| Feste Schwaben (Schwaben Redoubt) | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Part of the Battle of the Somme of World War I | |||||||
 British aerial photograph of German trenches north of Thiepval. The Schwaben redoubt is the network of trenches in the upper right of the photograph. | |||||||
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| Belligerents | |||||||
 United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland France |
 German Empire | ||||||
| Commanders and leaders | |||||||
 Joseph Joffre Douglas Haig Ferdinand Foch Hubert Gough |
Erich Ludendorff Kronprinz Rupprecht Max von Gallwitz Fritz von Below | ||||||
| Units involved | |||||||
|
Reserve Army/Fifth Army |
First Army | ||||||
| Strength | |||||||
| divisions | |||||||
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The Schwaben Redoubt (Feste Schwaben) was a German strongpoint built near the village of Thiepval, overlooking the River Ancre. It formed part of the German defensive system in the Somme sector of the Western Front during the First World War. Consisting of a mass of gun emplacements, trenches and dug-outs, this warren of earthworks and its garrison resisted several British assaults during the course of the Battle of the Somme, before being captured in October 1916. It was defended by the 26th Reserve Division that came from Swabia, a southwestern region of Germany. The site of the Redoubt now lies between the Thiepval Memorial and the Ulster Tower
Background[]
Tactical developments[]
Construction of Schwaben Redoubt began in early 1915 as a small network of trenches known as the Schwaben Schanze (earthworks) on high ground, roughly 700 metres (770 yd) north of the village of Thiepval. It was connected by trenches to other locations including Mouquet Farm, frontline trenches near Thiepval wood and to Thiepval village. During 1915 the German front trench system was strengthened by an intermediate zone of strongpoints. Schwaben Redoubt dominated the high ground in the vicinity of Thiepval to the south and St Pierre Divion to the north-west.[1] The redoubts (which included Stuff and Pommiers redoubts) had observation in all directions and a garrison that could reinforce the front line or deliver a counterattack.[2] The redoubt had deep dug-outs for accommodation (with multiple entrances), a battalion command post, first aid post, signalling station and strongpoints with three heavy machine guns and four light machine guns.[Note 1] The redoubt was triangular, with an extension to the east across the Thiepval–Grandcourt road and had a frontage of around 500 metres (550 yd).[4] The area was garrisoned by troops of Reserve Infantry Regiment 99, 26th Reserve Division commanded by Major General Franz Ludwig Freiherr von Soden.[5]
Battle[]
1 July: Schwaben Redoubt was the objective of 109 Brigade, which attacked on the right with 9th and 10th Battalions, Royal Inniskilling Fusiliers making the assault. Advancing at 7:30 a.m., the troops crossed no man's land, captured the redoubt and advanced to a reserve trench 500 yards (460 m) beyond it. By 8:30 a.m. the troops had reached the Mouquet Switch line and the eastern face of the redoubt.[6] The success of 109 Brigade advance created a salient 1,000 yards (910 m) deep and 200 yards (180 m) wide. The failure of the other 36th Division brigade and the 29th Division to the north and 32nd Division to the south, made it impossible for the troops occupying the redoubt to be reinforced.[7] The brigade was eventually forced to withdraw, having exhausted its ammunition repulsing German counter-attacks. Small parties remained in the German front line at 10:30 p.m.[8] The 36th Division lost 5,104 casualties;[9] the severity of these losses left an enduring psychological scar on Northern Ireland.[10] The redoubt was assaulted again on 3 September by troops of 49th (West Riding) Division. The assault failed due to German machine gun fire, for a loss of 1,800 casualties.[11][12]
28 September – 6 October: The redoubt was attacked by the 54th Brigade of the 18th (Eastern) Division during the Battle of Thiepval Ridge which gained a foothold in the Schwaben Redoubt (Feste Schwaben). By the evening of 28 September the redoubt had been captured except for the German hold on to the north face until 14 October, when it was captured by the 118th Brigade of the 39th Division.[13][14] The Territorial Fen Tigers of the 1st Battalion Cambridgeshire Regiment under the command of Lieutenant-Colonel Riddell, advanced under a creeping barrage and reached the redoubt without loss. The German garrison was routed in hand-to-hand fighting and the Cambridgeshires defended the redoubt for 24 hours before being relieved, having defeated several counter-attacks. British casualties were 32 killed and 186 wounded.[15] General Haig, commander of the British Expeditionary Force, described the attack as “one of the finest feats of arms in the history of the British Army”.[15]
See also[]
- J.R.R. Tolkien - Signals officer of 11th Battalion, Lancashire Fusiliers during this battle.
