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Indian Ballistic Missile Defence Programme

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AAD Test Crop

Launching of Advanced Air Defense (AAD) missile

The Indian Ballistic Missile Defence Programme is an initiative to develop and deploy a multi-layered ballistic missile defense system to protect India from ballistic missile attacks.[1][2]

Introduced in light of the ballistic missile threat from Pakistan,[3] it is a double-tiered system consisting of two interceptor missiles, namely the Prithvi Air Defence (PAD) missile for high altitude interception, and the Advanced Air Defence (AAD) Missile for lower altitude interception. The two-tiered shield should be able to intercept any incoming missile launched 5,000 kilometers away.[4]

PAD was tested in November 2006, followed by AAD in December 2007. With the test of the PAD missile, India became the fourth country to have successfully developed an Anti-ballistic missile system, after United States, Russia and Israel.[5] On March 6, 2009, India again successfully tested its missile defense shield, during which an incoming "enemy" missile was intercepted at an altitude of 75 km.[6]

Background[]

Since the early 90s, India has faced the threat of ballistic missile attacks from Pakistan against which it has fought multiple wars in the past and also from China. With the heightening of tensions in the region, and in response to Pakistan's deployment of M-11 missiles bought from China, in August 1995, the Indian Government procured six batteries of Russian S-300 Surface-to-air missiles to protect New Delhi and other cities.[according to whom?] In May 1998, India for the second time (since its first test in 1974) tested nuclear weapons (see Pokhran-II), followed by Pakistan (see Chagai-I) with its first ever nuclear test. With Pakistan's testing of nuclear weapons and missile delivery systems, this threat intensified. India has also developed and tested missile delivery systems (see IGMDP).[citation needed]

In 1999, the Kargil War between India and Pakistan became the first direct conflict between two declared nuclear powers. As the war progressed, the first hint of the possible use of a nuclear weapon was on May 31, when Pakistani foreign secretary Shamshad Ahmad made a statement warning that an escalation of the limited conflict could lead Pakistan to use "any weapon" in its arsenal.[7] This was immediately interpreted as an obvious threat of a nuclear retaliation by Pakistan in the event of an extended war. The leader of Pakistan's senate noted that "the purpose of developing weapons becomes meaningless if they are not used when they are needed."[8] Some experts believe that following nuclear tests in 1998, Pakistani military was emboldened by its nuclear deterrent cover to markedly increase coercion against India.[9]

Development of an anti-ballistic missile system began in late 1999,[10] suggesting that India initiated the program in light of Pakistan's eschewing of a nuclear No first use policy and heightened tensions during the Kargil war including a possibility of full scale nuclear war.

Development[]

Phase 1[]

Development of the anti-ballistic missile system began in 1999. Around 40 public and private companies were involved in the development of the systems. They include Bharat Electronics Ltd and Bharat Dynamics Ltd, Astra Microwave, ASL, Larsen & Toubro, Vem Technologies Private Limited and KelTech. Development of the LRTR and MFCR (Multi-function Fire Control Radar) was led by Electronics and Radar Development Establishment (LRDE).[11][12]

Defence Research and Development Laboratory (DRDL) developed the mission control software for the AAD missile. Research Centre, Imarat (RCI) developed navigation, electromechanical actuation systems and the active radar seeker. Advanced System Laboratory (ASL) provided the motors, jet vanes and structures for the AAD and PAD. High Energy Materials Research Laboratory (HEMRL) supplied the propellants for the missile.[12]

Description[]

The two-tiered BMD System consists of the PAD, which will intercept missiles at exo-atmospheric altitudes of 50–80 km (31–50 mi) and the AAD missile for interception at endoatmospheric altitudes of up to 30 km (19 mi). The deployed system would consist of many launch vehicles, radars, Launch Control Centers (LCC) and the Mission Control Center (MCC). All these are geographically distributed and connected by a secure communication network.[10]

The MCC is the software intensive system of the ballistic missile defense system. It receives information from various sources such as radars and satellites which is then processed by ten computers which run simultaneously. The MCC is connected to all other elements of the defense through a WAN. MCC performs target classification, target assignment and kill assessment. It also acts as a decision support system for the commander. It can also decide the number of interceptors required for the target for an assured kill probability.[10] After performing all these functions, the MCC assigns the target to the LCC of a launch battery. The LCC starts computing the time to launch the interceptor based upon information received from a radar based on the speed, altitude and flight path of the target. LCC prepares the missile for launch in real time and carries out ground guidance computation.[10]

