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Middle East
Contemporary Middle East
Countries (2011) Bahrain, Cyprus, Egypt, *Gaza, Iran, Iraq, *Iraqi Kurdistan, Israel, Jordan, Kuwait, Lebanon, *Northern Cyprus, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Syria, Turkey, United Arab Emirates, *PNA, Yemen

This is a list of modern conflicts in the Middle East ensuing in the geographic and political region known as the Middle East. The "Middle East" is traditionally defined as the Fertile Crescent (Mesopotamia), Levant, and the Delta of the Nile and neighboring areas of Arabia, Anatolia and Iran. It currently encompasses the area from Egypt, Turkey and Cyprus in the west to Iran and the Persian Gulf in the east.[1]

  • Conflicts are separate incidents with at least 100 casualties, and are listed by total deaths, including subconflicts.[2]
  • The term "modern" refers to the post-Ottoman period, or in other words, since 1918.

List of conflicts[]

Date Conflict Location Casualties
1902–1932 Unification of Saudi Arabia [a] Flag of the Second Saudi State Emirate of Riyadh, Flag of Hejaz 1917 Kingdom of Hejaz, Standard of the Emir of Kuwait, 1956 Kuwaiti Emirate, Flag of Nejd (1926) Sultanate of Nejd, Jordan Transjordan, Iraq Mandatory Iraq, Flag of Nejd (1926) Kingdom of Nejd and Hejaz 8,000–9,000
1918–1922 Simko Shikak revolt[3][verification needed] Flag of Persia (1910) Persia 1,000–5,500
1919 Egyptian Revolution of 1919[4] Egypt Sultanate of Egypt 3,000
1919–1923 Turkish War of Independence [b][verification needed] Flag of Turkey Turkey, Flag of Greece (1828-1978) Greece, Flag of Armenia Armenia, Flag of the Soviet Union Soviet Union 170,500–873,000
1919–2003 Iraqi-Kurdish conflict [c] IraqIraqIraq Iraq, Flag of kurdistan-1922 1924 Kingdom of Kurdistan 142,000–320,000
1920 Franco-Syrian War[citation needed] Flag of Kingdom of Syria (1920-03-08 to 1920-07-24) Arab Kingdom of Syria, Flag of Syria French mandate Occupied Enemy Territory Administration 5,000
1920 Iraqi revolt against the British[5][6] Iraq Mandatory Iraq 2,050–9,000
1923 Adwan Rebellion Jordan Transjordan 100
1924–1927 Great Syrian Revolt (Druze War)[7][verification needed] Lebanese French flag Greater Lebanon, Flag of Syria French mandateState of Syria, Flag of Jabal ad-Druze (state) Jabal Druze, Latakiya-sanjak-Alawite-state-French-colonial-flag Alawite State 8,000–12,000
1925 Sheikh Said rebellion.[8] Flag of Turkey Turkey 15,000–250,500
1929 Palestine riots of 1929[9][10][verification needed] Palestine-Mandate-Ensign-1927-1948 Mandatory Palestine 251
1930 Ararat rebellion[11][12][13][14][15] Flag of Turkey Turkey, Flag of the Republic of Ararat Republic of Ararat 4,500–47,000
1933 Simele massacre[16] Flag of Iraq 1924 Kingdom of Iraq 300
1934 Saudi-Yemeni War[17] Flag of Saudi Arabia Saudi Arabia, Flag of the Mutawakkilite Kingdom of Yemen Mutawakkilite Kingdom of Yemen 2,100
1935 Imam Reza shrine rebellion[18] State Flag of Iran (1925) Iran 151
1935–1936 1935–1936 Iraqi Shia revolts Flag of Iraq 1924 Iraq 500
1935 1935 Yazidi revolt[16] Flag of Iraq 1924 Iraq 200
