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Kim Jong-un

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Supreme Leader
Marshal of the Republic
Kim Jong-un
김정은
Kim Jong-un April 2019 (cropped)
Kim in April 2019
3rd Supreme Leader of North Korea
Incumbent
Assumed office
17 December 2011
Preceded by Kim Jong-il
General Secretary of the Workers' Party of Korea
Incumbent
Assumed office
10 January 2021
Presidium
Preceded by Himself (as Chairman)
Chairman of the State Affairs Commission
Incumbent
Assumed office
29 June 2016
First Vice Chairman Choe Ryong-hae
Vice Chairman
Preceded by Himself (as First Chairman of the National Defense Commission)
Supreme Commander of the
Armed Forces of North Korea
Incumbent
Assumed office
30 December 2011
Preceded by Kim Jong-il
Chairman of the Workers' Party of Korea

In office
9 May 2016 – 10 January 2021
Preceded by Himself (as First Secretary)
Succeeded by Himself (as General Secretary)
First Secretary of the Workers' Party of Korea

In office
11 April 2012 – 9 May 2016
Preceded by Kim Jong-il (as General Secretary)
Succeeded by Himself (as Chairman)
First Chairman of the National Defense Commission

In office
13 April 2012 – 29 June 2016
Vice Chairman
Preceded by Kim Jong-il (as Chairman)
Succeeded by Himself (as Chairman of the State Affairs Commission)
Personal details
Born
  • 8 January 1982(1982-01-08) (age 42)
    (North Korean records)[1]
  • 8 January 1983(1983-01-08) (age 41)
    (South Korean records)[2]
  • 8 January 1984(1984-01-08) (age 40)
    (American records)[3][4]

Pyongyang, North Korea
Political party Workers' Party of Korea
Spouse(s) Ri Sol-ju (m. 2009)
Children At least 1; 3 (alleged)
Parents
Alma mater
Signature Kim Jong-un Signature
Military service
Allegiance North Korea
Service/branch Korean People's Army
Years of service 2010–present
Rank DPRK-Army-OF-11 Marshal of the Republic
Leader of the Democratic People's
Republic of Korea

Kim Jong-un[lower-alpha 1] (Hangul: 김정은; Hanja: 金正恩; Korean pronunciation: [kim.dzɔŋ.ɯn];[lower-alpha 2] born 8 January 1982, 1983, or 1984) is a North Korean politician serving as Supreme Leader of North Korea since 2011 and the leader of the Workers' Party of Korea since 2012.[lower-alpha 3] He is the second child of Kim Jong-il (1941–2011), who was North Korea's second supreme leader from 1994 to 2011, and Ko Yong-hui (1952–2004). He is a grandson of Kim Il-sung, who was the founder and first supreme leader of North Korea from its establishment in 1948 until his death in 1994.

From late 2010, Kim Jong-un was viewed as successor to the leadership of North Korea. Following the elder Kim's death in December 2011, state television announced him as the "Great Successor". Kim holds the titles of General Secretary of the Workers' Party of Korea,[5] ex officio Chairman of the Central Military Commission, and Chairman of the State Affairs Commission. He is also a member of the Presidium of the Politburo of the Workers' Party of Korea, the highest decision-making body. In July 2012, Kim was promoted to the highest rank of Marshal in the Korean People's Army, consolidating his position as Supreme Commander of the Armed Forces. North Korean state media often refers to him as "the Marshal" or "Dear Respected".

Kim's leadership has followed the same cult of personality as his grandfather and father. In 2014, a UNHRC report suggested that Kim could be put on trial for crimes against humanity. He has ordered the purge or execution of several North Korean officials; he is also widely believed to have ordered the 2017 assassination of his half-brother, Kim Jong-nam, in Malaysia. He has presided over an expansion of the consumer economy, construction projects and tourist attractions. Kim also expanded North Korea's nuclear program which led to heightened tensions in the 2017–18 North Korea crisis. In 2018 and 2019, Kim took part in a diplomatic process, meeting with South Korean President Moon Jae-in and US President Donald Trump.

Early life[]

North Korean authorities and state-run media have stated that Kim's birthdate was 8 January 1982,[1] but South Korean intelligence officials believe the actual date is a year later.[2] It is thought that Kim's official birth year was changed for symbolic reasons; 1982 marks 70 years after the birth of his grandfather, Kim Il-sung, and 40 years after the official birth of his father Kim Jong-il.[6] The US Treasury Department lists Kim Jong-un's official birthdate as 8 January 1984.[6]

Kim Jong-un is the second of three children Ko Yong-hui bore to Kim Jong-il; his elder brother Kim Jong-chul was born in 1981, while his younger sister, Kim Yo-jong, is believed to have been born in 1987.[7][8][9] He is a grandson of Kim Il-sung, who was the founder and led North Korea from its establishment in 1948 until his death in 1994.[10]

All the children of Kim Jong-il are said to have lived in Switzerland, as well as the mother of the two youngest sons, who lived in Geneva for some time.[11] First reports said that Kim Jong-un attended the private International School of Berne in Gümligen in Switzerland under the name "Chol-pak" or "Pak-chol" from 1993 to 1998.[12] He was described as shy, a good student who got along well with his classmates, and was a basketball fan.[13] He was chaperoned by an older student, who was thought to be his bodyguard.[14] However, it was later suggested that the student at the Gümligen school was not Kim Jong-un, but his elder brother Kim Jong-chul.[15]

Schule Liebefeld-Steinhölzli, Köniz

The Liebefeld-Steinhölzli public school in Köniz, Switzerland, which Kim Jong-un is reported to have attended

Later, it was reported that Kim Jong-un attended the Liebefeld Steinhölzli state school in Köniz near Bern under the name "Pak-un" or "Un-pak" from 1998 until 2000 as the son of an employee of the North Korean embassy in Bern. Authorities confirmed that a North Korean student from North Korea attended the school during that period. Pak-un first attended a special class for foreign-language children and later attended the regular classes of the 6th, 7th, 8th and part of the final 9th year, leaving the school abruptly in the autumn of 2000. He was described as a well-integrated and ambitious student who liked to play basketball.[16] However, his grades and attendance rating are reported to have been poor.[17] The ambassador of North Korea in Switzerland, Ri Chol, had a close relationship with him and acted as a mentor.[11] One of Pak-un's classmates told reporters that he had told him that he was the son of the leader of North Korea.[18][19] According to some reports, Kim was described by classmates as a shy child who was awkward with girls and indifferent to political issues, but who distinguished himself in sports and had a fascination with the American National Basketball Association and Michael Jordan. One friend claimed that he had been shown pictures of Pak-un with Kobe Bryant and Toni Kukoč.[20]

In April 2012, new documents came to light indicating that Kim Jong-un had lived in Switzerland since 1991 or 1992, earlier than previously thought.[21]

The Laboratory of Anatomic Anthropology at the University of Lyon, France, compared the picture of Pak-un taken at the Liebefeld Steinhölzli school in 1999 with a picture of Kim Jong-un from 2012 and concluded that the faces show a conformity of 95%, suggesting that it is most likely that they are the same person.[22]

