such as the BTR-90 which weighs 20.9 tons, about twice the weight of the Fahd, yet provides similar protection, and armament.[7] A LAV-25 costs 900,000 US dollars, and carries less passengers.[8]

Below is a comparison of some modern wheeled IFVs including the Fahd:

Comparison with some modern IFVs
Fahd 280-30[6][9] BTR-3U [10] VBCI[11] LAV-25[8] Type-92 IFV[12] BTR-90[8][13] VBM Freccia[14]
Country of Origin Flag of Egypt Egypt Flag of Ukraine Ukraine Flag of France France Flag of Canada Canada Flag of the People's Republic of China China Flag of Russia Russia Flag of Italy Italy
Weight 12.5 t (13.8 short tons) 16.4 t (18.1 short tons) 26 t (29 short tons) 12.8 t (14.1 short tons) 12.5 t (13.8 short tons) 20.9 t (23.0 short tons) 26 t (29 short tons)
Primary armament 30 mm (1.2 in) 2A42 automatic cannon 30 mm (1.2 in) dual-feed cannon 25 mm NATO dual-feed cannon 25 mm NATO M242 chain gun 25 mm (0.98 in) Autocannon 30 mm (1.2 in) 2A42 automatic cannon 25 mm (0.98 in) Oerlikon KBA
Secondary armament 7.62 mm (0.300 in) FN MAG machine gun 7.62 mm (0.300 in) coaxial machine gun 7.62 mm (0.300 in) coaxial machine gun 2 x 7.62 mm (0.300 in) M240 machine gun 7.62 mm (0.300 in) coaxial machine gun 7.62 mm (0.300 in) PKT machine gun
grenade launcher 		7.62 mm (0.300 in) coaxial machine gun
Missile armament (Range) AT-5 Spandrel (70-4,000 meters) AT-5 Spandrel (70-4,000 meters) - - - AT-5 Spandrel (70-4,000 meters) Spike LR (200–4000 meters)
Road range 700 km (430 mi) 600 km (370 mi) 750 km (470 mi) 660 km (410 mi) 800 km (500 mi) 800 km (500 mi) 800 km (500 mi)
Maximum on-road speed 100 km/h (62 mph) 85 km/h (53 mph) 100 km/h (62 mph) 100 km/h (62 mph) 85 km/h (53 mph) 100 km/h (62 mph) 110 km/h (68 mph)
Maximum capacity 3 crew + 7 passengers 3 crew + 6 passengers 2 crew + 9 passengers 3 crew + 6 passengers 3 crew + 9 passengers 3 crew + 9 passengers 3 crew + 8 passengers

Variants[]

Fahd 240[]

The Fahd 240 is based upon the latest Mercedes Benz LAP 1424/32 chassis. This variant includes a far more powerful engine and a slight increase in armor. It has the same engine as the Fahd. All original Fahds have been updated to this standard, and it is the main variant in service with the Egyptian Army.[5] It weighs 11.6 tons. The seating arrangement and design characteristics are similar to the original Fahd APC. It has a crew of two and can carry ten soldiers. On top of the passenger compartment are two large roof hatches, hinged at the center of the vehicle. They sit facing outward down the center of the vehicle. Each passenger has a firing port, giving four ports on either side of the vehicle. The armament is similar to the original Fahd.[1][6]

Other armament options[]

Fahd 240 recovery and repair variant[]

Fahd 240 recovery and repair vehicle specification[16]
Max arm length Four meters
Maximum angle of boom elevation 70 degree
Angle of traverse 315
Slewing speed 1.5 r.p.m
Boom specifications[16]
Lifting capability (ton) Boom length (meter)
2 2.0 vehicle stopped
1.5 2.7 at stop
1 4.0 at stop
1 2.7 with a speed of 15–20 km/h
0.65 4.0 with a speed of 15–20 km/h

Based on the latest production Fahd-240, it shares the position and entry doors for the commander and the driver with the APC variant. A 2.5 ton turnable-mounted hydraulic crane is mounted on the roof rear, with a telescopic jib that has 315 degrees of traverse, with the boom being elevated to +70 degrees. The vehicle contains two hydraulic stabilizers for the crane, in which they are lowered to the ground while the crane is being used to provide a more stable platform. The vehicle is 13 tons in weight, and 2.8 meters in height.[17]

The vehicle includes the following specialized equipment for repair duties: an air compressor, electric power unit, battery charger, testing unit, portable drill and grinder, tire repair set, radiator set, tool set, greasing equipment, hydraulic jack, oxy acetylene set, recovery equipment and a tent.[17]