1936–1939 Arab Revolt in Palestine[19] Palestine-Mandate-Ensign-1927-1948 Mandatory Palestine 5,000
1937 Dersim Rebellion[20][21][verification needed] Flag of Turkey Turkey 40,000–70,000
1939–1945 Middle East Theatre of World War II[22][d][verification needed] Flag of Iraq 1924 Iraq, Iran Iran, Egypt Egypt]], 23px Greater Lebanon,  Mandatory Palestine, Syria 46,000 1944–1947 Jewish insurgency in Palestine[19][verification needed]  Mandatory Palestine 1,000 1946 Egyptian Student Riots (1946)[23][verification needed][24] Egypt 100–300 1946 Iran crisis of 1946[2][8][e]  Iran,  Republic of Mahabad, Azerbaijan People's Government,  Soviet Union 2,000 1947– Arab-Israeli conflict[f]  Mandatory Palestine, Egypt, [[File:Flag of Hejaz 1917.svg|23px All-Palestine Government, Flag of Egypt (1952-1958) Egypt, Flag of United Arab Republic United Arab Republic, Syria-flag 1932-58 1961-63 Syrian Republic, Flag of Iraq (1963-1991) Syria, Flag of Jordan Jordan, Flag of Lebanon Lebanon, Flag of Israel Israel, Flag of Palestine Palestinian Authority 73,000–84,000
1948 Alwaziri coup[2] Yemen Mutawakkilite Kingdom of Yemen 4,000–5,000
1948 Al-Wathbah uprising[citation needed] Flag of Iraq 1924 Iraq 300–400
1952 Egyptian Revolution of 1952[2] Egypt Egypt 1,000
1953 1953 Iranian coup d'état[2][8][25] State Flag of Iran (1925) Iran 300–800
1954–1960 Jebel Akhdar War[8] Flag of Muscat Sultanate of Muscat and Oman 100–523
1955–1963 Cypriot intercommunal violence[19][26] Cyprus Cyprus protectorate 400–600
1956–1960 Yemeni-Adenese clan violence[2] Flag of the Colony of Aden Aden 1,000
1958 1958 Lebanon Crisis[2][4][26] Flag of Lebanon Lebanon 1,300–4,000
1958 1958 Iraqi Revolution[2] Flag of the Arab Federation Arab Federation 100
1959 1959 Mosul uprising[2] Iraq Iraqi Republic 2,000–4,000
1962–1970 North Yemen Civil War[27][28][g] Flag of North Yemen North Yemen 100,000–200,000
1962–1975 Dhofar Rebellion[8] Flag of Oman Oman 10,000
1963 White Revolution (Iran)[8] State Flag of Iran (1925) Iran 100
1963 February 1963 Ba'athist Iraqi coup[29] Flag of Iraq 1959-1963 Iraq 1,000
1963 8th of March Syrian Revolution[30] Flag of United Arab Republic United Arab Republic, Flag of Iraq (1963-1991) Syria 820
1963–1967 Aden Emergency[31] Flag of the Federation of South Arabia Federation of South Arabia, Flag of South Yemen South Yemen 2,096
1963 November 1963 Iraqi coup [29] Flag of Iraq 1959-1963 Iraq 250
1964 1964 Hama riot[32][33] Flag of Iraq (1963-1991) Syria 70–100
1966 1966 neo-Ba'athist coup d'état in Syria[8] Flag of Iraq (1963-1991) Syria 400
1970–1971 Jordan-Palestinian Civil War[26] Flag of Jordan Jordan 2,000–25,000
1974 Turkish invasion of Cyprus[17][34] Flag of Cyprus Cyprus 1,500–5,000
1975–1990 Lebanese Civil War[35][h] Flag of Lebanon Lebanon 150,000
1976–1979 Political violence in Turkey, 1970s[36][37][38] Flag of Turkey Turkey 5,000–5,388
1976–1982 Islamic uprising in Syria[39] SyriaSyria Syria 40,000
1979 Iranian Revolution[40][41] State Flag of Iran (1964) Iran 3,164–60,000
1979–1980 Consolidation of the Iranian Revolution [i] Flag of Iran Iran 10,171
