This a chronological list of the last surviving veterans of military insurgencies, conflicts, and wars around the world. The listed wars span from the 17th century to the beginning of World War II.
Classical and Biblical eras[]
- Ramesses II (1303-1213BC) - Egyptian Pharaoh who, as a young man, fought many battles with the Hittites and Shardana pirates and died aged 90.
- Aristodemus of Sparta (c.530-479BC)- The "Coward of Thermopylae" who was the only Spartan to survive the battle.[1]
- Marcus Valerius Corvus (died 270BC) - Led the Roman army in the First Samnite War and reputedly lived to the age of 100.[2]
- King Masinissa (c. 240 or 238 BC - c. 148 BC) - Led the Numidians during the Second Punic War and died at the age of 90.
Middle Ages[]
- Egill Skallagrímsson (910-990AD) - Viking Berserker and last veteran of the Battle of Brunanburh.[3]
- Robert de Beaumont, 1st Earl of Leicester (1040-1118) - Last of the Norman noblemen proven to have fought alongside William the Conquerer at the Battle of Hastings.[4]
- Berenger de Coll (died 1350) - Last of the Knights Templar. Lived in Spain.
- Thomas "Old Tom" Parr (died 1635) - English centenarian who claimed to have been born in 1483 and served under Henry VIII.
- Don Mancio Sierra de Leguízamo (1512-1589) - Last Spanish Conquistador.[5]
Early modern period[]
These cases, particularly with respect to the ages claimed by the veterans, cannot be verified as it was common in pre-industrialised societies for elders to exaggerate their age.
- Anton Grolekofsky (1671/1672–1785) — Polish soldier who lived in Sweden. Claimed to have fought in the Nine Years' War, Russo-Swedish War (1741–1743) and Polish-Swedish War.[6][7]
- Andreas Nielsen (1660–1782) — Norwegian soldier. Claimed to be the last Scanian War veteran, and says he had a long military career and had seen many battles.[6][8]
- Jacob Christiansen Drakenberg (1626–1772) — Norwegian sailor. Claimed to have fought for Frederick III of Denmark in the Dano-Swedish War (1657–1658) and again from 1675–1681 in the Scanian War.[9]
English Civil War[]
- William Hiseland (1620–1732) — Wiltshire native. Fought for royalists in this war, Williamite War in Ireland and War of the Spanish Succession.[10] Last survivor of Battle of Edgehill. Retired with rank of sergeant.[11] For 80-year service to the king, he became one of the earliest admitted to Royal Hospital Chelsea.[12]
First Anglo-Dutch War[]
- Richard Haddock (1629-1714) - Royal Navy.[13]
Great Northern War[]
- Petro Kalnyshevsky (1691–1803) — Last Zaporozhian Host. Also fought in 1735–1739 and 1768–1774 Russo-Turkish Wars (by which time he was an Ataman). The lifespan is highly unlikely, the birthdate is probably wrong.
War of the Polish Succession, War of the Austrian Succession[]
- Jean Thurel (1699–1807) — Died in France. Served in War of the Austrian Succession and War of the Polish Succession, Seven Years' War and American Revolutionary War. Known as "oldest soldier of Europe."[14]
Russo-Turkish War[]
- Petro Kalnyshevsky (1691–1803) — Last Zaporozhian Host. Last known living veteran of Great Northern War. Fought in 1735–1739 and 1768–1774 Russo-Turkish Wars (by which time he was an Ataman).[15]
Jacobite rising[]
- George Browne (1698–1792) — Irish nobleman. Supported Old Pretender. Later became mercenary in Russian army.[16]
Seven Years' War[]
- Johann Heinrich Behrens (1735–1844) — Died in Germany.[17]
- Paul François de Quelen de la Vauguyon (1746–1828) —Died in France.[18]
- Henry Luttrell, 2nd Earl of Carhampton (1743–1821) — Died in Britain.[19]
French and Indian War[]
- Jonathan Benjamin (1738–1841) — Also fought in American Revolutionary War. Settled in Granville, Ohio in 1802.[20]
- Robert Abercromby of Airthrey (1740–1827) — Died in Great Britain.[21]
- Michel-Eustache-Gaspard-Alain Chartier de Lotbinière (1748–1822) — Died in Montreal, Quebec, British Empire.[22]
Gaspée Affair[]
- Ephrim Bowen (1753-1841) - Colonial American pirate[23]
American Revolutionary War[]
- Daniel Bakeman (1759–1869) — Alleged veteran. Awarded pension via Congress, though no support of service has been located.[24]
- John Gray (1764–1868) — Last verifiable veteran although period of service was too short for him for pension qualification.[25]
- Samuel Downing (1764–1867)[26]
- Lemuel Cook (1759–1866) — Last official veteran; honorable discharge signed by George Washington.[27]
French Revolution[]
- Nicolas Savin (1768–1894) — Enlisted in 2nd Regiment of Hussars in 1798. 1768 figure proclaims he was approximately 126 at time of death. Later served under Napoleon and was awarded the Legion d'Honneur.[28]
Napoleonic Wars[]
- Jean Adrin (1797–1902) — Last French veteran.[29] In 1912 there were three Polish men who claimed to have fought at Borodino, but it is unlikely they were real veterans due to lack of documentation and age ranges relatively high from 120 to 133.
