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Popular Mobilization Forces

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Popular Mobilization Forces
الحشد الشعبي
Arabic writing "al-Hashd al-Shaabi" with an AK-47
Popular Mobilization Forces logo
Active 15 June 2014 – present[1]
Country Flag of Iraq Iraq
Allegiance Flag of Iraq Iraq
Type Government-sanctioned paramilitary
Role Infantry (militia)
National guard
Counter-insurgency
Size 100,000 to 120,000[2]
Engagements

Iraqi Civil War (2014-present)

Commanders
Leaders
  • Iraq Haider al-Abadi
    (Commander in Chief of the Armed Forces)
  • Iraq Falih Alfayyadh
    (Chairman of Popular Mobilization Committee)
  • File:Kata'ib Hezbollah flag.svg Abu Mahdi al-Muhandis
    (Deputy Chairman of Popular Mobilization Committee)
  • File:Badr Organisation Military flag.svg Hadi Al-Amiri
    (Head of Badr Organization)
  • File:Asa'ib Ahl Al-Haq flag.png Qais Khazali
    (Head of Asa'ib Ahl al-Haq)
  • Muqtada al-Sadr
    (Head of Peace Companies)
  • Rayan al-Kildani
    (Head of Babylon Brigades))
  • Shibl al-Zaydi
    (Head of Kata'ib al-Imam Ali)
  • Ali al-Yasiri[3]
    (Head of Saraya al-Khorasani)
  • Yazan al-Jabouri
    (Head of Liwa Salahaddin)
  • Seyyid Yılmaz Neccaroğlu
    (Head of Turkmen Brigades)
    • Ceremonial chief Abu Azrael
    Insignia
    Patch
    File:Hashd Al-Sha'abi patch.svg
    Popular Mobilization Forces
    Al-Hashd al-Shaabi
    Participant in the Iraqi Civil War (2014–present)
    Active 15 June 2014 – present[1]
    Ideology Iraqi nationalism
    Groups
    Headquarters Baghdad
    Area of
    operations    		 Iraq
    Allies

    Flag of Iran Iran

    Flag of Syria Syria

    Ezidxan Flag Sinjar Alliance
    Opponents Flag of the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant2 Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant

    The Popular Mobilization Forces (PMF), also known as the People's Mobilization Committee (PMC) and the Popular Mobilization Units (PMU) (Arabic language: الحشد الشعبي‎ Al-Hashd Al-Sha'abi),[16] is an Iraqi state-sponsored umbrella organization composed of some 40 militias, which are mainly Shia Muslim groups, but also including Sunni Muslim, Christian, and Yazidi individuals as well.[17][18] The popular mobilization units have fought in nearly every major battle against ISIL.[19]

    The People's Mobilization was formed upon a non-sectarian fatwa by the Iraqi top Shia cleric Ayatollah Ali al-Sistani calling for national mobilization against the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (ISIL). The organization was formed by uniting existing militias under the "People's Mobilization Committee" of the Iraqi Ministry of Interior in June 2014. On 19 December 2016, Iraqi President Fuad Masum approved a law passed by parliament in November that incorporated PMU in the country’s armed forces. With this incorporation, the PMU are now subject to the supreme commander of the national armed forces and will no longer be affiliated to any political or social group.[20] The PMU became regarded as an official force with similar rights as those of the regular army.[21]

    On 21 March 2017, the PMU announced the launch of a special forces course, in order to create a Special Forces Division. The training program covered a variety of missions with direction from the Iraqi Special Operations Forces.[22] On December 11, 2017, the PMU began to be entirely consolidated under the Iraqi Armed Forces, following a call by the Iraqi top Shia cleric Ayatollah Ali al-Sistani to integrate.[19]

    Name[]

    With regard to the official native name, the Arabic word الشعبي (al-shaabi) translates as "people's" or "popular", as referred to the people; the Arabic word الحشد (al-hashd) translates as "mobilization", as in the group of people mobilized rather than the process of mobilization. In other contexts al-hashd may translate as other terms such as "crowd", "horde", "throng", "gathering" or "mob".[citation needed]

    Background and formation[]

    Further information: Special Groups (Iraq)

    Constituent militias (Badr Organization, Asaib ahl al-Haq, Kata’ib Hezbollah, Kata’ib Sayyid al-Shuhada, Harakat Hezbollah al-Nujaba, Kata’ib al-Imam Ali, and Kata’ib Jund al-Imam) had been operating with Prime Minister al-Maliki's support since early 2014.[23] According to Faleh A. Jabar and Renad Mansour for the Carnegie Middle East Center, al-Maliki used these forces to combat the emergence of Islamic State and maintain his influence in predominantly Sunni areas.[23]

    The PMF were formed by the Iraqi government on 15 June 2014 after Marja' Ali al-Sistani's non-sectarian[23] fatwa on "Sufficiency Jihad" on 13 June.[24] The fatwa called for defending Iraqi cities, particularly Baghdad, and to participate in the counter-offensive against the Islamic State, following the Fall of Mosul on 10 June 2014.[1][25] The forces brought together a number of Shi'ite militias, most of which receive direct support from Iran. Along with a small number of Sunni tribesmen.[26] The forces would fall under the umbrella of the state’s security services and within the legal frameworks and practices of the Ministry of Interior. In the course of events, some of these groups embarked on a different path, operating independently.[27]

    According to some sources, the Popular Mobilization Forces have made a fundamental difference on the battlefield, as they have undermined the superiority of ISIS at the level of guerrilla warfare, as well as at the level of the psychological operations.[28]

    Alternative view of the creation of the PMUs[]

    According to Nibras Kazimi, an Iraqi academic and Visiting Fellow at the Hudson Institute, an alternative view of the creation of the Popular Mobilisation Forces holds that the PMF was not formed on 15 June 2014 due to the passing of the fatwa by Ali al-Sistani, but was in fact formed several months prior. This ‘known secret’ was revealed by the head of the PMF, Hadi al-Amiri, at a meeting between Nouri al-Maliki and senior PMF leaders on 28 June 2016. Further, the minutes of the April 7, 2014 National Alliance (Shia bloc) meeting in which Maliki revealed this fact also show this.

    This reading of history proves the Iraqi government was knowledgeable about the state of the Iraqi Army prior to its collapse during the Northern Iraq offensive (August 2014) in which Mosul was taken by the Islamic State.

