HMS Royalist (89)

For other ships of the same name, see HMS Royalist.

HMS Royalist (89)
Royalist anchored at Greenock, in Scotland, in September 1943
Career (UK)
Class and type:	Dido-class light cruiser
Name:	HMS Royalist
Builder:	Scotts Shipbuilding and Engineering Company (Greenock, Scotland)
Laid down:	21 March 1940
Launched:	30 May 1942
Commissioned:	10 September 1943
Recommissioned:	1967
Decommissioned:	November 1967
Out of service:	Loaned to the Royal New Zealand Navy from 1956 to 1966
Reclassified:	In reserve from 1946 to 1956
Identification:	Pennant number: 89
Fate:	Scrapped, Sold to Nissho Co, Japan, in November 1967. Left Auckland under tow to Osaka on 31 December 1967
Career (New Zealand)
Name:	HMNZS Royalist
Commissioned:	1956
Decommissioned:	1966
Out of service:	Returned to Royal Navy control 1967
General characteristics
Displacement:	5,950 tons standard 7,200 tons full load
Length:	485 ft (148 m) pp 512 ft (156 m) oa
Beam:	50.5 ft (15.4 m)
Draught:	14 ft (4.3 m)
Installed power:	62,000 shp (46 MW)
Propulsion:	Parsons geared turbines Four shafts Four Admiralty 3-drum boilers
Speed:	32.25 knots (60 km/h)
Range:	2,414 km (1,500 miles) at 30 knots 6,824 km (4,240 miles) at 16 knots 1,100 tons fuel oil
Complement:	530
Armament:	Original configuration: 8 x QF 5.25-inch (133 mm) dual guns, 6 x 20 mm dual AA guns, 3 x 2-pounder (40-mm) pom-poms quad guns, 2 x 21-inch (530 mm) triple torpedo tubes
Armor:	Original configuration: Belt: 3 inch, Deck: 1 inch, Magazines: 2 inch, Bulkheads: 1 inch.

HMS Royalist was a Dido-class light cruiser of the Bellona subgroup of the Royal Navy. She was a modified Dido design with only four turrets but improved anti-aircraft armament. She was built by Scotts Shipbuilding and Engineering Company of Greenock with the keel being laid down on 21 March 1940. She was launched on 30 May 1942, and commissioned 10 September 1943.

Royal Navy career

A Supermarine Seafire of 807 Naval Air Squadron Fleet Air Arm flying above HMS Royalist during a training flight from the Royal Naval Air Station at Dekhelia, near Alexandria, in Egypt, in February 1945.

Following her commissioning, Royalist spent several months working up, during which time she underwent repairs for trial defects and for alterations and additions. Amongst these were modifications for service as a carrier flagship. In March 1944 Royalist joined the Home Fleet and served for a short period in the Arctic theatre. In this capacity she took part in Operation Tungsten, the carrier raid against the German battleship Tirpitz whilst the Tirpitz was in Norway. Royalist was then ordered to the Mediterranean to support the landings in the south of France (Operation Dragoon) in August 1944, as part of the escort carrier squadron TF88.1. On 15 September, accompanied by HMS Teazer, she sank the transports KT4 and KT26 off Cape Spatha. She was then stationed in the Aegean Sea until late 1944, when she was ordered to the East Indies. By April 1945 she was with the 21st Escort Carrier Squadron as Flagship, supporting the Rangoon landings (Operation Dracula), and the following month was part of a force that unsuccessfully attempted to intercept a Japanese cruiser and destroyer evacuating troops from the Andaman Islands. For the remainder of the war she covered the carrier raids against targets in the East Indies and Sumatra.

Scottish author Alistair MacLean served on Royalist during the Second World War, and used his experiences as background for his acclaimed first novel HMS Ulysses as well as for some of his subsequent works.

Royal New Zealand Navy career

HMNZS Royalist at the Devonport Naval Base, 1956

Royalist was withdrawn from the East Indies after the conclusion of hostilities, and returned home to Naval Reserve. In 1954 she began a major refit which was completed in April 1956. The modernisation of the Royalist was expected to be followed by similar upgrades to the other three improved Dido class cruisers. The Dido's were intended to be the most substantially updated war built cruisers, as the view in the 1943-49 period was the 5.25 gun was more suitable and easier to develop to provide a DP capability in the 1950's and was even intended to rearm the Colony class cruisers, because it required far less space and volume than 6 inch mounts. The upgraded 5.25 inch gunnery and radar systems were seen as providing hot war capability, . However the excellent performance of the RN 6 inch gun cruisers in providing shore bombardment, in the Korean war, vitally, when Douglas MacArthur landed at Inchon in 1950, and the longer range of the Colony class cruisers, led to a decision not to reconstruct more Dido's, and leave Royalist a orphan, and give limited refits to the Colony class cruisers Gambia and Bermuda which machinery was more easily refitted and somewhat automated. The Royalists reconstruction indicated furthur Dido reconstructions would need new boilers and turbines.