Fahd Ambulance[]

The ambulance variant is based on the basic Fahd APC design, with modifications for its specialized purpose. The vehicle has the ability to serve four laying patients, and another four sitting patients. The vehicle has a crew of three, these are: driver, physician, and a dresser. The Ambulance variant additional external flasher, and a search light mounted on the rear door for emergency.[18] Along with one tent and dual interior lights, the vehicle is equipped with specialized medical instruments.[18]

Fahd mine laying vehicle[]

Another conversion of the Fahd APC enables it to become a mine laying vehicle. The mine are of anti-tank type, where these vehicles are used as mobile systems with high maneuverability, and the ability to lay anti-tank mine fields in a short time. The mine laying system used on the Fahd is the Nather-2. The mine laying system is equipped with a control unit that computes the tube firing sequence delay time to set mine densities, and adjusts the required dispensing direction. The mines can be dispensed on right, left and backwards of the vehicle.[19][20]

The mine layer can create a mine field from 1,500 to 3,000 metres long and 25–30 metres wide from four dispensing modules firing 600 mines per salvo giving a mine density between 0.2 and 1 mine per square meter.[19][20]

Fahd command vehicle[]

The Fahd command vehicle contains three gun mounts for 7.62 mm caliber machine guns, as well as other special equipments for command purposes.[6] The command vehicle is equipped with three-four wireless communication set with antennas and six terminals intercom system, a 10-line telephone exchange and two field telephones powered from a 1.5 kW electrical generator.

Fahd 280 w/ BTM-208 Turret[]

This IFV variant is essentially a Fahd 240, fitted with a dual-weapon turret that has a 12.7 mm machine gun and a 7.62 mm machine gun. The addition of a turret requires a third crewman, the gunner, but it does not affect the Fahd 240's passenger capacity. The turret is the French BTM-208 turret, produced under license from the French SAMM company. It is air-tight, and provides NBC protection. It incorporates and aiming telescopic periscope, forward–observation, rotating mirror periscope in co-axial alignment with weapons, and five or six bullet-proof glass ports insuring all-round vision and ballistic protection. 200 rounds are provided for the 7.62 mm machine gun, and another 100 for the 12.7 mm machine gun. Elevation limits are -8 and +45, the turret provides 360 degrees of traversion for the weapons. The vehicle has a rotating seat, and an armored hatch for the turret. The machine guns can be fired by means of a foot pedal, freeing the gunner's hands. A central console groups control switches and warning lights governing weapon selection. The addition of a turret increases the vehicle height to 2.85 meters.[21]

Power from the vehicle's 24V DC supply is delivered through an electric slip ring, which features tracks for intercom circuits between gunner and other crew members. The vehicle uses ventilator extraction of firing gases and fumes.[21]

Fahd Anti-Riot[]

The Anti-Riot variant is based on the Fahd 280. The dual weapons installed in the turret are replaced with a water cannon actuated at 180 l/min pump to jet plain, colored or mixed water at a distance of 30–50 m. Grenade launchers are also installed on the turret for firing smoke and tear gas grenades. There is a steel grader in the vehicle front to remove barricades in streets and passes, along with two flashers, multi-tone siren, loud speaker and horn. This variant also has a passenger capacity of ten.[21]

Fahd 280-30[]

The Fahd 280-30 is an IFV variant of the Fahd, first announced in 1990.[22] It features a BMP-2 turret on the roof of the passenger compartment near the rear.[23] It has a 30 mm automatic cannon with an effective range of up to 1500 metres against armor, 2500 metres against ground targets, and 3,000 metres against air targets. It has a dual feed, one for HE rounds, the other for AP rounds, which can pierce 18 mm armor at 60 degrees from a range of 500 m. It also has a coaxial 7.62 mm PKT machine gun and an ATGM launcher, capable of launching AT-4 or AT-5 missiles which use SACLOS guidance, increasing the range at which the Fahd 280-30 can engage armored targets such as tanks to nearly 4000 m. These turret-mounted missiles may be deployed away from the vehicle on a launching tripod. The Fahd-30 carries 500 30 mm rounds for the autocannon, 2,000 rounds for the 7.62 mm machine gun, and five AT-5 missiles. Smoke grenade launchers are standard on this vehicle, with four on each side of the turret. The BMP-2 turret may use appliqué armor. In terms of design it is similar to the Fahd 240, but this variant has three firing ports on each side of the vehicle.[21]

