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James Clapper

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James Clapper
James R. Clapper official portrait
4th Director of National Intelligence

In office
August 9, 2010 – January 20, 2017
President Barack Obama
Deputy Stephanie O'Sullivan
Preceded by David Gompert
Succeeded by Mike Dempsey
Under Secretary of Defense for Intelligence

In office
April 15, 2007 – June 5, 2010
President George W. Bush
Barack Obama
Preceded by Stephen Cambone
Succeeded by Michael Vickers
Director of the National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency

In office
September 2001 – June 2006
President George W. Bush
Preceded by James C. King
Succeeded by Robert Murrett
Director of the Defense Intelligence Agency

In office
November 1991 – August 1995
President George H. W. Bush
Bill Clinton
Preceded by Dennis Nagy
Succeeded by Kenneth Minihan
Personal details
Born James Robert Clapper Jr.
March 14, 1941(1941-03-14) (age 83)
Fort Wayne, Indiana, U.S.
Political party Democratic
Military service
Allegiance Flag of the United States United States
Service/branch Flag of the United States Air Force United States Air Force
Years of service 1963–1995
Rank US Air Force O9 shoulderboard rotated Lieutenant general
Battles/wars Vietnam War

James Robert Clapper Jr.[1] (born March 14, 1941)[2][3] is a retired lieutenant general in the United States Air Force and is the former director of national intelligence. He served as director of the Defense Intelligence Agency (DIA) from 1992 until 1995. He was the first director of defense intelligence within the Office of the Director of National Intelligence and simultaneously the Under Secretary of Defense for Intelligence.[4] Clapper has held several key positions within the United States Intelligence Community. He served as the director of the National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency (NGA) from September 2001 until June 2006.

On June 5, 2010, President Barack Obama nominated Clapper to replace Dennis C. Blair as United States Director of National Intelligence. Clapper was unanimously confirmed by the Senate for the position on August 5, 2010.

Following the June 2013 leak of documents detailing NSA practice of collecting telephony metadata on millions of Americans’ telephone calls, two U.S. representatives accused Clapper of perjury for telling a congressional committee that the NSA does not collect any type of data on millions of Americans earlier that year. One senator asked for his resignation, and a group of 26 senators complained about Clapper’s responses under questioning. In November 2016, Clapper resigned as director of national intelligence, effective at the end of President Obama's term. In May 2017, he joined the Washington, D.C.-based think tank the Center for a New American Security (CNAS) as a Distinguished Senior Fellow for Intelligence and National Security.

Early life and education[]

Clapper was born in Fort Wayne, Indiana, the son of Anne Elizabeth (née Wheatley) and First Lieutenant James Robert Clapper.[5][6] His father worked in US Army signals intelligence during World War II,[7] retired as Colonel in 1972 and worked as a security guard into the 1980s.[8] His maternal grandfather, James McNeal Wheatley, was an Episcopal minister.[9]

Clapper earned a bachelor of science degree in political science from the University of Maryland in 1963 and a master of science degree in political science from St. Mary's University, Texas in 1970.[10]

Military career[]

James R Clapper

Clapper as a USAF lieutenant general in the mid-1990s

After a brief enlistment in the United States Marine Corps Reserve, Clapper transferred to the U.S. Air Force Reserve Officer Training Corps program. He was commissioned in 1963 as a distinguished military graduate from the University of Maryland. He commanded a signals intelligence detachment based at a listening post in Thailand’s Udon Thani Province, where he flew 73 combat support missions in EC-47s; a signals intelligence SIGINT wing at Fort George G. Meade, Maryland, and the Air Force Technical Applications Center, Patrick Air Force Base, Florida.

Clapper became director of the Defense Intelligence Agency in November 1991 and retired from active duty in September 1995.[11]

He then spent six years in private industry. From 2001 to June 2006 he was director of the National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency as member of the Defense Intelligence Senior Executive Service (DISES).[citation needed]

Private sector career[]

From 2006 to 2007, Clapper worked for GeoEye (satellite company) and was an executive on the boards of three government contractors, two of which were doing business with the NGA while he was there: In October 2006 as chief operating officer for the British military intelligence company Detica, now DFI and U.S.–based subsidiary of BAE Systems, also SRA International and Booz Allen Hamilton.[12]

Clapper defended the private sector's role in his 2010 confirmation hearings: "I worked as a contractor for six years myself, so I think I have a good understanding of the contribution that they have made and will continue to make."[13]

Undersecretary of defense for intelligence, 2007[]

For the 2006–2007 academic year, Clapper held the position of Georgetown University’s Intelligence and National Security Alliance Distinguished Professor in the Practice of Intelligence.[14]

While teaching at Georgetown, he was officially nominated by President George W. Bush to be undersecretary of defense for intelligence (USD(I)) on January 29, 2007, and confirmed by the United States Senate on April 11, 2007.[15] He was the second person ever to hold this position, which oversees the Defense Intelligence Agency, the National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency, the National Security Agency (NSA), and the National Reconnaissance Office. He also worked closely with the director of national intelligence.[citation needed]

Director of national intelligence, 2010–17[]

Barack Obama James L Jones and James R Clapper 20101020

Clapper and Barack Obama presented the NIDSM to James L. Jones, October 20, 2010

Nomination 2010[]

Defense Secretary Robert Gates suggested to President Obama that he nominate Clapper, but both Chairman Dianne Feinstein and Vice-Chairman Kit Bond of the United States Senate Select Committee on Intelligence had offered reservations regarding his appointment.[16] Obama made the official announcement on June 5, 2010 saying Clapper “possesses a quality that I value in all my advisers: a willingness to tell leaders what we need to know even if it's not what we want to hear.”[17]

On August 5, 2010, the Senate confirmed Clapper in a unanimous vote.[16][18]

