Military Wiki
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{{otherships|HMNZS Endeavour|RRS John Biscoe}}
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{{other ships|HMNZS Endeavour|RRS John Biscoe}}
{|{{Infobox ship begin}}
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{{Infobox ship
{{Infobox ship image
 
 
|Ship image=[[File:HMNZS Endeavour, the Antarctic expedition ship, Wellington Harbour, 1956 (side view).jpg|center|300px]]
 
|Ship image=[[File:HMNZS Endeavour, the Antarctic expedition ship, Wellington Harbour, 1956 (side view).jpg|center|300px]]
 
|Ship caption=HMNZS ''Endeavour'' in [[Wellington Harbour]], 1956
 
|Ship caption=HMNZS ''Endeavour'' in [[Wellington Harbour]], 1956
 
|module={{Infobox ship career|embed=yes
}}
 
{{Infobox ship career
 
 
|Ship country=UK
 
|Ship country=UK
 
|Ship flag={{shipboxflag|UK|naval}}
 
|Ship flag={{shipboxflag|UK|naval}}
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|Ship builder=[[American Car and Foundry Co.]]<br>Wilmington, Delaware
 
|Ship builder=[[American Car and Foundry Co.]]<br>Wilmington, Delaware
 
|Captain=Hubert Middleton Preece
 
|Captain=Hubert Middleton Preece
|Ship yard number=
 
 
|Ship laid down=1 May 1943
 
|Ship laid down=1 May 1943
|Ship sponsor=
 
 
|Ship launched=23 May 1944
 
|Ship launched=23 May 1944
 
|Ship completed=5 August 1944
 
|Ship completed=5 August 1944
 
|Ship acquired=5 August 1944
 
|Ship acquired=5 August 1944
|Ship commissioned=
 
|Ship decommissioned=
 
|Ship struck=
 
 
|Ship fate=returned to [[United States Navy|U.S. Navy]], 22 November 1945
 
|Ship fate=returned to [[United States Navy|U.S. Navy]], 22 November 1945
 
}}
 
}}
{{Infobox ship career
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|module2={{Infobox ship career|embed=yes
 
|Ship country=US
 
|Ship country=US
 
|Ship flag={{USN flag|1947}}
 
|Ship flag={{USN flag|1947}}
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|Ship fate=transferred to the [[United States Maritime Commission|Maritime Commission]], 3 April 1947, for disposal
 
|Ship fate=transferred to the [[United States Maritime Commission|Maritime Commission]], 3 April 1947, for disposal
 
}}
 
}}
{{Infobox ship career
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|module3={{Infobox ship career|embed=yes
 
|Ship country=UK
 
|Ship country=UK
 
|Ship flag={{shipboxflag|UK|government}}
 
|Ship flag={{shipboxflag|UK|government}}
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|Ship acquired=20 July 1947
 
|Ship acquired=20 July 1947
 
}}
 
}}
{{Infobox ship career
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|module4={{Infobox ship career|embed=yes
 
| Hide header=yes
 
| Hide header=yes
 
|Ship christened=15 December 1947
 
|Ship christened=15 December 1947
 
}}
 
}}
{{Infobox ship career
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|module5={{Infobox ship career|embed=yes
 
| Hide header=yes
 
| Hide header=yes
 
|Ship renamed=''Pretext'' in April 1956<ref name="fids1955-56">{{cite journal |title=The Falkland Islands Dependencies Survey, 1955-56 |journal=The Polar Record |publisher=Scott Polar Research Institute |volume=8 |number=57 |pages=526–531 |doi=10.1017/S0032247400049962}}</ref>
 
|Ship renamed=''Pretext'' in April 1956<ref name="fids1955-56">{{cite journal |title=The Falkland Islands Dependencies Survey, 1955-56 |journal=The Polar Record |publisher=Scott Polar Research Institute |volume=8 |number=57 |pages=526–531 |doi=10.1017/S0032247400049962}}</ref>
|Ship decommissioned=
 
|Ship struck=
 
 
|Ship fate=sold to New Zealand in August 1956
 
|Ship fate=sold to New Zealand in August 1956
 
}}
 
}}
{{Infobox ship career
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|module6={{Infobox ship career|embed=yes
 
|Ship country=New Zealand
 
|Ship country=New Zealand
 
|Ship flag={{shipboxflag|New Zealand|naval-1941}}
 
|Ship flag={{shipboxflag|New Zealand|naval-1941}}
 
|Ship name= HMNZS ''Endeavour''
 