- Geert Adriaans Boomgaard (1788–1899) — Last Dutch veteran and Europe's oldest man at the time of his death. He fought for France in the 33ème Régiment Léger.[28]
- Louis Victor Baillot (1793–1898) — French veteran. Last Battle of Waterloo veteran. Saw action at siege of Hamburg.[30]
- Pedro Martinez (1789–1898) — Last Battle of Trafalgar veteran. Served in Spanish navy on San Juan Nepomuceno.[28]
- Leonard Meesters (1796–1896) — Last Belgian veteran. Fought for Napoleon.[28]
- Josephine Mazurkewicz (1794–1896) — Last female veteran. Assistant surgeon in Napoleon's army. Later partook in Crimean War.[28]
- Sir Provo Wallis (1791–1892) — Canada.[31]
- Morris Shea (1795–1892) — 73rd Foot — Last Scottish veteran.[32]
- Vasilij Nikolaevich Kochetkov (1785-1892) Russian Imperial Army. Enlisted 7 March 1811. Served in Grenadier Lifeguard Regiment at Borodino. Served 66 1/2 years until 12 October 1877 when wounded out of service in the Russian-Ottoman War.[33][34][35]
- Joseph Sutherland (1789–1890) — Last English veteran. Royal Navy. Last British survivor of Trafalgar.[36]
War of 1812[]
- Hiram Cronk (1800–1905) — United States Army.[37]
- Sir Provo Wallis (1791–1892) — Canadian Army. Royal Navy. Napoleonic veteran.[38]
Finnish War[]
- Carl Gustav Polviander (1784-1876) - Finland[39]
Greek War of Independence[]
- Erasmus Ommanney (1814-1904) - Royal Navy. Last survivor of the Battle of Navarino.
Texas War of Independence[]
- Alfonso Steele (1817–1911) — Last veteran of Battle of San Jacinto.[40]
- James L. Allen (1815–1901) — Texan courier at Alamo.[41]
Black Hawk War[]
- Henry L. Riggs (1812–1911)[42]
Rebellions of 1837[]
- François X. Matthieu (1818–1914) — Parti Patriote.[43]
- Douglas Labalmondière (1815–1893) — Upper Canada Rebels.[44]
Mexican-American War[]
- Owen Thomas Edgar (1831–1929) — United States Navy.[45]
Crimean War[]
- Yves Prigent (1833–1938) — French sailor.[28]
- Charles Nathan (1834–1934) — Last French soldier. Saw action in Italy, Syria, Mexico and Franco-Prussian War.[citation needed]
- Edwin Hughes (1830–1927) — Last survivor of Charge of the Light Brigade.[46]
- Edwin Bezar (1838–1936) — possible last British soldier. Also last British soldier in New Zealand Wars.
Italian Unification[]
- Francois Ribet (1835–1936) — Died in France.[28]
Expedition of the Thousand[]
- Giovanni Battista Egisto Sivelli (1843–1934).[47][48]
Third Italian War of Independence[]
- Giovanni Battista Egisto Sivelli (1843–1934), last Italian veteran.[47][48]
New Zealand Wars[]
- Edwin Bezar (1838–1936), last British soldier. Settled in New Zealand.