1979–1983 Saudi Eastern Province unrest[42] Flag of Saudi Arabia Saudi Arabia 182–219
1979 Grand Mosque Seizure[43] Flag of Saudi Arabia Saudi Arabia 307
1980 1980 Turkish coup d'état[44][45] Flag of Turkey Turkey 127–550
1980 Sadr uprising (1980)[46] Flag of Iraq (1963-1991) Iraq 1,000–30,000
1980–1988 Iran-Iraq war[17][47][j] Flag of Iran Iran, Flag of Iraq (1963-1991) Iraq, Flag of Kuwait Kuwait 1,000,000–1,250,000
1984–2013 Kurdish–Turkish conflict[48][verification needed] Flag of Turkey Turkey, Flag of Kurdistan Iraqi Kurdistan, Flag of Iraq (1963-1991) Iraq, Flag of Syria 1972 Federation of Arab Republics, Flag of Syria Syria 30,000–100,000
1986 South Yemen Civil War[49] Flag of South Yemen South Yemen 5,000–12,000
1986 1986 Egyptian Conscription Riot[50] Flag of Egypt Egypt 107
1986 1986 Damascus bombings[citation needed] Flag of Syria Syria 204
1987 Iranian pilgrim riot (Mecca massacre)[51] Flag of Saudi Arabia Saudi Arabia 402
1987–1988 ANO Executions Flag of Lebanon Lebanon, Flag of Syria Syria 170
1989–1996 KDPI insurgency (1989–96) Flag of Iran Iran 1,000
1990–1991 Gulf War[35] Flag of Iraq (1963-1991) Iraq, Flag of Kuwait Kuwait, Flag of Saudi Arabia Saudi Arabia 40,000–57,000
1991 1991 uprisings in Iraq[46][52] Flag of Iraq, 1991-2004 Iraq 50,000–100,000
1992–2000 Terrorism in Egypt[53][page needed] Flag of Egypt Egypt 1,300–2,000
1994 1994 civil war in Yemen[citation needed] Flag of Yemen Yemen 7,000–10,000
1995– Islamic Insurgency in Saudi Arabia[citation needed] Flag of Saudi Arabia Saudi Arabia 300
1998 Operation Desert Fox[19][26] (Iraqi no-fly zones) Flag of Iraq, 1991-2004 Iraq 2,000
1999 1999 Shia uprising in Iraq[8][54] Flag of Iraq, 1991-2004 Iraq 100–200
2003–2011 Iraq War[55][56][57][58][59][60][k] IraqIraq Iraq 109,032–150,726
2003–2009 Baluchi insurgency in Iran[61][unreliable source?][62] Flag of Iran Iran 155–400
2004 Qamishli massacre (2004)[63][64] Flag of Syria Syria 30–100
2004–2010 Sa'dah insurgency[65][66][verification needed][67] Flag of Saudi Arabia Saudi Arabia, Flag of Yemen Yemen 8,500–25,000
2004– Iran-PJAK conflict[citation needed] Flag of Iran Iran, Flag of Kurdistan Iraqi Kurdistan 588–747
2006– Fatah–Hamas conflict[68][69] Flag of Palestine Palestinian Authority, Flag of Hamas Gaza Strip 600
2007 Nahr al-Bared fighting Flag of Lebanon Lebanon 480
2008 2008 Lebanon conflict Flag of Lebanon Lebanon 105
2009– South Yemen Insurgency[70] Flag of Yemen Yemen 1,554
2009–2010 Iranian election protests[71] Flag of Iran Iran 72-150
2010– Yemeni al-Qaeda crackdown[72][73] Flag of Yemen Yemen 2,200
2011 Egyptian revolution of 2011 Flag of Egypt Egypt 846
2011 2011 Yemeni revolution Flag of Yemen Yemen 2,000
2011– Syrian civil war Flag of Syria Syria 100,000+
2011– Sinai insurgency Flag of Egypt Egypt 269
2011– Iraqi insurgency (post-U.S. withdrawal) Flag of Iraq Iraq 3,000–6,600
2011– Syrian civil war spillover in Lebanon Flag of Lebanon Lebanon 325
2013 2013 Egyptian coup d'état Flag of Egypt Egypt
2013– Political violence in Egypt, 2013 Flag of Egypt Egypt 1119

