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Konstantin Rokossovsky

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Konstantin Rokossovsky
RokossovskyKK
Rokossovsky as a Lieutenant-General.
Born (1896-12-21)December 21, 1896
Died August 3, 1968(1968-08-03) (aged 71)
Place of birth Warsaw, Russian Empire
Place of death Moscow, Soviet Union
Buried at Kremlin Wall Necropolis
Allegiance Flag of Russia Russian Empire (1914–1917)
Flag of the Soviet Union Soviet Union (1917–1949)
Flag of Poland Poland (1949–1956)
Flag of the Soviet Union Soviet Union (1956–1968)
Years of service 1914–1937, 1940–1962
Rank Marshal of the Soviet Union
Marshal of Poland
Commands held 7th Samara Cavalry Division
15th Cavalry Division
5th Cavalry Corps
9th Mechanized Corps
4th Army
"Group Yartsevo"
16th Army
Bryansk Front
Don Front
Central Front
1st Belorussian Front
2nd Belorussian Front
Polish Armed Forces
Battles/wars World War I
Russian Civil War
Russo-Chinese Eastern Railroad War
Soviet occupation of Bessarabia
World War II
Awards Hero of the Soviet Union — 1944 Hero of the Soviet Union — 1945
Order of Victory
Order of Lenin (7)
Order of the Red Banner (6)
Order of Suvorov, 1st Class
Order of Kutuzov, 1st Class
Virtuti Militari
Cross of Grunwald
Order of the Bath
Légion d'honneur
Cross of St. George 4th class, Medal of St. George 4th, 3rd and 2nd class

Konstantin Rokossovsky (Polish language: Konstanty Ksawerowicz Rokossowski , Russian: Константин Константинович Рокоссовский; December 21 [O.S. December 9] 1896 – August 3, 1968) was a Soviet officer of Polish origin who became a Marshal of the Soviet Union, a Marshal of Poland and served as Poland's Defence Minister. He was among the most prominent Red Army commanders of World War II, especially renowned for his planning and executing of Operation Bagration, one of the most decisive Red Army successes of the War.

Biography[]

Rokossovsky was born in Warsaw, then part of the Russian Empire. His family had moved to Warsaw with the appointment of his father as the inspector of the Warsaw Railways. The Rokossovsky family was a member of the Polish nobility, and over generations had produced many cavalry officers. However, Konstantin's father, Ksawery Wojciech Rokossowski, was a railway official in Russia and his Russian mother was a teacher.[1] Orphaned at 14, Rokossovsky earned a living by working in a stocking factory, and some time later he became an apprentice stonemason. Much later in his life, the government of People's Republic of Poland used this fact for propaganda, claiming that Rokossovsky had helped to build Warsaw's Poniatowski Bridge. Rokossovsky's patronymic Ksaverovich was Russified on his enlistment into the Russian Army at the start of the First World War to Konstantinovich, which would be easier to pronounce in the 5th Kargopol Dragoon Regiment where he volunteered to serve.

Early military career[]

On joining the Kargopolsky 5th Dragoon Regiment, Rokossovsky soon showed himself a talented soldier and leader; he ended the war in the rank of a junior non-commissioned officer, serving in the cavalry throughout the war. He was wounded twice during the war and awarded the Cross of St George.[2][3] In 1917, he joined the Bolshevik Party and soon thereafter, entered the ranks of the Red Army.

During the Russian Civil War he commanded a cavalry squadron of the Kargopolsky Red Guards Cavalry Detachment in the campaigns against the White Guard armies of Aleksandr Kolchak in the Urals, here, in November 1919, he was wounded in the shoulder by an opposing officer, who he subsequently killed, when his cavalry overran an enemy headquarters.[4] Rokossovsky received Soviet Russia's highest military decoration at the time, the Order of the Red Banner.

In 1921 he commanded the 35th Independent Cavalry Regiment stationed in Irkutsk and played an important role in bringing Damdin Sükhbaatar, the founder of the Mongolian People's Republic to power.[5] Famed "White Russian" general, adventurer and mystic Roman von Ungern-Sternberg who allegedly believed he was the reincarnation of Ghengis Khan had driven the Chinese occupying forces out of Mongolia in 1920, and then set himself up as dictator in Outer Mongolia. The next summer, when Ungern-Sternberg moved to capture the border town of Troitskosavsk threatening to move north and cut off the Soviet far east, Rokossovsky quickly moved south from Irkutsk and met with Sükhbaatar Mongol force, defeating Urgern-Sternberg's army, which retreated in disarray after a two-day engagement. Rokossovsky was again wounded, this time in the leg.[4] The combined Mongol and Soviet forces soon then captured Ulan Bator.

It was in Mongolia that he met his wife Julia Barminan, a high school teacher who was fluent in four languages and who studied Greek myths,[6] whom he married in 1923. Their daughter Ariadna was born in 1925.[7] In 1924 and 1925 he attended the Leningrad Higher Cavalry School, where he first met Georgy Zhukov.[4] He returned to Mongolia where he was a trainer for the Mongolian People's Army. Soon after, while serving in the Special Red Banner Eastern Army under Vasily Blücher, he took part in the Russo-Chinese Eastern Railroad War of 1929-1930 when the Soviet Union intervened to return the Chinese Eastern Railway to joint Chinese and Soviet administration, after Chinese warlord]] Zhang Xueliang of the Republic of China attempted to seize complete control of the railway. [[File:Graduation Photo Leningrad Cavalry School 1925.jpg|thumb|left|upright=1.75|Graduates of the Leningrad Higher Cavalry School 1924/25
Left to right Sitting in first row: 3. Eremenko A. Standing in second row: 2. GK Zhukov 6. KK Rokossovsky. It was in the early 1930s that Rokossovsky's military career first became closely intertwined with Semyon Timoshenko and Georgy Zhukov, when Rokossovsky was the commander of the 7th Samara Cavalry Division, Zhukov as a brigade commander under him and Timoshenko his superior Corps commander.[4] Both became principle actors in his life during World War II, where he served directly under both at different times. A sense of the nature of the beginning of Rokossovsky's famous World War II rivalry with Zhukov can be gathered from reading Rokossovsky's comments in an official report on Zhukov's character:[8]