American Civil War[]
Union[]
- Albert Woolson (1850–1956)[49]
Confederate[]
| Name | Claimed birth date | Believed birth date | Death date | Status |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Pleasant Crump | 23 December 1847 | 31 December 1951 | Verified | |
| Felix M. Witkoski | 5 January 1850 | October 1854 | 3 February 1952 | Debunked |
| Thomas Edwin Ross | 19 July 1850 | 27 March 1952 | Unknown | |
| Richard William Cumpston | 23 May 1841 | 5 September 1952 | No evidence | |
| William Loudermilk[50] | 23 October 1848 | April 1851[51] | 18 September 1952 | No evidence |
| William Jordan Bush[52] | 10 July 1845 | July 1846 | 11 November 1952 | Probable |
| Arnold Murray[53] | 10 June 1846 | 1854/1855 | 26 November 1952 | Debunked |
| William Townsend[52][54] | 12 April 1846 | 22 February 1953 | Possible | |
| William Albert Kinney | 10 February 1843 | 10 February 1861 | 23 June 1953 | Debunked |
| Thomas Riddle | 16 April 1846 | 1862[55] | 2 April 1954 | No evidence |
| William Lundy | 18 January 1848 | May 1860 | 1 September 1957 | Debunked |
| John B. Salling[56] | 15 May 1846 | 15 May 1856 | 16 March 1959 | Debunked |
| Walter Williams | 14 November 1842 | 14 November 1854 | 19 December 1959 | Debunked |
Most cases are questionable, though it should be remembered that many Confederate records were destroyed or lost to history. Unlike the U.S. military archives, the Confederate records had no official archive system after the war. However, for most of the cases investigated, the ages of the claimants alone were enough to prove their claim was false. Williams was generally acknowledged as the "last Confederate veteran" in 1950s newspapers. However, in September 1959 an exposé by The New York Times revealed that he was in fact born in 1854 in Itawamba County, Mississippi, and not 1842 as claimed. Still, since Salling and all the other claimants were dead, Williams was celebrated as the last Confederate veteran after his death on 20 December 1959.[57]
Salling's own status is disputed. In 1991, William Marvel examined the claims of Salling and several other "last Civil War veterans" for a piece in the Civil War history magazine Blue & Gray. Marvel found census data that indicated Salling was born in 1858, not 1846. Although in 1900 Salling supplied a birthdate of March 1858, he appears to have been born around 1856, still too late to have served in the Confederate Army. The 1860 census lists him as 4 years old, and the 1870 census as 14.[56] William Lundy is listed as 1 year old on the 1860 census, and from 1870 until 1930 he gave census marshals ages that reflected birthdates as early as 1853 and as late as 1860. He did not push his birthdate back to the 1840s until he applied for a Confederate pension from the state of Florida. In the same piece, Marvel confirmed Woolson's claim to be the last surviving Union veteran and asserted that Woolson was the last genuine Civil War veteran on either side. However, Marvel did not present research establishing who, among the several other Confederate claims from the 1950s, some of which appear to be genuine, was the real last Confederate veteran.
French invasion of Mexico[]
- Jules Pujos (1846–1942) — France.[28]
January Uprising[]
- Feliks Bartczuk (1846–1946) — Last veteran.[58]
Second Schleswig War[]
- Ove Henning Jacobsen (1841–1941) — Last Danish veteran.[59]
Fenian Raids[]
- John A. Hammond (1843–1939)[60]
Indian Wars[]
- Frederick Fraske (1872–1973)[61]
- John Daw (1870–1965)[62][63]
- Dewey Beard (1857–1955) — Native American from Lakota tribe. Last survivor of Battle of the Little Big Horn.[64] Also fought at Wounded Knee.[65]
Franco-Prussian War[]
- Seraphin Pruvost (1849–1955) — Last French veteran.[28]
- Karl Glöckner (1845–1953) — Last German veteran.[28]
Paris Commune[]
- Adrien Lejeune (1847–1942) — Last Communard.[28][66]
- Emile Chausse (1850–1941) — Left army and joined the communards in 1870.[28]
- Antonin Desfarges (1851–1941) — Last Communard député.[28]
Russo-Ottoman War 1877-1878[]
- Konstantin Vikent'evich Hrutskij (1855-1967) — Preobrazhenskij Lifeguard Regiment [67]
Zulu War[]
- Charles Wallace Warden (died 1953) — Transferred to First Foot in 1874.[68]
- Frank Bourne (1854–1945) — Last survivor of Rorke's Drift.[69]
Northwest Rebellion[]
- Honoré Jackson (1861–1952)[70]
Spanish-American War[]
- Jones Morgan (1882–1993)[71]
- Nathan E. Cook (1885–1992)[72]
Boer War[]
- George Frederick Ives (1881–1993) — British army. Later emigrated to Canada.[73]
Potemkin Mutiny[]
- Ivan Beshoff (1885–1987) — Sailor on Russian battleship Potemkin. Fled to Ireland and opened a fish and chips shop.[74]
Mexican Revolution[]
- Guillermo Flores Reyes (born 1898) — Claimant.[75][76]
- Juan Carlos Caballero Vega (1900–2010) — Pancho Villa's driver.[77]
- Feliciano Mejia (1899–2008) — Last living member of Emiliano Zapata's Ejército Libertador del Sur.[78][79]
- Antonio Gómez Delgado (1900–2007) — Last living member of Pancho Villa's División del Norte[80][81]
- Teodoro Garcia (1889–1999) — Last Federal soldier.[82][83]
World War I[]
Main article: List of last surviving World War I veterans by country
- Henry Allingham (1896–2009) — Britain. Last airman.
- Harry Patch (1898–2009) — Britain. Last soldier to fight in the trenches.