Casualties breakdown[]

[a].^ Unification of Saudi Arabia (combined casualties 7,989–8,989+)

Battle of Riyadh (1902) – 37 killed.
Battle of Dilam (1903) – 410 killed.
Saudi–Rashidi War (1903–1907) – 2,300+ killed.
Annexation of Al-Hasa and Qatif (1913) – unknown.
Battle of Jarrab (1915) – unknown.
Battle of Kanzaan (1915) – unknown.
First Nejd-Hejaz War 1918–1919 – 1,392 killed[8]
Kuwait-Najd Border War (1921) – 200[8]–800 killed.
1921 Ikhwan raid on Iraq – 700 killed.
Conquest of Ha'il – unknown.
Ikhwan raids on Transjordan 1922–1924 – 500[74]-1,500 killed.
Second Nejd-Hejaz War (1924–1925) – 450 killed.[8]
Ikhwan Revolt (1927–1930) – 2,000 killed.[8]

[b].^ Turkish War of Independence (combined figure 170,500–873,000+):

Greco-Turkish War – 70,000[citation needed]–400,000 casualties[35][verification needed]
Franco-Turkish War – 40,000 casualties.[citation needed]
Turkish-Armenian War – 60,000–432,500 casualties.[75]
Koçkiri Rebellion – 500 killed.[citation needed]
Revolt of Ahmet Anzavur – unknown.
Kuva-i Inzibatiye revolt – unknown.

[c].^ Iraqi–Kurdish conflict (combined casualty figure 138,800-320,100) of:

Mahmud Barzanji revolts – unknown.
Ahmad Barzanji revolt (1931) – unknown.
1943 Iraqi Kurdish revolt (1943) – unknown.
First Kurdish-Iraqi War (1961–1970) – 75,000–105,000 killed.[27][35]
Second Kurdish-Iraqi War (1974–1975) – 9,000 killed.[76]
PUK insurgency (1976–1978) – 800 killed.
Iraqi Kurdish uprising (1982–1988) – 50,000–198,000 killed.
1991 Uprising in As Sulaymaniyah – 700–2,000 killed.
Iraqi Kurdish Civil War (1994–1997) – 3,000[77]-5,000 killed.
2003 invasion of Iraq – several hundred killed (~300) on the Kurdish front, at least 24 Peshmerga killed.

[d].^ Middle Eastern theatre of World War II (combined casualty figure 12,338-14,898+) of:

Anglo-Iraqi War – at least 560 killed.[78][79]
Farhud 175–780 killed.
Syria–Lebanon Campaign 10,404–12,964 killed.
Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran 100[8] – 1,062 killed.
Bombing of Palestine in World War II 137 deaths.[80]
Bombing of Bahrain in World War II – unknown.

[e].^ Iran crisis of 1946 (combined casualty figure 1,921+):

Azerbaijan People's Republic crisis – 421 killed.[81]
Republic of Mahabad crisis – ~1,000 killed.[citation needed]
Civil interregnum – 500 killed.[82]

[f].^ Arab–Israeli conflict (combined casualty figure 73,338–84,338+):

Israeli–Palestinian conflict (1947–present) – 20,000 killed.
1947 Civil War in Palestine
Fedayeen attacks and retribution operations
Palestinian insurgency in South Lebanon
First Intifada
Second Intifada
Gaza-Israel conflict
Arab-Israeli War (1948–1949) – 14,400 casualties.
Retribution Operations (1950s) – 3,456 casualties.
Suez War (1956) – 3,203 killed.
Six Day War (1967) – 13,976 killed.
War of Attrition (1967–1970) – 6,403 killed.
Yom Kippur War (1973) 10,000–21,000.[83]
Second Lebanon War – 1,900 killed.