The ship was handed over to the Royal New Zealand Navy on 9 July 1956. When Captain Phipps went to take command of the Royalist in 1955, New Zealand diplomat rank Frank Henry Corner was shocked to find that Phipps agreed that the Royalist was a white elephant and completely unsuitable for use by the RNZN in the Pacific; she had limited range so could not get as far as Tahiti without refueling. The British Treasury had objected to the extra expense of renovating the ship . "Then Whitehall thought of New Zealand!" However First Lord Mountbatten disagreed, publicly defending Royalist as the modern modern British cruiser in Auckland when it arrived in 1956 and regarded Phipps as inexperienced and unsuitable. The Royalist would, in fact have been reactivated for Suez service, regardless, as essential for the RN in Musketeer, its modernization, for Aircraft direction of RN carrier fighters and bombers, and AW, communication and CIWS was ideal for likely future operations of the RN Carriers focused on the Indian Ocean and SE Asia till 1971. Auckland and the RNZN base was the logical logistics base to operate and maintain Royalist., NZ was used to the Dido and the most loyal ally. Royalist was perfect name for a NZ and the RNZN warship then, if not NZ Diplomats like Corner who rejected colonialism and priority given to traditional defense relations, ahead of the UN, for doubtful regional and economic benefits The fact is that the Type 12 , that Phipps wanted were ordered for the RNZN early in 1957, was even more short ranged.

After refitting, she was reequipped with new equipment for her role as an AA and AD escort ship for carriers, and 5.25-inch rather than the usual 6-inch (or 4-inch) guns. However RN and British Mod documents recently released show the Royalists refit was to prepare it for all-out hot wars and high-level gun engagement of shadowers whereas the British colony class frigates and Belfast were modernised only for colonial visits and shore bombardment. The Royalists complement was 600 against the 550 of the Bellona, and with extra equipment the larger crew had to be accommodated in less space. This was because the all the Royalists turrets were manned where the British Colony and Town class cruisers in the 1950s usually operated with a crew of only 650 and with gun crews for only one of their three main turrets. Fully manned with a crew of a 1000 a Colony or Town cruiser would have been just as crowded and fetid as the Royalist.

The transfer of the Royalist to the New Zealand was partly a bookkeeping manoeuvre, as the RNZN was assumed by the British chiefs and Government to be an extension of the RN and almost automatically follow British command. Around 25% of the officers on the Royalist were RN officers on loan or exchange, as were many of the specialist ratings and, the RNZN officers on the cruiser were usually more junior and had lengthy training with the RN in the UK. Even on the Royalists final deployment in 1965 on Confrontation patrols in SE Asia the higher rank officer positions still included many RN and RAN officers ). In the Royal Navy and Royal Air Force many high positions in 1956 were held by NZ-born subjects, including some in relation to the Mediterranean . NZ was used to operating Dido class cruisers and substantial stocks of 5.25 ammunition remained in Europe for the Vanguard and new 5.25 shore mountings for defence of Gibraltar.

New Zealand prime minister Sidney Holland in private correspondence with British PM Anthony Eden approved the Royalists use in Middle East Conflicts in 1956 as long as the New Zealand public didn't find out as documented by leading Cambridge and US Historians Correlli Barnett and Kyle. where her role could have been protecting the British fleet against Israeli Mystere jets if Britain was supporting Jordan against Israel (Cordage) rather than any use against Egypt (Musketeer). The UK government didn't remove, Holland's letters and phone data from the records, and released them and it was the view of the RN and the First Lord Earl Mountbatten that that NZ was a active and knowing party to the action, and Phipps was too inexperienced and responsive to uninformed and junior NZ diplomats^{[citation needed]} After working up in UK waters, the Royalist was operational with the British fleet in the Mediterranean as the fleet built up with the possibility of action against Nasser and the Soviet Equipped Egyptian air force. The idea that would have been used against the Israeli Air Force may have been the information originally supplied to the RNZN, but is unlikely. The Royalist was intended to be mainly a radar picket and aircraft direction ship for the RAF Canberras and RN Carrier based Sea hawks and Sea Venom. The Royalist had the standard RN LRAW 960 radar carried by other British cruisers and carriers in the area but Royalist was somewhat better equipped for aircraft direction than the other cruisers and destroyers in the area. The Royalist had a rather more accurate and reliable MK 6 275 radar for the direction of its 5.25 guns than the older version used on other British cruiser or their secondary MRS1 4 inch directors. The British carrier Eagle did have a good earlier US sourced 275 and the backup long range and over land 982/983 radar combination also used by the other carriers but the 982 radar on the carriers was still somewhat experimental. After hostilities with Egypt commenced under the false pretext of the arranged invasion by Israel of Sinai and Egypt's counter move. The international outrage caused Holland to reverse his support for UK and in some eyes to establish NZ independence by calling for Captain Peter Phipps to withdraw from operations against Egypt and bombardment duties it was scheduled to conduct with a Daring squadron. However Neilland states the NZ Cruiser 'Black Swan'(sic) was often seen " The other RN cruiser in the area HMS Jamaica had WW2 AW/AD and it was days till, modernised sister, HMS Ceylon, recommissioned a month earlier assumed the picket having given 25 minutes, 6 inch fire support to the landing at Port Said on 31-10. It is unclear whether Phipps immediately complied completely or whether the Royalist continued to assist the RN fleet in a passive role with aircraft direction and air-warning an apparent non decision, which was probably a continuation of support for kith and Kin through 'thick and thin' with maximum deniability in the face of NZ Foreign Service and the NZ Opp view that NZ faced a significant risk of being tried for aggression with the UK and France before the UN Security Council. Much of the Soviet-supplied Badgers and Migs of the Egyptian Air Force were still intact and a threat to the RN fleet. A RNZN radar operators on the ship in the Med, insist that it was heavily involved in the action In the 2000s the New Zealand Labour Government and the RNZN saw those personnel were awarded battle honours for war service in the Mediterranean. The Royalists' log for the crucial days of the Suez War was destroyed at the time - and the entire truth is not knowable.