After the interceptor is launched, it is provided target information from the radar through a datalink. When the interceptors close onto the target missile, it activates the radar seeker to search for the target missile and guides itself to intercept the target. Multiple PAD and AAD interceptors can be launched against a target for high kill probability.[10]

Prithvi Air Defence (PAD) / Pradyumna Ballistic Missile Interceptor[]

Prithvi Air Defence (PAD)
PAD integration
Type Exo-atmospheric Anti-ballistic missile
Place of origin India
Service history
In service Under development
Production history
Manufacturer DRDO
Produced 26 November 2006
Specifications
Detonation
mechanism
 Proximity
Engine Two Stage
Propellant Liquid fuel propelled first stage with two propellants and oxidizers, solid fuel propelled second stage with gas thruster.
Flight altitude 80 km[13]
Maximum speed >Mach 5
Guidance
system
 Inertial Navigation System
Ground-based mid-course correction
Active radar homing (Terminal phase)
Launch
platform
 Tatra TEL 8 x 8

The Prithvi Air Defence (PAD) is an anti-ballistic missile developed to intercept incoming ballistic missiles outside of the atmosphere (exo-atmospheric). Based on the Prithvi missile, PAD is a two stage missile with a maximum interception altitude of 80 km (50 mi). The first stage is a Solid fuelled motor while the second stage is Liquid fuelled.[10][14] It has maneuver thrusters which can generate a lateral acceleration of more than 5 gs at 50 km (31 mi) altitude. Guidance is provided by an intertial navigation system with mid-course updates from LRTR and active radar homing in the terminal phase.[10] PAD has capability to engage the 300 to 2,000 km (190 to 1,240 mi) class of ballistic missiles at a speed of Mach 5.[10]

LRTR is the target acquisition and fire control radar for the PAD missile. It is an active phased array radar having capability to track 200 targets at a range of 600 km (370 mi).[10] The PAD missile has also been called Pradyumna.[15]

Further development led to the improvement of the interception range to the 80 to 50 km (50 to 31 mi) range. The improved missile will utilize a gimbaled directional warhead, a technology that until now has only been used by the US and Russia. This technology allows for a smaller warhead to destroy the target missile.[16]

Prithvi Air Defense Exercise[]

The PADE (Prithvi Air Defence Exercise) was conducted on November 2006 in which a PAD missile successfully intercepted a modified Prithvi-II Missile at an altitude of 50 km (31 mi). The Prithvi-II ballistic missile was modified successfully to mimic the trajectory of M-11 missiles.

DRDO plans to test the anti-ballistic shield against missiles with a range of 1,500 km (930 mi). The test will be conducted with a modified Prithvi missile launched from a naval ship and the anti-ballistic missile launched from Wheeler Island. The interception of the target missile will take place at approximately 80 km (50 mi) altitude.[17]

On March 6, 2009 DRDO carried out a second successful test of the PAD interceptor missile. The target used was ship launched Dhanush missile which followed the trajectory of a missile with range of a 1,500 km (930 mi). The target was tracked by Swordfish (LRTR) radar and destroyed by the PAD at 75 km (47 mi) altitude.

On March 6, 2011 DRDO successfully test-fired interceptor missile from Advanced Air Defence(AAD) which destroyed a 'hostile' target ballistic missile, a modified Prithvi, at an altitude of 16 km over the Bay of Bengal. Advanced Air Defence (AAD) missile positioned at Wheeler Island, about 70 km across sea from Chandipur, received signals from tracking radars installed along the coastline and travelled through the sky at a speed of 4.5 Mach to destroy it.[18]

Advanced Air Defence (AAD)/Ashwin Ballistic Missile Interceptor[]

Advanced Air Defence (AAD)
AAD Launch Crop
Advanced Air Defense (AAD) missile being launched during Electronic Target Trials on 2 December 2007 from Wheeler's Island Test Range in Orissa.
Type Endoatmospheric Anti-ballistic missile
Place of origin India
Service history
In service Under development
Production history
Manufacturer DRDO
Produced 6 December 2007
Specifications
Mass 1,200 kg
Length 7.5 m
Diameter <0.5 m
Detonation
mechanism
 Kinetic Kill (Hit-to-Kill)
Engine Single Stage[19]
Propellant Solid fuel
Flight ceiling