"Has a strong will. Decisive and firm. Often demonstrates initiative and skillfully applies it. Disciplined. Demanding and persistent in his demands. A somewhat ungracious and not sufficiently sympathetic person. Rather stubborn. Painfully proud. In professional terms well trained. Broadly experienced as a military leader... Absolutely cannot be used in staff or teaching jobs because constitutionally he hates them."

Rokossovsky was among the first to realize the potential of armoured assault. He was an early supporter of the creation of a strong armoured corps for the Red Army, as championed by Marshal Mikhail Tukhachevsky in his theory of "deep operations".

Great Purge, trial, torture and rehabilitation[]

Rokossovsky held senior commands until August 1937 when he became caught up in Joseph Stalin's Great Purge and accused of being a spy. His association with the cutting edge methods of Marshal Tukhachevsky may have been the cause of his conflict with more traditional officers such as Semyon Budenny, who still favoured cavalry tactics over Tukhachevsky's mass armour theories, but few historian believe that the purge of the Red Army was solely a dispute over policy, and most attribute the purges to political and military rivalries as well. Some officers were merely swept up on suspicion due to past associations; in Rokossovky's case his association with the Special Red Banner Eastern Army and the intrigues surrounding Marshal Vasily Blyukher, who was arrested shortly after Rokossovsky and who died in prison without confessing, may have been enough to trigger his arrest.[9] Rokossovsky, however, survived.

He was variously accused of having links to Polish and Japanese intelligence and acts of sabotage under Article 58, section 14; "conscious non-execution or deliberately careless execution of defined duties", a section added to the penal code in June 1937.

The charges against Rokossovsky stemmed from the case of the "Anti-Soviet Trotskyist Military Organization of the 11th Mechanized Corps" where Rokossovsky was implicated after the arrest of Corps Commander K.A. Tchaikovsky who, like Rokossovsky, served in the far east in the early 1930s. The Intelligence Chief of the Transbaikal Military District accused Rokossovsky of meeting with Colonel Komatsubara the head of the Japanese military mission in Harbin in 1932, when he was commander of the 15th Cavalry Division in Trans-Baikal; a fact that Rokossovsky did not dispute but justified as a meeting to resolve issues regarding Chinese prisoners. This accusation was supported with material charges, which included various acts of negligence of command that were interpreted as deliberate acts of sabotage, such as allowing the quarters of his division to become slovenly, failing to conduct training, and leading his division out into bad weather causing losses of horses and encouraging sickness among his troops.[10][11][12]

Upon his arrest, his wife and daughter were sent into internal exile, where his wife Julia was forced to support their daughter by finding odd jobs, which she would lose when it was discovered that her husband had been arrested as a traitor.[6]

V. V. Rachesky, a cell mate of Rokossovsky, wrote in his memoirs that Rokossovsky blamed the persecution of innocent people on the NKVD and was "naive", refusing to acknowledge Stalin's role in creating the treacherous environment. He described Rokossovsky's refusal to sign a false confession:

"Those who refused to sign a false statement were beaten up, as long as the false statement was not signed. There were steadfast people who stubbornly did not sign. But there were relatively few. KK Rokossovsky, as he sat with me in the same cell did not sign a false statement. But he was a brave and strong man, tall and broad-shouldered. He too was beaten."[11]

His grandson Colonel Konstantin Rokossovsky Vilevich says that his grandfather escaped the fate of so many other officers because he refused to sign a false statement and by proving to the court that the officer whom his NKVD accusers claimed had denounced him had been killed in 1920 during the civil war;

"The evidence was based on the testimony of Adolph Yushkevich, a colleague of my grandfather in the Civil War. But the old man knew very well that Yushkevich died in Perekop. He said that he would sign (a confession) if Adolph was brought for a confrontation. They looked for Yushkevich and found that he had died long before."[13]

Alexander Solzhenitsyn reports that Rokossovksy endured two mock shooting ceremonies where he was taken out at night by a firing squad, but then returned to prison.[14] Living relatives say that Svetlana Pavlovna, wife of Marshal Kazakov, confirmed that he sustained injuries including broken fingers, and cracked ribs on top of enduring mock shooting ceremonies, even though Rokossovksy never discussed it, only telling his daughter Ariadne that he always wore a revolver because he would not surrender alive if they came to arrest him again.[6]

In his famous "secret speech" of 1956, Nikita Khrushchev, when speaking on the subject of the purges, mentioned Rokossovsky specifically, saying, "suffice it to say that those of them who managed to survive, despite severe tortures to which they were subjected in the prisons, have from the first war days shown themselves real patriots and heroically fought for the glory of the Fatherland.".[15]

After his trial Rokossovsky was sent to the Kresty Prison in Leningrad, where he remained until he was released without explanation on March 22, 1940.