- Claude Choules (1901–2011) — Britain. Last combat veteran. Served in the Royal Navy.
- Florence Green (1901–2012) — Britain. Last living veteran. Served as waitress in Women's Royal Air Force.
October Revolution[]
- Boris Gudz (1902–2006) — Red Army. Also fought in Russian Civil War.[84]
Finnish Civil War[]
- Lauri Nurminen (1906–2009) — White Guards.[85]
- Aarne Arvonen (1897–2009) — Red Guards.[86]
Russian Civil War[]
- Boris Gudz (1902–2006) — Red Army. Also fought in October Revolution.[84]
- Nikolai Fyodorov (1901–2003) — White Army.[87]
Polar Bear Expedition[]
- Harold Gunnes (1899-2003) - US Navy. Saw action against the Bolsheviks on USS Olympia (C-6) in 1918.
Greater Poland Uprising (1918–1919)[]
- Jan Rzepa (1899–2005) — Last Polish fighter.[88]
German Revolution of 1918–19[]
- Helmut Fink (1901–2009) — Freikorps.[89][90]
- William Seegers (1900–2007) — German army.[91]
Polish-Ukrainian War[]
- Major Aleksander Sałacki (1904–2008) — Last surviving Lwów Eaglet.[92][93]
Estonian War of Independence[]
- Ants Ilus (1901–2006) — Died in Estonia.[94]
- Karl Jaanus (1899–2000) — Last surviving Cross of Liberty recipient awarded during war.[95]
Latvian War of Independence[]
- Arnolds Hofmanis (1900–2006) — Died in Latvia, Tukums.[96]
- Arvīds Lauris (1901–2003) — Last surviving Order of Lāčplēsis recipient awarded during war.[97]
Irish War of Independence[]
- Dan Keating (1902–2007) — Irish Republican Army.[98]
Polish–Soviet War[]
- Józef Kowalski (born 1900) — Poland.[99][100]
Silesian Uprisings[]
Turkish War of Independence[]
- Mustafa Şekip Birgöl (1903–2008) — Died in Turkey.[103]
Greco-Turkish War[]
- Veysel Turan (1901–2007) — Turkey
March on Rome[]
- Vasco Bruttomesso (1903–2009)[104]
Northern Expedition[]
- Sun Yuanliang (1904–2007) — National Revolutionary Army.[105]
Nanchang Uprising[]
Chittagong armoury raid[]
- Binod Bihari Chowdhury (1911–2013[107]) — Bangladeshi revolutionary[108]
Brazilian Revolution of 1930[]
- Waldemar Levy Cardoso (1900–2009) — Brazilian army.[109]
Xi'an Incident[]
- Lü Zhengcao (1904–2009) — Last Communist officer.[110]
Battle of Lake Khasan[]
- Sergey Leonidovich Sokolov (1911–2012) — Soviet Union
See also[]
References[]
- ↑ Schmitz, 'Aristodemus of Sparta,' 1867
- ↑ Livy
- ↑ Livingston, Michael (2011). The Battle of Brunanburh: A Casebook. Exeter: University of Exeter Press. ISBN 978-0-85989-863-8.
- ↑ Edward T. Beaumont, J.P. The Beaumonts in History. A.D. 850-1850. Oxford.
- ↑ The confession
- ↑ 6.0 6.1 Jeune, Bernard; and Vaupel, James W. (1999). "Validation of exceptional longevity". Odense: University Press of Southern Denmark. ISBN 978-87-7838-466-9. http://www.demogr.mpg.de/books/odense/6/03.htm.
- ↑ Jeune and Vaupel, p.45.
- ↑ Jeune and Vaupel, p.61.
- ↑ The New Encyclopædia Britannica, Volume 8; Volume 20. Encyclopædia Britannica. 1998. p. 428. ISBN 978-0-85229-633-2.
- ↑ White, William (1906). Notes and queries, Volume 114. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 82.
- ↑ Winder, Robert (9 May 1999). "It's a grand life for Chelsea's men in scarlet". The Independent. http://www.independent.co.uk/news/its-a-grand-life-for-chelseas-men-in-scarlet-1092518.html. Retrieved 25 January 2009.
- ↑ "A SOLDIER OF GREAT AGE.". The New York Times. 10 February 1886. http://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=FB0714FB345D10738DDDA90994DA405B8684F0D3. Retrieved 17 October 2011.
- ↑ Dunkin, A. J. (1855). "The Haddocks of Wrotham". The Archaeological mine, antiquarian nuggets relating to Kent. London: John Russell Smith. pp. 43–8.
- ↑ Brown, Charles Brockden; Walsh, Robert (1808). The American register, or general repository of history, politics and science, Volume 2. Philadelphia: C & A. Conrad and Company. p. 408.