30 km

SAM operational range = 150-200 km
Maximum speed Mach 4.5
Guidance
system
 Inertial Navigation System
Mid-course update
Active radar homing (Terminal phase)
Launch
platform
 Tatra TEL 8 x 8

Advanced Air Defence (AAD) is an anti-ballistic missile designed to intercept incoming ballistic missiles in the endo-atmosphere at an altitude of 30 km (19 mi). AAD is single stage, solid fuelled missile. Guidance is similar to that of PAD: it has an inertial navigation system, midcourse updates from ground based radar and active radar homing in the terminal phase. It is 7.5 m (25 ft) tall, weighs around 1.2 t (1.2 long tons; 1.3 short tons) and a diameter of less than 0.5 m (1 ft 8 in).[20]

On 6 December 2007, AAD successfully intercepted a modified Prithvi-II missile acting as an incoming ballistic missile enemy target. The endo-atmospheric interception was carried out at an altitude of 15 km (9.3 mi). The interceptor and all the elements performed in a copy book fashion validating the endo-atmospheric layer of the defense system. The launch was also shown through a video link at a control room of DRDO at Bhawan, Delhi.

The sequence of events of the test was as follows. At 11 a.m. the Prithvi missile lifted off from Launch Complex III at the Integrated Test Range (ITR) at Chandipur Orissa. Radars at Konark, Paradip detected the missile and were continuously tracking it. The target information was sent to MCC for further processing. MCC classified the target, calculated the trajectory of the missile and assigned the target to a AAD battery located on Wheeler Island, 70 km (43 mi) across the sea from Chandipur. The AAD was launched when the Prithvi reached an apogee of 110 km (68 mi). The AAD with the help of midcourse updates and its terminal seeker manoeuvres itself towards the target. AAD makes a direct hit at an altitude of 15 km (9.3 mi) and at a speed of Mach 4. Radars detected formation of a large number of tracks, signifying that the target had broken into multiple pieces. The thermal cameras located on Wheeler Island also picked up the direct hit through thermal images.[12]

Due to two successful interceptor missile tests carried out by India, the scientists have said that the AAD missile could be modified into a new extended range (up to 150 km (93 mi)) surface-to-air missile that could be possibly named as ‘Ashvin’.[21]

On 15 March 2010, AAD interceptor missile test from the Orissa coast on Monday was aborted, as the target missile deviated from its path and plunged into the sea. The AAD missile was to intercept the target at an altitude of 15 to 20 km over the sea. The target, a Prithvi missile, fired at 10:02 am from a mobile launcher from the Integrated Test Range Complex-3 at Chandipur-on-Sea, 15 km from here, deviated from its trajectory after traveling about 11 km and fell into the sea.

On 26 July 2010, AAD was successfully test-fired from the Integrated Test Range (ITR) at Wheeler Island off the Orissa's east coast.[22]

On 6 March 2011, India launched its indigenously developed interceptor missile from the Orissa coast. India successfully test-fired its interceptor missile which destroyed a 'hostile' target ballistic missile, a modified Prithvi, at an altitude of 16 km over the Bay of Bengal. the interceptor, Advanced Air Defence (AAD) missile positioned at Wheeler Island, about 70 km across sea from Chandipur, received signals from tracking radars installed along the coastline and travelled through the sky at a speed of 4.5 Mach to destroy it. As the trial was aimed at achieving the desired result with precision, the interceptor missile had its own mobile launcher, secure data link for interception, independent tracking and homing capabilities and sophisticated radars. "It was a fantastic launch. The trial, conducted from two launch sites of ITR off Orissa coast for developing a full fledged multi-layer Ballistic Missile Defence (BMD) system, was fully successful," he said.[23]

On 10 February 2012, AAD was again successfully test-fired from Wheeler Island off the state coast near Dhamra in Bhadrak district, about 170 km from Bhubaneswar.[24]

On 23 November 2012, India again successfully testfired its home-made supersonic Advanced Air Defense (AAD) interceptor missile from a defense base off the coast of the eastern state of Orissa. "The testfiring was part of India's efforts to create a missile defense shield against incoming enemy missiles. The AAD interceptor missile, which was fired from the Wheeler Island off the Orissan coast, successfully destroyed mid-air an incoming ballistic missile launched from the Integrated Test Range in Chandipur, about 70 km from the Wheeler Island." [25]