Lawmakers approved his nomination after the Senate Intelligence Committee backed him with a 15–0 vote. During his testimony for the position, Clapper pledged to advance the DNI’s authorities, exert tighter control over programming and budgeting, and provide oversight over the CIA’s use of predator drones in Pakistan.[19]

Defense

Clapper and Senator John McCain listen as Defense Secretary Gates addresses the audience, June 4, 2011

Creating deputy director for intelligence integration position[]

In August 2010 Clapper announced a new position at the DNI called the deputy director for intelligence integration, to integrate the former posts of deputy director for analysis and deputy director for collections. Robert Cardillo, the deputy director of the Defense Intelligence Agency, was tapped to fill the new post.[20][21][22]

Budget authority over U.S. Intelligence community[]

Main article: United States intelligence budget

In an agreement between Defense Secretary Robert Gates and Clapper his office assumed administrative control over the National Intelligence Program. Previously the NIP was itemized within the Defense Department budget to keep the line item and dollar amount from public view. In late October 2010 Clapper's office disclosed the top line budget as $53.1 billion, which was below the $75 billion figure circulated in 2010,[23] in the belief the budget change would strengthen the DNI's authority.[24][25][26][27]

Defense

Clapper meets with Defense Secretary Leon Panetta and DIA chief Ronald Burgess, September 29, 2011

Iran, 2012[]

in February 2012, Clapper told the Senate that if Iran is attacked over its alleged nuclear weapons program, it could respond by closing the Strait of Hormuz to ships and launch missiles at regional U.S. forces and allies.

Former Defense Intelligence Agency chief Lt. Gen. Ronald Burgess told senators Iran is unlikely to initiate or intentionally provoke a conflict. Clapper said it’s “technically feasible” that Tehran could produce a nuclear weapon in one or two years, if its leaders decide to build one, “but practically not likely.” Both men said they did not believe Israel had decided to strike Iran.[28]

Common information technology enterprise and desktop, 2012[]

Clapper made "intelligence integration" across the Intelligence Community the primary mission of the ODNI.[29] In 2012 the office announced an initiative to create a common information technology desktop for the entire Intelligence Community, moving away from unconnected agency networks to a common enterprise model. In late fiscal 2013 the shared IT infrastructure reached operating capability with plans to bring on all intelligence agencies over the next few years.[30]

Testimony to Congress on NSA surveillance programs, 2013[]

Excerpt of James Clapper’s testimony before the Senate Select Committee on Intelligence

On March 12, 2013, during a United States Senate Select Committee on Intelligence hearing, Senator Ron Wyden quoted NSA director Keith B. Alexander’s keynote speech at the 2012 DEF CON. Alexander had stated that “Our job is foreign intelligence” and that “those who would want to weave the story that we have millions or hundreds of millions of dossiers on people, is absolutely false.... From my perspective, this is absolute nonsense.” Wyden then asked Clapper, “Does the NSA collect any type of data at all on millions or hundreds of millions of Americans?” He responded, “No, sir.” Wyden asked “It does not?” and Clapper said, “Not wittingly. There are cases where they could inadvertently, perhaps, collect, but not wittingly.”[31]

When Edward Snowden was asked during his January 26, 2014, TV interview in Moscow what the decisive moment was or why he blew the whistle, he replied: “Sort of the breaking point was seeing the director of national intelligence, James Clapper, directly lie under oath to Congress. ... Seeing that really meant for me there was no going back.”[32]

Responses[]

On June 5, 2013, The Guardian published the first of the global surveillance documents leaked by Edward Snowden, including a top secret court order showing that the NSA had collected phone records from over 120 million Verizon subscribers.[33]

The following day, Clapper acknowledged that the NSA collects telephony metadata on millions of Americans’ telephone calls.[34] This metadata information included originating and terminating telephone number, telephone calling card number, International Mobile Station Equipment Identity (IMEI) number, time, and duration of phone calls, but did not include the name, address, or financial information of any subscriber.[35]

On June 7 Clapper was interviewed by Andrea Mitchell on NBC. Clapper said that “I responded in what I thought was the most truthful, or least untruthful manner by saying no” when he testified.[36]

On June 11, U.S. Senator Ron Wyden (D-OR) accused Clapper of not giving a “straight answer,” noting that Clapper's office had been provided with the question a day in advance of the hearing and was given the opportunity following Clapper’s testimony to amend his response.[37]

On June 12, 2013, Representative Justin Amash became the first congressman to openly accuse Director Clapper of criminal perjury, calling for his resignation. In a series of tweets he stated: “It now appears clear that the director of national intelligence, James Clapper, lied under oath to Congress and the American people,” and “Perjury is a serious crime ... [and] Clapper should resign immediately,”[38] U.S. Senator Rand Paul (R-KY) said "The director of national intelligence, in March, did directly lie to Congress, which is against the law."[39] Paul later suggested that Clapper might deserve prison time for his testimony.[40]

On June 27, 2013, a group of 26 senators sent him a complaint letter opposing the use of a “body of secret law.”[41][42]

Admission of forgetfulness[]

On July 1, 2013, Clapper apologized, saying that “my response was clearly erroneous—for which I apologize.”[43] On July 2, Clapper said that he had forgotten about the Patriot Act and therefore had given an “erroneous” answer.[44]

Secretary of Defense Chuck Hagel, center, shares a laugh with other guests before a retirement ceremony for U.S. Army Gen. Keith B

Clapper and NSA director Keith B. Alexander (left) were both accused of lying under oath to Congress.[45][46]

On December 19, 2013, seven GOP members of the United States Senate's House Judiciary Committee called on Attorney General Eric Holder to investigate Clapper, stating "witnesses cannot be allowed to lie to Congress."[47]