- ↑ Диланян, Анатолий (14 November 2003). "ПОСЛЕДНИЙ ИЗ КОШЕВЫХ К 200-ЛЕТИЮ СО ДНЯ СМЕРТИ ПЕТРА КАЛНЫШЕВСКОГО" (in Russian). Zerkalo Nedeli. Archived from the original on 21 October 2007. http://web.archive.org/web/20071021101232/http://www.zn.ua/3000/3760/43641. Retrieved 18 October 2010.
- ↑ (in French) Histoire de la vie du Comte George de Browne, Comté du Saint-Empire, Gouverneur-Général de Livonie et d'Esthonie, général en chef des armées de Sa Majesté l'impératrice de toutes les Russies. I.F. Hartknoch. 1794.
- ↑ Behrens, Johann H. (1840) (in German). Lebensgeschichte des 105-jährigen in Wolfenbüttel lebenden Invaliden-Unterofficiers Joh. Heinr. Behrens eines Zeitgenossen und Kriegers Friedrich's des Großen. Wolfenbüttel: Holle. pp. 944–950.
- ↑ (in French) Nouvelle biographie générale depuis les temps les plus reculés jusqu'à nos jours avec les renseignements bibliographiques et l'indication des sources à consulter. Paris: Paris, Firmin Didot frères, fils et cie. 1857.
- ↑ Blackstock, A.F. (2004). Luttrell, Henry Lawes, second earl of Carhampton (1737-1821). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
- ↑ Niles' national register, Volume 61. Cambridge: Harvard University. 1841. p. 192.
- ↑
"Abercromby, Robert (1740-1827)volume=1". Dictionary of National Biography. London: Smith, Elder & Co. 1885–1900.
- ↑ Hamelin, Marcel. "CHARTIER DE LOTBINIÈRE, MICHEL-EUSTACHE-GASPARD-ALAIN". Dictionary of Canadian Biography. http://www.biographi.ca/009004-119.01-e.php?&id_nbr=2799. Retrieved 18 October 2010.
- ↑ Ephraim Bowen
- ↑ Zuerlein, Roger. "?". FortuneCity. Archived from the original on 3 August 2001. http://web.archive.org/web/20010803034953/http://www.fortunecity.com/millennium/principal/627/bakeman.html. Retrieved 12 November 2010.
- ↑ Dalzell, James McCormick; Gray, John (1868). Private Dalzell, his autobiography, poems, and comic war papers, sketch of John Gray, Washington's last soldier, etc. R. Clarke. p. 189.
- ↑ Taylor, Maureen (2003). "The Last Men of the Revolution". American Spirit. pp. 30–31. http://www.maureentaylor.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/06/ghosts_of_the_revolution.pdf. Retrieved 7 November 2010.
- ↑ Cook, Burr. "Lemuel Cook". The Burr. http://www.burrcook.com/history/lemuel.htm. Retrieved 18 October 2010.
- ↑ 28.00 28.01 28.02 28.03 28.04 28.05 28.06 28.07 28.08 28.09 28.10 28.11 28.12 Mathieu, Frédéric (2008) (in French). Napoléon, les derniers témoins. Éditions Sébirot. ISBN 978-2-9532726-0-4.
- ↑ [1][unreliable source?]
- ↑ Bibet/Librairie des deux empires, Jean-Pierre (1998). "Louis-Victor Baillot, le dernier survivant de Waterloo." (in French). Histoire du Consulat et du Premier Empire. http://www.histoire-empire.org/articles/baillot.htm. Retrieved 19 October 2010.
- ↑ Christie, Carl. "WALLIS, Sir PROVO WILLIAM PARRY". Dictionary of Canadian Biography. http://www.biographi.ca/009004-119.01-e.php?&id_nbr=6485. Retrieved 19 October 2010.
- ↑ Ray, Jarred; Ray, Ron (2009). "Some History Relevant to the 73rd Regiment of Foot". The Garrison Gazette. http://73rdregiment.tripod.com/sitebuildercontent/sitebuilderfiles/ggspring09.pdf. Retrieved 19 October 2010.
- ↑ http://soviet-awards.com/forum/soviet-bloc-awards/imperial-russian-sphere-resulting-nations/russian-empire/95660-vasilij-nikolaevich-kochetkov.html#post225591
- ↑ Vasili Kochetkov
- ↑ A very Russian Crimea
- ↑ "THE BATTLE OF TRAFALGAR.". Ancestry.com. 13 April 1889. http://freepages.genealogy.rootsweb.ancestry.com/~penney/sheppey%20characters/the%20battle%20of%20trafalgar.htm. Retrieved 19 October 2010.
- ↑ Henley, Benjamin James (1911). The art of longevity .... Syracause: New Warner Co. pp. 205–208.