Notes[]
- ↑ Many of the dug-outs were sited around the perimeter where trenches met the redoubt (clockwise from north, using the English names), Irwin Trench (strongpoints 49 and 69), Lucky Way (strongpoint 27), Stuff Trench, Hessian Trench (strongpoint 45), Martin's Lane, the Strassburg line (strongpoint 19) and Clay Trench (strongpoint 99). Inside the redoubt, along an inner trench on the south-west face were strongpoints 65, 37 and 39. Beyond the south-west face, in the maze of trenches towards Thiepval to the south and St. Pierre Divion to the north-west, were nine strongpoints.[3]
Footnotes[]
- ↑ Sheldon 2005, p. 110.
- ↑ Philpott 2009, p. 164.
- ↑ Nichols 1922, p. 127, map.
- ↑ Sheldon 2005, p. 111.
- ↑ Duffy 2006, p. 149.
- ↑ McCarthy 1995, p. 27.
- ↑ Prior & Wilson 2005, pp. 86–87.
- ↑ McCarthy 1995, p. 28.
- ↑ Sheffield 2003, p. 51.
- ↑ Brown 2002, p. 70.
- ↑ Barton 2006, p. 251.
- ↑ Prior & Wilson 2005, p. 249.
- ↑ Nichols 1922, pp. 111–129.
- ↑ McCarthy 1995, p. 137.
- ↑ 15.0 15.1 MOD 2006.
References[]
- Books
- Barton, P. (2006). The Somme: A New Panoramic Perspective. London: Constable (in association with the Imperial War Museum). ISBN 1-84901-719-0.
- Brown, M. (2002). The Imperial War Museum Book of the Somme. Pan Books. ISBN 0-33049-206-3.
- Duffy, Christopher (2006). Through German Eyes: The British and the Somme 1916. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson. ISBN 0-29784-689-2.
- McCarthy, C (1993). The Somme: The Day-by-Day Account (Arms & Armour Press 1995 ed.). London: Weidenfeld Military. ISBN 1-85409-330-4.
- Nichols, G.H.F. (1922). The 18th Division in the Great War (N&M Press 2004 ed.). London: Blackwood. ISBN 1-84342-866-0.
- Philpott, William (2009). Bloody Victory: The sacrifice on the Somme and the making of the Twentieth Century (1st ed.). London: Little, Brown. ISBN 978-1-4087-0108-9.
- Prior, R. &, Wilson, W. (2005). The Somme. London: Yale. ISBN 0-300-10694-7.
- Sheffield, G. (2003). The Somme. London: Cassell. ISBN 0-304-35704-9.
- Sheldon, J. (2005). The German Army on the Somme. Barnsley: Pen & Sword. ISBN 1844152693.
- Websites
- "Cambridgeshire 'Regimental family' revisits scene of finest hour". History and Honour. Ministry of Defence. 5 September 2006. Archived from the original on 3 May 2010. http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/+/http://www.mod.uk:80/defenceinternet/defencenews/historyandhonour/cambridgeshireregimentalfamilyrevisitssceneoffinesthour.htm. Retrieved 30 May 2012.
External links[]
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Wikimedia Commons has media related to Schwaben Redoubt. |
- 1914-1918.net sacred ground Somme Thiepval
- The Somme Association
- Web matters France Ulster Tower
- World War I Battle Fields Somme Thiepval
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