Swordfish RADAR[]

Main article: Swordfish Long Range Tracking RADAR

Swordfish is the target acquisition and fire control radar for the BMD system. The LRTR currently has a range of 600 km (370 mi) to 800 km (500 mi) and can spot objects as small as a cricket ball. The DRDO plans to upgrade the capacity of Swordfish to 1,500 km by 2011.[26]

Phase 2[]

Two new anti ballistic missiles that can intercept IRBMs are being developed. These high speed missiles (AD-1 and AD-2) are being developed to intercept ballistic missiles with a range of around 5,000 km (3,100 mi).[27] The test trials of these two systems are expected to take place in 2011.[28] The new missile will be similar to the THAAD missile deployed by the U.S.A. These missiles will travel at hypersonic speeds and will require radars with scan capability of over 1,500 km (930 mi) to successfully intercept the target.[29] On 6 May 2012, Dr. V. K. Saraswat while confirming the completion of Phase-I added that Phase-II would be completed by 2016 to protect against missiles having range up to 5000 km.[30]

India is also planning to develop a laser based weapon system as part of its defense to intercept and destroy missiles soon after they are launched towards the country. DRDO's Air Defence Programme Director V. K. Saraswat says its ideal to destroy a ballistic missile carrying nuclear or conventional warheads in its boost phase. Saraswat further added that it will take another 10–15 years for the premier defence research institute to make it usable on the ground.[31]

PDV[]

In 2009, reports emerged of a new missile named the PDV. The DRDO is developing a new Prithvi interceptor missile codenamed PDV. It will be a two-stage missile and both the stages will be powered by solid propellants. It will have an innovative system for controlling the vehicle at an altitude of more than 150 km The PDV is intended to replace the existing PAD in the PAD/AAD combination. It will have an IIR seeker for its kill vehicle as well. The PDV will replace the PAD with a far more capable missile and will complete the Phase 1 of the BMD system, allowing it to be operational by 2013. Whereupon Phase 2 development will take over for protection against missiles of the 5,000 km (3,100 mi) range class.[32] The first test flight of the missile was expected in 2010.[33] The PDV is designed to take out the target missile at altitudes above 150 km (93 mi).[34]

Cooperation offered by United States[]

According to US Deputy Defence Secretary Ashton Carter, there is a potential for cooperation with India to develop a Ballistic Missile Defence (BMD) shield. "That is an important potential area for our future cooperation," Carter said while on his visit to India in July 2012.[35]

Deployment[]

According to scientist V. K. Saraswat of DRDO the missiles will work in tandem to ensure a hit probability of 99.8 percent. On 6 May 2012, Dr. V. K. Saraswat confirmed that Phase-I is complete and can be deployed to protect two Indian cities at a short notice. He also added that Phase-I is comparable to PAC-3 system.[30][36] New Delhi, the national capital, and Mumbai, have been selected for the ballistic missile defence shield.[37] After successful implementation in Delhi and Mumbai, the system will be used to cover other major cities in the country.[38] This shield can destroy incoming ballistic missiles launched from as far as 2,500 km away. When the Phase II is completed and PDV is developed, the two anti-ballistic missiles can intercept targets up to 5,000 km both at exo and endo-atmospheric (inside the atmosphere) regions. The missiles will work in tandem to ensure a hit probability of 99.8 per cent.[39][40]

Criticisms[]

“ India's BMD could indeed be destabilising, as this would substantially reduce the value of Pakistan's nuclear and missile arsenal, tempting it to increase the same. ”

—Air Vice-Marshal (retd) Kapil Kak[41]

Kapil Kak states that it is indeed "surprising" to see the IAF not closely involved with the project.[41]

Non-proliferation experts are appalled at the lack of any visible “political guidance” to the BMD. The obvious response of an adversary to a missile shield is to field greater numbers of missiles with nuclear weapons; that seems to be the track Pakistan is following.[41]

MIT scholar Christopher Clary, “Indian policymakers must be willing to make the calculation that whatever safety comes from missile defences of dubious effectiveness outweighs the risks that come from a Pakistani nuclear arsenal that is larger than it would be without Indian missile defences.”[41]

References[]