The Washington Post reported in 2009 that Kim Jong-un's school friends recalled he "spent hours doing meticulous pencil drawings of Chicago Bulls superstar Michael Jordan".[23] He was obsessed with basketball and computer games,[20][24] and was a fan of Jackie Chan action movies.[25]

Most analysts agree that Kim Jong-un attended Kim Il-sung University, a leading officer-training school in Pyongyang, from 2002 to 2007.[26] Kim obtained two degrees, one in physics at Kim Il-sung University and another as an Army officer at the Kim Il-sung Military University.[27][28]

In late February 2018, Reuters reported that Kim and his father had used forged passports—supposedly issued by Brazil and dated 26 February 1996—to apply for visas in various countries. Both 10-year passports carry a stamp saying "Embassy of Brazil in Prague". Kim Jong-un's passport records the name "Josef Pwag" and a date of birth of 1 February 1983.[29]

For many years, only one confirmed photograph of him was known to exist outside North Korea, apparently taken in the mid-1990s, when he was eleven.[30] Occasionally, other supposed images of him surfaced but were often disputed.[31] It was only in June 2010, shortly before he was given official posts and publicly introduced to the North Korean people, that more pictures were released of Kim, taken when he was attending school in Switzerland.[32] The first official image of him as an adult was a group photograph released on 30 September 2010, at the end of the party conference that effectively anointed him, in which he is seated in the front row, two places from his father. This was followed by newsreel footage of him attending the conference.[33]

Succession[]

Pre-2010 Party Conference speculation[]

Kim Jong-un's eldest half-brother, Kim Jong-nam, had been the favorite to succeed, but reportedly fell out of favor after 2001, when he was caught attempting to enter Japan on a fake passport to visit Tokyo Disneyland.[34] Kim Jong-nam was killed in Malaysia in 2017 by suspected North Korean agents.[35]

Kim Jong-il's former personal chef, Kenji Fujimoto, revealed details regarding Kim Jong-un, with whom he had a good relationship,[36] stating that he was favored to be his father's successor. Fujimoto also said that Jong-un was favored by his father over his elder brother, Kim Jong-chul, reasoning that Jong-chul is too feminine in character, while Jong-un is "exactly like his father".[37] Furthermore, Fujimoto stated that "if power is to be handed over then Jong-un is the best for it. He has superb physical gifts, is a big drinker and never admits defeat." Also, according to Fujimoto, Jong-un smokes Yves Saint Laurent cigarettes, loves Johnnie Walker whisky and has a Mercedes-Benz 600 luxury sedan.[38] When Jong-un was 18, Fujimoto described an episode where Jong-un once questioned his lavish lifestyle and asked, "we are here, playing basketball, riding horses, riding jet skis, having fun together. But what of the lives of the average people?"[37] On 15 January 2009, the South Korean news agency Yonhap reported that Kim Jong-il had appointed Kim Jong-un to be his successor.[34][39]

On 8 March 2009, BBC News reported that Kim Jong-un was on the ballot for 2009 elections to the Supreme People's Assembly, the rubber stamp parliament of North Korea.[40] Subsequent reports indicated that his name did not appear on the list of lawmakers,[41] but he was later elevated to a mid-level position in the National Defense Commission, which is a branch of the North Korean military.[42]

From 2009, it was understood by foreign diplomatic services that Kim was to succeed his father Kim Jong-il as the head of the Korean Workers' Party and de facto leader of North Korea.[43] He has been named "Yŏngmyŏng-han Tongji" (Korean language: 영명한 동지 ), which loosely translates to "Brilliant Comrade".[44] His father had also asked embassy staff abroad to pledge loyalty to his son.[45] There have also been reports that citizens in North Korea were encouraged to sing a newly composed "song of praise" to Kim Jong-un, in a similar fashion to that of praise songs relating to Kim Jong-il and Kim Il-sung.[46] Later, in June, Kim was reported to have visited China secretly to "present himself" to the Chinese leadership, who later warned against North Korea conducting another nuclear test.[47] The Chinese foreign ministry has strongly denied that this visit occurred.[48]

In September 2009, it was reported that Kim Jong-il had secured support for the succession plan, after a propaganda campaign.[49] It is believed by some that Kim Jong-un was involved in the Cheonan sinking[50] and the bombardment of Yeonpyeong[51] to strengthen his military credentials and facilitate a successful transition of power from his father.[52]

Vice Chairman of the Central Military Commission[]

Kim Jong-un was made a daejang, the equivalent of a four-star general in the United States,[53] on 27 September 2010, a day ahead of a rare Workers' Party of Korea conference in Pyongyang, the first time North Korean media had mentioned him by name and despite him having no previous military experience.[54] Despite the promotion, no further details, including verifiable portraits of Kim, were released.[55] On 28 September 2010, he was named vice chairman of the Central Military Commission and appointed to the Central Committee of the Workers' Party, in an apparent nod to become the successor to Kim Jong-il.[56]

On 10 October 2010, Kim Jong-un was alongside his father when he attended the ruling Workers' Party's 65th-anniversary celebration. This was seen as confirming his position as the next leader of the Workers' Party. Unprecedented international press access was granted to the event, further indicating the importance of Kim Jong-un's presence.[57] In January 2011, the regime reportedly began purging around 200 protégés of both Jong-un's uncle-in-law Jang Song-thaek and O Kuk-ryol, the vice chairman of the National Defence Commission, by either detention or execution to further prevent either man from rivaling Jong-un.[58]

Leader of North Korea[]

The statues of Kim Il Sung and Kim Jong Il on Mansu Hill in Pyongyang (april 2012)

People paying homage[59] to the statues of Kim Il-sung and Kim Jong-il, April 2012

Festival Arirang 0001 06

Portraits of Kim Jong-un's father and grandfather (Arirang Festival mass games in Pyongyang)

Assuming official titles[]

On 17 December 2011, Kim Jong-il died. Despite the elder Kim's plans, it was not immediately clear after his death whether Jong-un would in fact take full power, and what his exact role in a new government would be.[60] Some analysts had predicted that when Kim Jong-il died, Jang Song-thaek would act as regent, as Jong-un was too inexperienced to immediately lead the country.[61][62]

Following his father's death, Kim Jong-un was hailed as the "great successor to the revolutionary cause of Juche",[63] "outstanding leader of the party, army and people",[64] and "respected comrade who is identical to Supreme Commander Kim Jong-il",[65] and was made chairman of the Kim Jong-il funeral committee. The Korean Central News Agency described Kim Jong-un as "a great person born of heaven", a propaganda term only his father and grandfather had enjoyed.[66] And the ruling Workers' Party said in an editorial, "We vow with bleeding tears to call Kim Jong-un our supreme commander, our leader."[67]

He was publicly declared Supreme Commander of the Korean People's Army on 24 December 2011,[68] and formally appointed to the position on 30 December 2011 when the Political Bureau of the Central Committee of the Workers' Party "courteously proclaimed that the dear respected Kim Jong Un, vice-chairman of the Central Military Commission of the WPK, assumed the supreme commandership of the Korean People's Army".[69]

Revolutionary Martyrs Cemetery 32

North Korean soldiers saluting at the Revolutionary Martyrs' Cemetery in Pyongyang, 2012