    It also proves that the weaknesses of the Iraqi Army were known to the Obama Administration[citation needed]. By April 2014, there were already forty US military officers embedded at various ISF command centers as ‘liaisons’ attached to the US Embassy in Baghdad. When President Obama announced his intention to send more US advisors to Iraq in August 2014, he carefully couched his words so as to suggest that the effort was a continuation of an existing program that was already underway[citation needed].

    By mid-April 2014, Qasim Suleimani’s efforts to create a new auxiliary force was already entering the ‘branding’ phase. Initially, the proto-PMUs were supposed to be called saraya al-difa’a al-sha’abi (‘Popular Defense Brigades’). Their logo was supposed to be similar to that of Lebanon’s Hezbollah.

    There may be some evidence that the US government had an early relationship with at least one PMU that was close to Suleimani, an organization that was cultivated and propped-up by his adjunct Abu Mahdi al-Muhandis. That PMU is Jund al-Imam. The Wall Street Journal once described it (during the Second Battle of Tikrit) as "US-backed".

    Part of the minutes of minutes of the April 7, 2014 National Alliance (Shia bloc) meeting record Maliki as saying:

    “There is a real and clear security danger that threatens the country and I have told you more than a year ago that the situation is dangerous.” “Our army cannot be counted on since it is a combination of Sunnis and Shias and Kurds. Some Sunnis are unconvinced, while some Shias are there for the salary, and it is an army that has not waged such battles before and its armaments are basic compared to that of Islamic State…”

    “We have sought these days to rely on ‘Sons of Iraq’ groups [composed] of the mujaheddin and we have formed 20 groups in the environs of Baghdad so far and we are continuing to do so in Hillah and Balad and Dujail by forming such groups because they are better than the army and can fight guerrilla wars and we shall form also in Karbala.”

    In the April 7, 2014 meeting, Maliki claims that the Americans “lied” about their armament commitments. A letter addressed to Maliki, dated April 15, 2014, from the overseer of the US weapons delivery program to Iraq seems to be a direct response to Maliki’s claim. It began with “We have provided you with all that you have asked for.” The significance of this letter is in the clarity that was available to the US administration as to the actual conditions on the ground in Iraq at the time. President Obama had made the jayvee analogy to David Remnick a few months earlier.[29] Clearly, there was far more direct engagement by the US in Iraq and the consequent ability to judge the potential for a wider conflict should have been better than the public statements of the Obama administration would indicate.

    This shows that the Iraqi Government under Maliki, and by extension the US, was aware of the weaknesses in the Iraqi Army, including the fact that many Sunnis had sympathy with the Islamic State, and that many Shia were only there for money. Thus the prevailing narrative that the Iraqi government and the international community were shocked, surprised and unprepared for the events of 2014 and the rise of the Islamic State in Iraq is flawed.[30]

    Phillip Smyth, a researcher at the University of Maryland and Adjunct Fellow at the Washington Institute concurs with this theory. Writing on June 9, 2014, he notes: Starting in late-April 2014, Kata'ib Hezbollah one of Iraq’s premier Special Groups which had battled coalition forces during the Iraq War (2003) and s presently deploying forces in Syria, announced a new recruitment program and deployment of forces under the moniker of Saraya al-Dafa’ al-Sha’bi (the Popular Defense Brigades or SDS).[31]

    Composition and organization[]

    While there are no official data about the strength of the Popular Mobilization Forces, there are some estimates, differing significantly; around Tikrit are believed to be about 20,000 engaged militiamen, while the grand total ranges are from 2 million – 5 million[32] to 300,000 – 450,000 Iraqi armed forces,[2] including about 40,000 Sunni fighters,[33] a figure evolving from early 2015 one, which counted 1,000 to 3,000 Sunni fighters.[34][35] By early March 2015 the Popular Mobilization Forces appears to be strengthening its foothold in the Yazidis town of Shingal by recruiting and paying local people.[36][37]

    The Popular Mobilization Forces consist of both new volunteers and pre-existing militias, which have been grouped within the umbrella organization formally under the control of the Ministry of Interior Popular Mobilization Units directorate.[38][39] Among these militias there are the Peace Companies, formerly known as the Mahdi Army, Kata'ib Hezbollah, Kata'ib Sayyid al-Shuhada, Kata'ib al-Imam Ali, Asa'ib Ahl al-Haq and the Badr Organization.[40]

    The militias are trained and supported by military advisers, coming from Turkey (for Sunni and Turkmeni troops),[41] Iran and Hezbollah,[42][43] including prominent Quds Force figures such as Qasem Soleimani.[44] The PMF also appeared to have deployed at least a Regiment under the command of Colonel Jumaa al-Jumaily in Al-Anbar province.[45] They are also said to have their own Military Intelligence, administrative systems,[32] a sort of “Media War Team” which provides morale boosting, battlefield updates and propaganda videos[46] and a court of law.[47]

    Prime Minister Haider al-Abadi ordered on April 7, 2015 that the Popular Mobilization Forces be placed under the direct command of the prime minister’s office,[48] thus giving a further official status to the militia.[49]

    The chairman of the Popular Mobilization Committee in the Iraqi government is Falih al-Fayyadh, who is also the National Security Adviser;[50] the Popular Mobilization Committee is under the Office of Prime Minister.[23] The PMF are allegedly led on the battlefields by Jamal Jaafar Mohammed, also known as Abu Mahdi al-Muhandis, the head of Kata'ib Hezbollah,[51][52] but the chain of command runs through pre-existing leaders.[53]

    According to Iraqi sources, as well as to the London-based pro-Saudi Asharq Al-Awsat, the different militias rely on their own chain of command, and rarely work together[32] or follow regular Iraqi Army's orders.[54][55]

    Alongside Abu Mahdi al-Muhandis, other people in charge of the PMF include: Qais al-Khazali, commander of Asa’ib Ahl al-Haq and Hadi Al-Amiri, the chief of the Badr Organization.[56] According to The New York Times, such organizational autonomy may present a challenge to the consolidation of Prime Minister Haider al-Abadi's authority.[57] Volunteers include Shiite Arabs, Iraqi Christians, Sunni Arabs, and Shiite Turkmen.[23]

    Sunni Arab component[]