The Fahd 280-30 has a third crewman, a gunner positioned in the turret, in addition to the commander and driver. As a result of the relatively large turret this variant has a reduced passenger capacity; it can carry seven passengers instead of the original ten. The turret is standard-equipped with passive IR and night vision sensors. It also has fire control and stabilization. As a result of the armament on the Fahd 280-30, the IFV can provide fire support to infantry and it is capable of engaging tanks, armored vehicles, low flying aircraft, helicopters and personnel, with the ability to engage in a stationary position, on the move, in day or nighttime conditions, with high accuracy. The unit price is $254,246.[4]

2A42 30mm cannon[]

The gas-operated gun is a dual feed multipurpose small caliber weapon,[24][25] that has a dual rate of fire with a minimum rate of 200-300 or 550 rounds per minute (rds/min), where the rapid fire mode assures 800 rds/min.[25][26] The sustained rate of fire is 200 rds/min, though.[24] The gun is intended for engaging materiel, low flying aircraft, light vehicles, and dismounted infantry.[24][25][26] With a muzzle velocity of 960 m/s,[24][26] the gun is capable of defeating a light Armored Personnel Carrier at a range of 1,500 meters, a soft-skinned vehicle at 4,000 meters, and slow-flying aircraft at altitudes up to 2,000 meters and slant ranges of up to 2,500 meters.[25]

Operators and service history[]

The Fahd have been used by eight countries including Egypt, and the United Nations also bought it. It has also seen service as a part of SFOR in Bosnia and Herzegovina, and as a part of UNOSOM in Somalia.

Usage du Fahd

-Current users of the Fahd in bright red
-Former in Dark red
-Also used by the United Nations

Operator Number Date received Status Notes
Countries
Flag of Egypt Egypt 1,400 1986–Present still in service Producer, and main operator. Operates around 900 Fahd 240s, 235 Fahd 280s w/ BTM-208 turret, and 265 Fahd 280-30s. (See text below for more information)
Flag of Kuwait Kuwait 110
60
+40		 1988
1994
1995		 still in service Second largest operator in 1988. The Fahd was used by the Kuwaiti side during the invasion of Kuwait, when it lost most of them. Kuwait received more units in 1994, and had most of its captured units returned by Iraq in 1995 (See text below for more information)
Flag of Iraq Iraq -- 1990 retired in 2003 Although not supplied by Egypt, Iraq was able to capture most of the Kuwaity vehicles in the invasion of kuwait. These units were then used by Iraq during the Gulf War and the 2003 invasion of Iraq.[27] After the Iraqi invasion in 2003, the new Iraqi army is not reported to be using them.[28]
Flag of Bangladesh Bangladesh 66 -- still in service The Bangladesh Army used these vehicles widely in patrolling missions along the Iraq-Kuwait border during UN sanctioned peacekeeping missions.[2]
Flag of Algeria Algeria 200 1992 still in service The only export deal for the vehicle between 1992 and 2006 was to Algeria.[1] The deal was for 53 units of the Fahd 240 APC variant,[17] for use in the internal security role and by the Gendarmerie.[1] Currently, there are 100 units in service with the Algerian forces as of 25-Feb-2008.[29]
Flag of Oman Oman
Flag of Sudan Sudan
Flag of the Democratic Republic of the Congo Congo DR		 31
NA
NA		 NA (not available) still in service The Fahd have been sold to other nations as well including Oman, Sudan, and the Democratic republic of Congo. Because Egypt considered the value of its military exports confidential, it omitted this information from its published trade statistics.[4] Yet, Oman is reported to be operating 31 units.[30][31]
Organizations
Flag of the United Nations United Nations -- -- still in service Alaa Eldin Abdel Azim, manager of military marketing at the Arab Organization for Industrialization said that the United Nations have bought Fahd vehicles.[3]

Egypt[]

The vehicle was originally designed to fit Egyptian requirements by Rheinmetall Landsysteme (then Thyssen-Henschel, part of Rheinmetall DeTech) under the designation TH 390. The first prototypes of the vehicle were built in Germany for Egypt. Production was undertaken by the Kader Factory for Developed Industries, part of the Arab Organization for Industrialization. The production commenced in 1985. The first vehicles have been completed in 1986 to enter service with the Egyptian Army. The Egyptian Army is believed to have placed an initial order for 300 vehicles with an option of further 110. Egypt uses the Fahd for border patrolling, where these vehicles are equipped with extra periscopes, and night vision equipments. The Fahd is also used by the Egyptian police and the central security forces; these vehicles are usually the Anti-riot version or the standard APC variant provided with a box-type shield around the commander's hatch. The vehicle has been used by Egyptian forces in peace keeping missions, and have served with SFOR in Bosnia and Herzegovina.[1]