Semyon Timoshenko, who had been named People's Commissar for Defence of the Soviet Union after the debacle of the Winter War and was in desperate need of experienced officers to fill command posts for the rapidly expanding Soviet army, returned Rokossovsky to the command of the 5th Cavalry Corps at the rank of Colonel.[9] Subsequently, the 5th Cavalry Corps participated in the occupation of Bessarabia and he was soon promoted to the rank of a Major General and given the command of the 9th Mechanized Corps, as part of M.I. Potapov's 5th Army under Mikhail Kirponos commander of the Kiev Military Region, which would later be renamed the Southwestern Front at the outbreak of hostilities with Germany.

World War II[]

Zhukov 1945 E010750410-v8

Georgi Zhukov (middle) and Konstantin Rokossovsky (right), greeting Bernard Montgomery (back to camera)at the Brandenburg Gate, Berlin, Germany, 12 Jul 1945

Konstantin Rokossovsky's place in history as a military leader was established in the war known among Russians as the Great Patriotic War that began with the German invasion of the Soviet Union on June 22, 1941. He rose a disgraced officer and former prisoner charged with treason, through the rank of Major General, to become a Marshal of the Soviet Union, who was finally put in charge of the victory parade in Moscow at the conclusion of the war in 1945. He played a major role in almost every strategically important operation that eventually led to Soviet victory over Germany during WWII.

““The German army is a machine, and machines can be broken!” ” [16] — Konstantin Rokossovsky

1941: Battle of Dubno, Smolensk and the defense of Moscow[]

See also: Operation Barbarossa, Battle of Brody (1941), Battle of Smolensk (1941), and Operation Typhoon

When Germany attacked the Soviet Union in June 1941 Rokossovsky was serving as the commander of the 9th Mechanized Corps with the 35th and 20th Tank Divisions, and the 131st Motorized Division under his command.

He was immediately engaged in the Battle of Dubno, also known as the Battle of Brody — an early Soviet counter-attack that was the most significant Soviet tank operation of the early stages of operation Barbarossa.

The battle involved a large scale attack involving six Mechanized Corps aimed at penetrating the German line in the direction of Lublin based on a plan developed before hostilities commenced.[17] Orders for the attack from Zhukov were met with little enthusiasm from the Southwestern Front staff that wanted to maintain a defensive posture. Nonetheless the attack proceeded. The operation met with numerous difficulties in mobilization, coordination, communication, transportation and execution but scored some initial successes, which were parried by the quick action of Von Rundstedt's Army Group South in the Ukraine and ended in the destruction of most of the participating Soviet forces.

Upon receiving his orders Rokossovsky, whose divisions were stationed far to the rear of the frontier, had to commandeer trucks from the local reserve to carry munitions, and mount some of his infantry on tanks while the rest were forced to walk, splitting his forces.[18] As a consequence, his forces were behind schedule to meet the June 24th jump off time by at least a day, and entered the fray piecemeal. His orders were to move forward and take up positions around Lutsk north of the town of Dubno in co-ordination with the 19th Mechanized Corps under N. V. Feklenko, and attack south-west, while the Mechanized Corps of the 6th Army attacked northward from Brody to meet them, with the intent of cutting off the advance of the 11th Panzer Division east of Dubno.

On the 25th of June, Rokossosky's 131 Motorized infantry were quickly driven out of their position at Lutsk by the 14th Panzer Division, but the 35th and 20th Tank divisions were able to cobble together advance forces to cut the Lutsk-Dubno road, even though their full force had not yet arrived on the battlefield.[19] On the same day elements of the 19th Mechanized Corps had succeeded in temporarily driving the rearguard of the 11th Panzer Division from Dubno cutting off its advance units. In response the 13th Panzer Division attacked south from Lutsk the next day clearing Rokossovsky's forces from the road and allowing German infantry to recapture Dubno, while it captured Rovno in Rokossovsky's rear.[19]

As German resistance stiffened, Mikhail Kirponos the commander of the Southwestern Front issued instructions to cease offensive operations that were immediately countermanded by his superior Chief of General Staff G.K. Zhukov who was visiting the headquarters. Zhukov insisted that the counter-attack continue against any counterarguments. As a result, Rokossovsky's command was bombarded with conflicting orders. According to Lieutenant-General D.I. Rjabyshev, Rokossovsky "expressed no ambivalence about the proposed counteroffensive"[20] and refused a direct order, effectively ending the dispute between Zhukov and Kirponos:

We had once again received an order to counterattack. However, the enemy outnumbered us to such a degree, that I took on the personal responsibility of ordering to halt the counteroffensive and to meet the enemy in prepared defences.[20] — Konstantin Rokossovsky

Because of this, Rjabyshev's 8th Mechanized, which had also scored some early successes operating out of Brody, was in effect continuing to attack from the south with the expectation of support from Rokossovsky, who had stood down his forces, and did not arrive from the north. Neither were aware of this fact, because there was no available direct communication between the individual Corps, an example of how the endemic communication problems helped foil the Soviet efforts.