    In early stages of the PMF, the Shiite component was almost exclusive and the Sunni one was negligible, since it counted only 1,000 to 3,000 men.[35] In January 2016, Prime Minister Haider al-Abadi approved the appointment of 40,000 Sunni fighters to the Popular Mobilization Forces. According to Al-Monitor, his move was decided in order to give a multiconfessional image to the Forces; however, Sunni fighters began to volunteer even before the al-Abadi's decision. Adding Sunni fighters to the Popular Mobilization Units could set the stage for the force to become the core of the envisioned National Guard.[33] According to The Economist, as of late April 2016 the Hashd had approximately 16,000 Sunnis.[58]

    It has been observed that the Sunni Arab tribes that took part in al-Hashd al-Shaabi 2015 recruitment are those which also had good relations with Nouri al-Maliki during his tenure as Prime Minister.[59]

    According to Yazan al-Jabouri, a secular Sunni commander of anti-ISIS Liwa Salahaddin, as of November 2016 there are 30,000 Iraqi Sunnis fighting within the ranks of PMUs.[60]

    Shiite Arab component[]

    PMF with Iranian advisors during Hawija offensive

    Shiite Popular Mobilization Forces commanders with Iranian advisors during the Hawija offensive (2017)

    According to a Sunni newspaper, there are three main Shiite components within the Popular Mobilization Forces: the first are the groups that were formed following Sistani’s fatwa, without political roots or ambitions; the second are groups that were formed by political parties or are initially the military wings of these parties, with definite political characterization; the third are the armed groups that have been present in Iraq for years and have fought battles against US forces and also participated in operations in Syria.[38]

    According to Faleh A. Jabar and Renad Mansour for The Carnegie Foundation, the Popular Mobilization Forces are factionally dived into three Shiite components: a component pledging allegiance to Supreme Leader of Iran Ali Khamenei; a faction pledging allegiance to Grand Ayatollah Ali al-Sistani; and the faction headed by Iraqi cleric Muqtada al-Sadr.[23]

    The main Shiite faction in the Popular Mobilization Forces is the group which maintains strong ties with Iran and pledge spiritual allegiance to Supreme Leader Ali Khamenei.[23] The pro-Khamanei faction would consist of already established parties and of relatively small paramilitaries: Saraya Khurasani, Kata'ib Hezbollah, Kata’ib Abu Fadhl al-Abbas, the Badr Organization and Asa'ib Ahl al-Haq. These groups serve as a kind of border guard—a sort of Iranian insurance policy against threats on its immediate border.[23] Their leaders publicly take pride in such affiliations, professing religious allegiance to Khamenei and his notion of Vilayat al-Faqih.[23]

    According to Faleh A. Jabar and Renad Mansour, the pro-Sistani faction consists of those armed groups formed by Sistani’s fatwa to defend Shiite holy sites and by paramilitary of the Islamic Supreme Council of Iraq.[23] There are four major groups organized by Najaf: Saraya al-Ataba al-Abbasiya, Saraya al-Ataba al-Hussainiya, Saraya al-Ataba al-Alawiya, and Liwa ‘Ali al-Akbar, corresponding to Shiite shrines in Kadhimiya, Karbala, and Najaf.[23] The Islamic Supreme Council of Iraq also swears allegiance to Sistani. After the Badr Organization left the Islamic Supreme Council of Iraq, its leader Ammar al-Hakim formed new paramilitary units, including Saraya el-Jihad, Saraya el-‘Aqida, and Saraya ‘Ashura.[23]

    Moqtada al-Sadr’s Peace Companies (Saraya al-Salam) were founded in June 2014 from the Mahdi Army. According to Faleh A. Jabar and Renad Mansour, the Sadrists have largely been cut off from Iranian funding.[23]

    According to Shiite P.M.F. officials, the recruitment campaign is successful also because it is administered by the religious establishment and Shia religious scholars from the hawza are instrumental in recruitment.[61] Recruitment via Shia Islamist political party structures and even individual clerics or members of parliament is pursued more the official PMF Commission, which lacks recruitment offices.[23]

    Shiite Turkmen component[]

    According to Faleh A. Jabar and Renad Mansour for The Carnegie Foundation, Shiite Turkmen joined Popular Mobilization Forces in order to increase their local autonomy from Kurdistan and in order to counter Sunni Turkmen who joined the Islamic State.[23]

    Equipment[]

    Popular Mobilization Forces during Hawija offensive 2
    Retaking Fallujah from ISIS by Iraqi Armed Forces and patriot militias (9)
    The Popular Mobilization Forces use a wide array of equipment, ranking from simple mortars (left) to main battle tanks (right).

    The equipment of the Popular Mobilization Forces is a major issue. At the end of January 2015, a video[62] showed a large Kata'ib Hezbollah convoy transporting several American-made military vehicles, including an M1 Abrams Tank, M113 armoured personnel carriers, Humvees, and MRAP vehicles as well as Iranian-made Safir 4x4s and technicals with Kata’ib Hezbollah’s flags flying.[63] According to some sources, the Iraqi government is supplying U.S.-provided military equipment to the militias.[64][65] Iraqi minister of transportation, and the head of the Badr Organization, Hadi Al-Amiri criticized the U.S. for the lack of providing arms.[66] On the other hand, U.S. officials argue that the operators of heavy weapons allegedly taken over by Kata'ib Hezbollah were regular Iraqi soldiers who raised the Hezbollah flag merely in solidarity with the militant group, while the same source acknowledge that is generally difficult to monitor U.S.-made weapons.[67]

    Alongside U.S.-made military equipment handed over to or fallen into the hands of Popular Mobilization Forces, Iran is a major supplier; according to some sources in 2014 Tehran sold Baghdad nearly $10 billion worth of weapons and hardware. Furthermore, there is a daily supply of Iranian weapons,[68] including Iranian-made 106 mm anti-tank guns as well as 120mm, 82mm and 60mm mortars.[69]

    In May 2015, the United States started delivering about $1.6 billion worth of military equipment under the supervision of the Government of Iraq. According to some sources, the major beneficiaries of the weapons deliveries are to be the Popular Mobilization Forces.[70]

    Heavy armour seems to be operated by Popular Mobilization Forces in the operations surrounding the battle of Mosul.[71]

    Major engagements[]

    Hashed al-Shaabi soldier in war with DAESH in Saladin Governorate (1)

    Iraqi Army and Hashed al-Shaabi defeated the Islamic State in Saladin Governorate

