| Iranian Gendarmerie | |
|---|---|
 Seal of the Islamic Republic of Iran Gendarmerie | |
 Seal of the Iranian Imperial Gendarmerie | |
| Agency overview | |
| Formed | 1910 |
| Dissolved | 1991 |
| Superseding agency | Law Enforcement Force of Islamic Republic of Iran |
| Legal personality | Governmental: Government agency |
| Jurisdictional structure | |
| National agency | Iran |
| General nature |
|
| Specialist jurisdictions |
|
| Operational structure | |
The Iranian Gendarmerie also called the Government Gendarmerie (Persian: ژاندارمری دولتی Žāndārmirī-ye Daulatī), was the first modern highway patrol and rural police force in Iran. A paramilitary force, it also played a significant part in politics from its establishment in 1910 during the Qajar dynasty until the advent of the Pahlavi dynasty in 1921. It continued to serve until the end of the Pahlavi era and was modernized into the Imperial Iranian Gendarmerie.[1] Originally established as a constitutional army, the force employed Swedish officers in command of Iranian personnel to perform both traditional police duties and conduct military campaigns against tribal forces.[1] In 1991 the Iranian Gendarmerie was merged with other police forces to form the Law Enforcement Force of Islamic Republic of Iran.
History[]
| Persian Central Government Gendarmerie Jhāndārmeri-ye Dowlati | |
|---|---|
 General Harald Hjalmarson in Persia, 1911 | |
| Active | 1911-1920 |
| Country | Persia (Iran) |
| Allegiance | to the Shah of Persia |
| Size | 7,200 |
| Patron | Ahmad Shah Qajar |
| Colors | light blue, grey and gold |
| Engagements | Shiraz, Kazerun, Boroujerd, Soltanabaddisambiguation needed |
| Commanders | |
| Notable commanders | Gen Jarl Hjalmarson |
Throughout the nineteenth century military modernization was a constant preoccupation of Iranian reformers and the history of the Qajar period is peppered with attempts to create a standing army on the European model. As a neutral choice between Britain and Russia, the Persians would choose that Sweden would be the country given the task to secure their trade routes and unify the country. On 15 August 1911, the Swedish Major Harald Hjalmarson would be given the rank of General and put in command of the Persian Gendarmerie. Many other officers, often recruited from the Swedish aristocracy would now come to follow in Hjalmarson's footsteps.
During the First World War the officers of the Swedish Gendarmerie, who like most of the Iranian intelligentsia and constitutionalists were sympathetic towards Germany, helped the Central Powers and at one point in autumn 1915 seized control of Shiraz with the connivance of the German-trained provincial governor Mehdi-Qoli Mokhber'ol Saltaneh Hedayat.[2] After the 1921 coup d'état the War Minister Reza Khan, merged the two viable military forces which existed in Iran at that point i.e. the Cossack division and the Gendarmerie, to create the modern Iranian national army. A rural police, amnieh, was created and the nazmieh or the police force was also revamped and placed under the Iranian officers.[3]
The disbanding of the Swedish Gendarmerie would greatly weaken the Qajar monarchy and with the Persian Cossack Brigade being the only remaining army unit, it greatly facilitated Reza Shah’s coup in 1921. Hjalmarson would return to Sweden and take command of the volunteer Swedish Brigade serving on the White side in the Finnish Civil War. Another officer, Eric Carlberg, would later on become Sweden’s ambassador to Iran, and a confidant of Mohammed Mosaddeq.
General Harald Hjalmarson's uniform on display at the Swedish Army Museum
Post Revolution[]
Following the overthrow of the Shah in 1979 the Imperial Iranian Gendarmerie remained in existence, although with charges of title, insignia and senior officers. In 1992 it was merged with the Shahrbani (Persian: شهربانی Šahrbānī) and the Islamic Revolutionary Committees (Persian: کمیته Komīte) into a single national law enforcement force.
Organisation[]
The Gendarmerie's Purpose was to guard the frontiers and interior. It consisted of battalions of 4 to 6 Companies. For discipline and administration, the force was under the supervision of the General Officer commanding the division in whose area it was stationed. For police administration work, it came under local civil authorities. It was armed with old pattern rifles of various makes and some Soviet, French and British carbines, but not many modern. It consisted of a total of 7 Independent Mixed Regiments and 15 Mixed Battalions, forming a Corps.[4]
Commanders[]
| Name | Period |
|---|---|
 General Harald Hjalmarson
|
August 1911 – February 1915 |
| Colonel Per Nyström
|
March 1915 – end of 1916 |
| Colonel Tage Fredrik Gleerup
|
August 1918 – end of 1921 |
Notable officers[]
- An officer of the Gendarmerie was the last person who in 1915 was awarded the Swedish medal for bravery upon the field of battle "För tapperhet i fält".[citation needed]
- Eric Carlberg
- Martin Ekström
- Carl Petersén
- Mohammad Taqi-Khan Pessian
- Hasan Arfa
- Abolqasem Lahouti
- Mahmud Khan Puladeen
Stations[]
- Major
- Tehran
- Minor
- Shiraz
- Kerman
- Qazvin
- Isfahan
- Boroujerd
See also[]
References[]
- English
- The Times; "Policing Persia–The Work of the Swedish Gendarmerie", 27 December 1913
- Fazlhashemi, Mohammad. Swedish Officers in Persia, 1911-1915. http://www.iranica.com/newsite/index.isc?Article=http://www.iranica.com/newsite/articles/unicode/ot_grp10/ot_swedofficers_20060601.html.
- Cronin, Stephanie (15 December 2000). Gendarmerie. Encyclopaedia Iranica. http://www.iranica.com/articles/gendarmerie.
- The Army and the Creation of the Pahlavi State in Iran 1910-1926, by Stephanie Cronin
- Swedish
- Carlberg, Eric; "På uppdrag i Persien. Glimtar från en trettioårig vistelse under solens och lejonets tecken" Stockholm; Natur & Kultur, 1962.
Notes[]
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The original article can be found at Iranian Gendarmerie and the edit history here.