The military, and paramilitary users of the Fahd in Egypt are:

Kuwait[]

Egypt sold Kuwait 110 vehicles.[32][33] Kuwait has been reported to operate about 100 units in 1988, where most of the vehicles were captured and/or destroyed by the Iraqi forces.[4] Currently, Kuwait has 60 vehicles, where some more vehicles were received in 1994.[34] A report of the secretary general of the United Nations Security Council shows that most of the units that were captured by Iraq were returned to Kuwait as part of the return of property seized by Iraq hand over operations that have taken place from the second of March 1994 to 15 October 1996. A total of forty vehicles have been returned on three phases.[35] See the table above for details. Not all of the vehicles are in active service with the Kuwaiti Army currently.[34]

Comparable vehicles[]

See also[]

Notes and references[]

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 "Kader Fahd armoured personnel carrier". Jane's Information Group. 2008-10-23. http://www.janes.com/articles/Janes-Armour-and-Artillery/Kader-Fahd-armoured-personnel-carrier-Egypt.html. Retrieved 2009-01-27. 
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 "Fahd 280 Armoured Personnel Carrier". Bangladesh Military Forces. http://www.bdmilitary.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=117. Retrieved 2009-01-27. 
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 "Egyptian defence giant invites former partners". Zawya. 2003-03-18. http://www.zawya.com/printstory.cfm?storyid=busidex71803&l=045356030318. Retrieved 2009-01-27. [dead link]
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 "Fahd-240". Military. U.S. Cavalry, Global security. http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/egypt/fahd-240.htm. Retrieved 2009-01-27. 
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 "FAHD armoured vehicle". Arab Organization for Industrialization. http://www.aoi.com.eg/aoi_eng/milit_new/vehicle/fahd.htm. Retrieved 2009-01-27. [dead link]
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 6.3 6.4 "Armoured vehicle (FAHD – 280)". Kader factory. http://www.aoi.com.eg/aoi_arab/aoi/kader/English/index_eng.html. Retrieved 2009-02-08. [dead link] Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name "Kader factory" defined multiple times with different content Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name "Kader factory" defined multiple times with different content Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name "Kader factory" defined multiple times with different content
  7. ↑ "BTR-90 (GAZ 5923)". globalsecurity.org. http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/russia/btr-90.htm. Retrieved 2008-09-28. [not in citation given]
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 8.2 "Light Armored Vehicle-25 (LAV-25)". globalsecurity.org. http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/systems/ground/lav-25.htm. Retrieved 2008-09-28.  Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name "GSspec" defined multiple times with different content
  9. ↑ "FAHD armoured vehicle". Arab Organization for Industrialization. http://www.aoi.com.eg/aoi_eng/milit_new/vehicle/fahd.htm. Retrieved 2009-01-27. [dead link]
  10. ↑ "BTR-3U Armoured Personnel Carrier". KMDB. http://www.morozov.com.ua/eng/body/btr3u.php?menu=m1.php. Retrieved 2009-01-27. 
  11. ↑ "VBCI Wheeled Infantry Fighting Vehicle, France". SPG Media Limited, army-technology. http://www.army-technology.com/projects/vbci/specs.html. Retrieved 2008-09-28. 
  12. ↑ "ZSL92 Wheeled Armoured Vehicle". SinoDefence. http://www.sinodefence.com/army/armour/zsl92.asp. Retrieved 2008-09-28. 
  13. ↑ "BTR-90". Modern Armored Vehicles. On War. http://www.onwar.com/weapons/afv/data/rusapcbtr90.htm. Retrieved 2008-09-28. 