    The Popular Mobilization Forces have been involved in several battles of the military intervention against the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant since their founding, the most important being the Second Battle of Tikrit. After the end of the battle of Tikrit, the complex of occupation forces handed over security issues to local police and security forces.[72]

    On Monday April 6, 2015, Iraqi Prime Minister Haider al-Abadi said that, while being heavily involved in the conquest of Tikrit, the Popular Mobilization Forces will not join the planned Mosul conquest.[73] This statement was reversed in March 2016, when al-Abadi reportedly rejected calls by Nineveh’s provincial council to prohibit Popular Mobilization Forces from taking part in retaking Mosul.[74]

    Shiite volunteers reportedly entered in Anbar Province on very first days of May 2015, among heavy protests of Sunnite personalities,[75][76] with limited operations continuing in 2016.[77]

    In Autumn 2016, they participated in the Mosul Offensive acting as left flank of the anti-IS forces, and by November had captured a number of smaller towns and villages from IS, expanding roughly along a line from Qayyarah to Tal Afar, while keeping a distance (20+ km) to the city of Mosul itself.

    In October 2017, the PMF was part of the Iraqi government forces that recaptured Kirkuk,[78] which had been under Kurdish control since 2014.[79]

    Laws and directives[]

    The Laws and conduct by which the PMF should abide are those of the Iraqi Government since the Iraqi Prime Minister has the final control over the PMF. Nonetheless, Marja' Ali al-Sistani issued an "Advice and Guidance to the Fighters on the Battlefields" which included a 20 points form of how the PMF should conduct themselves.[80]

    The main points were that the PMF should treat the liberated areas locals with the Islamic Law which is as quoted from the second point which is a Hadith of the Muslim Prophet Muhammed; "Do not indulge in acts of extremism, do not disrespect dead corpses, do not resort to deceit, do not kill an elder, do not kill a child, do not kill a woman, and do no not cut down trees unless necessity dictates otherwise".[80] Other points included the same aforementioned guidance when treating non-Muslims and also not to steal or disrespect people even if they are the families of the ISIS fighters.[80]

    Domestic criticisms and war crimes accusations[]

    Some of the militias constituting the Popular Mobilization Forces have been accused of war crimes motivated by sectarian revenge: according to Amnesty International, Shiite militias have abducted, tortured and killed numerous Sunni civilians[28][81] and, according to Western sources, in Tikrit militants have committed some violences, while being publicily praised;[35] On the wake of the conquest of Tikrit, Iraqi authorities declared that war crimes will be investigated and their perpetrators punished.[73]

    High Iraqi Shiite authorities, such as Grand Ayatollah Ali al-Sistani or Ayatollah Hussein Al-Sadr, called on the militants in the popular mobilization forces to avoid war crimes or other despicable behaviour[82] and ad hoc government inquiry committees have been established in order to find the truth.[83]

    Mosul Sunni dignitaries and officials accuse PMF of killings of Sunnis, takeovers of schools and the forcing of Sunnis to sell property in the prime real estate area close to the Mosul shrine. According to City council's deputy chairman Muzher Fleih, 650 Sunnis have disappeared. On the other hand, militia leaders insist any abuses are isolated incidents,[47] and target only captured Islamic State's collaborators.[84]

    Alongside war crimes accusations, also some concerns regarding constitutionality and politicization of al-Hashd al-Shaabi have been raised: Sunni sources have called for depoliticization of the Popular Mobilization Forces, to be achieved under the proposed National Guard bill.[38] For what it regards constitutionality issues, according to some critics, the Popular Mobilization Forces are not sanctioned by the Constitution of Iraq and, nonetheless, they have a budget and are paid on regular basis by the Iraqi government, whilst the legally established Peshmerga have not received their wages.[85][86]

    The official status and actual dependence of the Popular Mobilization Forces on the Baghdad government and its help is not fully resolved as of late 2015.[87] However, by the end of 2016, a law was passed bringing the PMU under the auspices of the Supreme Commander of the Iraqi National Army, incorporating PMF units into the official army of Iraq and removing any official affiliation with any social, religious or political group.[20]

    Recruitment of Yazidis in Kurdish areas is deemed to go against official Kurdish policy against the move: in February 2015, Kurdistan Region President Massoud Barzani asked the Peshmerga minister to stop all militia activities in the area.[37]

    Clerics from the Najaf Seminary, including Grand Ayatollah Ali al-Sistani, also criticized the monopolistic conduct of Abu Mahdi al-Muhandis.[23]

    Concerns of growth[]

    The Popular Mobilization Forces are accused of accruing a power base in Iraq and of being Iran's instrument to dominate Iraq. The main fears are that the permanent milita would turn themselves into enforcers of Shiite domination.[47] The Iraqi Police headquarters in the Muthanna Governorate announced that they were in the process of commissioning Popular Mobilization battalions with security tasks in early January. These tasks included protecting public and private establishments in open desert areas, among others. Other reports indicate that Popular Mobilization is securing border outlets and controlling security in liberated cities.[88]

    According to General Ali Omran, commander of the army's 5th Infantry Division, P.M.F. militias are too entrenched in politics and at risk of "coming to blows" with the Armed Forces. In February 2016, militiamen refused orders to vacate a building in a military base north of Baghdad.[47]

    According to AP-interviewed government officials and militia leaders, due to the fear of another Sunni minority rule over the Iraqi Shia majority, militias forming the Popular Mobilization Forces want to remain a permanent, independent armed force; Hamed al-Jazaeery, head of the al-Khorasani Brigades militia, stated that the model is the Islamic Revolution Guards Corps.[47]

    International reactions[]

    • Flag of the United Nations United Nations – In a speech of its Special Representative and head of the UN Assistance Mission in Iraq (UNAMI), Jan Kubis on (07/22/2015) mentioned the Popular Mobilization Forces, saying that the Iraqi security forces, with the critical support of the Popular Mobilization Forces, tribal Sunni volunteers, and the International Coalition, have yet to significantly change the situation on the ground"[89]
    • In December 2016, commander of the US-led anti-ISIL coalition Lt Gen. Stephen J. Townsend described the PMF militias as “remarkably disciplined” allies since he arrived. He added that the PMF could make Iraq more secure—if they become a national guard-like force, and not a “puppet” of Iran.[90]

    Alleged US airstrikes on the group[]