|Ship name= HMNZS ''Endeavour''
 
|Ship namesake={{ship|HM Bark|Endeavour}}
 
|Ship namesake={{ship|HM Bark|Endeavour}}
|Ship acquired=
 
 
|Ship commissioned=August 1956
 
|Ship commissioned=August 1956
 
|Ship decommissioned=June 1962
 
|Ship decommissioned=June 1962
 
}}
 
}}
{{Infobox ship career
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|module7={{Infobox ship career|embed=yes
 
|Ship country=Canada
 
|Ship country=Canada
 
|Ship flag={{shipboxflag|Canada}}
 
|Ship flag={{shipboxflag|Canada}}
 
|Ship name=''Arctic Endeavour''
 
|Ship name=''Arctic Endeavour''
|Ship acquired=
 
 
|Ship owner=Mayhaven Shipping Ltd.
 
|Ship owner=Mayhaven Shipping Ltd.
 
|Ship fate=Foundered off Newfoundland on 11 Nov 1982
|Ship commissioned=
 
|Ship decommissioned=
 
|Ship struck=
 
|Ship fate=Foundered off [[Newfoundland and Labrador|Newfoundland]] on 11 Nov 1982
 
 
}}
 
}}
{{Infobox ship characteristics
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|module8={{Infobox ship characteristics|embed=yes
 
|Ship class={{sclass|Ailanthus|net laying ship|1}}
 
|Ship class={{sclass|Ailanthus|net laying ship|1}}
 
|Ship displacement={{convert|1190|LT|t}} (full)
 
|Ship displacement={{convert|1190|LT|t}} (full)
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|Ship complement=56
 
|Ship complement=56
 
|Ship armament=Second World War:<br>1 × [[3"/50 caliber gun]]<br>4 × twin {{convert|20|mm|in|abbr=on}} gun mounts
 
|Ship armament=Second World War:<br>1 × [[3"/50 caliber gun]]<br>4 × twin {{convert|20|mm|in|abbr=on}} gun mounts
|Ship notes=
 
 
}}
 
}}
|}
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}}
'''HMNZS ''Endeavour''''' was a [[Royal New Zealand Navy]] [[Antarctic]] support vessel. She was the first of three ships in the Royal New Zealand Navy to bear that name.
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'''HMNZS ''Endeavour''''' was a [[Royal New Zealand Navy]] Antarctic support vessel. She was the first of three ships in the Royal New Zealand Navy to bear that name.
   
The ship was built in the United States in 1944 as '''''Satinwood'' (YN-89)''' as a net tender of the {{sclass|Ailanthus|net laying ship|4}} (but later redesignated as '''AN-76''', a net layer) and transferred to the [[Royal Navy]] under Lend-Lease in August 1944. Commissioned as '''HMS ''Pretext'' (Z284)''', she served the United Kingdom until she was returned to [[United States Navy]] custody in November 1945. Sold by the [[United States Maritime Commission]] in 1947, she served as a research vessel for the [[Falkland Islands Dependencies Survey]] under the name '''[[Survey vessel|SV]] ''John Biscoe'''''. She was briefly renamed '''''Pretext''''' when another ship was assigned the ''John Biscoe'' name, before being sold to the Royal New Zealand Navy, renamed ''Endeavour'', and employed in supporting the [[Commonwealth Trans-Antarctic Expedition]] and subsequent New Zealand research activities in Antarctica. Sold again in 1962, the ship, renamed ''Arctic Endeavour'' for sealing work in the northern hemisphere, foundered off the coast of Canada in November 1982.
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The ship was built in the United States in 1944 as '''''Satinwood'' (YN-89)''' as a net tender of the {{sclass|Ailanthus|net laying ship|4}} (but later redesignated as '''AN-76''', a net layer) and transferred to the [[Royal Navy]] under Lend-Lease in August 1944. Commissioned as '''HMS ''Pretext'' (Z284)''', she served the United Kingdom until she was returned to [[United States Navy]] custody in November 1945. Sold by the [[United States Maritime Commission]] in 1947, she served as a research vessel for the [[Falkland Islands Dependencies Survey]] under the name '''SV ''John Biscoe'''''. She was briefly renamed '''''Pretext''''' when another ship was assigned the ''John Biscoe'' name, before being sold to the Royal New Zealand Navy, renamed ''Endeavour'', and employed in supporting the [[Commonwealth Trans-Antarctic Expedition]] and subsequent New Zealand research activities in Antarctica. Sold again in 1962, the ship, renamed ''Arctic Endeavour'' for sealing work in the northern hemisphere, foundered off the coast of Canada in November 1982.
   
