| Franz Stangl | |
|---|---|
Franz Stangl | |
| Birth name | Franz Paul Stangl |
| Nickname | The White Death |
| Born | March 26, 1908 |
| Died | June 28, 1971 (aged 63) |
| Place of birth | Altmünster, Austria-Hungary |
| Place of death | Düsseldorf, West Germany |
| Allegiance |
 Nazi Germany |
| Service/branch |
 Schutzstaffel |
| Years of service | 1931–1945 |
| Rank |
 Hauptsturmführer, SS (Captain) |
| Service number |
NSDAP #6,370,447 SS #296,569 |
| Unit |
 SS-Totenkopfverbände |
| Commands held |
Sobibor, 28 April 1942 – 30 August 1942 Treblinka, 1 September 1942 – August 1943 |
Franz Paul Stangl[1] (26 March 1908 – 28 June 1971) was an Austrian-born SS commandant of the Sobibor and Treblinka extermination camps during the Operation Reinhard phase of the Holocaust. He was arrested in Brazil in 1967, extradited and tried in West Germany for the mass murder of 900,000 people, and in 1970 was found guilty and sentenced to the maximum penalty, life imprisonment. He died of heart failure six months later.[2][3]
Early life and Nazi affiliations
Stangl was born on 26 March 1908 in Altmünster, located in the Salzkammergut region of Austria. The son of a nightwatchman, his relationship with his father was emotionally distressing. He was so deeply frightened of him that Stangl developed a hatred for his Habsburg Dragoons uniform.[4] Stangl claimed that his father died of malnutrition in 1916. To help support his family Franz learned to play the zither and earned money giving zither lessons. Stangl completed his public schooling in 1923.[5]
In his teens he secured an apprenticeship as a weaver, qualifying as a master weaver in 1927. Concerned that this trade offered few opportunities for advancement – and having observed the poor health of his co-workers – Stangl sought a new career. He moved to Innsbruck in 1930 and applied for an appointment in the Austrian federal police. Stangl later suggested that he liked the security and cleanliness that the police uniforms represented to him. He was accepted in early 1931 and trained for two years at the federal police academy in Linz.[5]
Stangl became a member of the NSDAP in 1931, which was illegal for an Austrian police officer at the time.[2] He later denied that he had been a Nazi in 1931, claiming that he enrolled as member of the party only to avoid arrest after the Germans had seized power in the Anschluss of Austria into Nazi Germany in May 1938. Records suggest that Stangl contributed to a Nazi aid fund at the time; but he said that he was misled as to the purpose of the fund. It was later discovered that Stangl had Nazi Party number 6,370,447 and SS number 296,569.
In 1935, Stangl was accepted into the Kriminalpolizei as detective in the Austrian town of Wels.[4] After Austria's Anschluss Stangl was assigned to the Schutzpolizei (which was taken over by the Gestapo) in Linz, where he was posted to the Jewish Bureau (German language: Judenreferat).[6] Stangl joined the SS in May 1938.[5] He would ultimately reach the rank of SS-Hauptsturmführer (Captain).[7]
T-4 Euthanasia Programme
After the onset of World War II, in early 1940, Stangl was instructed to report for work at the Public Service Foundation for Institutional Care (Gemeinnützige Stiftung für Anstaltspflege), a front organization of the T-4 Euthanasia Program.[6] Stangl purposely solicited for a job in the newly created T-4 program in order to escape difficulties with his boss in the Linz Gestapo. He traveled to the RSHA in Berlin, where he was received by Paul Werner. Werner offered Stangl a job as supervisor in charge of security at a T4 killing facility, and in the language commonly used during recruitment, described Action T4 as a "humanitarian" effort that was "essential, legal, and secret". Next Stangl met with Viktor Brack, who offered him a choice of work between Hartheim and Sonnenstein Euthanasia Centres; naturally, Stangl picked Hartheim, which was near Linz.[5] Through a direct order from Reichsführer-SS Heinrich Himmler issued in November 1940, Stangl became the deputy office manager (Police Superintendent) of the T-4 Euthanasia Program at Hartheim Euthanasia Centre, and in late summer 1941 at Bernburg Euthanasia Centre, where mentally and physically disabled people, as well as political prisoners, were sent to be killed.[4][8]
At Hartheim, Stangl served under Christian Wirth as assistant supervisor in charge of security. When Wirth was succeeded by Franz Reichleitner, Stangl stayed on as Reichleitner's deputy. During his brief posting to Bernburg Euthanasia Centre Stangl reorganized the office at that killing facility.[5]