In January 2014, Robert S. Litt, general counsel to the Office of the DNI, stated that Clapper did not lie to Congress,[48] and in May 2015 clarified that Clapper "had absolutely forgotten the existence of" section 215 of the Patriot Act.[49]

In January 2014 six members of the House of Representatives wrote[50] to President Obama urging him to dismiss Clapper for lying to Congress,[51][52] but were rebuffed by the White House.[53]

Caitlin Hayden, a White House spokesman, said in an e-mailed statement that Obama has “full faith in Director Clapper’s leadership of the intelligence community. The Director has provided an explanation for his answers to Senator Wyden and made clear that he did not intend to mislead the Congress.”[53]

Ban on employee contacts with the media, 2014[]

In March 2014 Clapper banned employees of the intelligence community from unauthorized contact with reporters.[54] The next month he implemented a new prepublication review policy for the ODNI’s current and former employees that prohibits them from citing news reports based on leaks in their unofficial writings.[55]

Wikimedia Foundation lawsuit, 2015[]

On March 10, 2015, Wikimedia Foundation filed a lawsuit against Clapper and several other defendants in an attempt to stop the “large-scale search and seizure of internet communications.”[56][57]

OPM hack, 2015[]

In June 2015 the United States Office of Personnel Management (OPM) announced that it had been the target of a data breach targeting the records of as many as 18 million people.[58] The Washington Post has reported that the attack originated in China, citing unnamed government officials.[59]

Speaking at a forum in Washington, D.C., Clapper warned of the danger posed by a capable adversary like the Chinese government and said, “You have to kind of salute the Chinese for what they did.”[58]

ISIS intelligence scandal, 2015[]

The CENTCOM’s intelligence staff was pressured to promote “good news” about the struggle against the Islamic State in Iraq and the civil war in Syria, despite evidence to the contrary. In September 2015, The Guardian reported that Clapper “is in frequent and unusual contact with a military intelligence officer (Army brigadier general Steven Grove) at the center of a growing scandal over rosy portrayals of the war against ISIS.”[60]

The report came amid a Pentagon investigation into accusations that top military officials have pressured analysts into conforming their reports to the Obama administration’s narrative of the fight against ISIS. More than 50 intelligence analysts at CENTCOM, the Pentagon agency covering security interests in nations throughout the Middle East and Central Asia, have supported a formal, written complaint sent to the Defense Department alleging that senior intelligence officers have insisted on changing ISIS reports to make them reflect more positively on U.S. efforts in the region.[61] With Clapper closely communicating with officials who have been implicated in the scandal, questions will arise about how much President Barack Obama—who once suggested that ISIS was a JV team wearing Lakers uniforms—knew about any possible intelligence altering.[62]

Resignation, 2016[]

In November 2016, Clapper resigned, effective at the end of President Obama's term in January 2017.[63][64]

Appointment to Australian National University, 2017[]

In June 2017 Clapper commenced an initial four-week term at the Australian National University (ANU) National Security College in Canberra that includes public lectures on key global and national security issues. Clapper was also expected to take part in the ANU Crawford Australian Leadership Forum, the nation's pre-eminent dialogue of academics, parliamentarians and business leaders.[65]

In the media[]

Director of National Intelligence James Clapper

Clapper at the LBJ Presidential Library in 2016

In 2003, Clapper, then head of the National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency, attempted to explain the absence of weapons of mass destruction in Iraq by asserting that the weapons materials were “unquestionably” shipped out of Iraq to Syria and other countries just before the American invasion, a “personal assessment” that Clapper’s own agency head at the time, David Burpee, “could not provide further evidence to support.”[66]

In an interview on December 20, 2010, with Diane Sawyer of ABC News, Clapper indicated he was completely unaware that 12 alleged terrorists had been arrested in Great Britain earlier that day.[67][68]

In February 2011, when mass demonstrations were bringing down Mubarak’s presidency in Egypt, Clapper told a House Intelligence Committee hearing that:

“The term ‘Muslim Brotherhood’... is an umbrella term for a variety of movements, in the case of Egypt, a very heterogeneous group, largely secular, which has eschewed violence and has decried Al Qaeda as a perversion of Islam.... They have pursued social ends, a betterment of the political order in Egypt, et cetera..... In other countries, there are also chapters or franchises of the Muslim Brotherhood, but there is no overarching agenda, particularly in pursuit of violence, at least internationally.”[69]

The Obama administration took the rare step later that day of correcting its own intelligence chief after the statement drew scrutiny among members of Congress.[70]

In March 2011, Clapper was heard at the United States Senate Committee on Armed Services commenting on the 2011 Libyan civil war that “over the longer term” Gaddafi “will prevail.” This position was loudly questioned by the White House, when National Security Adviser Thomas E. Donilon qualified his statement as a “static and one-dimensional assessment” and argued that “the lost legitimacy [of Gaddafi] matters.”[71] During the same hearing he was also questioned when he neglected to list Iran and North Korea among the nuclear powers that might pose a threat to the United States.