- ↑ Christie, Carl. "WALLIS, Sir PROVO WILLIAM PARRY". Dictionary of Canadian Biography. http://www.biographi.ca/009004-119.01-e.php?&id_nbr=6485. Retrieved 19 October 2010.
- ↑ Carl Polviander
- ↑ Steele, Alfonso; Houston, Sam (1836). Biography of Private Alfonso Steele: deceased, last survivor of the Battle of San Jacinto, together with Mr. Steele's account of the campaign and fight, and the official report of General Sam Houston, with complete roster of the commands composing the little army. s.n.
- ↑ Groneman, Bill (1990). Alamo defenders: a genealogy, the people and their words. New York: Eakins Press. p. 1.
- ↑ "DEATH OF THE LAST SURVIVOR OF THE BLACK HAWK WAR.". Journal of the Illinois State Historical Society. 1922.
- ↑ Lyman, H.S. (1900). Reminiscences of FX Matthieu. 1. Portland: Oregon Historical Society.
- ↑ Fido, Martin; Skinner, Keith (1999). The Official Encyclopedia of Scotland Yard. London: Virgin Books.
- ↑ Associated Press (September 1929). "Mexican War's Last Survivor, 98, is Dead". The Dallas Morning News.
- ↑ "Hall of Fame: Balaclava Ned". BBC News. 27 July 2009. http://news.bbc.co.uk/local/northeastwales/hi/people_and_places/history/newsid_8170000/8170593.stm. Retrieved 20 October 2010.
- ↑ 47.0 47.1 1886-1986, Il Secolo XIX, Genova, 1986 pag. 302
- ↑ 48.0 48.1 I Garibaldini liguri sul sito del Museo del Risorgimento di Genova
- ↑ The Banner (1956). "Sons of Union Veterans of the Civil War: Albert Woolson". Sons of Union Veterans of the Civil War. http://suvcw.org/pcinc/woolson.htm. Retrieved 20 October 2010.
- ↑ Polston, Mike. "WILLIAM LOUDERMILK, THE LAST CONFEDERATE". Couch Genealogy. http://www.couchgenweb.com/civilwar/cwvet.htm. Retrieved 2010-11-07.
- ↑ 1900 US Census gives age as 49
- ↑ 52.0 52.1 "Last Surviving Confederate Veterans". Genealogy Trails. http://genealogytrails.com/main/lastveterans.html. Retrieved 2010-11-07.
- ↑ "ARNOLD MURRAY Confederate Veteran living in 1950". Sons of Confederate Veterans. 2005-08-05. http://genforum.genealogy.com/sc/orangeburg/messages/415.html. Retrieved 2010-11-07.
- ↑ Find A grave
- ↑ 1910 Census gives age as 48
- ↑ 56.0 56.1 Marvel, William (1991). The great imposters. VIII. Columbus: Blue and Gray. pp. 32–33.
- ↑ Associated Press (20 December 1959). "Reputed Last Civil War Veteran Dies in Texas After Long Illness: Walter Williams Put His Age at 117 – Tributes Note the End of an Era". The New York Times. http://alt.nntp2http.com/obituaries/2006/12/11e4275470a2d5ff1e43f077fe39bbdd.html. Retrieved 17 October 2011.
- ↑ Jakubik, Marian; Kołodziejczyk, Arkadiusz (2002) (in Polish). Żołnierska danina życia od 1657 roku. IHAP. p. 158. ISBN 978-83-87088-59-0.
- ↑ http://hammerum-herred.dk/readarticle.php?article_id=18
- ↑ Hamilton, Bill (27 November 2002). "What’s Behind The Hammond Gate?". Bill Hamilton’s Tantramar Flashback. http://www.billhamiltonflashback.ca/listnews.php?id=110&cid=1&searchtext=&offset=10. Retrieved 20 October 2010.
- ↑ "LAST VET OF INDIAN WARS DIES AT AGE 101". Chicago Tribune. 17 June 1973.
- ↑ Chicago Corral of the Westerners (1965). Westerners brand book, Volumes 22-25. Siedlce. p. 24.
- ↑ "John Daw". Genealogy Trails. 2006. http://genealogytrails.com/main/indianwarmemories.html#johndaw. Retrieved 20 October 2010.
- ↑ Hopkins, John Christian (11 March 2006). "129 years after Little Big Horn". Gallup Independent. http://www.gallupindependent.com/2006/mar/031106ltlhrn.html. Retrieved 18 October 2010.
- ↑ Lawson, Michael L.; Rosier, Paul C. (2007). Little Bighorn: Winning the Battle, Losing the War. Infobase Publishing. p. 126. ISBN 978-0-7910-9347-4.
