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It has been suggested that this article be merged into [[::List of World War I aviators who shot down four observation balloons|List of World War I aviators who shot down four observation balloons]]. (Discuss) Proposed since February 2013. |
The crucial role of observation balloons[]
Balloon busters were military pilots known for destroying enemy observation balloons. These pilots were noted for their near-suicidal fearlessness.[1]
An observation balloon was both a vulnerable and a valuable target: the balloon was moored in a stationary position and was lifted by flammable hydrogen gas, whose use was necessitated by the scarcity of helium reserves among European powers. The observer, suspended in the wicker basket beneath, typically had a wireless transmitter, binoculars and/or a long-range camera. His job was to observe actions on the front-line and behind it, to spot enemy troop movements or unusual activity of any sort, and to call down artillery fire onto any worthwhile targets. Balloon Observers were consequently targets of great importance to both sides, especially before any sort of infantry action or offensive, so individual pilots, flights or whole squadrons were frequently ordered to attack balloons, either in an attempt to destroy them or at least disrupt their observation activities.[1]
Due to their importance balloons were usually given heavy defenses in the form of anti-aircraft artillery and standing fighter patrols stationed overhead. Other defenses included surrounding the main balloon with barrage balloons; stringing cables in the air in the vicinity of the balloons; putting machine guns in gondolas for observers to use; and flying balloons booby-trapped with explosives that could be remotely detonated from the ground. These measures made balloons valuable but very dangerous targets to approach.[1]
Although balloons were occasionally shot down by small-arms fire, generally it was difficult to shoot down a balloon with solid bullets, particularly at the distances and altitude involved. Ordinary bullets would pass relatively harmlessly through the hydrogen gas bag, merely holing the fabric. Hits on the wicker car could however kill the observer.[1]
One method employed was the solid-fuelled Le Prieur rocket invented by Frenchman Lt. Yves Le Prieur and first used in April 1916. Rockets were attached to each outboard strut of a biplane fighter aircraft and fired through steel tubes using an electrical trigger. The rockets' inaccuracy was such that pilots had to fly very close to their target before firing.[1]
It was not until special Pomeroy incendiary bullets and the Buckingham flat-nosed .45 calibre explosive bullet became available on the Western Front in 1917 that any consistent degree of success was achieved. Le Prieur rockets were withdrawn from service in 1918 once incendiary bullets had become available.[1]
World War I aviators who shot down three observation balloons[]
The following list is accumulative and incomplete because it is a work in progress. It is compiled as biographies of flying aces are written, and still may lack some balloon busters.
Please feel free to {{Expand list}} by adding to it. Citations are requested for all additions, preferably to texts in Reference section.
| Name | Origin | Balloon victories | Aircraft victories | Total |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Giovanni Ancillotto | Italian | 3 | 8 | 11[2] |
| Yves F. Barbaza | French | 3 | 2 | 5[3] |
| Hans Böhning | German | 3 | 14 | 17[4] |
| Karl Bohny | German | 3 | 5 | 8[5] |
| Walter von Bülow-Bothkamp | German | 3 | 25 | 28[6] |
| Hamilton Coolidge | American | 3 | 5 | 8[7] |
| Pierre Delage | French | 3 | 4 | 7[8] |
| Rudolf von Eschwege | German | 3 | 17 | 20[9] |
| Henri Hay De Slade | French | 3 | 16 | 19[10] |
| Francis W. Gillet | American | 3 | 17 | 20[11] |
| Max Gossner | German | 3 | 5 | 8[12] |
| Justus Grassmann | German | 3 | 7 | 10[13] |
| Robert Hall | South African | 3 | 2 | 5[14] |
| Ludwig Hanstein | German | 3 | 13 | 16[15] |
| William Frederick James Harvey | English | 3 | 23 | 26[16] |
| Albert Haussmann | German | 3 | 12 | 15[17] |
| Heinrich Henkel | German | 3 | 5 | 8[18] |
| Adolf Heyrowsky | Austro-Hungarian | 3*[19] | 9 | 12[20] |
| Camille Lagesse | Canadian | 3 | 17 | 20[21] |
| Friedrich Manschott | German | 3 | 9 | 12[22] |
| George McElroy | Irish | 3 | 44 | 47[23] |
| Maurice Newnham | English | 3 | 15 | 18[24] |
| John Steele Ralston | Scots | 3 | 9 | 12[25] |
| Paul Rothe | German | 3 | 2 | 5[26] |
| Franz Rudorfer | German | 3 | 8 | 11[27] |
| Cecil Thompson | South African | 3 | 3 | 6[28] |
| Remington Vernam | American | 3 | 3 | 6[29] |
| Hans Waldhausen | German | 3 | 3 | 6[30] |
| Herbert Gilles Watson | New Zealander | 3 | 11 | 14[31] |
See also[]
- Lists of World War I flying aces
- The Aerodrome website's page on balloon busters http://www.theaerodrome.com/aces/balloon_busters.php
- List of World War I aviators who shot down four observation balloons
- Balloon buster
- List of World War I aviators who shot down two observation balloons
- List of World War I aviators who shot down one observation balloon
Endnotes[]
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 Guttman, Dempsey 2005, pp. 7-9.