In March 1942, Stangl was given a choice to either return to the Linz Gestapo or be transferred to Lublin for work in Operation Reinhard. Stangl accepted the posting to Lublin in the General Government, where he would manage Operation Reinhard under Odilo Globocnik.[4]
Extermination camps
Sobibor
Sobibor "Road to Heaven" in 2007
Stangl was appointed by Reichsführer-SS Heinrich Himmler to be the first commandant of Sobibor extermination camp. Stangl was Sobibor's commandant from April 28 to the end of August 1942, at the rank of SS-Obersturmführer. He claimed that Odilo Globocnik initially suggested that Sobibor was merely a supply camp for the army, and that the true nature of the camp became known to him only when he himself discovered a gas chamber hidden in the woods. Globocnik told him that if the Jews "were not working hard enough" he was fully permitted to kill them and that Globocnik would send "new ones".[citation needed]
Stangl first studied the camp operations and management of Bełżec, which had already commenced extermination activity. He then accelerated the completion of Sobibor.[9] Around that time Stangl also had further dealings with Wirth, who was running extermination camps at Bełżec and Chelmno. On either May 16 or May 18, 1942, Sobibor became fully operational. Around 100,000 Jews are believed to have been killed there while Stangl was the administrator until the furnaces broke down in October, by which time Stangl had left.[4] Stangl was succeeded as Sobibor commandant by his Hartheim colleague, Franz Reichleitner.
During the time he was at Sobibor, his wife Theresa Stangl heard rumours about what was happening there, and confronted him. Stangl allegedly told her, "you know this is a service matter and I can’t discuss it. All I can tell you, and you must believe me: whatever is wrong – I have nothing to do with it."
Treblinka
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KZ Treblinka sketch plan produced during Franz Stangl's 1967 trial in West Germany
On August 28, 1942, Odilo Globocnik ordered Stangl to become Kommandant at a new death camp, Treblinka. Treblinka had become disorganized under the incompetent command of Irmfried Eberl, and Globocnik trusted that Stangl could restore order at Treblinka. Stangl had a reputation as a highly competent administrator and people manager with an excellent grasp of detail.[1]
Stangl assumed command of Treblinka on September 1, 1942. "He proved to be a highly efficient and dedicated organizer of mass murder, even receiving an official commendation as the 'best camp commander in Poland'. Always impeccably dressed (he attended the unloading of transports at Treblinka dressed in white riding clothes), soft-voiced, polite and friendly, Stangl was no sadist, but took pride and pleasure in his 'work', running the death camp like clockwork."[4] Stangl wanted his camp to look attractive, so he ordered the paths paved and flowers planted along the sides of Seidel Street, near camp headquarters and SS living quarters. Despite being directly responsible for the camp's operations, Stangl limited his contact with Jewish prisoners as much as possible he said. Stangl rarely interfered with unusually cruel acts (other than gassing) perpetrated by his subordinate officers at the camp. Stangl usually wore a white uniform and carried a whip, which caused prisoners to nickname him the "White Death".[1] He later claimed (while in prison) that his dedication had nothing to do with ideology or hatred of Jews.[4] He said he viewed the prisoners as material objects of his work rather than as people, and regarded their extermination the same way as he would any job: "That was my profession. I enjoyed it. It fulfilled me. And yes, I was ambitious about that, I won't deny it."[10]
In this post, Stangl accepted and grew accustomed to the killings, perceiving prisoners not as humans but merely as "cargo" that must be destroyed. Stangl accepted the extermination of the Jews as a fact. At about this time, Stangl began drinking heavily.[11] He is quoted as saying:
To tell the truth, one did become used to it...they were cargo. I think it started the day I first saw the Totenlager [extermination area] in Treblinka. I remember Wirth standing there, next to the pits full of black-blue corpses. It had nothing to do with humanity — it could not have. It was a mass — a mass of rotting flesh. Wirth said 'What shall we do with this garbage?' I think unconsciously that started me thinking of them as cargo....I rarely saw them as individuals. It was always a huge mass. I sometimes stood on the wall and saw them in the "tube" — they were naked, packed together, running, being driven with whips....[10]