In early 1957, Royalist was involved in exercises with the Australian aircraft carrier HMAS Melbourne.

In 1962 the still joint crewed RNZN/RAN/RN Royalist suffered serious damage proceeding at high speed in rough sea conditions through the Tasman to get to a six test series between the Wallabies and All Blacks at Eden Park.^{[citation needed]}. By mid 1963 the Royalist's twin director Mk 6 275 DP Fire control incorportaing US Mk 63 for two channel high level AA was ageing and becoming unreliable and the 3 STAAG CIWS more so. However due to delays in the RNZN Leander class new ship programme to replace the cruiser and the fact of the 3 remaining RN cruisers, HMS Blake was mothballed after two years service and HMS Lion returned to the UK with serious boiler trouble in 1963, HMNZS Royalist again had extensive dockyard work at Devonport, NZ in 1964 and Pearl Harbour, followed by a work up on the USN gun range, to reallign the main gunnery fire control system, in early 1965 and conducted two furthur tours with the RN SE Asia fleet. Returning to NZ from Singapore via Lombok straights during the period of the Sundra Straights crisis, it was rearmed with a full ammunition stocks at Singapore and it steamed thru the waters equal distance from Jakarta and Kalimantan, all the turret gun crews were closed up, (the conflicting orders from Wellington were, in the event of an actual air attack the turrets guns were to be fixed at O degree) the cruiser running at very high states of nuclear biological, alert level 3 and 2, XRAY .HMNZS Royalists log records the high alert state, which was also referred to in passing by later RNZN Rear Admiral and CNS Ian Hunter, in reviewing which period off the ship and crews service justified OSM service award. While still under active and legislative review and consideration in the NZ Parliament, operational service awards for the Royalists service period in the RNZN are so far restricted to 56-8 and 1965. The pressure of the Royalist, Singapore to Cairns transit via Lombok in JUly 64 is indicated by the several court martials during the voyage. Conditions below deck were likely unimaginable, with heat as high as 135 F and were reasonable only for officers with deck cabins and favourable breeze on Bellona class cruisers on SE Asia duties. The cruiser then proceeded along the Java coast at about 19knots, running blacked out as was the night RNZN/RN operational approach during the confrontation, bursting thru Lombok straigts and Bali at daybreak to make it into Cairns for R & R and the horse races, flashing the signal to the Singapore command it had completed a 'routine passage' the standard, message of the operation for all missions for warships from frigates to RN strike carriers, in which the ship or fleet had not been attacked by FAC or air lauched Kangaroo cruise missiles or destroyers or a Sverdlov cruiser gifted to Indonesia by Moscow.. As scheduled, after refit at Auckland and Pearl Harbour in early 1965 the Royalist returned for a final far east tour in 1965, with the RN instruction that for the first time in the 1960s the 5,25 AA shells be fused for active service in line with current AA practice. two STAAGs overhauled as far as possible and two single MK 7 Bofors/ MK 60 (the only weapon system actually returned to the UK for the RN in response to request after decommissioning) and new ECM jammers. During the brief tour the Royalist operated as an escort for the Commando Carriers ,HMS Albion and HMS Bulwark landing parties of Royalist's crew were engaged, by suspected inflitrators and the cruisers crew received NZ operational service medals and the cruiser played a major opposition unit for RN exercises, Royalist could still make 27 knots, although half its orginal power was available. In November 1965 she suffered a breakdown when her boilers became contaminated with salt water; she was towed for a short time, but after the ships' engineering made repairs she was able to return to Auckland under her own steam.

Decommissioning and fate

Royalist was paid off on 4 June 1966. After eleven years in the RNZN, Royalist reverted to Royal Navy control in 1967. She was sold for scrap to the Nissho Co, Japan, in November 1967 and was towed from Auckland to Osaka on 31 December 1967.

References

• Colledge, J. J.; Warlow, Ben (2006) [1969]. Ships of the Royal Navy: The Complete Record of all Fighting Ships of the Royal Navy (Rev. ed.). London: Chatham Publishing. ISBN 978-1-86176-281-8. OCLC 67375475. 
• WWII cruisers
• HMS Royalist at naval-history.net
• HMS Royalist at Uboat.net

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