== Second World War ==
+
==Second World War==
 
The ship was laid down as ''Satinwood'' (YN-89), a net tender of the {{sclass|Ailanthus|net laying ship|4}}, on 1 May 1943 at the [[American Car and Foundry Co.]] in Wilmington, Delaware. On 17 January 1944, while still under construction, the ship was reclassified as a net laying ship and redesignated AN-76. ''Satinwood'' was launched on 23 May and completed on 5 August.
 
The ship was laid down as ''Satinwood'' (YN-89), a net tender of the {{sclass|Ailanthus|net laying ship|4}}, on 1 May 1943 at the [[American Car and Foundry Co.]] in Wilmington, Delaware. On 17 January 1944, while still under construction, the ship was reclassified as a net laying ship and redesignated AN-76. ''Satinwood'' was launched on 23 May and completed on 5 August.
   
 
After delivery to the U.S. Navy on 5 August, she was transferred to the United Kingdom under Lend-Lease the same day and commissioned into the Royal Navy as HMS ''Pretext'' (Z284). Upon completion of wartime duty with the United Kingdom, she was returned to the U.S. Navy on 22 November 1945 at Norfolk, Virginia. Struck from the [[Naval Vessel Register]] on 28 March 1946, she was transferred to the [[United States Maritime Commission]] and sold on 20 July 1947 to the [[Falkland Islands Dependencies Survey]] for $75,000.<ref name="danfs">{{cite DANFS |title=Pretext |url=http://www.history.navy.mil/danfs/p11/pretext.htm |accessdate=2012-11-12}}</ref><ref name="navsource">{{cite web |title=Satinwood (AN-76) ex Satinwood (YN-89) |work=NavSource |url=http://www.navsource.org/archives/09/18/18076.htm |accessdate=2012-11-12}}</ref><ref name="ordeal">{{cite book |last=Rorke |first=Bryan |title=Ordeal by Ice: Ships of the Antarctic |year=2011 |publisher=Seaforth Publishing |isbn=9781848321168}}</ref>
 
After delivery to the U.S. Navy on 5 August, she was transferred to the United Kingdom under Lend-Lease the same day and commissioned into the Royal Navy as HMS ''Pretext'' (Z284). Upon completion of wartime duty with the United Kingdom, she was returned to the U.S. Navy on 22 November 1945 at Norfolk, Virginia. Struck from the [[Naval Vessel Register]] on 28 March 1946, she was transferred to the [[United States Maritime Commission]] and sold on 20 July 1947 to the [[Falkland Islands Dependencies Survey]] for $75,000.<ref name="danfs">{{cite DANFS |title=Pretext |url=http://www.history.navy.mil/danfs/p11/pretext.htm |accessdate=2012-11-12}}</ref><ref name="navsource">{{cite web |title=Satinwood (AN-76) ex Satinwood (YN-89) |work=NavSource |url=http://www.navsource.org/archives/09/18/18076.htm |accessdate=2012-11-12}}</ref><ref name="ordeal">{{cite book |last=Rorke |first=Bryan |title=Ordeal by Ice: Ships of the Antarctic |year=2011 |publisher=Seaforth Publishing |isbn=9781848321168}}</ref>
   
== Postwar career ==
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==Postwar career==
 
[[File:HMNZS Endeavour, the Antarctic expedition ship, Wellington Harbour, 1956 (front side view).jpg|thumb|left|HMNZS ''Endeavour'' in Wellington Harbour, 1956]]After being purchased by the [[Falkland Islands Dependencies Survey]] (FIDS), she was renamed ''John Biscoe''. After her first season of resupplying the FIDS bases in [[Stonington Island]] and [[Hope Bay]], her hull was sheathed in {{convert|3|in|cm}} of greenheart timber to better cope with the ice conditions. In the subsequent years she made a number of summer voyages to the Antarctic to relieve the FIDS stations. However, a ship with a longer range and greater cargo- and passenger-carrying capacity was required, and the ship's name was returned to ''Pretext'' in 1956 to free the name ''John Biscoe'' for [[RRS John Biscoe (1956)|a new vessel]].<ref name="fids1955-56"/><ref name="ordeal"/>
 