    Sayyid al-Shuhada, a member of the mainly Shiite force, stated that their forces were bombed by US planes on August 7, 2017 in Anbar province near the Iraq-Syria border and that Hashd al-Shaabi forces suffered many casualties.[91] The Baghdad-based spokesman of the U.S.-led coalition, Army Col. Ryan Dillon, dismissed the allegation, saying on Twitter that no coalition airstrikes took place in the area at the time. According to the militia’s deputy, Ahmed al-Maksousi, they were hit by artillery fire in Syria’s Jamouna area, about 12 kilometers (about 7.5 miles) from the Iraqi border. Along with 40 killed many militiamen were wounded, al-Maksousi added.[92]

    See also[]

    References[]

    1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 al Khadimi, Mustafa (12 March 2015). "Will Sistani be able to control popular mobilization forces?". Al-Monitor. http://www.al-monitor.com/pulse/originals/2015/03/iraq-sistani-righteous-jihad-fatwa-popular-mobilization.html#. Retrieved 14 March 2015. 
    2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 Sly, Liz (15 February 2015). "Pro-Iran militias’ success in Iraq could undermine U.S.". The Washington Post. https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/middle_east/iraqs-pro-iranian-shiite-militias-lead-the-war-against-the-islamic-state/2015/02/15/5bbb1cf0-ac94-11e4-8876-460b1144cbc1_story.html. Retrieved 22 March 2015. 
    3. ↑ "Iraqi Shiite militia commander close to Qassem Soleimani killed in Aleppo - The Long War Journal". http://www.longwarjournal.org/archives/2016/09/iraqi-shiite-militia-commander-close-to-qassem-soleimani-killed-in-aleppo.php. 
    4. ↑ "The Christian militia fighting IS". BBC News. 11 April 2016. http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/magazine-35998716. 
    5. ↑ "Babylon Brigade: A look at the Christian militia fighting against ISIS". The Christian Times. 12 April 2016. http://christiantimes.com/article/babylon-brigade-a-look-at-the-christian-militia-fighting-against-isis/54528.htm. 
    6. ↑ "Iraqi PMF attempts to cut off Islamic State in Mosul". Long War Journal. 4 November 2016. http://www.longwarjournal.org/archives/2016/11/iraqi-popular-mobilization-forces-attempt-to-cut-off-islamic-state-in-mosul.php. 
    7. ↑ [1] اردوغان ارسل جيشه الى العراق تجنبا لانقلاب ثانٍ.. لا حاجة للتركمان بتركيا
    8. ↑ "التركمان يشاركون في معركة تحرير تكريت بلواء من 4 آلاف مقاتل". Almada. 23 March 2015. http://www.almadapaper.net/ar/news/483294/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%83%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86-%D9%8A%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%83%D9%88%D9%86-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D9%85%D8%B9%D8%B1%D9%83%D8%A9-%D8%AA%D8%AD%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B1-%D8%AA%D9%83%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AA-%D8%A8%D9%84.  Retrieved 3 June 2016.
    9. ↑ "Assad regime bringing in new Iraqi militias". http://en.eldorar.com/node/5677. 
    10. ↑ "Assad regime bringing in new Iraqi militias". http://en.eldorar.com/node/5677. Retrieved 17 November 2017. 
    11. ↑ Ridha, Hassan. "Abo Mahdi al-Mohandis visits Ezidi unit "Lalish Regiment" which is fighting under PMU umbrella south of Sinjarhttps://twitter.com/sayed_ridha/status/865585033473515522 …". https://twitter.com/sayed_ridha/status/865586959959285760. Retrieved 17 November 2017. 
    12. ↑ https://twitter.com/iraqi_day/status/865231956765794304
    13. ↑ Kurd. "Today Talib Ahmad Caso (KDP-YPG Commander) has left #KDP and joined Hashdi Shaabi together with 100 fighters/followers #TwitterKurd 1)". https://twitter.com/oremar11/status/864877773910880256. Retrieved 17 November 2017. 
    14. ↑ "Twitter / Account Suspended". https://twitter.com/iraqi_day/status/868870425014566912. Retrieved 17 November 2017. 
    15. ↑ Ridha, Hassan. "Multi ethnic '2nd Brigade Kirkuk" formed as part of PMU, Sunni mufti Mahdi al-Sumaida'i will oversee ithttps://twitter.com/sayed_ridha/status/896013696958251008 …". https://twitter.com/sayed_ridha/status/896018467706421248. Retrieved 17 November 2017. 
    16. ↑ Pike, John. "Hashd al-Shaabi / Hashd Shaabi / Popular Mobilisation Units / People's Mobilization Forces". http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/para/hashd-al-shaabi.htm. 
    17. ↑ "Islamic State: The caliphate strikes back". The Economist. 23 May 2015. https://www.economist.com/news/middle-east-and-africa/21651762-fall-ramadi-shows-islamic-state-still-business-caliphate-strikes-back. Retrieved 25 May 2015. 
    18. ↑ Mansour, R; Jabar, F (2017). "The Popular Mobilization Forces and Iraq’s Future" (in en). Carnegie Middle East Center. http://carnegie-mec.org/2017/04/28/popular-mobilization-forces-and-iraq-s-future-pub-68810. 
    19. ↑ 19.0 19.1 El-Ghobashy, Tamer; Salim, Mustafa (2017-12-15). "Top Iraqi Shiite cleric calls for scaling back militia influence, backing prime minister" (in en-US). Washington Post. ISSN 0190-8286. https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/top-shiite-cleric-calls-for-scaling-back-militia-influence-backing-prime-minister/2017/12/15/8834eb0e-e192-11e7-9eb6-e3c7ecfb4638_story.html. 
    20. ↑ 20.0 20.1 "Law passes making the PMU a part of Iraq’s national forces.". https://mobile.almasdarnews.com/article/law-passes-making-pmu-part-iraqs-national-forces/. 