In September 1942, Stangl supervised the building of new, larger gas chambers to augment the previously existing gas chambers. The new gas chambers became operational in early autumn 1942. It is believed that these death chambers were capable of killing 3,000 people in two hours, and 12,000 to 15,000 victims easily every day,[1] with a maximum capacity of 22,000 deaths in 24 hours.[12] According to Jankiel Wiernik: "When the new gas chambers were completed, the Hauptsturmführer [Stangl] came and remarked to the SS men who were with him: 'Finally the Jewish city is ready' (German language: Endlich ist die Judenstadt fertig)."[10]
After Treblinka
In August 1943, along with his superior Odilo Globocnik, Stangl was transferred to Trieste. There he helped to organize the campaign against Yugoslav partisans and local Jews. Due to illness, he returned to Vienna in early 1945, where he served in the "Alpine Fortress" (Alpenfestung).[6]
Post-war escape
At the end of the war, Stangl fled without concealing his name. He was detained by the American Army in 1945 and was briefly imprisoned pending investigation in Linz, Austria in 1947. Stangl was suspected of complicity in the T-4 euthanasia programme. But on May 30, 1948, Stangl escaped to Italy with his colleague from Sobibor, SS sergeant Gustav Wagner. The Roman Catholic Bishop Alois Hudal, a Nazi sympathizer forced in 1952 to resign by the Vatican, helped him to escape through a "ratline" and to reach Syria using a Red Cross passport.[13] Stangl was joined by his wife and family and lived in Syria for three years before they moved to Brazil in 1951. After years of other jobs, Stangl found work at the Volkswagen plant in São Bernardo do Campo with the help of friends, still using his own name.
Arrest, trial, and death
Although his role in the mass murder of men, women, and children was known to the Austrian authorities a warrant was not issued for Stangl's arrest until 1961. In spite of being registered under his real name at the Austrian consulate in São Paulo,[14] it took another six years before he was tracked down by Nazi hunter Simon Wiesenthal and was arrested by Brazilian federal police on 28 February 1967. He never used an assumed name during his escape, and it is not clear why it took so long to apprehend him. His ex-son-in-law may have informed Wiesenthal of Stangl's presence in Brazil. After extradition to West Germany by Brazil, he was tried for the deaths of around 900,000 people. He admitted to these killings but argued: "My conscience is clear. I was simply doing my duty..." [15]
Stangl's own attempt at justification of his murderous actions as being non-criminal in the face of German law (or so he thought) was subsequently quoted by Arad:
What I had to do while I continued my efforts to get out was to limit my own actions to what I — in my own conscience — could answer for. At police training school they taught us that the definition of a crime must meet four requirements: there has to be a subject, an object, an action and intent. If any of these four elements is missing, then we are not dealing with a punishable offence....I could apply this to my own situation — if the subject was the government, the "object" the Jews, and the action the gassing, I could tell myself that for me, the fourth element, "intent", (I called it free will) was missing.[10]
Philosopher John Kekes discussed Stangl and the degree of his responsibility for war crimes in chapter 4 of his book, The Roots of Evil.[16] The court Schwurgericht Düsseldorf found Stangl guilty on October 22, 1970, and sentenced him to maximum penalty, life imprisonment.[8] While in prison, Stangl was interviewed extensively by Gitta Sereny for a study of him published as Into that Darkness. She wrote, quoting him:
"My conscience is clear about what I did, myself," he said, in the same stiffly tone he had used countless times at his trial, and in the past weeks, when we had always come back to this subject, over and over again. But this time I said nothing. He paused and waited, but the room remained silent. "I have never intentionally hurt anyone, myself," he said, with a different, less incisive emphasis, and waited again - for a long time. For the first time, in all these many days, I had given him no help. There was no more time. He gripped the table with both hands as if he was holding on to it. "But I was there," he said then, in a curiously dry and tired tone of resignation. These few sentences had taken almost half an hour to pronounce. "So yes," he said finally, very quietly, "in reality I share the guilt. . . . Because my guilt . . . my guilt . . . only now in these talks . . . now that I have talked about it all for the first time. . . ." He stopped.