Throughout the next days Rokossovsky's forces put considerable pressure on the Germans at Lutsk and tried to recapture Rovno in their rear, while stopping the advance of the 14th Panzer by ambushing them with 85mm anti-tank guns at close range with good effect. He observed in his memoirs that "the terrain off-road was wooded and swampy, keeping the German advance to the road. The artillery Regiment of the 20th Tank division deployed its newly issued 85mm Guns to cover the road and with direct fire repulsed the advancing Panzers.[19]

The battles around Lutsk, Dubno, Brody fought by the 8th, 9th and 19th Mechanized Corps were most notable among Soviet operations in the early day of Barbarossa because the Southwestern Front was able to organize active operations, unlike most sectors of the front where the German assault was met with operational paralysis, and bought time to reorganize defense along the line of the old Polish border.[21]

Sporadic attempts were made to close the widening gap between the Soviet 5th and 6th Armies, as the Germans advanced on Kiev, but the Soviet tank forces were but a fraction of their former strength. By July 7, Rokossovsky's 9th Mechanized Corps had been reduced to 64 tanks, out of its original compliment of 316.[22]

Despite his insubordination during the Battle of Dubno, Rokossovsky was promoted to Lieutenant General and brought by Timoshenko to Smolensk in July, as part of the effort to prevent the fall of the city during the Battle of Smolensk. He was given the unenviable task of cobbling together the remnants of D.G. Pavlov's Western Front, which had collapsed under the weight of the attack by the Wehrmacht's Army Group Centre during the Battle of Białystok–Minsk. With a limited force of 90 tanks and two rifle regiments, four artillery regiments and elements of the 38th Rifle Division, he is credited with blunting the advance of Field Marshal von Bock's 7th Panzer, 17th Panzer and 20th Motorized Division at Vyazma and allowing numerous Soviet soldiers to escape encirclement.[23]

In September 1941 Stalin personally appointed Rokossovsky to the command of 16th Army, which was the first Soviet army group composed entirely of soldiers serving in shtrafbats (Soviet penal battalions); Stalin reportedly viewed Rokossovsky, the former disgraced Gulag inmate who had barely escaped his imprisonment alive, as the perfect candidate to lead the brutal penal units, even going so far as to wryly comment on Rokossovsky's missing fingernails (pulled out by the NKVD torturers during his imprisonment) at the meeting where he was assigned his command. Rokossovsky's army was ordered to defend the approaches to Moscow, and was now under the direct command of General Georgy Zhukov, his former subordinate. The 16th Army (later renamed the 11th Guards Army) played a key role in the Battle of Moscow when it was deployed along the main axis of the German advance along the Volokolamsk Highway that was a central junction of the bitter fighting during the German winter offensive of 1941 (Operation Typhoon), as well as the subsequent Soviet counter-attack of 1941 - 42.

On November 18, during the desperate last-ditch efforts of the Wehrmacht to encircle Moscow in 1941, General Rokossovsky, his soldiers under heavy pressure from Hoepner's 4th Panzer Group, asked his immediate superior, Zhukov, if he could withdraw the 16th Army to more advantageous positions. Zhukov categorically refused. Rokossovsky went over Zhukov's head, and spoke directly to Marshal Boris Shaposhnikov, now Chief of the General Staff in Zhukov's place; reviewing the situation Shaposhnikov immediately ordered a withdrawal. Zhukov reacted at once. He revoked the order of the superior officer, and ordered Rokossovsky to hold the position. In the immediate aftermath, Rokossovsky's army was pushed aside and the 3rd and 4th Panzer Groups were able to gain strategically important positions north of Moscow, but this marked the high point of the German advance upon Moscow. Throughout Operation Typhoon, Rokossovsky's 16th army had taken the brunt of the German effort to capture Moscow.

1942: Retreat to the Don, Operation Uranus & Stalingrad[]

In March 1942 Rokossovsky was badly injured by a shell splinter. It was widely rumored that Valentina Serova was a mistress of Rokossovski during this time. While it's true that Serova, working as a hospital volunteer, met Rokossovski several times while he was recovering from his wound, there is no evidence that they were lovers.[24] Rokossovski already had a mistress at this time, Dr. Lt. Galina Talanova, with whom he had a daughter in 1945.[25] After two months in a Moscow hospital Rokossovsky was reunited briefly with the 16th Army.

During 1942 the Wehrmacht commenced "Operation Fall Blau" and switched the axis of their offensive from Moscow and attacked southward into the eastern Ukraine towards the Don-Volga river line, Rostov, Voronezh, Stalingrad and the Caucuses beyond. There the Germans hoped to secure fresh supplies of oil to fuel their armies. Unlike the early days of 1941 the stiffening Soviet army maintained relatively good order in retreat, backing up along a defensive line along the Don river.

On 13 July 1942 Rokossvsky was given his first operational level command, a sign of his growing stature. The battles of Smolensk and Moscow had by no measure resulted in Red Army victory but the front line formations under his command were central to frustrating the Wehrmacht efforts to achieve the same[26] and this was most likely reflected in Stalin's decision to make him commander of the Bryansk Front[7][27] where Stavka expected the main line of German attack to be renewed against Moscow in 1942—Rokossovsky was a trusted officer who could be counted on in a tight squeeze.

As the German offensive turned south, and toward Voronezh, the Bryansk sector turned out to be so quiet that Stavka shuffled the 38th Army to General Vatutin's Voronezh Front, during the heated Battle of Voronezh,[28] where the Germans attempted to ford the Don River, and compromise the entire Soviet Don River defense. Rokossovsky recounts in his memoirs that during that summer Stalin phoned him personally to ask "whether I did not find the situation to dull for my liking"[29] and was then recalled to Moscow to undertake command of a new operation:

“The plan was to concentrate a strong force (no less than three combined armies and several armoured corps) on the flank of the enemy occupying the country between the Don and the Volga with the purpose of counter-attacking south and south-east from the vicinity of Serafimovich.”"[29]

Subsequent events delayed the attack and it was shelved, only later to be resurrected as "Operation Uranus" with Vatutin playing the lead role, however Walsh asserts that Rokossovsky being originally selected to lead the attack "was symptomatic of his standing and the importance of his location as an indicator of significant, impending Soviet operations."[30]

By the fall of 1942 the German army had pulled up along the new Soviet defense at the Don and Volga rivers, centered at Stalingrad, and had broken through south of Rostov toward the strategic oil centers of Tblisi and Baku. Stalin was determined that Stalingrad should not fall, and the Red Army was given strict orders to hold the city at any cost. The Battle of Stalingrad became a desperate struggle for control of the city that drew in combatants from both sides in brutal house to house fighting.