    21. ↑ "PressTV-Volunteer forces must be under govt. control: Ayat. Sistani". http://www.presstv.com/Detail/2017/12/15/545694/Ayatollah-Sistani-Iraq-Hash-alShaabi-Baghdad-voluntary-forces-Daesh. 
    22. ↑ "Iraqi PMU announce launch of their Special Forces training course to form a new Special Forces Division". Reddit. https://www.reddit.com/r/syriancivilwar/comments/60ndx1/iraqi_pmu_announce_launch_of_their_special_forces/. 
    23. ↑ 23.00 23.01 23.02 23.03 23.04 23.05 23.06 23.07 23.08 23.09 23.10 23.11 23.12 23.13 23.14 23.15 Jabar, Faleh A.; Mansour, Renad (28 April 2017). "The Popular Mobilization Forces and Iraq’s Future". http://carnegie-mec.org/2017/04/28/popular-mobilization-forces-and-iraq-s-future-pub-68810. Retrieved 24 June 2017. 
    24. ↑ al Khadimi, Mustafa (12 March 2015). "Will Sistani be able to control popular mobilization forces?". Al-Monitor. http://www.al-monitor.com/pulse/originals/2015/03/iraq-sistani-righteous-jihad-fatwa-popular-mobilization.html. Retrieved 14 March 2015. 
    25. ↑ "AP Interview: Iraq’s al-Maliki denies seeking comeback". 2 February 2015. http://wtop.com/middle-east/2015/02/ap-interview-iraqs-al-maliki-denies-seeking-comeback/. Retrieved 15 March 2015. 
    26. ↑ "Islamic State: Iraq Battle Against ISIS For Tikrit Led By Iran-Backed Shiite Militia Forces". March 3, 2015. http://www.ibtimes.com/islamic-state-iraq-battle-against-isis-tikrit-led-iran-backed-shiite-militia-forces-1835134. 
    27. ↑ Mamouri, Ali (17 February 2015). "Concern in Iraq grows over unregulated Shiite forces". al-Monitor.com. http://www.al-monitor.com/pulse/originals/2015/02/iraq-popular-mobilization-crimes-government-control.html. Retrieved 15 March 2015. 
    28. ↑ 28.0 28.1 al-Khadimi, Mustafa (22 December 2014). "Iraqi volunteers' victories don't justify atrocities". al-Monitor. http://www.al-monitor.com/pulse/en/contents/articles/originals/2014/12/iraq-popular-mobilization-shiite-achievements-violations.html. Retrieved 14 March 2015. 
    29. ↑ Obama compared Islamic State to a "JV" (junior varsity) team in January, 2014. "What Obama said about Islamic State as a 'JV' team". Sep 7, 2014. http://www.politifact.com/truth-o-meter/statements/2014/sep/07/barack-obama/what-obama-said-about-islamic-state-jv-team/. 
    30. ↑ Kazimi, Nibras (1 July 2016). "The Origins of the PMUs". https://talisman-gate.com/2016/07/01/the-origins-of-the-pmus/. 
    31. ↑ Zelin, Aaron Y. (9 June 2014). "Hizballah Cavalcade: Saraya al-Dafa’ al-Sha’bi: Kata’ib Hizballah’s New Force in Iraq". http://jihadology.net/2014/06/09/hizballah-cavalcade-saraya-al-dafa-al-shabi-kataib-hizballahs-new-force-in-iraq/. 
    32. ↑ 32.0 32.1 32.2 "Better pay, better weapons: are shiite militias growing more powerful than iraqi army?". January 29, 2015. http://www.niqash.org/articles/?id=3614. 
    33. ↑ 33.0 33.1 Saadoun, Mustafa (14 January 2016). "It’s official: Sunnis joining Iraq's Popular Mobilization Units". Al-Monitor. http://www.al-monitor.com/pulse/originals/2016/01/iraq-sunnis-join-shiite-popular-mobilization-forces.html. Retrieved 29 March 2016. 
    34. ↑ Wright, Robin (13 March 2015). "In War Against ISIS, Numbers Don’t Always Tell the Story". The Wall Street Journal. https://blogs.wsj.com/washwire/2015/03/13/in-war-against-isis-numbers-dont-always-tell-the-story/. Retrieved 23 March 2015. 
    35. ↑ 35.0 35.1 35.2 Raineri, Daniele (4 April 2015). "Dentro a Tikrit, gli sciiti arrivano sui luoghi delle stragi" (in Italian). http://www.ilfoglio.it/esteri/2015/04/04/iraq-dentro-a-tikrit-gli-sciiti-arrivano-sui-luoghi-delle-stragi___1-v-127413-rubriche_c389.htm. Retrieved 11 April 2015. 
    36. ↑ "Hashd al-Shaabi / Hashd Shaabi Popular Mobilisation Units / People’s Mobilization Forces". http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/para/hashd-al-shaabi.htm. Retrieved 12 November 2015. 
    37. ↑ 37.0 37.1 Nasir, Ali (2 March 2015). "Shiite militia recruiting Yezidis, strengthening foothold in Shingal". Rudaw. http://rudaw.net/english/kurdistan/02032015. Retrieved 12 November 2015. 
    38. ↑ 38.0 38.1 38.2 al-Kadhimi, Mustafa (10 July 2015). "Why Iraq needs to depoliticize their Popular Mobilization Units". Al-Monitor. http://www.al-monitor.com/pulse/originals/2015/07/iraq-popular-mobilization-forces-politics-isis.html. Retrieved 12 November 2015. 
    39. ↑ Ali, Ahmed (14 November 2014). "Iraq’s Prime Minister Reshuffles the Security Commanders". http://iswiraq.blogspot.it/2014/11/iraqs-prime-minister-reshuffles.html. Retrieved 15 March 2015. 
    40. ↑ "Iraqi Popular Forces Warn to Disclose Coalition’s Support for ISIL". Islamic Invitation Turkey. 1 March 2015. http://www.islamicinvitationturkey.com/2015/03/01/iraqi-popular-forces-warn-to-disclose-coalitions-support-for-isil/. Retrieved 17 March 2015. 
    41. ↑ "20 Turkish officers train Iraqi Mobilization Forces, media sources". 15 April 2015. http://www.iraqtradelinknews.com/2015/04/20-turkish-officers-train-iraqi.html. Retrieved 15 April 2015. 
    42. ↑ "Iran’s Influence Grows In Iraq (Daniel 8)". 14 March 2015. https://andrewtheprophet.wordpress.com/2015/03/14/irans-influence-grows-in-iraq-daniel-8/. Retrieved 15 March 2015. 
    43. ↑ Hashem, Ali (16 March 2015). "Iraq’s Shiite forces claim victory over IS". Al-Monitor. http://www.al-monitor.com/pulse/originals/2015/03/iraq-shiite-hezbollah-nujaba-victory-islamic-state.html. Retrieved 20 March 2015. 