[[File:HMNZS Endeavour, the Antarctic expedition ship, Wellington Harbour, 1956 (front side view).jpg|thumb|left|HMNZS ''Endeavour'' in Wellington Harbour, 1956]]After being purchased by the [[Falkland Islands Dependencies Survey]] (FIDS), she was renamed ''John Biscoe''. After her first season of resupplying the FIDS bases in [[Stonington Island]] and [[Hope Bay]], her hull was sheathed in {{convert|3|in|cm}} of greenheart timber to better cope with the ice conditions. In the subsequent years she made a number of summer voyages to the Antarctic to relieve the FIDS stations. However, a ship with a longer range and greater cargo- and passenger-carrying capacity was required, and the ship's name was returned to ''Pretext'' in 1956 to free the name ''John Biscoe'' for [[RRS John Biscoe (1956)|a new vessel]].<ref name="fids1955-56"/><ref name="ordeal"/>
   
 
[[Captain Harry Kirkwood]] had commanded her as the ''John Biscoe'' and, when asked to recommend a ship for the [[Commonwealth Trans-Antarctic Expedition]] to take the New Zealand party to the [[Ross Dependency]], he recommended this ship to the Ross Sea Committee. She was sold to the Royal New Zealand Navy in August 1956 for £20,000 and commissioned as HMNZS ''Endeavour''.<ref name="ordeal"/> She was named after [[James Cook|Captain Cook's]] [[HM Bark Endeavour|Bark ''Endeavour'']] and was the first of three ships in the Royal New Zealand Navy to carry that name, although if earlier continuity with the Royal Navy is considered, she was the tenth. It appears that no [[pendant number]] was assigned to her. She made five voyages to the Antarctic under the New Zealand flag.<ref name="nzmaritimeindex">{{cite journal |last1=Leahy |first1=P. J. |last2=McDougall |first2=R. J. |title=For the Record: HMNZS "Endeavour" |journal=New Zealand Marine News |publisher=New Zealand Ship and Marine Society |year=1984 |volume=34 |number=2 |pages=60–62 |url=http://www.nzmaritimeindex.org.nz/ixvessel.asp?refid=&name=ARCTIC%20ENDEAVOUR&gsn=&owner=&num=&typ=&tid=0&tix=0&pix=0&SourceID=&ID=34020142&hit=2 |accessdate=2012-11-12}}</ref>
 
[[Captain Harry Kirkwood]] had commanded her as the ''John Biscoe'' and, when asked to recommend a ship for the [[Commonwealth Trans-Antarctic Expedition]] to take the New Zealand party to the [[Ross Dependency]], he recommended this ship to the Ross Sea Committee. She was sold to the Royal New Zealand Navy in August 1956 for £20,000 and commissioned as HMNZS ''Endeavour''.<ref name="ordeal"/> She was named after [[James Cook|Captain Cook's]] [[HM Bark Endeavour|Bark ''Endeavour'']] and was the first of three ships in the Royal New Zealand Navy to carry that name, although if earlier continuity with the Royal Navy is considered, she was the tenth. It appears that no [[pendant number]] was assigned to her. She made five voyages to the Antarctic under the New Zealand flag.<ref name="nzmaritimeindex">{{cite journal |last1=Leahy |first1=P. J. |last2=McDougall |first2=R. J. |title=For the Record: HMNZS "Endeavour" |journal=New Zealand Marine News |publisher=New Zealand Ship and Marine Society |year=1984 |volume=34 |number=2 |pages=60–62 |url=http://www.nzmaritimeindex.org.nz/ixvessel.asp?refid=&name=ARCTIC%20ENDEAVOUR&gsn=&owner=&num=&typ=&tid=0&tix=0&pix=0&SourceID=&ID=34020142&hit=2 |accessdate=2012-11-12}}</ref>
   
In June 1962 she was sold again, renamed the ''Arctic Endeavour'' and fitted out for sealing work in the Arctic. In March 1976 she was involved in a standoff with [[Greenpeace]] activists Bob Hunter and [[Paul Watson]] off [[Newfoundland and Labrador|Newfoundland]].<ref name="greenpeace">{{cite book |last=Weyler |first=Rex |title=Greenpeace: How a group of ecologists, journalists, and visionaries changed the world |publisher=Rodale Press |year=2004 |isbn=1594861064}}</ref> She foundered off [[Catalina, Newfoundland and Labrador|Catalina, Newfoundland]] on 11 November 1982.<ref name="navsource"/><ref name="nzmaritimeindex"/>
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In June 1962 she was sold again, renamed the ''Arctic Endeavour'' and fitted out for sealing work in the Arctic. In March 1976 she was involved in a standoff with Greenpeace activists Bob Hunter and [[Paul Watson]] off Newfoundland.<ref name="greenpeace">{{cite book |last=Weyler |first=Rex |title=Greenpeace: How a group of ecologists, journalists, and visionaries changed the world |publisher=Rodale Press |year=2004 |isbn=1594861064}}</ref> She foundered off [[Catalina, Newfoundland and Labrador|Catalina, Newfoundland]] on 11 November 1982.<ref name="navsource"/><ref name="nzmaritimeindex"/>
   