On 26 December 2011, the leading North Korean newspaper Rodong Sinmun reported that Kim Jong-un had been acting as chairman of the Central Military Commission,[70] and Supreme Leader of the country, following his father's demise.[71]

On 9 January 2012, a large rally was held by the Korean People's Army in front of the Kumsusan Palace of the Sun to honor Kim Jong-un and to demonstrate loyalty.[72]

On 27 March 2012, Kim was elected to the Fourth Conference of the Workers' Party of Korea. On 11 April, that conference wrote the post of general secretary out of the party charter and instead designated Kim Jong-il as the party's "Eternal General Secretary". The conference then elected Kim Jong-un as leader of the party under the newly created title of First Secretary. Kim Jong-un also took his father's post as Chairman of the Central Military Commission, as well as his father's old seat on the Politburo Presidium.[73] In a speech made prior to the Conference, Kim Jong-un declared that "Imbuing the whole society with Kimilsungism-Kimjongilism is the highest programme of our Party".[74] On 13 April 2012, the 5th Session of the 12th Supreme People's Assembly appointed Kim Jong-un Chairman of the National Defence Commission.[75]

On 15 April 2012, during a military parade to commemorate Kim Il-sung's centenary, Kim Jong-un made his first public speech, Let Us March Forward Dynamically Towards Final Victory, Holding Higher the Banner of Songun.[76] That speech became the basis of a hymn dedicated to him, "Onwards Toward the Final Victory".[77]

In July 2012,[78] Kim Jong-un was promoted to wonsu (translated as marshal), the highest active rank in the military. The decision was jointly issued on by the Central Committee and the Central Military Commission of the Workers' Party of Korea, the National Defence Commission, and the Presidium of the Supreme People's Assembly, the Korean Central News Agency subsequently announced.[79] The only higher rank is Dae Wonsu (roughly translated as Grand Marshal or Generalissimo) which was held by Kim's grandfather, Kim Il-sung, and which was awarded posthumously to his father, Kim Jong-il, in February 2012.[78][79] The promotion confirmed Kim's role as top leader of the North Korean military and came days after the replacement of Chief of General Staff Ri Yong-ho by Hyon Yong-chol.[79]

Template:External image In November 2012, satellite photos revealed a half-kilometer-long (1,600 ft) propaganda message carved into a hillside in Ryanggang Province, reading, "Long Live General Kim Jong-un, the Shining Sun!"[80]

Kim Jong Il Books (33012753981)

A selection of Kim Jong-un's works, translated to different languages

On 30 November 2012, Kim met with Li Jianguo, who "briefed Kim on the 18th National Congress of the Communist Party of China", according to the state's official news agency, the Korean Central News Agency.[81] A letter from Xi Jinping, General Secretary of the Communist Party of China, was hand-delivered during the discussion.[81]

On 9 March 2014, Kim Jong-un was elected to a seat in the Supreme People's Assembly, the country's unicameral legislature. He ran unopposed, but voters had the choice of voting yes or no. There was a record turnout of voters and, according to government officials, all voted "yes" in his home district of Mount Paekdu.[82] The Supreme People's Assembly subsequently elected him first chairman of the National Defence Commission.[83]

Kim became the Chairman of the Workers' Party of Korea on a party congress held in May 2016.[84] On 29 June 2016, Kim became the Chairman of the State Affairs Commission, after the State Affairs Commission replaced the National Defence Commission.[85] The office of the Supreme Commander of the armed forces was linked to this office because of the 2019 constitutional amendment.[86]

Role in government[]

According to the North Korean constitution, Kim Jong-un is part of a triumvirate heading the executive branch of the North Korean government along with Premier Kim Tok-hun and parliament president Choe Ryong-hae. Each nominally holds powers equivalent to a third of a president's powers in most presidential systems. Kim Jong-un commands the armed forces, Kim Tok-hun heads the government and handles domestic affairs, and Choe Ryong-hae handles foreign relations. However, under the constitution, Kim Jong-un is by far the highest-ranking of the three. Since 1998, the NDC chairmanship has been constitutionally defined as "the highest post in the state,"[87] and a constitutional amendment enacted by Kim Jong-un explicitly named the NDC (first) chairman as "the supreme leader of the Democratic People's Republic of North Korea".[88] However, analysts are divided about how much actual power Kim has.[89][90]

Kim Jong-un frequently performs symbolic acts that associate him with the personality cult of his father and grandfather.[91][92] Like them, Kim Jong-un regularly tours the country, giving "on-the-spot guidance" at various sites.[93] North Korean state media often refers to him as Marshal Kim Jong-un, "the Marshal"[94] or "Dear Respected".[95]

New leadership style[]

In July 2012, Kim Jong-un showed a change in cultural policy from his father by attending a Moranbong Band concert. The concert contained several elements of pop culture from the West, particularly the United States. Kim used this event to introduce his wife to the public, an unprecedented move in North Korea.[96]

In 2012, Kim Jong-il's personal chef Kenji Fujimoto visited North Korea and said, "Stores in Pyongyang were brimming with products and people in the streets looked cheerful. North Korea has changed a lot since Kim Jong-un assumed power. All of this is because of leader Kim Jong-un."[97]

According to analysts, Kim Jong-un has used his resemblance to his grandfather to harness Kim Il-sung's personality cult and popular nostalgia for earlier times.[98] In 2013, Kim copied his grandfather's style when he gave his first New Year's address, a break from the approach of his father, Kim Jong-il, who never made a televised address during his 17 years in power.[99] He has also appeared more accessible and open than his father, hugging and linking arms with young and old.[98] In his public appearances, he appears more active than his father or grandfather, for example, weeding, riding a horse, driving a tank, riding a rollercoaster, or using information technology.[98]

0921 - Nordkorea 2015 - Pjöngjang - Public Viewing am Bahnhofsplatz (22584958809)

People in Pyongyang watch Kim Jong-un on North Korean TV, 2015

In April 2012, when a satellite launch failed, the government admitted this publicly, the first time it had ever done so.[98] In May 2014, following the collapse of an apartment building in Pyongyang, Kim Jong-un was said to be very upset at the loss of life that resulted. A statement issued by the country's official news agency the Korean Central News Agency used the rare expression "profound consolation and apology". An unnamed government official was quoted by the BBC as saying Kim Jong-un had "sat up all night, feeling painful".[100] While the height of the building and the number of casualties was not released, media reports described it is a 23-story building and indicated that more than a hundred people may have died in the collapse.[101]

Economic policies[]

A set of comprehensive economic measures, the "Socialist Corporate Responsible Management System", were introduced in 2013.[102] The measures increase the autonomy of enterprises by granting them "certain rights to engage in business activities autonomously and elevate the will to labor through appropriately implementing the socialist distribution system". Another priority of economic policies that year was agriculture, where the pojon (vegetable garden) responsibility system was implemented. The system reportedly achieved a major increase in output in some collective farms.[102] North Korean media were describing the economy as a "flexible collectivist system" where enterprises were applying "active and evolutionary actions" to achieve economic development.[103] These reports reflect Kim's general economic policy of reforming management, increasing the autonomy and incentives for economic actors. This set of reforms known as the "May 30th measures" reaffirms both socialist ownership and "objective economic laws in guidance and management" to improve living standards. Other objectives of the measures are to increase the availability of domestically manufactured goods on markets, introduction of defence innovations into the civilian sector and boost international trade.[103]