Map Battle of Stalingrad-en

Operation Uranus

On September 28, 1942, at Zhukov's urging, Rokossovsky was given overall command of the 65th Army (4th Tank Army), 24th Army and 66th Army, that were brought together as the Don Front[31] as part of Stalin's much criticized[32] reorganization of the Southern Front in preparation for the planned Soviet counterattack at Stalingrad: "Operation Uranus". This put Rokossovky's armies directly opposite the XI, VIII and XIV Corps of the 6th Army, including the 16th Panzer and 14th Panzer divisions, all of which were destroyed in the ensuing battle.

With German forces heavily engaged at Stalingrad and spread thinly due to their deep penetrations into the Caucuses, the Wehrmacht was increasingly reliant on their Rumanian and Italian allies to cover the flanks of their extended line, on the north along the Don, and to the south along the Volga. "Operation Uranus" kicked off on November 17 with the intention of making a double envelopment of the von Paulus's men at Stalingrad by breaking through the flanks. The Southwestern Front commanded by General Vatutin quickly overwhelmed the 3rd Rumanian Army just to the north of Rokossovsky's Don Front, while Yeryomenko's Stalingrad Front began their own attack just south of Stalingrad. Rokossovsky's Don Front played a largely subordinate role in the main attack, but the 66th Army supported Vatutin's attack from the north by outflanking the left extreme of the German line where it met the Romanian 3rd Army, while the 24th and 65th squeezed the German defenders pinning them in place as the pincers of the main attacks rapidly enveloped them.

In less than a week, in the face of deteriorating weather and blizzard conditions, the Soviet forces had sealed the gap behind Stalingrad, and had begun to reinforce their investment around the city in order to prevent an attempted escape. No organized effort was made by the 6th Army to break out, and "Operation Winter Storm", a mid December German effort to relieve the encircled army, failed to break the Soviet defenses. Soon after, the Soviet's launched "Operation Little Saturn" and completely consolidated their position.

On December 28 Stalin gave Rokossovsky the task of mopping up the Stalingrad pocket. He had at his disposal roughly 212,000 men 6,500 guns, 2,500 tanks, and 300 aircraft,[33] to be used against a desperate assortment of 200,000 defenders short on food, fuel, and ammunition, including Russian "Hiwis", Romanians and Germans; in one example, nearly half the 6th Army's 297th Infantry Division fighting force were Russian, however its artillery detachment was rationed to one and a half shells a day.[34] On January 8, 1943, Rokossovsky ordered a cease-fire and sent a delegation to offer terms of surrender but von Paulus did not respond, and resistance continued for the better part of the month.

On January 10, the Don Front launched "Operation Ring" to reduce the Stalingrad pocket beginning with a 55-minute barrage from 7000 rocket launchers, artillery and mortars.[34] The defenders fought tenaciously, even as their lines slowly collapsed, causing the Don Front 26,000 casualties, and destroying half its tanks in the first three days of the operation.[35]

On January 15 Rokossovsky was promoted to the rank of colonel general.[36]

On January 16 the main airfield used to supply the beleaguered 6th Army fell, and then after a pause of a few days, the offensive was renewed capturing the last operational airfield and finally driving the German back into the city proper on January 22. [[File:Dyatlenko.jpg|thumb|Rokossovsky interrogates von Paulus at Don Front HQ: General Rokossovsky, Marshal Voronov, translator Nikolay Dyatlenko and Paulus (left to right)]] On that same day General Paulus asked Hitler for permission to surrender but was refused. On the 26th of January the Soviet's had broken the surrounded Germans into two pockets, and on January 31, the southern pocket collapsed and von Paulus surrendered. Within four days the last significant group of defenders surrendered to Rokossovky's command, finally ending the battle that marked the high-water mark of the German advance during the Soviet-German war.[37]

“The troops of the Don Front at 4pm on February 2nd, 1943 completed the rout and destruction of the encircled group of enemy forces in Stalingrad. Twenty-two divisions have been destroyed or taken prisoner.” [38] — Konstantin Rokossovsky

1943: Kursk[]

Kursk-1943-Plan-GE

German plan of attack

After the victory at Stalingrad the Russian forces advanced to a position that created a bulge 150 km deep and 250 km wide into the German line, around the city of Kursk. This subsequently became known as the Kursk Salient. Rokossovsky command was moved to the north of the salient and was re-designated as a new front, which was twinned with the Voronezh Front, holding the south approaches.

In February 1943 Rokossovsky wrote in his diary: “I’m appointed commander of the Central Front. It means that Stalin has entrusted me to play the key part in the summer Kursk campaign.”.[7]

Both the Red Army and the Wehrmacht prepared to make a decisive offensive in the summer of 1943 at Kursk. The Germans planned to drive two thrusts one through each flank of the salient and unite them at Kursk in order to cut off substantial Soviet forces, recover from the strategic loss at Stalingrad, and curtail further Russian advance. The Russians, alert to the coming attack put their offensive plans aside and prepared for defense in depth with mass antitank units in prepared positions.