In March 2017 Clapper said on NBC's "Meet the Press" that the Office of the Director of National Intelligence had not obtained a FISA court order allowing the FBI to tap Trump Tower, rebutting Donald Trump's unsubstantiated claims that that President Barack Obama personally ordered wiretapping of Trump Tower before the November election.[72] Clapper stated "I will say that for the part of the national security apparatus that I oversaw as DNI, was there no such wiretap activity mounted against the president-elect at the time or as a candidate or against his campaign," but added that "I can't speak for other Title III authorized entities in the government or a state or local entity."[73]

Clapper also said that he saw no evidence of collusion between the Trump campaign and Russia.[74] He stopped receiving briefings on January 20 and was "not aware of the counterintelligence investigation Director Comey first referred to during his testimony before the House Permanent Select Committee for Intelligence on the 20th of March".[75] CNN stated that Clapper had "taken a major defense away from the White House."[76]

In a speech at Australia's National Press Club in June Clapper accused Trump of "ignorance or disrespect", called the firing of FBI director James Comey "inexcusable", and warned of an "internal assault on our institutions".[77]

In May 2017 Clapper was criticized by some media outlets for a xenophobic remark in an interview with Chuck Todd from Meet the Press.[78] He told NBC's "Meet The Press" that Russian people are "genetically driven" to infiltrate and manipulate American society.[79][80]

In an August 2017 interview, Clapper stated that U.S. President Donald Trump having access to the nuclear codes is "pretty damn scary" and he questioned his fitness to be in office.[81]

Personal life[]

In 1965 Clapper married his wife, Sue, who herself was an NSA employee. They have a daughter, Jennifer, who is a principal of an elementary school in Fairfax County, Virginia, and is married to Jay, a high school teacher.[82]

He has a brother, Mike Clapper from Illinois, and a sister, Chris. He introduced them at the Senate confirmation hearings July 20, 2010.[82]

Education[]

  • 1963 bachelor of science degree in political science, University of Maryland
  • 1970 master of arts degree in political science, St. Mary's University, Texas
  • 1973 Air Command and Staff College, Maxwell Air Force Base, Montgomery, Alabama
  • 1975 Distinguished graduate, Armed Forces Staff College, Norfolk, Virginia
  • 1976 Air War College, Maxwell Air Force Base, Montgomery, Alabama
  • 1979 National War College, Fort Lesley J. McNair, Washington, D.C.
  • 1990 Program for Senior Executives in National and International Security, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts
  • 1990 Harvard Defense Policy Seminar, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts

Clapper also holds an honorary doctorate in strategic intelligence from the Joint Military Intelligence College, Washington, D.C., where he taught as an adjunct professor.

Awards and decorations[]

Military awards[]

United States Air Force Officer Aircrew Badge Air Force Basic Officer Aircrew Badge
USAF - Occupational Badge - Space and Missile Basic Space and Missile Badge
United States Air Force Missile Badge Basic Missile Maintenance Badge
Joint Chiefs of Staff seal Office of the Joint Chiefs of Staff Identification Badge
Defense Distinguished Service ribbon Defense Distinguished Service Medal
Air Force Distinguished Service ribbon Air Force Distinguished Service Medal
US Defense Superior Service Medal ribbon Defense Superior Service Medal
Width-44 crimson ribbon with a pair of width-2 white stripes on the edgesOak leaf cluster, bronzeOak leaf cluster, bronze Legion of Merit with two bronze oak leaf clusters
Bronze oak leaf cluster
Width-44 scarlet ribbon with width-4 ultramarine blue stripe at center, surrounded by width-1 white stripes. Width-1 white stripes are at the edges.
 Bronze Star with oak leaf cluster
Defense Meritorious Service Medal ribbon Defense Meritorious Service Medal
Bronze oak leaf cluster
Width-44 crimson ribbon with two width-8 white stripes at distance 4 from the edges.
 Meritorious Service Medal with oak leaf cluster
Bronze oak leaf cluster
Air Medal ribbon
 Air Medal with oak leaf cluster
Joint Service Commendation Medal ribbon Joint Service Commendation Medal
Air Force Commendation ribbon Air Force Commendation Medal
V
Bronze oak leaf cluster
Bronze oak leaf cluster
Outstanding Unit ribbon
 Air Force Outstanding Unit Award with Valor device and two oak leaf clusters
Organizational Excellence ribbon Air Force Organizational Excellence Award
DefCivRibbon Department of Defense Distinguished Civilian Service Award[83]
NIDRib National Intelligence Distinguished Service Medal
Bronze star
Width=44 scarlet ribbon with a central width-4 golden yellow stripe, flanked by pairs of width-1 scarlet, white, Old Glory blue, and white stripes
 National Defense Service Medal with one bronze service star
Vietnam Service Medal ribbonBronze-service-star-3dBronze-service-star-3dBronze-service-star-3d Vietnam Service Medal with three service stars
Air Force Overseas Short Tour Service RibbonOak leaf cluster, bronzeOak leaf cluster, bronze Air Force Overseas Short Tour Service Ribbon with two oak leaf clusters
Air Force Overseas Long Tour Service RibbonOak leaf cluster, bronzeOak leaf cluster, bronze Air Force Overseas Long Tour Service Ribbon with two oak leaf clusters
Air Force Longevity Service ribbonSilver oakleaf-3dOak leaf cluster, bronzeOak leaf cluster, bronze Air Force Longevity Service Award with one silver and two bronze oak leaf clusters
USAF Marksmanship ribbon Small Arms Expert Marksmanship Ribbon
Air Force Training Ribbon Air Force Training Ribbon
Cheon-Su Security Medal Ribbon Republic of Korea Order of National Security Merit, Cheon-su Medal
File:National Order of Merit Commander Ribbon.png French National Order of Merit (Commander)
AUS Order of Australia (military) BAR Officer of the Order of Australia (Honorary – Military Division) – 5 October 2012
Den kongelige norske fortjenstorden kommandør med stjerne stripe Royal Norwegian Order of Merit (Commander with Star)[84]
Vietnam gallantry cross unit award-3d Vietnam Gallantry Cross Unit Citation
Vietnam Campaign Medal ribbon with 60- clasp Vietnam Campaign Medal

Other awards[]

  • William Oliver Baker Award of the Intelligence and National Security Alliance, 2006
  • Rosemary Award from the National Security Archive at George Washington University for the "worst open government performance of 2013."[85][86]

Effective dates of promotion[]