There has been a construction boom in Pyongyang, bringing colour and creative architectural styles to the city. While in the past there was a concentration on building monuments, Kim Jong-un's government has constructed amusement parks, aquatic parks, skating rinks, a dolphinarium and a ski resort.[104][105] Kim has been actively promoting a consumer culture, including entertainment and cosmetics.[98]

Purges and executions[]

Further information: List of officials purged and executed by Kim Jong-un

As with all reporting on North Korea, reports of purges and executions are difficult to verify.[106] In May 2016, analysts were surprised to find that General Ri Yong-gil, reported by South Korea to have been executed earlier in the year, was, in fact, alive and well.[107]

In December 2013, Kim Jong-un's uncle Jang Song-thaek was arrested and executed for treachery.[108][109] Jang is believed to have been executed by firing squad. Yonhap has stated that, according to multiple unnamed sources, Kim Jong-un has also put to death members of Jang's family, to completely destroy all traces of Jang's existence through "extensive executions" of his family, including the children and grandchildren of all close relatives. Those reportedly killed in Kim's purge include Jang's sister Jang Kye-sun, her husband and ambassador to Cuba, Jon Yong-jin, and Jang's nephew and ambassador to Malaysia, Jang Yong-chol. The nephew's two sons were also said to have been killed.[110] At the time of Jang's removal, it was announced that "the discovery and purge of the Jang group ... made our party and revolutionary ranks purer ..."[111] and after his execution on 12 December 2013 state media warned that the army "will never pardon all those who disobey the order of the Supreme Commander".[112]

O Sang-hon was a deputy security minister in the Ministry of People's Security in the government of North Korea who was reportedly killed in a political purge in 2014. According to the South Korean newspaper The Chosun Ilbo, O was executed by flamethrower for his role in supporting Kim Jong-un's uncle Jang Song-taek.[113]

Human rights violations[]

See also: Human rights in North Korea

In January 2013, the UN High Commissioner for Human Rights Navi Pillay said that the North Korean human rights situation had not improved since Kim had taken power and called for an investigation.[114] A report on the situation of human rights in North Korea in February 2013[115] by United Nations Special Rapporteur Marzuki Darusman proposed a UN commission of inquiry.[116] The report of the commission of inquiry[117] was published in February 2014 and suggested Kim could "possibly" be made accountable for crimes against humanity at the International Criminal Court.[118]

In July 2016, the United States Department of the Treasury imposed personal sanctions on Kim. Although his involvement in human rights abuses was cited as the reason,[119] officials said the sanctions target the country's nuclear and missile programs.[120]

In June 2017, President Donald Trump condemned Kim Jong-un's "brutal" regime and described Kim as a "madman" after the death of American student Otto Warmbier who had been imprisoned during a visit to North Korea.[121] However, in 2019, U.S. President Trump said that he believed Kim was not responsible for Warmbier's death.[122]

Alleged assassination attempts[]

In 2012, a machine gun was discovered beneath a juniper tree in Ryugyeongwon, located near a route that Kim was going to travel. It was assumed this was part of an assassination attempt.[123]

In May 2017, the North Korean government stated that the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) of the United States and the South Korean National Intelligence Service (NIS) hired a North Korean lumberjack who worked in Russia to assassinate Kim with a "biochemical weapon" that was both radioactive and nano-poisonous, and whose effect would have been delayed by a few months.[124] North Korea said that it would seek extradition of anyone involved in the assassination attempt.[125]

Nuclear weapons development[]

See also: North Korea and weapons of mass destruction
Unha-9 rocket model

Model of a Unha-9 rocket on display at a floral exhibition in Pyongyang, 30 August 2013

Under Kim Jong-un, North Korea has continued to develop nuclear weapons, testing bombs in February 2013, January and September 2016, and September 2017.[126] As of 2018, North Korea had tested nearly 90 missiles, three times more than in the time of his father and grandfather.[98] In 2012, on the 100th anniversary of Kim Il-sung's birth, he said, "the days are gone forever when our enemies could blackmail us with nuclear bombs".[98] At a plenary meeting of the Central Committee of the Workers' Party held on 31 March 2013, he announced that North Korea would adopt "a new strategic line on carrying out economic construction and building nuclear armed forces simultaneously".[127]

According to several analysts, North Korea sees the nuclear arsenal as vital to deter an attack, and it is unlikely that North Korea would launch a nuclear war.[128] According to a RAND Corporation senior researcher, Kim Jong-un believes that nuclear weapons are his guarantee of regime survival.[129]

During the 7th Congress of the Workers' Party of Korea in 2016, Kim Jong-un stated that North Korea would "not use nuclear weapons first unless aggressive hostile forces use nuclear weapons to invade on our sovereignty".[130] However, on other occasions, North Korea has threatened "pre-emptive" nuclear attacks against a US-led attack.[131] In December 2015, Kim stated that his family "turned the DPRK into a powerful nuclear weapons state ready to detonate a self-reliant A-bomb and H-bomb to reliably defend its sovereignty and the dignity of the nation".[132]

In January 2018, estimates of North Korea's nuclear arsenal ranged between 15 and 60 bombs, probably including hydrogen bombs. In the opinion of analysts, the Hwasong-15 missile is capable of striking anywhere in the United States.[126]

The United Nations enacted a series of sanctions against North Korea for its nuclear program and missile tests.[133]

Diplomacy 2018–2019[]

2018 inter-Korean summit 01

Kim and South Korean President Moon Jae-in shake hands during the 2018 inter-Korean Summit, April 2018

Kim and Trump shaking hands at the red carpet during the DPRK–USA Singapore Summit

Kim and U.S. President Donald Trump shake hands at the start of the 2018 North Korea–United States Summit, June 2018

Kim Jong-un and Vladimir Putin (2019-04-25) 07

Kim meeting with Russian President Vladimir Putin during of the North Korea–Russia Summit, April 2019

In his 2018 New Year Speech, Kim announced that he was open to dialogue with South Korea with a view to take part in the upcoming Winter Olympics in the South.[134] The Seoul–Pyongyang hotline was reopened after almost two years.[135] North and South Korea marched together in the Olympics opening ceremony, and fielded a united women's ice hockey team.[136] In addition to the athletes, Kim sent an unprecedented high-level delegation including his sister, Kim Yo-jong, and President of the Presidium, Kim Yong-nam, and performers such as the Samjiyon Orchestra.[137] On 5 March, he had a meeting with South Korea's Chief of the National Security Office, Chung Eui-yong, in Pyongyang.[138]

In March 2018, Kim visited Beijing, meeting with General Secretary of the Communist Party of China, Xi Jinping,[139][140] marking his first foreign trip since assuming power.[141]

At the April 2018 inter-Korean summit, Kim and South Korean President Moon Jae-in signed the Panmunjom Declaration, pledging to convert the Korean Armistice Agreement into a full peace treaty, formally ending the Korean War, by the end of the year.[142][143][144]