  1. ↑ Ratliff, Ben (2012-11-30). "India expects to use missile interception system as a weapon, top scientist says". International Herald Tribune. Archived from the original on 2006-12-09. http://web.archive.org/web/20061209163603/http://www.iht.com/articles/ap/2006/12/04/asia/AS_GEN_India_Missile_System.php. Retrieved 2012-12-06. 
  2. ↑ "India developing new missiles Towards destroying hostile missiles". Hindu.com. 2006-12-03. http://www.hindu.com/2006/12/03/stories/2006120312940100.htm. Retrieved 2012-12-06. 
  3. ↑ The New GuardianIndia unveils an all new anti-ballistic missile expected to be the fore-runner of a sophisticated air defence system to thwart, among other threats, a Pakistani nuclear weapons attack
  4. ↑ "India tests interceptor missile". Google.com. 2009-03-06. Archived from the original on 2009-03-10. http://web.archive.org/web/20090310155431/http://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5hF8vr43UZ29RmlnKWgtpAmQs81Lg. Retrieved 2012-12-06. 
  5. ↑ "Development of Ballistic Missile Defence System: Year End Review". Ministry of Defence (India). 28 December 2007. http://pib.nic.in/release/release.asp?relid=34262. Retrieved 2008-01-26. 
  6. ↑ Ratliff, Ben. "India successfully tests missile interceptor". International Herald Tribune. Archived from the original on 2009-03-10. http://web.archive.org/web/20090310002406/http://www.iht.com/articles/ap/2009/03/06/asia/AS-India-Missile-Defense.php. Retrieved 2012-12-06. 
  7. ↑ Quoted in News Desk, “Pakistan May Use Any Weapon,” The News, May 31, 1999.
  8. ↑ Pakistan's Nuclear Weapons Program (PDF)
  9. ↑ Options Available to the United States to Counter a Nuclear Iran By George Perkovich - Testimony by George Perkovich before the House Armed Services Committee, February 1, 2006
  10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 10.2 10.3 10.4 10.5 10.6 10.7 10.8 Interview: Vijay Kumar Saraswat[dead link]
  11. ↑ The Hindu Business Line : 40 cos involved in making of missile killers[dead link]
  12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 12.2 T.S. SUBRAMANIAN (Dec. 22, 2007-Jan. 04, 2008). "Smashing hit". Chennai, India: Frontline. http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/fline/fl2425/stories/20080104242512300.htm. Retrieved 2008-02-06. 
  13. ↑ "India to test Layered Missile Defence - Frontier India - News, Analysis, Opinion - Frontier India - News, Analysis, Opinion". Frontier India. http://frontierindia.net/india-to-test-layered-missile-defence. Retrieved 2012-08-02. 
  14. ↑ India Plans Second Anti-Ballistic-Missile Test in JuneThe interceptor rocket has a liquid-fueled first stage that uses two propellants and oxidizers, and a solid-fuel second stage with a gas thruster that can turn the rocket at more than five Gs. The missile carries sensors to guide it to its target.
  15. ↑ Missile shield interceptor rocket to be test-fired again[dead link]
  16. ↑ "Crucial interceptor missile test this week". Hindu.com. http://www.hindu.com/2009/03/04/stories/2009030460291100.htm. Retrieved 2012-12-06. 
  17. ↑ Missile shield[dead link]
  18. ↑ "Interceptor missile test fired successfully". Ndtv.com. 2011-03-06. http://www.ndtv.com/article/india/interceptor-missile-test-fired-successfully-89715?pfrom=home-India. Retrieved 2012-12-06. 
  19. ↑ Aroor, Shiv (1 February 2007). "Another anti-missile test planned for June". Indian Express. http://www.indianexpress.com/iep/sunday/story/22250.html. Retrieved 2008-01-27. 
  20. ↑ "Interceptor missile scores ‘direct hit’". Hindu.com. 2007-12-07. http://www.hindu.com/2007/12/07/stories/2007120761241800.htm. Retrieved 2012-12-06. 
  21. ↑ "India’s interceptor missile test yields new surface-to-surface missile as a spin off - Thaindian News". Thaindian.com. 2007-12-12. http://www.thaindian.com/newsportal/india-news/indias-interceptor-missile-test-yields-new-surface-to-surface-missile-as-a-spin-off_1008669.html#ixzz0Yl4Nj8N6. Retrieved 2012-08-02. 