- ↑ Bowd, Gavin (2007) (in French). Le dernier communard: Adrien Lejeune. Editions L'Harmattan. ISBN 978-2-296-02974-3.
- ↑ http://soviet-awards.com/forum/soviet-bloc-awards/imperial-russian-sphere-resulting-nations/russian-empire/61634-konstantin-vikentevich-hrutskij.html
- ↑ Warre, H.J. (1878). Historical records of the Fifty-seventh, or, West Middlesex Regiment of Foot. W. Mitchell and Co. p. 229.
- ↑ "Colour Sergeant Bourne DCM, (2459 B Co. 24th. Regiment)". Rorke's Drift Victoria Crosses. http://www.rorkesdriftvc.com/defenders/bourne.htm. Retrieved 21 October 2010.
- ↑ Mlazgar, Brian. "JACKSON, WILLIAM HENRY (1861–1952)". The Encyclopedia of Saskatchewan. http://esask.uregina.ca/entry/jackson_william_henry_1861-1952.html. Retrieved 21 October 2010.
- ↑ Seitz, George (24 January 2007). "Jones Morgan". Find A Grave. http://www.findagrave.com/cgi-bin/fg.cgi?page=pv&GRid=9358669&PIpi=5112975.
- ↑ "NATHAN EDWARD COOK". Ancestry.com. 6 June 2008. http://freepages.military.rootsweb.ancestry.com/~sunnyann/cooknathan.html. Retrieved 21 October 2010.
- ↑ Davies, David Twiston (1996). Canada from afar: the Daily telegraph book of Canadian obituaries. Dundurn Group. pp. 1–3.
- ↑ Beshoff, Ivan (28 October 1987). "Last Survivor of Mutiny on the Potemkin". Associated Press. http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9B0DE1DA1E3BF93BA15753C1A961948260.
- ↑ Guillermo Flores, el ultimo sobreviviente de escolta de Pancho Villa
- ↑ The last Dorado
- ↑ "Juan Carlos Caballero Vega". The Daily Telegraph. 9 April 2010. http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/obituaries/7572283/Juan-Carlos-Caballero-Vega.html. Retrieved 21 October 2010.
- ↑ "EXPOSICION DE FELICIANO MEJÍA EN EL BORDA" (in Spanish). National Council for Culture and Arts. 18 October 2007. http://www.conaculta.gob.mx/estados/oct07/18_mor02.html. Retrieved 15 October 2011.
- ↑ [unreliable source?]
- ↑ [2][unreliable source?]
- ↑ Servin, Fernando Camacho (13 February 2005). "De nada sirvió lo que se hizo en la Revolución" (in Spanish). La Jornada. http://www.jornada.unam.mx/2005/02/13/a05n1cul.php. Retrieved 21 October 2010.
- ↑ Associated Press (26 April 1999). "Last known Mexican to fight rebel Pancho Villa dead at 110". Latin American studies. http://www.latinamericanstudies.org/mexico/garcia.htm. Retrieved 21 October 2010.
- ↑ Ravo, Nick (1 May 1999). "Teodoro Garcia, 110; Fought Villa on the Government Side". The New York Times. http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9C06E1DC1E3DF932A35756C0A96F958260&n=Top%2FReference%2FTimes%20Topics%2FSubjects%2FD%2FDeaths%20(Obituaries). Retrieved 21 October 2010.
- ↑ 84.0 84.1 "Boris Gudz". The Times. 24 January 2007. http://www.thetimes.co.uk/tto/public/sitesearch.do?querystring=%22Boris+Gudz%22&p=tto&pf=all&bl=on. Retrieved 15 October 2011.
- ↑ Perttula, Simo/Aamulehden (6 March 2009). ""Aamulehden",tänään 6.3.2009 mukaan" (in Finnish). Uusi Suomi. http://www.uusisuomi.fi/artikkelit/vapaussotaa-juhlittiin#comment-160801. Retrieved 23 October 2010.
- ↑ Suomen Tietotoimisto (16 January 2009). "Viimeinen sisällissodan veteraani kuoli 111-vuotiaana" (in Finnish). Uusi Suomi. http://www.uusisuomi.fi/kotimaa/47075-viimeinen-sisallissodan-veteraani-kuoli-111-vuotiaana. Retrieved 23 October 2010.
- ↑ [3] (Russian)
- ↑ Roszak, Dariusz. "JAN RZEPA" (in Polish). Wronieckie Stowarzyszenie Historyczne.
- ↑ Sulanke, Alexander (2009-03-18). "A life full of music - since 108 years" (in German). Hamburger Abendblatt. http://www.abendblatt.de/region/stormarn/article163023/Schlagzeuger-fast-18-trifft-Floetisten-108.html. Retrieved 2009-07-22.
- ↑ Jamin, Stefan (22 May 2009). Gerontology Research Group.