From 7–8 May, Kim made a second visit to China, meeting with Xi Jinping in Dalian.[145]

On 26 May, Kim had a second and unannounced meeting in the North Korean side of Panmunjom, meeting with Moon to discuss his proposed summit with US President Donald Trump in Singapore.[146][147]

On 10 June, Kim arrived in Singapore and met with Prime Minister Lee Hsien Loong.[148] On 12 June, Kim held his first summit with Trump and signed a declaration, affirming a commitment to peace, nuclear disarmament, and the repatriation of the remains of U.S. war dead.[149] This marked the first-ever meeting between leaders of North Korea and the United States.[149]

In September, Kim held another summit with Moon Jae-in in Pyongyang. Kim agreed to dismantle North Korea's nuclear weapons facilities if the United States took reciprocal action. The two governments also announced that they would establish buffer zones on their borders to prevent clashes.[150]

In February 2019, Kim held another summit with Trump in Hanoi, Vietnam, which Trump cut short on the second day without an agreement. The Trump administration said that the North Koreans wanted complete sanctions relief, while the North Koreans said that they were only asking for partial sanctions relief.[151]

On 25 April 2019, Kim held his first summit with Russian President Vladimir Putin in Vladivostok, Russia.[152][153] On 30 June 2019, in the Korean DMZ, Kim again met with Trump, shaking hands warmly and expressing hope for peace. Kim and Trump then joined Moon Jae-in for a brief chat.[154] Talks in Stockholm began on 5 October 2019 between US and North Korean negotiating teams, but broke down after one day.[155]

Events in 2020[]

During 2020, Kim claimed success in combatting COVID-19 pandemic in North Korea, after putting the country in isolation and limiting public gatherings.[156]

In April 2020, a three-week absence from public view led to speculation that Kim was seriously ill or even dead, but no clear evidence of any health problem came to light.[157][158] He continued to appear in public rarely over the following months, possibly because of health problems, possibly because of the risk of COVID-19, or possibly for some other reason.[159]

In August 2020, it was reported that Kim had ceded a degree of authority to his younger sister, Kim Yo-jong, giving her responsibility for relations with South Korea and the United States and making her his de facto second-in-command.[160] This fed more rumours that Kim was unwell, but this was not substantiated.[161][162]

On 5 September 2020, Kim Jong Un toured the areas hit by Typhoon Maysak. He also replaced the local provincial party committee chairman and ordered Pyongyang officials to lead a recovery effort.[163] His ruling party also pledged harsh punishment for the city and provincial officials, stating that they failed to protect the residents from the disaster.[164] As a result, Kim fired Kim Song-il who was the chairman of the South Hamgyong Province Workers Party of Korea Committee.[165]

8th Party Congress[]

At the 8th Congress of the Workers' Party of Korea, held in early January 2021, Kim Jong-un delivered a nine-hour-long report in which he admitted failures in carrying out the economic plan and lambasted leading official's shortcomings.[166] He also praised the country's nuclear capability and addressed the United States as the DPRK's main enemy.[167] The congress restored the operative functions of the General Secretary of the Workers' Party of Korea, a title previously awarded "eternally" to Kim Jong-il, and elected Kim Jong-un to it.

Personal life[]

Personality[]

Kenji Fujimoto, a Japanese chef who was Kim Jong-il's personal cook, described Kim Jong-un as "a chip off the old block, a spitting image of his father in terms of face, body shape, and personality".[168] Kim is a fan of basketball, and his favorite teams include Chicago Bulls and Los Angeles Lakers.[25][169]

On 26 February 2013, Kim Jong‑un met Dennis Rodman,[170] which led many reporters to speculate that Rodman was the first American that Kim had met.[171] During Rodman's trip, Vice magazine correspondent Ryan Duffy said that Kim was "socially awkward" and avoided eye contact.[172]

According to Cheong Seong-chang of the Sejong Institute, Kim Jong-un has greater visible interest in the welfare of his people and engages in greater interaction with them than his father did.[173]

South Koreans who saw Kim at the summit in April 2018 described him as straightforward, humorous, and attentive.[174] After meeting him, Donald Trump said, "I learned he was a talented man. I also learned he loves his country very much." He added that Kim had a "great personality" and was "very smart".[175]

Public image[]

Forbes magazine ranked Kim as the 36th most powerful person in the world in 2018, the highest amongst Koreans.[176]

In a poll of South Koreans conducted following the May 2018 inter-Korean summit, 78% of respondents said they trusted Kim, compared with 10% approval a couple months prior.[177]

Wealth[]

Kim is said[according to whom?] to have 17 luxury palaces around North Korea, a fleet of 100 (mostly European) luxury cars, a private jet, and a 100-foot (30 m) yacht.[178] Rodman described his trip to Kim Jong-un's private island: "It's like Hawaii, Ibiza, or Aruba but he's the only one that lives there."[179]

In 2012, Business Insider reported that there were "[s]igns of a rise in luxury goods ... creeping out of North Korea since Kim Jong-un took over" and that his "wife Ri Sol-ju (리설주) was photographed holding what appeared to be an expensive Dior handbag, worth almost $1,594 – an average year's salary in North Korea".[180] According to diplomatic sources, "Kim Jong-un likes to drink and party all night like his father and ordered the [imported sauna] equipment to help him beat hangovers and fatigue."[181]

Health[]

In 2009, reports suggested that Kim Jong-un was a diabetic and suffered from hypertension.[45][182] He is also known to smoke cigarettes.[183]

Kim Jong-un did not appear in public for six weeks in September and October 2014. State media reported that he was suffering from an "uncomfortable physical condition". Previously he had been seen limping.[184] When he reappeared, he was using a walking stick.[185]

In September 2015, the South Korean government commented that Kim appeared to have gained 30 kg in body fat over the previous five years, reaching a total estimated body weight of 130 kg (290 lb).[186]

In April 2020, Kim Jong-un was not seen in public for 20 days.[187][188][189]

Family[]

Chung Eui-yong and Kim Jong-un

Kim (holding envelope) with Chung Eui-yong. Kim's sister Kim Yo-jong (on the right) is said to be very close to him

On 25 July 2012, North Korean state media reported for the first time that Kim Jong-un is married to Ri Sol-ju.[190][191] Ri, who was believed to be in her early 20s, had been accompanying Kim Jong-un to public appearances for several weeks prior to the announcement.[191] According to a South Korean analyst, Kim Jong-il had hastily arranged the marriage after suffering a stroke in 2008, the two married in 2009, and they had a child in 2010.[192] Dennis Rodman, after visiting in 2013, reported that they had a second newborn child, a daughter named Ju-ae.[193][194] According to South Korean intelligence sources, the couple is believed to have had a third child of unknown gender in February 2017.[195][196]

Kim is sometimes accompanied by his younger sister Kim Yo-jong,[7][8] who is said to be instrumental in creating his public image and organising public events for him.[197] According to Kim Yong-hyun, a professor of North Korean studies at Dongguk University in Seoul, and others, the promotion of Yo-jong and others is a sign that "the Kim Jong-un regime has ended its co-existence with the remnants of the previous Kim Jong-il regime by carrying out a generational replacement in the party's key elite posts".[198]

On 13 February 2017, Kim Jong-nam, the exiled half-brother of Kim Jong-un, was assassinated with the nerve agent VX while walking through Terminal 2 at Kuala Lumpur International Airport.[199] Jong-un is widely believed to have ordered the assassination.[200][201]

See also[]

Notes[]

  1. ↑ Officially transcribed as Kim Jong Un by North Korean sources.
  2. ↑ In Korean, the given name Jong-un or Jong Un is pronounced [tsɔŋ.ɯn] in isolation.
  3. ↑ Kim Jong-un has served as leader of the Workers' Party of Korea as First Secretary between 2012 and 2016, Chairman between 2016 and 2021 and General Secretary since 2021.