  14. ↑ "VBM Freccia". military-today.com. http://www.military-today.com/apc/vbm_freccia.htm. Retrieved 2011-09-04. 
  15. ↑ 15.0 15.1 "Fighting vehicles: Armored Personnel Carriers and Infantry Fighting Vehicles". Greenhill Books-Vector Publicity and Communication. 1996. pp. 57, 58. http://army.lt/biblioteka/fighting_vehicles.pdf. Retrieved 2009-02-23. [dead link]
  16. ↑ 16.0 16.1 "Recovery & repair vehicle". Arab Organization for Industrialization. http://www.aoi.com.eg/aoi_arab/aoi/kader/English/enfahd5.html. Retrieved 2009-01-27. [dead link]
  17. ↑ 17.0 17.1 17.2 "Kader Fahd 240 Recovery and Repair Vehicle". Jane's Information Group. 2008-12-02. http://www.janes.com/articles/Janes-Military-Vehicles-and-Logistics/Kader-Fahd-240-Recovery-and-Repair-Vehicle-Egypt.html. Retrieved 2009-01-27. 
  18. ↑ 18.0 18.1 "Ambulance". Arab Organization for Industrialization. http://www.aoi.com.eg/aoi_arab/aoi/kader/English/enfahd4.html. Retrieved 2009-01-27. [dead link]
  19. ↑ 19.0 19.1 "Mines Dispensing Systems, Mine Scatter Systems". Sakr factory. http://www.aoi.com.eg/aoi_arab/aoi/sakr/sakr_english/military/mine/mine.html. Retrieved 2009-01-27. [dead link]
  20. ↑ 20.0 20.1 "Vehicle Mounted antitank mine dispensing systems". Arab Organization for Industrialization. http://www.aoi.com.eg/aoi_eng/milit_new/weapon/despens.htm. Retrieved 2009-01-27. [dead link]
  21. ↑ 21.0 21.1 21.2 21.3 "With BTM–208 turret (12.7MM + 7.62MM) MG". Kader factory. http://www.aoi.com.eg/aoi_arab/aoi/kader/English/index_eng.html. Retrieved 2009-02-04. [dead link] Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name "Official site of Kader factory" defined multiple times with different content
  22. ↑ "FAHD armoured vehicle". Military Today. http://www.military-today.com/apc/fahd.htm. Retrieved 2009-01-28. 
  23. ↑ Foss, Christopher F (1992). Jane's AFV Recognition Handbook (2nd ed.). Jane's. p. 167. ISBN 0-7106-1043-2. 
  24. ↑ 24.0 24.1 24.2 24.3 "30mm 2A42 Automatic Cannon". KBP in focus. http://www.kbptula.ru/eng/str/cannons/2a42.htm. Retrieved 2009-02-08. 
  25. ↑ 25.0 25.1 25.2 25.3 "2A42 30 mm cannon (Russian Federation), Cannon". Jane's Information Group. http://www.janes.com/articles/Janes-Infantry-Weapons/2A42-30-mm-cannon-Russian-Federation.html. Retrieved 2009-02-08. 
  26. ↑ 26.0 26.1 26.2 "2A42". Deagel. http://www.deagel.com/Guns-Riffles-and-Grenade-Launchers/2A42_a001883001.aspx. Retrieved 2009-02-08. 
  27. ↑ "Iraqi equipment & vehicles". Bjoern Clausen. http://www.howitzer.dk/vehicles/iraq.htm. Retrieved 2009-01-27. 
  28. ↑ "Iraq" (pdf). INSS. pp. 6. http://www.inss.org.il/upload/(FILE)1232450384.pdf. Retrieved 2009-01-27. 
  29. ↑ "Algeria" (pdf). INSS. pp. 7. http://www.inss.org.il/upload/(FILE)1203939706.pdf. Retrieved 2009-02-07. 
  30. ↑ "Oman" (pdf). INSS. pp. 7. http://www.inss.org.il/upload/(FILE)1188476121.pdf. Retrieved 2009-02-07. 
  31. ↑ "Sudan" (pdf). INSS. pp. 6. http://www.inss.org.il/upload/(FILE)1188214448.pdf. Retrieved 2009-02-07. 
  32. ↑ "Kuwait". Army Recognition. http://www.armyrecognition.com/moyen_orient/KOWEIT/koweit_index_materiel.htm. Retrieved 2009-02-17. 
  33. ↑ "Armée koweïtienne Koweït forces terrestres équipements et véhicules". Army Recognision. http://www.armyrecognition.com/kuwait_kowe_t/kuwait_army_kuwaiti_land_forces_modern_military_equipment_armoured_vehicle_information_pictures_.html. Retrieved 2009-02-17. [dead link]
  34. ↑ 34.0 34.1 "Kuwait" (pdf). INSS. pp. 7. http://www.inss.org.il/upload/(FILE)1191763608.pdf. Retrieved 2009-02-07. 
  35. ↑ "REPORT OF THE SECRETARY-GENERAL OF THE RETURN OF KUWAITI PROPERTY SEIZED BY IRAQ" (pdf). United Nations Security Council. 16 December 1996. pp. 2. http://www.pogar.org/publications/other/un/secgen/iraq/s1042-96e.pdf. Retrieved 2009-02-07. 

External links[]

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