  • US Air Force O1 shoulderboard rotated Second lieutenant (June 8, 1963)
  • US Air Force O2 shoulderboard rotated First lieutenant (January 8, 1965)
  • US Air Force O3 shoulderboard rotated Captain (March 16, 1967)
  • US Air Force O4 shoulderboard rotated Major (November 1, 1973)
  • US Air Force O5 shoulderboard rotated Lieutenant colonel (April 1, 1976)
  • US Air Force O6 shoulderboard rotated Colonel (February 11, 1980)
  • US Air Force O7 shoulderboard rotated Brigadier general (October 1, 1985)
  • US Air Force O8 shoulderboard rotated Major general (September 1, 1988)
  • US Air Force O9 shoulderboard rotated Lieutenant general (November 15, 1991)[11]

Military assignments[]

  • May 1963 – March 1964, student, Signal Intelligence Officers Course, Goodfellow Air Force Base, Texas
  • March 1964 – December 1965, analytic branch chief, Air Force Special Communications Center, Kelly Air Force Base, Texas
  • December 1965 – December 1966, watch officer and air defense analyst, 2nd Air Division (later, 7th Air Force), Tan Son Nhut Air Base, South Vietnam
  • December 1966 – June 1970, aide to the commander and command briefer, Air Force Security Service, Kelly Air Force Base, Texas
  • June 1970 – June 1971, commander, Detachment 3, 6994th Security Squadron, Nakhon Phanom Royal Thai Air Force Base, Thailand
  • June 1971 – August 1973, military assistant to the director, National Security Agency, Fort George G. Meade, Md.
  • August 1973 – August 1974, aide to the commander and intelligence staff officer, Headquarters Air Force Systems Command, Andrews Air Force Base, Md.
  • August 1974 – September 1975, distinguished graduate, Armed Forces Staff College, Norfolk, Va.
  • September 1975 – June 1976, chief, signal intelligence branch, Headquarters U.S. Pacific Command, Camp H.M. Smith, Hawaii
  • June 1976 – August 1978, chief, signal intelligence branch, J-23, Headquarters U.S. Pacific Command, Camp H.M. Smith, Hawaii
  • August 1978 – June 1979, student, National War College, National Defense University, Fort Lesley J. McNair, Washington, D.C.
  • June 1979 – January 1980, Washington area representative for electronic security command, deputy commander, Fort George G. Meade, Md.
  • February 1980 – April 1981, commander, 6940th Electronic Security Wing, Fort George G. Meade, Md.
  • April 1981 – June 1984, director for intelligence plans and systems, Office of the Assistant Chief of Staff for Intelligence, Headquarters U.S. Air Force, Washington, D.C.
  • June 1984 – May 1985, commander, Air Force Technical Applications Center, Patrick Air Force Base, Fla.
  • June 1985 – June 1987, assistant chief of staff for intelligence, U.S. Forces Korea, and deputy assistant chief of staff for intelligence, Republic of Korea and U.S. Combined Forces Command
  • July 1987 – July 1989, director for intelligence, Headquarters U.S. Pacific Command, Camp H.M. Smith, Hawaii
  • July 1989 – March 1990, deputy chief of staff for intelligence, Headquarters Strategic Air Command, Offutt Air Force Base, Neb.
  • April 1990 – November 1991, assistant chief of staff for intelligence, Headquarters U.S. Air Force, Washington, D.C.
  • November 1991 – 1995, director, Defense Intelligence Agency and General Defense Intelligence Program, Washington, D.C.

See also[]

  • Michael Hayden, retired Air Force general and former director of the NSA (1999–2005) and CIA (2006–2009)

References[]