The German offensive, code named "Operation Citadel", was originally scheduled to begin in May but the attack was delayed several times in order to bring up fresh Panzer formations equipped with Tiger I's and Panther tanks and their latest assault guns. These delays allowed for even greater Soviet preparation. It was not until early July that the Wehrmacht operations in the Kursk salient got underway.

The resulting battle was one of the largest tank battles in WWII, with massive losses of men and equipment on both sides. As the commander of the Central Front, Rokossovsky's force was faced with a determined attack by the Army Group Center's 9th Army under Walter Model, including several tank formations augmented with the newest Tiger I tanks in battalion strength.[39] Rokossovsky for his part had organized his defenses into three defensive belts. After the initial German assault, Rokossovsky ordered counter-attacks but the Russian armor suffered badly in the face of the new German heavy Tiger tanks, and he went back on the defensive. Despite this, the German's were soon bogged down in the heavily mined terrain and antitank defenses, and Rokossovsky was able to reinforce. The 9th Army made little progress after the initial assault and they never achieved a breakthrough while taking heavy losses.

German troops were more successful in other areas of the Kursk Salient, but the entire operation was called off within two weeks. Even as the Battle of Kursk was raging the Red Army was attacking elsewhere, and soon after "Operation Citadel" stalled the Russians launched a full-scale offensive along the entire eastern front and the Soviet armies recaptured Kiev and Smolensk by the end of 1943.

Needless to say the Russians exploited their victory to the full. There were to be no more periods of quiet on the Eastern Front. From now on, the enemy was in undisputed possession of the initiative.[40] — Heinz Guderian

The Central Front was then renamed 1st Belorussian Front, which he commanded during the Soviet advance through Byelorussia (Belarus) and into Poland.

1944: Operation Bagration & Warsaw Uprising[]

A famous incident is consistently reported from various sources in slightly different versions that during the planning in 1944 of Operation Bagration, Rokossovsky disagreed with Stalin, who demanded in accordance with Soviet war practice a single break-through of the German frontline. Rokossovsky held firm in his argument for two points of break-through. Stalin ordered Rokossovsky to "go and think it over" three times, but every time he returned and gave the same answer "Two break-throughs, Comrade Stalin, two break-throughs." After the third time Stalin remained silent, but walked over to Rokossovsky and put a hand on his shoulder. A tense moment followed as the whole room waited for Stalin to rip the epaulette from Rokossovsky's shoulder; instead, Stalin said "Your confidence speaks for your sound judgement," and ordered the attack to go forward according to Rokossovsky's plan.[6][41] The battle was successful and Rokossovsky's reputation was assured. After crushing German Army Group Centre in Belarus, Rokossovsky's armies reached the east bank of the Vistula opposite Warsaw by mid-1944. For these victories he gained the rank of Marshal of the Soviet Union. Stalin once said: "I have no Suvorov, but Rokossovsky is my Bagration."[citation needed]

While Rokossovsky's forces stood stalled on the Vistula, the Warsaw Uprising (August - October, 1944) broke out in the city, led by the Polish Home Army (AK) on the orders of the Polish government in exile in London. Rokossovsky did not order reinforcement to the insurgents. Soviet assistance was limited to airdrops. There has been much speculation about Rokossovsky's personal views on this decision. He would always maintain that, with his communications badly stretched and enemy pressure against his northern flank mounting, committing forces to Warsaw would have been disastrous.

In November 1944, Rokossovsky was transferred to the 2nd Belorussian Front, which advanced into East Prussia and then across northern Poland to the mouth of the Oder at Stettin (now Szczecin). On May 3 of 1945 he linked up with British Field Marshal Bernard Montgomery's 2nd Army in Wismar, Germany while the forces of Zhukov and Ivan Koniev captured Berlin, ending the war.

In July 1945, he, Zhukov and several other Soviet officers were bestowed the Order of the Bath in a ceremony at the Brandenburg Gate, in Berlin.

Postwar[]

As one of the most prominent Soviet military commanders of the Second World War, Rokossovsky was present at the Victory Parade in Red Square in Moscow in 1945, riding on a black stallion next to Marshal Georgy Zhukov. After the end of the war Rokossovsky remained in command of Soviet forces in Poland (Northern Group of Forces). In October 1949, with the establishment of a fully Communist government under Bolesław Bierut in Poland, Rokossovsky, on Stalin's orders, became the Polish Minister of National Defense, with the additional title of Marshal of Poland. Together with Rokossovsky, several thousand Soviet officers were put in charge of almost all Polish military units, either as commanding officers or as their advisors.[42]

In 1952 he became Deputy Chairman of the Council of Ministers of the People's Republic of Poland. Although Rokossovsky was nominally Polish, he had not lived in Poland for 35 years, and most Poles regarded him as a Russian and Soviet emissary in the country.[43] As Rokossovsky himself bitterly put it: "In Russia, they say I'm a Pole, in Poland they call me Russian".[43]

Marshal of the USSR 1976 CPA 4554

Rokossovsky on 1976 Soviet stamp

Rokossovsky took part in the suppression of the Polish independence movement and stalinization and sovietization of Poland in general and the Polish Army in particular.[44] As the superior commander of the Polish Army, he introduced various ways of suppression of anti-Soviet activity. Among the most notorious were the labour battalions of the army, to which all able-bodied men found socially or politically insecure or guilty of having their families abroad[45] were drafted. It is estimated that roughly 200,000 men were forced to work in labour camps in hazardous conditions, often in quarries, coal and uranium mines, and 1,000 died in their first days of "labour", while tens of thousands became crippled.[45] Other groups targeted by the repressions were former soldiers of the pre-war Polish Army and wartime Home Army.