    44. ↑ "Analysis 03-06-2015". 7 March 2015. http://thinktankmonitor.org/analysis-03-06-2015/. Retrieved 17 March 2015. 
    45. ↑ "Iraqi forces retake region, police station in Anbar". Iran Daily. 15 March 2015. http://www.iran-daily.com/News/113939.html. Retrieved 15 March 2015. 
    46. ↑ Gulmohamad, Zana K. (17 April 2015). [tt_news=43805&cHash=fb0c37346ddcdbab61870c190dda484e "A short profile of Iraq’s Shi’a militias"]. p. 4. http://www.jamestown.org/programs/tm/single/?tx_ttnews[tt_news]=43805&cHash=fb0c37346ddcdbab61870c190dda484e. Retrieved 10 July 2015. 
    47. ↑ 47.0 47.1 47.2 47.3 47.4 Hendawi, Hamza; Qassim, Abdul-Zahra (20 March 2016). "Fears in Iraqi government, army over Shiite militias' power". San Diego Union Tribune. http://www.sandiegouniontribune.com/news/2016/mar/20/fears-in-iraqi-government-army-over-shiite/all/?print. Retrieved 5 April 2016. 
    48. ↑ Nordland, Rod (7 April 2015). "After Victory Over ISIS in Tikrit, Next Battle Requires a New Template". The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2015/04/08/world/middleeast/iraq-isis-anbar-sunni-shiite.html?_r=0. Retrieved 15 April 2015. 
    49. ↑ "Iraqi Cabinet regards Popular Mobilization Forces an official organ, Cabinet". Iraq TradeLink News Agency. 7 April 2015. http://www.iraqtradelinknews.com/2015/04/iraqi-cabinet-regards-popular.html. Retrieved 12 May 2015. 
    50. ↑ "The National Security Adviser and the chairman of the Popular Mobilization Committee arrives at Kirkuk.". January 5, 2015. http://www.beladinews.net/index.php?aa=news&id22=10983. 
    51. ↑ Badran, Tony (6 March 2015). "Exporting the Islamic Revolution". NOW.. https://now.mmedia.me/lb/en/commentary/564933-exporting-the-islamic-revolution. Retrieved 15 March 2015. 
    52. ↑ Hashem, Ali (2 January 2015). "Iraqi town celebrates victory over Islamic State". al-Monitor. http://www.al-monitor.com/pulse/originals/2015/01/islamic-state-loses-dhuluiya.html. Retrieved 15 March 2015. 
    53. ↑ Sly, Liz (16 February 2015). "Iraq's pro-Iranian Shiite militias lead the war against the Islamic State". Star and Stripes. http://www.stripes.com/news/middle-east/iraq-s-pro-iranian-shiite-militias-lead-the-war-against-the-islamic-state-1.329733. Retrieved 15 March 2015. 
    54. ↑ "Possible Armed Confrontations between Popular Mobilization Forces, Iraqi Army". Ashraq al-Aswat. 9 February 2016. http://english.aawsat.com/2016/02/article55347410/possible-armed-confrontations-between-popular-mobilization-forces-iraqi-army. Retrieved 29 March 2016. 
    55. ↑ "Possible Armed Confrontations between Popular Mobilization Forces, Iraqi Army". Asharq Al-Awsat. 9 February 2016. http://english.aawsat.com/2016/02/article55347410/possible-armed-confrontations-between-popular-mobilization-forces-iraqi-army. Retrieved 6 April 2016. 
    56. ↑ Grappo, Gary (14 March 2015). "Iran’s Strategic Victory: Hezbollah-ized Iraq". The Daily Journalist. http://thedailyjournalist.com/the-strategist/irans-strategic-victory-hezbollah-ized-iraq/. Retrieved 16 March 2015. 
    57. ↑ Barnard, Anne (12 March 2015). "A Balancing Act as Iraq Claims Gains in Tikrit". The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2015/03/13/world/middleeast/tikrit-isis-iraq.html. Retrieved 16 March 2015. 
    58. ↑ "Islamic State in Iraq: The last battle: The long fight to retake Iraq’s second-biggest city, Mosul, has begun". The Economist. 16 April 2016. https://www.economist.com/news/middle-east-and-africa/21696951-long-fight-retake-iraqs-second-biggest-city-mosul-has-begun-last. Retrieved 20 April 2016. 
    59. ↑ Duman, Bilgay (May 2015). "A new controversial actor in post-ISIS Iraq: al-Hashd al-Shaabi (the Popular Mobilization Forces)". ORSAM. p. 8. http://www.orsam.org.tr/files/Raporlar/rapor198/198eng.pdf. Retrieved 18 June 2017. 
    60. ↑ foreignpolicy.com/2016/11/16/iraqs-good-sunni/
    61. ↑ Mansour, Renad (1 February 2016). "The Popularity of the Hashd in Iraq". http://carnegieendowment.org/syriaincrisis/?fa=62638. Retrieved 29 March 2016. 
    62. ↑ "https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ItK0Jb88quw". https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ItK0Jb88quw. 
    63. ↑ Roggio, Bill; Weiss, Caleb (28 January 2015). "Video shows Hezbollah Brigades convoy transporting American M1 tank". http://www.longwarjournal.org/archives/2015/01/hezbollah_brigades_c.php. Retrieved 17 March 2015. 
    64. ↑ Rogin, Josh; Lake, Eli. "Iran-Backed Militias Are Getting U.S. Weapons". Bloomberg View. http://www.bloombergview.com/articles/2015-01-08/iranbacked-militias-are-getting-us-weapons-in-iraq. Retrieved 17 March 2015. 
    65. ↑ "Armed with U.S. weapons, infamous militia beating ISIS". 2 February 2015. http://www.cbsnews.com/news/armed-with-u-s-weapons-ruthless-militia-beating-isis-in-iraq/. Retrieved 17 March 2015. 
    66. ↑ ""Those Kissed US Hands, Didn't Get Anything": Iraq Shiite Commander". Alalam. 14 March 2015. http://en.alalam.ir/news/1685165. Retrieved 17 March 2015. 
    67. ↑ Missy, Ryan (26 March 2015). "Tracking U.S. weapons grows harder in the fog of Iraq’s fragmented war". TheWashingtonPost. https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/national-security/tracking-us-weapons-grows-harder-in-the-fog-of-iraqs-fragmented-war/2015/03/26/5d94e7a4-d313-11e4-a62f-ee745911a4ff_story.html. Retrieved 4 April 2015. 