  1. ↑ Nominations before the Senate Armed Services Committee, first session, 110th United Congress. Senate Committee on Armed Services. https://books.google.com/books?id=xka4p7CfasEC&q=%22James+Robert+Clapper%22&dq=%22James+Robert+Clapper%22&hl=en. Retrieved 2012-11-14. 
  2. ↑ "Will Attend Christening". Pqasb.pqarchiver.com. 1941-03-23. https://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/baltsun/access/1780249062.html?FMT=CITE&FMTS=CITE:AI&type=historic&date=Mar+23%2C+1941&author=&pub=The+Sun+(1837-1985)&desc=Will+Attend+Christening&pqatl=google. Retrieved 2012-11-14. (subscription required)
  3. ↑ "General Clapper Nominated DNI Chief". Rttnews.com. 2010-06-06. http://www.rttnews.com/story.aspx?Id=1325678. Retrieved 2012-11-14. 
  4. ↑ ""Under Secretary of Defense for Intelligence to be Dual-hatted as Director of Defense Intelligence," DNI News Release, May 24, 2007" (PDF). Archived from the original on May 19, 2011. https://web.archive.org/web/20110519003222/http://www.dni.gov/press_releases/20070524_release.pdf. Retrieved 2011-03-13. 
  5. ↑ "Obituaries". Pqasb.pqarchiver.com. 1998-05-09. https://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/washingtonpost/access/29312955.html?dids=29312955:29312955&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:FT&type=current&date=May+09%2C+1998&author=&pub=The+Washington+Post&desc=OBITUARIES&pqatl=google. Retrieved 2012-11-14. 
  6. ↑ B and O Magazine. Books.google.ca. 2001-08-01. https://books.google.com/books?id=I19CAQAAIAAJ&q=Elizabeth+Wheatley+CLAPPER&dq=Elizabeth+Wheatley+CLAPPER&hl=en. Retrieved 2012-11-14. 
  7. ↑ Garrett M. Graff (17 November 2016). "America’s Top Spy Talks Snowden Leaks and Our Ominous Future". https://www.wired.com/2016/11/james-clapper-us-intelligence. 
  8. ↑ http://www.arlingtoncemetery.net/jrclapper.htm
  9. ↑ "Rites For Father Wheatley, 1st St. George's Rector, Set". Pqasb.pqarchiver.com. 1969-01-30. https://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/baltsun/access/1750619512.html?FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:AI&type=historic&date=Jan+30%2C+1969&author=&pub=The+Sun+(1837-1985)&desc=Rites+For+Father+Wheatley%2C+1st+St.+George's+Rector%2C+Set&pqatl=google. Retrieved 2012-11-14. 
  10. ↑ "Lieutenant General James R. Clapper Jr.". af.mil. http://www.af.mil/AboutUs/Biographies/Display/tabid/225/Article/107384/lieutenant-general-james-r-clapper-jr.aspx. Retrieved August 17, 2017. 
  11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 "United States Air Force Biography". Af.mil. Archived from the original on 2013-08-02. https://web.archive.org/web/20130802102502/http://www.af.mil/information/bios/bio.asp?bioID=5005. Retrieved 2011-03-13. 
  12. ↑ "Intelligence nominee's contractor ties draw scrutiny". LA Times. 2010-07-25. http://articles.latimes.com/2010/jul/25/nation/la-na-clapper-contractors-20100725. Retrieved 2014-02-15. 
  13. ↑ "Booz Allen Hamilton: Edward Snowden's US contracting firm". The Guardian. 2013-06-09. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/jun/09/booz-allen-hamilton-edward-snowden. 
  14. ↑ "Professor in Practice of Intelligence Established". Explore.georgetown.edu. http://explore.georgetown.edu/news/?ID=19761. Retrieved 2011-03-13. 
  15. ↑ ""DoD Announces Clapper as the New Undersecretary of Defense for Intelligence"". Goliath.ecnext.com. 2007-04-16. http://goliath.ecnext.com/coms2/gi_0199-6437933/DoD-Announces-Clapper-as-the.html. Retrieved 2011-03-13. 
  16. ↑ 16.0 16.1 Montopoli, Brian (2010-06-04). "James Clapper to be Tapped as New National Intelligence Director". CBS News. http://www.cbsnews.com/8301-503544_162-20006867-503544.html. Retrieved 2011-03-13. 
  17. ↑ "Obama nominates Clapper to head spy agencies". MSNBC. June 5, 2010. http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/37526849/ns/politics. Retrieved 2011-03-13. 
  18. ↑ "James Clapper Confirmed as Director of National Intelligence". Wall Street Journal. 2010-08-05. http://www.foxnews.com/politics/2010/08/05/james-clapper-confirmed-director-national-intelligence/. Retrieved August 6, 2010. 
  19. ↑ Washington Post, DNI nominee vows tighter reins on intel programs, washingtontimes.com, July 20, 2010.
  20. ↑ CNN, Director of national intelligence names deputy to boost collaboration, 20 August 2010
  21. ↑ "Clapper's people". The Washington Post. 2010-08-23. http://voices.washingtonpost.com/top-secret-america/2010/08/clappers_people.html. 
  22. ↑ Got GEOINT?, Monday Morning News Kick Off: Robert Cardillo to Boost Collaboration for ODNI; Clapper Brings Sense of Humor to Job; SAIC Wins TASER Contract, gotgeoint.com, August 23, 2010.
  23. ↑ "DNI Releases Budget Figure for 2010 National Intelligence Program". 2010-10-28. http://www.dni.gov/index.php/newsroom/press-releases/98-press-releases-2010. 
  24. ↑ "Control of intelligence budget will shift". Washington Post. 2010-11-03. https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2010/11/02/AR2010110207136.html. 
  25. ↑ One Spy to Rule Them All: Top Spook Launches Push for Real Power, wired.com, November 3, 2010.
  26. ↑ Federal Times, Intelligence director says he will get control of funds, November 3, 2010
  27. ↑ Executive Gov, Clapper Seeks Authority over Intel Budget, executivegov.com, November 3, 2010.
  28. ↑ "U.S. remains optimistic on Iran sanctions". CBS News. 2012-02-21. http://www.cbsnews.com/news/us-remains-optimistic-on-iran-sanctions. 
  29. ↑ "Intelligence Integration". U.S. Office of the Director of National Intelligence. http://www.dni.gov/index.php/about/organization/intelligence-integration-who-we-are. Retrieved 2014-02-14. 
  30. ↑ Federal News Radio, Intelligence community cloud coming online in early 2013, federalnewsradio.com, October 10, 2012.