In June 1956 during Poznań protests against poverty of working class, and Soviet occupation of Poland, Rokossovsky approved the order to send military units against protesters.[44] As a result of the action of over 10,000 soldiers and 360 tanks,[46] at least 74 civilians were killed.[47]

When Communist reformers under Władysław Gomułka tried to come to power in Poland in 1956, Rokossovsky went to Moscov and tried to convince Nikita Khrushchev to use force against the Polish state.[48] After Gomułka managed to negotiate with the Soviets, Rokossovsky left Poland. He returned to the Soviet Union, which restored his Soviet ranks and honours; and in July 1957, following the removal from office of Defence Minister Zhukov, Nikita Khrushchev appointed him Deputy Minister of Defence and Commander of the Transcaucasian Military District. In 1958 he became chief inspector of the Ministry of Defence, a post he held until his retirement in April 1962.

He died in August 1968, aged 71. His ashes were buried in the Kremlin Wall Necropolis on Red Square.

Dates of rank[]

  • promoted Major General, 4 June 1940
  • promoted Lieutenant General, 14 July. 1941
  • promoted Colonel General, 15 Jan. 1943
  • promoted Army General, 28 April 1943
  • promoted Marshal of the Soviet Union, 29 June 1944
  • declared Marshal of Poland 2 November 1949

Honours and awards[]

Russian Empire
Soviet Union
Polish awards
Foreign Awards
  • Grand Officer of the Legion of Honour (France, 9 June 1945)
  • Croix de guerre 1939–1945 (France, 1945)
  • Honorary Knight Commander of the Order of the Bath (UK, 1945)
  • Chief Commander of the Legion of Merit (USA, 1946)
  • Order of the Red Banner (Mongolia, 1943)
  • Order of Sukhbaatar (Mongolia, 18 March 1961)
  • Order of Friendship (Mongolia, 12/10/1967)
  • Medal "For Freedom" (Denmark, 1947)
  • Medal "For Service to the Army of China" (China, 1956)

References[]