 
==References==
 
==References==
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==External links==
 
==External links==
* {{Commons category inline|HMNZS Endeavour (ship, 1944)}}
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* {{Commons|Category:HMNZS Endeavour (ship, 1944)}}
 
* [http://nznavy.bravehost.com/Ant.html The RNZN in Antarctica] on the ''RNZ Navy unofficial website''
 
* [http://nznavy.bravehost.com/Ant.html The RNZN in Antarctica] on the ''RNZ Navy unofficial website''
 
* [http://antarctic.homestead.com/endeavour1.html HMNZS Endeavour I] on ''Operation Deep Freeze: The New Zealand Story''
 
* [http://antarctic.homestead.com/endeavour1.html HMNZS Endeavour I] on ''Operation Deep Freeze: The New Zealand Story''
 
* Footage of the HMNZS ''Endeavour'' during the Commonwealth Trans-Antarctic Expedition, in the film ''Antarctic Adventure'', 1957. Parts [http://www.nzhistory.net.nz/media/video/antarctic-adventure-pt-1 1], [http://www.nzhistory.net.nz/media/video/antarctic-adventure-pt-2 2], [http://www.nzhistory.net.nz/media/video/antarctic-adventure-pt-3 3], and [http://www.nzhistory.net.nz/media/video/antarctic-adventure-pt-4 4].
 
* Footage of the HMNZS ''Endeavour'' during the Commonwealth Trans-Antarctic Expedition, in the film ''Antarctic Adventure'', 1957. Parts [http://www.nzhistory.net.nz/media/video/antarctic-adventure-pt-1 1], [http://www.nzhistory.net.nz/media/video/antarctic-adventure-pt-2 2], [http://www.nzhistory.net.nz/media/video/antarctic-adventure-pt-3 3], and [http://www.nzhistory.net.nz/media/video/antarctic-adventure-pt-4 4].
   
<!-- non-breaking space to keep AWB drones from altering the space before the navbox-->
 
   
 
{{Ailanthus class net laying ship}}
 
{{Ailanthus class net laying ship}}

Latest revision as of 00:32, 11 February 2019

HMNZS Endeavour (1944)
HMNZS Endeavour, the Antarctic expedition ship, Wellington Harbour, 1956 (side view)
HMNZS Endeavour in Wellington Harbour, 1956
Career (UK) Naval Ensign of the United Kingdom
Name: HMS Pretext (Z284)
Builder: American Car and Foundry Co.
Wilmington, Delaware
Laid down: 1 May 1943
Launched: 23 May 1944
Completed: 5 August 1944
Acquired: 5 August 1944
Fate: returned to U.S. Navy, 22 November 1945
Career (US) US flag 48 stars
Acquired: 22 November 1945
Struck: 28 March 1946
Fate: transferred to the Maritime Commission, 3 April 1947, for disposal
Career (UK) Government Ensign of the United Kingdom
Name: RRS John Biscoe
Namesake: John Biscoe
Owner: Falkland Islands Dependencies Survey
Port of registry: Port Stanley, Falkland Islands
Acquired: 20 July 1947
Christened: 15 December 1947
Renamed: Pretext in April 1956[1]
Fate: sold to New Zealand in August 1956

HMNZS Endeavour was a Royal New Zealand Navy Antarctic support vessel. She was the first of three ships in the Royal New Zealand Navy to bear that name.

The ship was built in the United States in 1944 as Satinwood (YN-89) as a net tender of the Ailanthus class (but later redesignated as AN-76, a net layer) and transferred to the Royal Navy under Lend-Lease in August 1944. Commissioned as HMS Pretext (Z284), she served the United Kingdom until she was returned to United States Navy custody in November 1945. Sold by the United States Maritime Commission in 1947, she served as a research vessel for the Falkland Islands Dependencies Survey under the name SV John Biscoe. She was briefly renamed Pretext when another ship was assigned the John Biscoe name, before being sold to the Royal New Zealand Navy, renamed Endeavour, and employed in supporting the Commonwealth Trans-Antarctic Expedition and subsequent New Zealand research activities in Antarctica. Sold again in 1962, the ship, renamed Arctic Endeavour for sealing work in the northern hemisphere, foundered off the coast of Canada in November 1982.