  31. ↑ Greenberg, Andy. "Watch Top U.S. Intelligence Officials Repeatedly Deny NSA Spying On Americans Over The Last Year (Videos)." Forbes. June 6, 2013. Retrieved on June 11, 2013. "Eight months later, Senator Ron Wyden quoted[...]"
  32. ↑ "Snowden Interview Transcript". NDR. http://www.ndr.de/ratgeber/netzwelt/snowden277_page-2.html. Retrieved January 27, 2014. 
  33. ↑ Glenn Greenwald (June 6, 2013). "NSA collecting phone records of millions of Verizon customers daily". The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/jun/06/nsa-phone-records-verizon-court-order. Retrieved September 16, 2013. 
  34. ↑ "DNI Statement on Recent Unauthorized Disclosures of Classified Information". June 6, 2013. Archived from the original on June 7, 2013. https://web.archive.org/web/20130607220644/http://www.dni.gov/index.php/newsroom/press-releases/191-press-releases-2013/868-dni-statement-on-recent-unauthorized-disclosures-of-classified-information. Retrieved August 17, 2017. 
  35. ↑ "Verizon forced to hand over telephone data – full court ruling", The Guardian, June 6, 2013; retrieved June 12, 2013.
  36. ↑ "Transcript of Andrea Mitchell's Interview with Director of National Intelligence James Clapper". NBC News. 2013-06-09. Archived from the original on 2013-12-03. https://web.archive.org/web/20131203061349/http://www.nbcumv.com/mediavillage/networks/nbcnews/pressreleases?pr=contents%2Fpress-releases%2F2013%2F06%2F09%2Fnbcnewsexclusiv1370799482417.xml. 
  37. ↑ Blake, Aaron (2013-06-11). "Sen. Wyden: Clapper didn’t give 'straight answer' on NSA programs". https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/post-politics/wp/2013/06/11/sen-wyden-clapper-didnt-give-straight-answer-on-nsa-programs. 
  38. ↑ Muñoz, Carlos. "GOP's Amash: Clapper should resign", The Hill, June 12, 2013.
  39. ↑ Ackerman, Spencer. "Rand Paul accuses James Clapper of lying to Congress over NSA suveillance", The Guardian. June 18, 2013.
  40. ↑ Knowlton, Brian. "Senators differ sharply on penalty for Snowden", New York Times. January 6, 2014; retrieved August 17, 2017.
  41. ↑ "Senators' letter to US director of national intelligence James Clapper", The Guardian, June 28, 2013; retrieved August 17, 2017.
  42. ↑ Roberts, Dan. "Senators accuse government of using 'secret law' to collect Americans' data", The Guardian. June 28, 2013; retrieved August 17, 2017.
  43. ↑ Roberts, Dan and Spencer Ackerman. "Clapper under pressure despite apology for 'erroneous' statements to Congress", The Guardian, July 1, 2013; retrieved July 2, 2013.
  44. ↑ Ackermann, Spencer (July 2, 2013). "Clapper: I gave ‘erroneous’ answer because I forgot about Patriot Act". https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/jul/02/james-clapper-senate-erroneous. Retrieved February 13, 2014. 
  45. ↑ "To reform the NSA, fire officials who lie", The Guardian, September 25, 2013.
  46. ↑ ""Put the NSA on trial", Salon.com, June 11, 2013.
  47. ↑ Spencer Ackerman. "Republicans demand consequences for 'willful lie' by intelligence chief". The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/dec/19/republicans-consequences-james-clapper-testimony. 
  48. ↑ Pengelly, Martin. "Clapper did not lie to Congress on NSA, says national intelligence counsel", The Guardian, January 4, 2014.
  49. ↑ "Attorney: Spy chief had 'forgotten' about NSA program when he misled Congress". The Hill. http://thehill.com/policy/technology/241508-spy-head-had-absolutely-forgotten-about-nsa-program. 
  50. ↑ "Congressman Darrell Issa letter to U.S. President Barack Obama". Darrell Issa. Darrell Issa. Archived from the original on 2014-02-21. https://web.archive.org/web/20140221201203/http://issa.house.gov/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/FINAL-NSA-Reforms-Letter-01-23-2014-2.pdf. 
  51. ↑ "Lawmakers to Obama: Fire your intelligence chief for lying". MSNBC. February 27, 2014. http://www.msnbc.com/msnbc/lawmakers-want-intel-chief-fired-lying. Retrieved February 13, 2014. 
  52. ↑ Ackermann, Spencer (January 29, 2014). "James Clapper calls for Snowden and 'accomplices' to return NSA documents". https://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/jan/29/james-clapper-condemns-snowden-senate-testimony. Retrieved February 13, 2014. 
  53. ↑ 53.0 53.1 Fung, Brian (27 January 2014). "Darrell Issa: James Clapper lied to Congress about NSA and should be fired". https://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/the-switch/wp/2014/01/27/darrell-issa-james-clapper-lied-to-congress-about-nsa-and-should-be-fired/. Retrieved 13 February 2014. 
  54. ↑ "US spy chief James Clapper prohibits employees from speaking with media, memo says". Foxnews. April 21, 2014. http://www.foxnews.com/politics/2014/04/21/us-spy-chief-james-clapper-prohibits-employees-from-speaking-with-media-memo. 
  55. ↑ "Intelligence Policy Bans Citation of Leaked Material". The New York Times. May 9, 2014. https://www.nytimes.com/2014/05/09/us/politics/obama-policy-bans-employee-use-of-leaked-material.html. 
  56. ↑ Broersma, Matthew (March 10, 2015). "Wikimedia Foundation Sues NSA Over Internet Surveillance". TechWeek Europe. http://www.techweekeurope.co.uk/security/wikimedia-nsa-surveillance-164200. Retrieved March 10, 2015. 
  57. ↑ "Wikimedia v. NSA: Wikimedia Foundation files suit against NSA to challenge upstream mass surveillance". Wikimedia blog. https://blog.wikimedia.org/2015/03/10/wikimedia-v-nsa/. 
  58. ↑ 58.0 58.1 "China Is 'Leading Suspect' in Massive Hack of US Government Networks". ABC News. June 25, 2015.
  59. ↑ Sanders, Sam (June 4, 2015). "Massive Data Breach Puts 4 Million Federal Employees' Records At Risk". NPR. http://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2015/06/04/412086068/massive-data-breach-puts-4-million-federal-employees-records-at-risk. 