- ↑ "William Seegers, 106; served in German army in World War I". Los Angeles Times. 16 July 2007. http://articles.latimes.com/2007/jul/16/local/me-passings16.3. Retrieved 21 October 2010.
- ↑ Pierończyk, Jolanta (14 May 2007). "Aleksander Sałacki skończył 103 lata" (in Polish). NaszeMiasto.pl. http://czestochowa.naszemiasto.pl/archiwum/1448110,aleksander-salacki-skonczyl-103-lata,id,t.html. Retrieved 15 October 2011.
- ↑ Strzoda, Ewa (15 April 2008). "Odszedł niezwykły tyszanin" (in Polish). Twoje Tychy. p. 4. http://archiwum.tychy.net.pl/twoje_tychy_21.pdf. Retrieved 15 October 2011.
- ↑ "IN MEMORIAM Vabadussõja veteran Ants Ilus 1901-2006" (in Estonian). Kaitseliit. http://www.kaitseliit.ee/index.php?op=news&news_id=180. Retrieved 23 October 2010.
- ↑ Pihlak, Jaak (2005). "PILISTVERE KIHELKOND JA VABADUSE RISTI VENNAD" (in Estonian). Viljandi Muuseum. pp. 107–108. http://www.muuseum.viljandimaa.ee/aastaraamat/2005/pihlak.pdf. Retrieved 23 October 2010.
- ↑ (Latvian) Miris pēdējais Brīvības cīņu dalībnieks
- ↑ (Latvian) ASV miris pēdējais Lāčplēša ordeņa kavalieris
- ↑ "Irish Civil War veteran dies at 105". BBC News. 3 October 2007. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/northern_ireland/7026951.stm. Retrieved 23 October 2010.
- ↑ Dobosiewicz, Agnieszka (2 February 2011). "Pan Józef Kowalski ma 111 lat" (in Polish). Radio Zachód. http://www.zachod.pl/2011/02/pan-jozef-kowalski-ma-111-lat/. Retrieved 21 August 2011.
- ↑ "TAM, GDZIE NASZ OSTATNI ŻYJĄCY BOHATER I NAJSTARSZE POLSKIE MIASTO – TAM DOTARLI Z WIZYTĄ I POZDROWIENIAMI AMBASADORZY MIASTA CUDU NAD WISŁĄ… (19.07.2011)" (in Polish). Kurier W. 19 July 2011. http://www.kurier-w.pl/?p=7303. Retrieved 7 September 2011.
- ↑ Książek, Mirosława (1 January 2009). "Wilusiowi stuknie 105 lat!" (in Polish). http://www.dziennikzachodni.pl/stronaglowna/74711,wilusiowi-stuknie-105-lat,id,t.html. Retrieved 23 October 2010.
- ↑ "Odszedł najstarszy Ślązak" (in Polish). Nowiny. 10 June 2009. http://www.nowiny.rybnik.pl/artykul,14749.html. Retrieved 23 October 2010.
- ↑ Hürriyet (11 November 2008). "Mustafa Şekip Birgöl (1903 – 2008)" (in Turkish). Kim Kimdir?. http://www.kimkimdir.gen.tr/kimkimdir.php?id=5112. Retrieved 23 October 2010.
- ↑ Frattina, Giannino (3 January 2009). "Varese, è morto l’ultimo veterano della Marcia su Roma: aveva 105 anni" (in Italian). il Giornale. http://www.ilgiornale.it/a.pic1?ID=318416. Retrieved 23 October 2010.
- ↑ Associated Press (12 June 2007). "Nationalist general Sun Yuan-liang dies at 103". Taipei Times. http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/taiwan/archives/2007/06/12/2003364885. Retrieved 23 October 2010.
- ↑ "萧克29岁当红军最年轻方面军领导人" (in Chinese). Xinhua News Agency. 18 July 2007. http://news.xinhuanet.com/mil/2007-07/18/content_6392723.htm. Retrieved 23 October 2010.
- ↑ http://bdnews24.com/bangladesh/2013/04/10/binod-bihari-dies
- ↑ Meeting last surviving revolutionary
- ↑ "Field Marshal Waldemar Levy Cardoso: Brazilian army officer". The Times. 1 July 2009. http://www.thetimes.co.uk/tto/public/sitesearch.do?querystring=%22Field+Marshal+Waldemar+Levy+Cardoso%3A+Brazilian+army+officer%22&x=0&y=0&p=tto&pf=all&bl=on. Retrieved 15 October 2011.
- ↑ Xuequan, Mu/China View (14 October 2009). "Last of New China's first generals passes away". Xinhua News Agency. http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2009-10/14/content_12226766.htm.
The original article can be found at List of last surviving veterans of military insurgencies and wars and the edit history here.