- ↑ Franks et al 1997, p. 130.
- ↑ Franks, Bailey 1992, pp. 115-116.
- ↑ Franks et al 1993, p. 79.
- ↑ Franks et al 1993, pp. 79-80.
- ↑ Franks et al 1993, p. 90.
- ↑ Franks, Bailey 1992, pp. 33-34.
- ↑ Franks, Bailey 1992, pp. 142-143.
- ↑ Franks et al 1993, p. 104.
- ↑ Franks, Bailey 1992, p. 175.
- ↑ Franks, Bailey 1992, pp. 38-39.
- ↑ Franks et al 1993, p. 118.
- ↑ Franks et al 1993, p. 119.
- ↑ Shores et al 2000. p. 181.
- ↑ Franks et al 1993, p. 123.
- ↑ Shores et al 2000. pp. 187-188.
- ↑ Franks et al 1993, p. 125.
- ↑ Franks et al 1993, p. 128.
- ↑ Note: Includes the airship M4.
- ↑ Franks et al 1997, pp. 183-184.
- ↑ Shores et al 2000. p. 229.
- ↑ Franks et al 1993, p. 162.
- ↑ Shores et al 2000. pp. 271-272.
- ↑ Shores et al 2000. p. 290-291.
- ↑ Shores et al 2000. p. 311.
- ↑ Franks et al 1993, p. 193.
- ↑ Franks et al 1997, p. 198.
- ↑ Shores et al 2000, p. 361.
- ↑ Franks, Bailey 1992, p. 78.
- ↑ Franks et al 1993, pp. 225-226.
- ↑ Shores et al 2000. pp. 376-377.
References[]
- Franks, Norman; Bailey, Frank; Guest, Russell. Above the Lines: The Aces and Fighter Units of the German Air Service, Naval Air Service and Flanders Marine Corps 1914 - 1918. Grub Street, 1993. ISBN 0-948817-73-9, ISBN 978-0-948817-73-1.
- Franks, Norman; Guest, Russell; Alegi, Gregory. Above the War Fronts: The British Two-seater Bomber Pilot and Observer Aces, the British Two-seater Fighter Observer Aces, and the Belgian, Italian, Austro-Hungarian and Russian Fighter Aces, 1914–1918. Grub Street, 1997. ISBN 1-898697-56-6, ISBN 978-1-898697-56-5.
- Franks, Norman; Bailey, Frank. Over the Front: A Complete Record of the Fighter Aces and Units of the United States and French Air Services, 1914-1918. Grub Street, 1992. ISBN 0-948817-54-2, ISBN 978-0-948817-54-0.
- Guttman, Jon; Dempsey, Harry. Balloon-Busting Aces of World War 1. Osprey Publishing, 2005. ISBN 1-84176-877-4, ISBN 978-1-84176-877-9.
- Shores, Christopher; Franks, Norman; Guest, Russell. Above the Trenches: A Complete Record of the Fighter Aces and Units of the British Empire Air Forces 1915-1920 Grub Street, 1990. ISBN 0-948817-19-4, ISBN 978-0-948817-19-9.
The original article can be found at [[Wikipedia:List of World War I aviators who shot down three observation balloons |List of World War I aviators who shot down three observation balloons]] and the edit history here.