In his prison interview with Sereny – she later wrote – Stangl "had pronounced the words 'my guilt': but more than the words, the finality of it was in the sagging of his body, and on his face. After more than a minute he started again, a half-hearted attempt, in a dull voice. 'My guilt,' he said, 'is that I am still here. That is my guilt.'"[17] He died of heart failure nineteen hours after the conclusion of that interview, in Düsseldorf prison on June 28, 1971.[4]
See also
Notes
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 Treblinka Death Camp, with photographs, Ounsdale, PDF (2.2 MB)
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 "SOME SIGNIFICANT CASE - Franz Stangl". Simon Wiesenthal Archiv. Simon Wiesenthal Center. http://www.simon-wiesenthal-archiv.at/02_dokuzentrum/02_faelle/e02_stangl.html. Retrieved 2009-11-30.
- ↑ Sobibor - The Forgotten Revolt
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.5 4.6 4.7 Robert S. Wistrich (1982). Who's Who in Nazi Germany, pp. 295-296.
- ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 Henry Friedlander (1995). The Origins of Nazi Genocide: From Euthanasia to the Final Solution, Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, pp. 204-205. ISBN 0-8078-2208-6
- ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 Christian Zentner, Friedemann Bedürftig (1991). The Encyclopedia of the Third Reich, pp. 910-911. Macmillan, New York. ISBN 0-02-897502-2
- ↑ Klee, Ernst: Das Personenlexikon zum Dritten Reich. Wer war was vor und nach 1945?. Fischer Taschenbuch Verlag, Zweite aktualisierte Auflage, Frankfurt am Main 2003 ISBN 3-10-039309-0
- ↑ 8.0 8.1 Klee, Ernst, Dressen, Willi, Riess, Volker The Good Old Days: The Holocaust as Seen by Its Perpetrators and Bystanders. ISBN 1-56852-133-2.
- ↑ Christian Zentner, Friedemann Bedürftig. The Encyclopedia of the Third Reich, p. 878. Macmillan, New York, 1991. ISBN 0-02-897502-2
- ↑ 10.0 10.1 10.2 10.3 Yitzhak Arad (1987). Belzec, Sobibor, Treblinka: The Operation Reinhard Death Camps, Bloomington: Indiana University Press, pp. 184-186.
- ↑ http://wn.com/nl_Franz_Stangl
- ↑ David E. Sumler, A history of Europe in the twentieth century. Dorsey Press, ISBN 0-256-01421-3.
- ↑ Michael Phayer, The Catholic Church and the Holocaust
- ↑ Sereny, Gitta Into That Darkness: from Mercy Killing to Mass Murder, a study of Franz Stangl, the commandant of Treblinka 1974
- ↑ http://www.auschwitz.dk/sobibor/franzstangl.htm
- ↑ Kekes, John. Roots of Evil.
- ↑ Sereny (1974), p. 364
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Except where noted, quotes are taken from Into that Darkness, 1974, by Gitta Sereny.
References
- Sereny, Gita (1974). Into That Darkness: From Mercy Killing to Mass Murder (1995 paperback ed.). London: Pimlico. ISBN 978-0-7126-7447-8. http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=ntgT48CY1wwC.
External links
- Franz Paul Stangl, Holocaust Education & Archive Research Team
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The original article can be found at Franz Stangl and the edit history here.