Second World War

The ship was laid down as Satinwood (YN-89), a net tender of the Ailanthus class, on 1 May 1943 at the American Car and Foundry Co. in Wilmington, Delaware. On 17 January 1944, while still under construction, the ship was reclassified as a net laying ship and redesignated AN-76. Satinwood was launched on 23 May and completed on 5 August.

After delivery to the U.S. Navy on 5 August, she was transferred to the United Kingdom under Lend-Lease the same day and commissioned into the Royal Navy as HMS Pretext (Z284). Upon completion of wartime duty with the United Kingdom, she was returned to the U.S. Navy on 22 November 1945 at Norfolk, Virginia. Struck from the Naval Vessel Register on 28 March 1946, she was transferred to the United States Maritime Commission and sold on 20 July 1947 to the Falkland Islands Dependencies Survey for $75,000.[2][3][4]

Postwar career

HMNZS Endeavour, the Antarctic expedition ship, Wellington Harbour, 1956 (front side view)

HMNZS Endeavour in Wellington Harbour, 1956

After being purchased by the Falkland Islands Dependencies Survey (FIDS), she was renamed John Biscoe. After her first season of resupplying the FIDS bases in Stonington Island and Hope Bay, her hull was sheathed in 3 inches (7.6 cm) of greenheart timber to better cope with the ice conditions. In the subsequent years she made a number of summer voyages to the Antarctic to relieve the FIDS stations. However, a ship with a longer range and greater cargo- and passenger-carrying capacity was required, and the ship's name was returned to Pretext in 1956 to free the name John Biscoe for a new vessel.[1][4]

Captain Harry Kirkwood had commanded her as the John Biscoe and, when asked to recommend a ship for the Commonwealth Trans-Antarctic Expedition to take the New Zealand party to the Ross Dependency, he recommended this ship to the Ross Sea Committee. She was sold to the Royal New Zealand Navy in August 1956 for £20,000 and commissioned as HMNZS Endeavour.[4] She was named after Captain Cook's Bark Endeavour and was the first of three ships in the Royal New Zealand Navy to carry that name, although if earlier continuity with the Royal Navy is considered, she was the tenth. It appears that no pendant number was assigned to her. She made five voyages to the Antarctic under the New Zealand flag.[5]

In June 1962 she was sold again, renamed the Arctic Endeavour and fitted out for sealing work in the Arctic. In March 1976 she was involved in a standoff with Greenpeace activists Bob Hunter and Paul Watson off Newfoundland.[6] She foundered off Catalina, Newfoundland on 11 November 1982.[3][5]

References

  1. 1.0 1.1 "The Falkland Islands Dependencies Survey, 1955-56". Scott Polar Research Institute. pp. 526–531. Digital object identifier:10.1017/S0032247400049962. 
  2. "Pretext". Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships. Navy Department, Naval History & Heritage Command. http://www.history.navy.mil/danfs/p11/pretext.htm. Retrieved 2012-11-12. 
  3. 3.0 3.1 "Satinwood (AN-76) ex Satinwood (YN-89)". NavSource. http://www.navsource.org/archives/09/18/18076.htm. Retrieved 2012-11-12. 
  4. 4.0 4.1 4.2 Rorke, Bryan (2011). Ordeal by Ice: Ships of the Antarctic. Seaforth Publishing. ISBN 9781848321168. 
  5. 5.0 5.1 Leahy, P. J.; McDougall, R. J. (1984). "For the Record: HMNZS "Endeavour"". New Zealand Ship and Marine Society. pp. 60–62. http://www.nzmaritimeindex.org.nz/ixvessel.asp?refid=&name=ARCTIC%20ENDEAVOUR&gsn=&owner=&num=&typ=&tid=0&tix=0&pix=0&SourceID=&ID=34020142&hit=2. Retrieved 2012-11-12. 
  6. Weyler, Rex (2004). Greenpeace: How a group of ecologists, journalists, and visionaries changed the world. Rodale Press. ISBN 1594861064. 

See also

External links


All or a portion of this article consists of text from Wikipedia, and is therefore Creative Commons Licensed under GFDL.
The original article can be found at HMNZS Endeavour (1944) and the edit history here.