    68. ↑ Hemdawi, Hamza; Abdul-Zahra, Qassim (12 January 2015). "Iran eclipses U.S. as Iraq's ally in fight against militants". MilitaryTimes. http://www.militarytimes.com/story/military/2015/01/12/iran-iraq-militants/21623533/. Retrieved 20 March 2015. 
    69. ↑ "Better pay, better weapons: Are Shiite militias growing more powerful than Iraqi army?". Preemptive Love Coalition. 31 January 2015. Archived from the original on 2 April 2015. https://web.archive.org/web/20150402095749/http://www.preemptivelove.org/better_pay_better_weapons_are_shiite_militias_growing_more_powerful_than_iraqi_army. Retrieved 23 March 2015. 
    70. ↑ Enders, David (6 June 2015). "US Starts Sending $1.6 Billion Worth of Promised Arms to Iraq — But Who Will Get Them?". Vice News. https://news.vice.com/topic/popular-mobilization-forces. Retrieved 21 June 2015. 
    71. ↑ Taylor, Ann (28 June 2017). "The Battle for Mosul Enters Its Final Stage". https://www.theatlantic.com/photo/2017/06/the-battle-for-mosul-enters-its-final-stage/532032/#img05. Retrieved 29 June 2017. 
    72. ↑ "Mobilization forces hand over security affairs to local police in Tikrit". 4 April 2015. http://www.iraqtradelinknews.com/2015/04/mobilization-forces-hand-over-security.html. Retrieved 15 April 2015. 
    73. ↑ 73.0 73.1 "Iraqi PM Abadi: Shiite militia won’t join battle for Mosul". Rudaw. 7 April 2015. http://rudaw.net/english/kurdistan/07042015. Retrieved 16 April 2015. 
    74. ↑ Saleh, Ibrahim (3 March 2016). "'All Iraqis' can help retake Mosul from Daesh: PM". Andalou Agency. http://aa.com.tr/en/politics/all-iraqis-can-help-retake-mosul-from-daesh-pm/531151. Retrieved 6 April 2016. 
    75. ↑ "Shiite volunteers enter Anbar province". Iraq TradeLink News Agency. 6 May 2015. http://www.iraqtradelinknews.com/2015/05/shiite-volunteers-enter-anbar-province.html. Retrieved 12 May 2015. 
    76. ↑ Salama, Vivian (13 June 2015). "Iraq militias say they don't need US help in Anbar operation". Business Insider. http://uk.businessinsider.com/iraq-militias-say-they-dont-need-us-help-in-anbar-operation-2015-6?r=US. Retrieved 21 June 2015. 
    77. ↑ "Badr Organization: Iraqi Shia popular mobilization forces liberates 21 km in western Anbar". AhlulBayt News Agency. 7 March 2016. http://en.abna24.com/service/middle-east-west-asia/archive/2016/03/07/739377/story.html. Retrieved 6 April 2016. 
    78. ↑ "Iraqi forces push into disputed Kirkuk as Kurds withdraw - ABC News". ABC News. 16 October 2017. http://abcnews.go.com/International/wireStory/iraqi-kurds-federal-forces-attack-disputed-kirkuk-50502049. Retrieved 17 October 2017. 
    79. ↑ "Iraqi Kurdish forces take Kirkuk as Isis sets its sights on Baghdad". The Guardian. 12 June 2014. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/jun/12/iraq-isis-kirkuk-baghdad-kurdish-government. Retrieved 17 October 2017. 
    80. ↑ 80.0 80.1 80.2 http://www.sistani.org/english/archive/25036/ (www.sistani.org) on 12th of Feb 2015, accessed on the 3rd of April 2015
    81. ↑ "Iraqi Shia militias accused of murder spree". Al-Jazeera. 14 October 2014. http://www.aljazeera.com/humanrights/2014/10/iraq-shia-fighters-guilty-war-crimes-2014101311251478369.html. Retrieved 16 March 2015. 
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    83. ↑ "Iraq’s PM Abadi Orders Probe Into Two Civilian Deaths at Anbar Security HQ". Canada Headlines. 13 February 2015. http://canadaheadline.com/world-news/asia/149-iraq-s-pm-abadi-orders-probe-into-two-civilian-deaths-at-anbar-security-hq. Retrieved 15 March 2015. 
    84. ↑ News, Fox (21 June 2016). "ISIS cross-dressers busted trying to escape Fallujah". https://nypost.com/2016/06/21/isis-cross-dressers-busted-trying-to-escape-fallujah/. 
    85. ↑ Farhadi, Imad (24 March 2015). "The Constitutionality of the Popular Mobilization Force". https://menainformer.wordpress.com/2015/03/24/the-constitutionality-of-the-popular-mobilization-force/. Retrieved 31 March 2015. 
    86. ↑ "Shiite "Popular Mobilization" is unconstitutional". KurdishGlobe. 2 February 2015. Archived from the original on 3 April 2015. https://web.archive.org/web/20150403223418/http://www.kurdishglobe.net/article/8EF79FCE3C546F61E02187FF98D68916/Shiite-Popular-Mobilization-is-unconstitutional-.html. Retrieved 31 March 2015. 
    87. ↑ Mansour, Renad (16 November 2015). "From Militia to State Force: the Transformation of al-Hashd al-Shaabi". http://carnegieendowment.org/syriaincrisis/?fa=61986. Retrieved 29 March 2016. 
    88. ↑ "Is the influence of Iraq's popular mobilization forces growing?". 13 January 2016. http://www.rcssmideast.org/en/Article/10598/Is-the-influence-of-Iraqs-popular-mobilization-forces-growing#.VwQABjEpq90. Retrieved 5 April 2016. 
    89. ↑ https://www.un.org/apps/news/story.asp?NewsID=51473#.VbP2xfmqqkp UN News Center on 22-7-2015, accessed on 26-7-2015
    90. ↑ Dozier, Kimberly (26 December 2016). "Top U.S. General: Two More Years to Beat ISIS". https://www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2016/12/25/top-u-s-general-two-more-years-to-beat-isis. Retrieved 17 November 2017. 
    91. ↑ http://www.rudaw.net/english/middleeast/iraq/070820172
    92. ↑ waarmedia.com/english/iraqi-shiite-militia-says-40-fighters-killed-syria/

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