References[]

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 "Everything you need to know about North Korean leader Kim Jong Un". ABC News. https://abcnews.go.com/International/north-korean-leader-kim-jong/story?id=46804057. 
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 "Rodman Gives Details on Trip to North Korea". The New York Times. 9 September 2013. https://www.nytimes.com/2013/09/10/world/asia/rodman-gives-details-on-trip-to-north-korea.html. 
  3. ↑ "We finally know the age of North Korean dictator Kim Jong Un". https://www.msn.com/en-au/news/world/we-finally-know-the-age-of-north-korean-dictator-kim-jong-un/ar-BBu4zLO?li=AAgfLCP&ocid=mailsignout. 
  4. ↑ "The secret life of Kim Jong-un's aunt, who has lived in the U.S. since 1998". The Washington Post. 27 May 2016. https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/asia_pacific/the-secret-life-of-kim-jong-uns-aunt-who-has-lived-in-the-us-since-1998/2016/05/26/522e4ec8-12d7-11e6-a9b5-bf703a5a7191_story.html. "They can reveal, for example, that Kim Jong-un was born in 1984 – not 1982 or 1983, as has been widely believed. The reason they're certain? It was the same year that their first son was born. 'He and my son were playmates from birth. I changed both of their diapers', Ko said with a laugh." 
  5. ↑ "Supreme Leader Kim Jong Un Cuts Tape for Completion of Sunchon Phosphatic Fertilizer Factory". 2020-05-02. http://www.ryongnamsan.edu.kp/univ/en/revolution_activity/47d1e990583c9c67424d369f3414728e. "Kim Jong Un, chairman of the Workers' Party of Korea (WPK), chairman of the State Affairs Commission of the Democratic People's Republic of Korea and supreme commander of the armed forces of the DPRK, attended the ceremony." 
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 Szoldra, Paul; Bondranenko, Veronika (19 April 2017). "How North Korean leader Kim Jong-un, 33, became one of the world's scariest dictators". The Independent. https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/how-north-korean-leader-kim-jong-un-33-became-one-of-the-worlds-scariest-dictators-a7691396.html. 
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 Lee, Young-jong; Kim, Hee-jin (8 August 2012). "Kim Jong-un's sister is having a ball". Korea JoongAng Daily. http://koreajoongangdaily.joins.com/news/article/article.aspx?aid=2957573. 
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 "Kim Yo Jong". North Korea Leadership Watch. 11 July 2012. https://nkleadershipwatch.wordpress.com/kji-2/kim-yo-jong/. 
  9. ↑ Moore, Malcolm. Kim Jong-un: a profile of North Korea's next leader Archived 5 June 2009 at the Wayback Machine.. The Daily Telegraph. 2 June 2009
  10. ↑ "Error: no |title= specified when using {{Cite web}}" (in ko). DailyNK. 15 April 2008. http://www.dailynk.com/korean/read.php?cataId=nk00500&num=55181. 
  11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 "Kim Jong-un : une éducation suisse entourée de mystères" (in fr). Le Figaro. 5 September 2010. http://www.lefigaro.fr/international/2010/09/05/01003-20100905ARTFIG00221-kim-jong-un-une-education-suisse-entouree-de-mysteres.php. 
  12. ↑ Blaine Harden (3 June 2009). "Son Named Heir to North Korea's Kim Studied in Switzerland, Reportedly Loves NBA". The Washington Post. https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2009/06/01/AR2009060103750.html. 
    Peter Foster (8 June 2010). "Rare photos of Kim Jong-il's youngest son, Kim Jong-un, released". The Daily Telegraph. London. https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/asia/northkorea/7810203/Rare-photos-of-Kim-Jong-ils-youngest-son-Kim-Jong-un-released.html. 
  13. ↑ "North Korean leader Kim Jong‑il 'names youngest son as successor'". The Guardian. London. 2 June 2009. ISSN 0261-3077. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2009/jun/02/kim-jong-il-names-son-successor. 
  14. ↑ Henckel, Elisalex (24 June 2009). "Kim Jong-un und sein Unterricht bei den Schweizern" (in de). Die Welt. Berlin. ISSN 0173-8437. https://www.welt.de/welt_print/article3985896/Kim-Jong-un-und-sein-Unterricht-bei-den-Schweizern.html. 
  15. ↑ Plattner, Titus; Zaugg, Julie (8 May 2009). "Der Diktator spricht Deutsch" (in de). ISSN 1613-4826. http://www.cicero.de/weltbühne/der-diktator-spricht-deutsch/39681. 
  16. ↑ "Weitere nordkoreanische Spuren in Bern" (in de). 16 June 2009. http://www.nzz.ch/nachrichten/panorama/weitere_nordkoreanische_spuren_in_bern_1.2748091.html. 
  17. ↑ "Poor school marks of North Korea's Kim Jong-un exposed". Irish Independent. 2 April 2012. ISSN 0791-685X. http://www.independent.ie/lifestyle/education/latest-news/poor-school-marks-of-north-koreas-kim-jongun-exposed-3068333.html. 
    "Kim Jong-un's poor marks exposed". The Daily Telegraph. London. 2 April 2012. https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/asia/northkorea/9180501/Kim-Jong-uns-poor-marks-exposed.html. 
  18. ↑ Shubert, Atika (29 September 2010). "North Korea: Nuclear Tension". CNN. http://www.cnn.com/2010/WORLD/asiapcf/09/28/north.korea.heir.friend/. 
  19. ↑ Bernhard Odenahl (29 September 2009). "Mein Freund, der zukünftige Diktator Nordkoreas" (in de). Tages-Anzeiger. http://www.tagesanzeiger.ch/ausland/asien-und-ozeanien/Mein-Freund-der-zukuenftige-Diktator-Nordkoreas-/story/20634972. 
  20. ↑ 20.0 20.1 "Classmates Recall Kim Jong-un's Basketball Obsession". The Chosun Ilbo. 17 July 2009. http://english.chosun.com/site/data/html_dir/2009/07/17/2009071700693.html. 
  21. ↑ Titus Plattner (21 April 2012). "Kim Jong-un est resté neuf ans en Suisse" (in fr). Le Matin. http://www.lematin.ch/suisse/kim-jongun-reste-neuf-ans-suisse/story/20273993. 
  22. ↑ "Der Diktator aus Liebefeld" (in de). SonntagsZeitung. 1 April 2012. p. 17. http://www.sonntagszeitung.ch/fokus/artikel-detailseite/?newsid=212533. 
    "Der Schüler Un Pak ist identisch mit Kim Jong-un."
  23. ↑ Higgins, Andrew (16 July 2009). "Who Will Succeed Kim Jong Il?". The Washington Post. p. A01. https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2009/07/15/AR2009071503930_pf.html. 
  24. ↑ Freeman, Colin; Sherwell, Philip (26 September 2010). "North Korea leadership: 'My happy days at school with North Korea's future leader'". The Telegraph. https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/asia/northkorea/8025015/North-Korea-leadership-My-happy-days-at-school-with-North-Koreas-future-leader.html. 
    Fisher, Max (1 March 2013). "Kim Jong Eun inherited an eccentric obsession with basketball from father Kim Jong Il". The Washington Post. https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/worldviews/wp/2013/03/01/kim-jong-eun-inherited-an-eccentric-obsession-with-basketball-from-father-kim-jong-il/. 
  25. ↑ 25.0 25.1 "How Did Kim Jong Un Become North Korea's Leader? 20 Little Known Facts About World's Youngest Leader". International Business Times. 20 February 2017. https://www.ibtimes.com/how-did-kim-jong-un-become-north-koreas-leader-20-little-known-facts-about-worlds-2494794. 
  26. ↑ Choe Sang-Hun and Martin Fackler (14 June 2009). "North Korea's Heir Apparent Remains a Mystery". The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2009/06/15/world/asia/15kim.html?_r=0. 
  27. ↑ "Kim Jong Un makes first appearance since father's death". 20 December 2011. http://latimesblogs.latimes.com/world_now/2011/12/kim-jong-un-first-appearance.html. 
  28. ↑ Powell, Bill (22 December 2011). "The Generals Who Will Really Rule North Korea". New York. ISSN 0040-781X. http://content.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,2102985,00.html. 
  29. ↑ Kim Jong-un and father used fake Brazilian passports to apply for Western visas Archived 1 March 2018 at the Wayback Machine., Reuters per ABC News Online. 28 February 2018. Accessed on 12 April 2018.
  30. ↑ "Tales of starvation and death in North Korea". BBC. 22 September 2010. https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-pacific-11389824. 
  31. ↑ Profile: Kim Jong-un Archived 5 June 2009 at the Wayback Machine., BBC News, 2 June 2009
    Martin Fackler (24 April 2010). "North Korea Appears to Tap Leader's Son as Enigmatic Heir". The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2010/04/25/world/asia/25succession.html. 
    "Confusion Over Photo of N. Korean Leader‑to‑Be". The Chosun Ilbo. http://english.chosun.com/site/data/html_dir/2010/04/21/2010042100633.html. 
  32. ↑ "The son also rises". 9 June 2010. http://koreajoongangdaily.joinsmsn.com/news/article/article.aspx?aid=2921577. 
    Peter Foster (8 June 2010). "Rare photos of Kim Jong-il's youngest son, Kim Jong-un, released". The Daily Telegraph. London. https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/asia/northkorea/7810203/Rare-photos-of-Kim-Jong-ils-youngest-son-Kim-Jong-un-released.html. 