  60. ↑ Spencer Ackerman (September 10, 2015). "US spy chief's 'highly unusual' reported contact with military official raises concerns". The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2015/sep/10/james-clapper-pentagon-military-official. 
  61. ↑ "Exclusive: 50 Spies Say ISIS Intelligence Was Cooked". The Daily Beast. 2015-09-09. http://www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2015/09/09/exclusive-50-spies-say-isis-intelligence-was-cooked.html. 
  62. ↑ "Obama administration and ISIS intelligence". Business Insider. 2015-09-11. http://uk.businessinsider.com/obama-administration-and-isis-intelligence-2015-9?r=US&IR=T. 
  63. ↑ "Director of National Intelligence James Clapper has resigned". NBC News. November 17, 2016. http://www.nbcnews.com/news/us-news/director-national-intelligence-james-clapper-resigns-n685301. 
  64. ↑ "James Clapper, the US intelligence chief, resigns". November 17, 2016. http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-us-canada-38018153. 
  65. ↑ Clapper to join Australian National University, anu.edu.au; accessed August 17, 2017.
  66. ↑ "The Struggle for Iraq: Weapons Search: Iraqis Removed Arms Material, U.S. Aide Says". Nytimes.com. 2003-10-29. https://www.nytimes.com/2003/10/29/world/the-struggle-for-iraq-weapons-search-iraqis-removed-arms-material-us-aide-says.html. Retrieved 2011-03-13. 
  67. ↑ News, ABC. "Video: National Security Leaders Discuss Terror Threat". http://abcnews.go.com/WNT/video/national-security-leaders-discuss-ongoing-terror-janet-napolitano-dhs-homeland-politics-12453917. 
  68. ↑ Stein, Jeff (2010-12-21). "SpyTalk – Clapper flunks ABC's quiz on London terror case". Voices.washingtonpost.com. http://voices.washingtonpost.com/spy-talk/2010/12/clapper_flunks_quiz_on_london.html. Retrieved 2011-03-13. 
  69. ↑ Gerstein, Josh (2011-02-10). "DNI Clapper retreats from 'secular' claim on Muslim Brotherhood". Politico.Com. http://www.politico.com/blogs/joshgerstein/0211/DNI_Clapper_Egypts_Muslim_Brotherhood_largely_secular.html?showall. Retrieved 2011-03-13. 
  70. ↑ "Obama Administration Corrects Clapper's Claim That Muslim Brotherhood Is 'Secular'". Fox News. http://www.foxnews.com/politics/2011/02/10/administration-corrects-dni-clapper-claim-muslim-brotherhood-secular/. 
  71. ↑ "U.S. Escalates Pressure on Libya Amid Mixed Signals". The New York Times. 11 March 2011. https://www.nytimes.com/2011/03/11/world/africa/11diplomacy.html. 
  72. ↑ Kailani Koenig (March 5, 2017). "Former DNI James Clapper: 'I Can Deny' Wiretap of Trump Tower". NBC News. https://www.nbcnews.com/politics/politics-news/former-dni-james-clapper-i-can-deny-wiretap-trump-tower-n729261. 
  73. ↑ Lauren Carroll, Did Donald Trump invent claim that Barack Obama tapped his phone?, PolitiFact (March 6, 2017).
  74. ↑ "Why the Russia Story Is a Minefield for Democrats and the Media". Rolling Stone. March 8, 2017.
  75. ↑ "Full transcript: Sally Yates and James Clapper testify on Russian election interference". Washington Post. May 8, 2017. https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/post-politics/wp/2017/05/08/full-transcript-sally-yates-and-james-clapper-testify-on-russian-election-interference/. 
  76. ↑ Kayyem, Juliette (May 8, 2017). "Clapper: Putin did it to demean Clinton and help elect Trump". CNN. http://www.cnn.com/2017/05/08/opinions/yates-was-headliner-but-clapper-stole-the-show-kayyem/. 
  77. ↑ http://www.huffingtonpost.com.au/2017/06/07/the-former-u-s-intelligence-chief-just-unleashed-on-donald-trum_a_22129842/
  78. ↑ "James Clapper Tells NBC’s Chuck Todd That Russians Are ‘Genetically Driven’ to Co-opt". The Observer. 30 May 2017. http://observer.com/2017/05/james-clapper-russia-xenophobia/. 
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  81. ↑ Borger, Julian (August 23, 2017). "Ex-intelligence chief: Trump's access to nuclear codes is 'pretty damn scary'". https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2017/aug/23/ex-intelligence-chief-trumps-access-to-nuclear-codes-is-pretty-damn-scary. Retrieved August 23, 2017. 
  82. ↑ 82.0 82.1 "S. HRG. 111-857 – Nomination of Lieutenant General James Clapper, Jr., USAF, Ret., To be Director of National Intelligence". U.S. Government Printing Office. July 20, 2010. p. 7. http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CHRG-111shrg63996/content-detail.html. Retrieved 2017-08-26. 
  83. ↑ "Carter Awards DoD’s Highest Civilian Award to National Intel Director Clapper". DoD. http://www.defense.gov/News/Article/Article/990168/carter-awards-dods-highest-civilian-award-to-national-intel-director-clapper. 
  84. ↑ "King has honoured surveillance chiefs". http://www.newsinenglish.no/2013/08/22/king-has-honoured-surveillance-chiefs/. 
  85. ↑ "Spy Chief James Clapper Wins Rosemary Award". http://nsarchive.gwu.edu/news/20140324/. 
  86. ↑ Al Kamen (March 24, 2014). "Spy chief James Clapper wins not-so-coveted Rosemary award". The Washington Post. https://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/in-the-loop/wp/2014/03/24/spy-chief-james-clapper-wins-not-so-coveted-rosemary-award/. 

External links[]

Government offices
Preceded by
Dennis Nagy
Acting 		Director of the Defense Intelligence Agency
1991–1995 		Succeeded by
Kenneth Minihan
Preceded by
James C. King 		Director of the National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency
2001–2006 		Succeeded by
Robert Murrett
Preceded by
David Gompert
Acting 		Director of National Intelligence
2010–2017 		Succeeded by
Dan Coats
Political offices
Preceded by
Stephen Cambone 		Under Secretary of Defense for Intelligence
2007–2010 		Succeeded by
Michael Vickers


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