  1. ↑ "Биография маршала Советского Союза Константина Рокоссовского" (in Russian). http://www.rokossowski.com/bio.htm. Retrieved 2009-05-09.  site dedicated to Rokossovsky
  2. ↑ http://www.rokossowski.com/bio.htm
  3. ↑ http://english.ruvr.ru/radio_broadcast/2248959/4515909/index.html | Voice of Russia in New York City
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 Kudrevatykh, Leonid. "Maturity of Talent". War Heros. http://www.warheroes.ru/hero/hero.asp?Hero_id=357. 
  5. ↑ [1] THE HISTORY OF KYAKHTA
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 6.3 Rudenko, Inna. "Great-granddaughter of Marshal Rokossovsky: My great-grandfather commanded the Victory Parade.". kp.ru. http://www.kp.ru/daily/24290.4/484552/. 
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 7.2 http://russiapedia.rt.com/prominent-russians/military/konstantin-rokossovsky/ | Russiapedia
  8. ↑ Kokoshin, Andreĭ Afanasʹevich (1998). Soviet Strategic Thought, 1917 -- 1991. MIT Press. p. 43. 
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 Sphar (1997-06-17). Stalin's lieutenants: a study of command under duress. ISBN 978-0-89141-564-0. http://books.google.com/?id=Jt9oAAAAMAAJ&q=command+under+duress+rokossovsky&dq=command+under+duress+rokossovsky. 
  10. ↑ "Military History magazine 2006. - № 5". War Heros. http://www.warheroes.ru/hero/hero.asp?Hero_id=357. 
  11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 "The Kremlin Wall Memorial Project". http://memorial.ppolk.ru/rokossovskij-konstantin-konstantinovich.html. 
  12. ↑ Rayzfeld, A. "Battering Ram". Number 2 (23) (17/02/2011). Soviet Russia: Independent People's Newspaper. http://www.sovross.ru/modules.php?name=News&file=article&sid=5875. Retrieved 28 October 2013. 
  13. ↑ "Konstantin Rokossovsky: Brezhnev was crying at the funeral of his grandfather". FreeLance Bureau. http://flb.ru/info/33931.html. 
  14. ↑ Rappaport, Helen (1999\ page=229). Joseph Stalin: a biographical companion. ISBN 978-1-57607-208-0. 
  15. ↑ http://www.marxists.org/archive/khrushchev/1956/02/24.htm | Speech to 20th Congress of the C.P.S.U.
  16. ↑ Current Biography & H.W. Wilson Company 1945, p. 562.
  17. ↑ Kamenir, Victor (2008). The Bloody Triangle: The Defeat of Soviet Armor in the Ukraine, June 1941. Minneapolis: Zenith Press. p. 101. ISBN 978-0-7603-3434-8. 
  18. ↑ Kamenir, Victor (2008). The Bloody Triangle: The Defeat of Soviet Armor in the Ukraine, June 1941. Minneapolis: Zenith Press. p. 118. ISBN 978-0-7603-3434-8. 
  19. ↑ 19.0 19.1 19.2 Glanz, David (1987). The Initial Period of War on the Eastern Front. Routledge. 
  20. ↑ 20.0 20.1 Lieutenant General D.I. Rjabyshev. On the role of the 8th Mechanized Corps in the June 1941 counteroffensive mounted by the South-Western Front. http://www.battlefield.ru/en/articles/168-8mechanized-corps-offensive.html. 
  21. ↑ Erickson, John (2003). The Road to Stalingrad. Yale University Press. pp. 167–68. 
  22. ↑ Erickson, John (2003). The Road to Stalingrad. Yale University Press. p. 169. 
  23. ↑ Robert Kirchubel (2007-08-21). Operation Barbarossa 1941 (3): Army Group Center, Volume 3. ISBN 978-1-84603-107-6. http://books.google.com/?id=x8AYZXD-TxsC&printsec=frontcover&dq=Operation+Barbarossa+1941+%283%29:+Army+Group+Center,+Volume+3#v=onepage&q=Operation%20Barbarossa%201941%20%283%29%3A%20Army%20Group%20Center%2C%20Volume%203&f=false. 
  24. ↑ Braithwaite, Rodric; Moscow, 1941, Vintage Books, New York, 2006, p 295
  25. ↑ Braithwaite, Rodric; Moscow, 1941, Vintage Books, New York, 2006, p 208
  26. ↑ Walsh, Stephen M.. "Leadership and Command on the Eastern Front (1941-1945): The Military Style of Konstantin Rokossovskiy". CRANFIELD UNIVERSITY. p. 30. http://dspace.lib.cranfield.ac.uk/handle/1826/4315. 
  27. ↑ V.A. Zolotarev, ed (1996) (in Russian). Russkiy Arkhiv: Velikaya Otechestvennaya, Vol. 16-5. Moscow: TERRA. p. 308. "Stavka Order No:170507" 
  28. ↑ V.A. Zolotarev, ed (1996) (in Russian). Russkiy Arkhiv: Velikaya Otechestvennaya, Vol. 16-5. Moscow: TERRA. p. 378. "Stavka VGK Directive No:170593" 
  29. ↑ 29.0 29.1 Rokossovsky, Konstantin (2002) (in Russian). Soldatskiy Dolg (A Soldier’s Duty). Moscow: Olma Press. p. 168. 
  30. ↑ Walsh, Stephen M.. "Leadership and Command on the Eastern Front (1941-1945): The Military Style of Konstantin Rokossovskiy". CRANFIELD UNIVERSITY. pp. 31. http://dspace.lib.cranfield.ac.uk/handle/1826/4315. 
  31. ↑ "Rokossovsky, Konstantin". Encyclopedia of World War II, Volume II.. http://www.fofweb.com/History/MainPrintPage.asp?iPin=WWII0554&DataType=WorldHistory&WinType=Free. 
  32. ↑ Antony Beevor, 1999; historian, The Road to Stalingrad, 1993 via The Stalingrad Academy of Street Fighting
  33. ↑ Lotz, Corinna. "Why Stalingrad Still Matters". A World to Win. http://www.aworldtowin.net/reviews/Stalingrad.html. 
  34. ↑ 34.0 34.1 Beevor, Anthony (1998). Stalingrad: The Fateful Siege. Artemis Cooper. p. 353. 
  35. ↑ Beevor, Anthony (1998). Stalingrad: The Fateful Siege. Artemis Cooper. p. 356. 
  36. ↑ "Konstantin Rokossovsky". World War II Database. http://ww2db.com/person_bio.php?person_id=34. 
  37. ↑ Beevor, Anthony (1998). Stalingrad: The Fateful Siege. Artemis Cooper. pp. 364–394. 
  38. ↑ Russia at War, 1941-1945 & Werth 1964, p. 543.
  39. ↑ Clark, Alan (1966). Barbarossa: The Russian-German Conflict 1941–1945. New York: Morrow. p. 195. ISBN 0-688-04268-6. OCLC 40117106. 
  40. ↑ * Bergström, Christer (2007). Kursk — The Air Battle: July 1943. Burgess Hill: Chervron/Ian Allen. p. 121. ISBN 978-1-903223-91-8. 
  41. ↑ Chris Bellamy (2007). "18". Absolute War. London: Panmacmillan. pp. 610. ISBN 978-0-330-51004-2. 
  42. ↑ Norman Davies (1982). God's Playground. New York: Columbia University Press. ISBN 0-231-05353-3.  (also ISBN 0-231-05351-7)
  43. ↑ 43.0 43.1 (Polish) Wiesław Białkowski (1994). Rokossowski - na ile Polak? (Rokossowski - How Much of a Pole?). Warsaw: Alfa. pp. 326. ISBN 83-7001-755-X. 
  44. ↑ 44.0 44.1 (Polish) Paweł Piotrowski, Barbara Polak (6 2001). "Żołnierze, oficerowie, generałowie (Soldiers, Officers, Generals)" (– Scholar search). ISSN 1641-9561. Archived from the original on March 22, 2005. http://web.archive.org/web/20050322163658/http://www.ipn.gov.pl/biuletyn/6/biuletyn6_2.html. Retrieved 2006-04-17. [dead link]
  45. ↑ 45.0 45.1 (Polish) Anna Witalis Zdrzenicka (2005). "Polski gułag. Zapomniana krzywda powraca (Polish Gulag: the Forgotten Lesion Returns)". http://gazetao.pl/artykul,8.html. Retrieved 2006-04-17. 
  46. ↑ (English) Grzegorz Ekiert; Jan Kubik (2001). Rebellious Civil Society : Popular Protest and Democratic Consolidation in Poland, 1989-1993. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press. pp. 27–29. ISBN 0-472-08830-0. http://books.google.com/?id=dXcqupKzt0gC&pg=PA27&lpg=PA27&dq=Poznan+1956. 
  47. ↑ according to official figures, as in: (Polish) Maciej Szewczyk (2005). "Poznański czerwiec 1956". Poznańczyk. http://www.poznanczyk.com/index.html. Retrieved 2006-04-17. 
  48. ↑ Wprost 24 - Rezydent Wolski

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