  33. ↑ New images of North Korea's heir apparent Kim Jong-un Archived 1 October 2010 at the Wayback Machine., BBC News, 30 September 2010.
  34. ↑ 34.0 34.1 "Kim Jong Il's Teen Grandson Spotted at Concert of S. Korean Pop Star". Fox News. 18 July 2009. http://www.foxnews.com/story/2009/07/18/kim-jong-il-teen-grandson-spotted-at-concert-s-korean-pop-star.html. 
  35. ↑ "Kim Jong-un's half-brother 'assassinated with poisoned needles at airport'". The Independent. 14 February 2017. https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/asia/kim-jong-un-half-brother-killed-kim-jong-nam-malaysia-north-korea-leader-a7579246.html. 
  36. ↑ Lynn, Hyung Gu. (2007). Bipolar orders: the two Koreas since 1989. Zed Books. p. 122. ISBN 978-1-84277-743-5.
  37. ↑ 37.0 37.1 Sang-hun, Choe; Fackler, Martin. North Korea's Heir Apparent Remains a Mystery Archived 29 December 2013 at WebCite. The New York Times. 14 June 2009
  38. ↑ "Kim Jong-un 'Loves Nukes, Computer Games and Johnny Walker'". The Chosun Ilbo. 20 December 2010. http://english.chosun.com/site/data/html_dir/2010/12/20/2010122001136.html. 
  39. ↑ North Korea Newsletter No. 38 Archived 22 July 2011 at the Wayback Machine.. Yonhap. 22 January 2009.
  40. ↑ "N Korea holds parliamentary poll" Archived 4 July 2017 at the Wayback Machine.. BBC News. Retrieved 8 March 2009.
  41. ↑ Heejin Koo (9 March 2009). "Kim Jong Il's Son, Possible Successor, Isn't Named as Lawmaker". Bloomberg. https://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=20601086&sid=aFAm9ndQmJpI&refer=latin_america. 
  42. ↑ Rosen, James (1 May 2009). "In North Korea, Ailing Kim Begins Shifting Power to Military". Fox News. http://www.foxnews.com/politics/2009/05/01/north-korea-ailing-kim-begins-shifting-power-military.html. 
  43. ↑ "N Korea names Kim's successor named". BBC. 2 June 2009. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/8078324.stm. 
  44. ↑ "North Korean leader's son is 'Brilliant Comrade". The Jakarta Post. 13 June 2009. http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2009/06/13/north-korean-leader039s-son-039brilliant-comrade039.html. 
  45. ↑ 45.0 45.1 Lee, Jean H. (2 June 2009). "Kim Jong-un: North Korea's Kim Anoints Youngest Son As Heir". The Huffington Post. https://www.huffingtonpost.com/2009/06/01/kim-jongun-north-koreas-k_n_210065.html. 
  46. ↑ Willacy, Mark (22 July 2009). "North Koreans sing praises of dynastic dictatorship". AM. Sydney: Australian Broadcasting Corporation. http://www.abc.net.au/am/content/2009/s2632675.htm. 
  47. ↑ Lewis, Leo; Reid, Tim (17 June 2009). "Kim Jong Il's son 'made secret visit to China'". The Times. UK. http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/asia/article6508436.ece. 
  48. ↑ "China Dismisses Reports of Kim Jong-un Visit". The Chosun Ilbo. 19 June 2009. http://english.chosun.com/site/data/html_dir/2009/06/19/2009061900402.html. 
    Harden, Blaine (3 June 2009). "Son Named Heir to North Korea's Kim Studied in Switzerland, Reportedly Loves NBA". The Washington Post. ISSN 0190-8286. https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2009/06/01/AR2009060103750.html. 
  49. ↑ Lim, Chang-Won (6 September 2009). "NKorea backs Kim's succession plan: analysts". https://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5gvACCP7QGFdDDvwHxcbIph2Yw4pw. 
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  54. ↑ "North Korea sets date for rare leadershipconference". BBC News. 21 September 2010. https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-pacific-11378145. 
    "North Korean leader Kim Jong-il's son 'made a general'". BBC News. 28 September 2010. https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-pacific-11417016. 
    "North Korea's Kim paves way for family succession". BBC News. 28 September 2010. https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-pacific-11426284. 
  55. ↑ Matt Negrin (28 September 2010). "N. Korean leader promotes his son". Politico.com. http://www.politico.com/politico44/perm/0910/little_kim_rises_47f34787-5587-48fd-b2a4-c11fa6a56599.html. 
  56. ↑ "North Korea leader's son given key party posts". BBC News. 28 September 2010. https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-pacific-11431415. 
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  60. ↑ Branigan, Tania (19 December 2011). "Kim Jong-il, North Korean leader, dies". The Guardian. London. ISSN 0261-3077. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2011/dec/19/kim-jong-il-north-korean-leader-dies. 
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  62. ↑ Shim, Sung-won; Takenaka, Kiyoshi; Buckley, Chris (25 December 2011). "North Korean power‑behind‑throne emerges as neighbors meet". In Nishikawa, Yoko. https://www.reuters.com/article/us-korea-north-power-idUSTRE7BO02I20111225. 
  63. ↑ Alastair Gale (18 December 2011). "Kim Jong Il Has Died". http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424052970204791104577107350219610874.html. 
  64. ↑ "Notice to All Party Members, Servicepersons and People". Korean Central News Agency. 19 December 2011. http://www.kcna.co.jp/item/2011/201112/news19/20111219-04ee.html. 
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  66. ↑ Associated Press (19 December 2011). NKorea grieves Kim Jong Il, state media hails son, Houston Chronicle. Retrieved 1 January 2012.
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  75. ↑ Mansourov, Alexandre (19 December 2012). "Part II: The Kim Family Reigns: Preserving the Monarchy and Strengthening the Party-State". 38 North. https://www.38north.org/2012/12/amansourov121912/. 
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  77. ↑ Branigan, Tania (6 July 2012). "North Korea's Kim Jong-un gets new official theme song". The Guardian. London. ISSN 0261-3077. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2012/jul/06/north-korea-kim-jong-un-song. 
  78. ↑ 78.0 78.1 Green, Chris (18 July 2012). "Kim Jong Eun Promoted to Marshal". Daily NK. http://www.dailynk.com/english/read.php?cataId=nk01700&num=9533. 
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  80. ↑ "Half-kilometre long Kim Jong-un propaganda message visible from space". National Post. 23 November 2012. ISSN 1486-8008. http://news.nationalpost.com/news/half-kilometre-long-kim-jong-un-propaganda-message-visible-from-space. 
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  82. ↑ "North Korea's Kim Jong-un elected to assembly without single vote against". The Guardian. 10 March 2014. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/mar/10/north-koreas-kim-jong-un-elected-assembly-vote-against. 
  83. ↑ Sang-Hun, Choe (9 April 2014). "Leader Tightens Hold on Power in North Korea". The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2014/04/10/world/asia/kim-further-consolidates-power-as-north-koreas-leader.html. 
  84. ↑ "North Korea leader Kim becomes chairman of ruling Workers' Party: NHK" (in en). Reuters. 9 May 2016. https://www.reuters.com/article/us-northkorea-congress-kim-idUSKCN0Y015Y. 
  85. ↑ "State Affairs Commission [ex National Defense Commission - North Korea"]. https://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/dprk/ndc.htm. 
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  195. ↑ "Keeping up with the Kims: North Korea's elusive first family". 7 February 2018. https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-41081356. 
  196. ↑ France-Presse, Agence (29 August 2017). "Kim Jong-un 'has fathered his third child' after wife disappeared from public eye". https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2017/08/29/kim-jong-un-has-fathered-third-child-wife-disappeared-public/. 
  197. ↑ Sherwell, Phillip (8 January 2017). "Sister helps Kim strut his stuff as key missile test looms" (in en). http://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/sister-helps-kim-strut-his-stuff-as-key-missile-test-looms-jjf8gdvzk. 
  198. ↑ McCurry, Justin (9 October 2017). "Meet Kim Yo-jong, the sister who is the brains behind Kim Jong-un's image" (in en-GB). The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/oct/09/kim-yo-jong-sister-brains-behind-kim-jong-uns-image. 
  199. ↑ "Kim Jong-nam killing: VX nerve agent 'found on his face'". BBC News. 24 February 2017. https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-39073389. 
  200. ↑ DNA Confirms Assassination Victim Was Half Brother of Kim Jong-un, Malaysia Says Archived 5 May 2017 at the Wayback Machine. New York Times. By Russell Goldman. 5 March 2017. Downloaded 6 May 2017.
  201. ↑ Kim Jong-un risks vital ties with China Archived 16 August 2017 at the Wayback Machine. Korea Times. By Jun Ji-hye. 16 February 2017. Downloaded 6 May 2017.