  22. ↑ "Advanced Air Defence interceptor missile successfully test-fired". NDTV.com. 2010-07-26. http://www.ndtv.com/article/india/advanced-air-defence-interceptor-missile-successfully-test-fired-39780. Retrieved 2012-08-02. 
  23. ↑ "Interceptor missile test fired successfully". NDTV.com. 2011-03-06. http://www.ndtv.com/article/india/interceptor-missile-test-fired-successfully-89715. Retrieved 2012-08-02. 
  24. ↑ "India successfully test-fires missile interceptor". The Times Of India. 2012-02-10. http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/India-successfully-test-fires-missile-interceptor/articleshow/11833769.cms. 
  25. ↑ "India successfully test-fires AAD missile interceptor". 2012-11-23. http://defencenews.in/defence-news-internal.asp?get=new&id=1465. 
  26. ↑ Peerzada Abrar, ET Bureau Dec 3, 2009, 01.59am IST (2009-12-03). "Major defence deals up for grabs". Economictimes.indiatimes.com. http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics/nation/Major-defence-deals-up-for-grabs/articleshow/5294065.cms. Retrieved 2012-12-06. 
  27. ↑ "India to develop high speed interceptors". Hindu.com. 2008-01-07. http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/holnus/008200801071858.htm. Retrieved 2012-12-06. 
  28. ↑ "India developing ballistic missiles to destroy IRBMs, ICBMs". Earthtimes.org. http://www.earthtimes.org/articles/show/170167.html. Retrieved 2012-12-06. 
  29. ↑ "DRDO readies shield against Chinese ICBMs". Indiatoday.intoday.in. 2009-03-09. http://indiatoday.intoday.in/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=31874&sectionid=4&issueid=96&Itemid=1. Retrieved 2012-12-06. 
  30. ↑ 30.0 30.1 PTI (2012-05-06). "Missile defence shield ready: DRDO chief". Thehindu.com. http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/article3390404.ece. Retrieved 2012-12-06. 
  31. ↑ "India plans to use laser weapons in Ballistic Missile Defence". The Hindu. Chennai, India. 2009-01-18. http://www.hindu.com/holnus/008200901181531.htm. 
  32. ↑ "DRDO readies shield against Chinese ICBMs". Indiatoday.intoday.in. 2009-03-09. http://indiatoday.intoday.in/site/Story/31874/LATEST%20HEADLINES/DRDO+readies+shield+against+Chinese+ICBMs.html. Retrieved 2012-12-06. 
  33. ↑ DRDO publication Jan 2010.[dead link]
  34. ↑ "DRDO to launch series of missiles". Hindu.com. http://www.hindu.com/2009/10/17/stories/2009101755791100.htm. Retrieved 2012-12-06. 
  35. ↑ "Potential for cooperation with India to develop BMD: US". 23 July 2012. http://www.business-standard.com/generalnews/news/potential-for-cooperationindia-to-develop-bmd-us/35778/. Retrieved 25 July 2012. 
  36. ↑ Rajat Pandit, TNN, 26 November 2007, 02:43AM IST (2007-11-26). "India on way to joining exclusive BMD club". Timesofindia.indiatimes.com. http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/India_on_way_to_joining_exclusive_BMD_club/rssarticleshow/2570683.cms. Retrieved 2012-12-06. 
  37. ↑ "Delhi, Mumbai selected for ballistic missile defence shield". 24 June 2012. http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Delhi-Mumbai-selected-for-ballistic-missile-defence-shield/articleshow/14370157.cms. 
  38. ↑ "Delhi, Mumbai to get missile defence shield - NDTV News". Ndtv.com. 2012-06-24. http://www.ndtv.com/article/india/delhi-mumbai-to-get-missile-defence-shield-235328. Retrieved 2012-12-06. 
  39. ↑ "More Teeth to Defence System". http://ibnlive.in.com/news/more-teeth-to-defence-system/230239-60-117.html. Retrieved 27 July 2012. 
  40. ↑ PTI Jun 24, 2012, 04.30PM IST (2012-06-24). "Delhi, Mumbai to be first provided with missile defence shield". Economictimes.indiatimes.com. http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics/nation/delhi-mumbai-to-be-first-provided-with-missile-defence-shield/articleshow/14370434.cms. Retrieved 2012-12-06. 
  41. ↑ 41.0 41.1 41.2 41.3 "Government baffled over DRDO chief's claim on missile shield". http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/government-baffled-over-drdo-chief-claim-on-missile-shield/1/208850.html. Retrieved 12 August 2012. 

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