Further reading[]

  • Bechtol, Bruce E., Jr. (2014). North Korea and Regional Security in the Kim Jong-un Era: A New International Security Dilemma. Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 978-1-137-40007-9. 
  • Frank, Rüdiger. "Political Economy and Ideology under Kim Jong Un." in Routledge Handbook of Contemporary North Korea (Routledge, 2020) pp. 56–74.
  • French, Paul (2016). Our Supreme Leader: The Making of Kim Jong-un. London: Zed Books. ISBN 978-1-78360-900-0. 
  • Fifield, Anna (2019). The Great Successor: The Divinely Perfect Destiny of Brilliant Comrade Kim Jong Un. PublicAffairs. ISBN 978-1541742482. 
  • Hoshino, Masahiro, and Shunji Hiraiwa. "Four factors in the “special relationship” between China and North Korea: a framework for analyzing the China–North Korea Relationship under Xi Jinping and Kim Jong-un." Journal of Contemporary East Asia Studies (2020): 1-11 online.
  • Kim, Ki-hun. "Studies on the North Korean Monetary Economy in the Kim Jong-un Era." Journal of Peace and Unification 9.1 (2019): 109-148. online
  • Moreshead, Paul. "Review of The Secret Rise and Rule of Kim Jong Un" H-War, H-Net Reviews (December, 2020). online
  • Pak, Jung H. (2020). Becoming Kim Jong Un: A Former CIA Officer's Insights into North Korea's Enigmatic Young Dictator. New York: Ballantine Books. ISBN 978-1-9848-1972-7. 
  • Pardo, Ramon Pacheco. North Korea-US Relations: From Kim Jong Il to Kim Jong Un (2nd ed. Routledge, 2020). excerpt

External links[]

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Kim Jong-un
Party political offices
Preceded by
Kim Jong-il 		General Secretary of the Workers' Party of Korea
First Secretary: 2012–2016
Chairman: 2016–2021
2012–present 		Incumbent
Chairman of the Central Military Commission
Acting: 2011–2012
2012–present
New office Vice Chairman of the Central Military Commission
2010–2012
Served alongside: Ri Yong-ho 		Succeeded by
Choe Ryong-hae
Ri Yong-ho
Political offices
Preceded by
Kim Jong-il 		Chairman of the State Affairs Commission
National Defence Commission: 2012–2016
2012–present 		Incumbent
Military offices
Preceded by
Kim Jong-il 		Supreme Commander of the Armed Forces of North Korea
Supreme Commander of the Korean People's Army: 2011–2019
2011–present 		Incumbent


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