[g].^ North Yemen Civil War (combined 100,000–200,000 casualties):

1962 Coup d'état in Yemen
Ramadan offensive
Haradh offensive
Royalist offensive 1965
Siege of Sana'a 1967

[h].^ Lebanese Civil War (combined 39,132–43,970+ mortal casualties):

Bus massacre – 27 killed.
Hundred Days' War – 160 killed.
Karantina massacre – 1,000–1,500 killed.
Damour massacre – 684 killed.
Battle of the Hotels – 700 killed.
Black Saturday (Lebanon) – 200–600 killed.
Tel al-Zaatar massacre – 1,778–3,278 killed.
1982 Lebanon War – 28,280 killed.
Sabra and Shatila massacre – 762–3,500 killed.
War of the Camps (1986–1987) – 3,781 killed.
Mountain War – 1,600 killed.
War of Liberation (1989–1990) – unknown.
October 13 massacre – 500–700 killed, 260 civilians massacred.

[i].^ Consolidation of the Iranian Revolution (combined fatalities count 12,000):

1979 Kurdish rebellion in Iran – 10,171+ killed and executed.[84][85]
1979 Khuzestan uprising – 112+ killed.
1979 Khorasan uprising – unknown.
1979 Azeri uprising – unknown.
1979 Baluchistan uprising – 50 killed.
Iran hostage crisis – 9 killed.
1979–1980 Tehran clashes – unknown.

[j].^ Iran–Iraq war (combined death count 645,000–823,000+):

Iraqi invasion 1980
Mujahedin al-Halq uprising 1981–1982
Liberation of Khorramshahr 1982 – 17,000 killed
Operation Undeniable Victory 1982 – 50,000 mortal casualties
Operation Ramadan 1982 – 80,000 killed
Kurdish Rebellion 1983-1988 (including the Al-Anfal Campaign) 50,000–198,000 killed
Operation Before the Dawn 1983 – 6,000+ killed
Operation Dawn 3 – 162,000 killed
Operation Dawn 5 1984 – 50,000 killed
Operation Dawn 6 1984 – unknown
Operation Khaibar 1984 – 49,000 killed
Tanker War 1984
Operation Badr (1985) – 30,000–32,000
War of the Cities 1985–1987
Operation Dawn-8 1986 – unknown
Operation Karbala-4 1986 – 15,000 killed
Operation Karbala-5 – 85,000 killed
Operation Nasr 4 – unknown
Operation Karbala-10 – unknown
Operation Mersad 1987 – 4,900 killed
1988 executions of Iranian political prisoners 2,000[86] – 30,000 executed

[k].^ Iraq War (combined casualty figure of 86,000–101,000):

2003 invasion of Iraq – 35,000 killed
Iraqi insurgency (2003–2006) – 15,000 killed
Civil war in Iraq 2006–2008 – 30,000–40,000 killed
Iraqi insurgency (2008-2011) – 5,000–10,000 killed
Withdrawal of U.S. troops from Iraq – ~1,000 killed
Iraqi insurgency (post US withdrawal) – 878–1,180 killed

See also[]

References[]

  1. Albert Hourani et al., The Modern Middle East: A Reader. 1993: p. 2.
  2. 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.7 2.8 "CSP – Major Episodes of Political Violence, 1946–2008". Systemicpeace.org. June 12, 2013. http://www.systemicpeace.org/warlist.htm. Retrieved November 14, 2013. 
  3. Maria T. O'Shea. Trapped Between the Map and Reality: Geography and Perceptions of Kurdistan. Routledge, 2004: p. 100 "Simultaneously, 1000 Christians were killed in Salmas, in a massacre instigated by Simko"
  4. 4.0 4.1 [1] "at least 3,000 Egyptians were killed ..."
  5. Jonathan Glancey (2003-04-19). "Our last occupation". London: Guardian. http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2003/apr/19/iraq.arts. Retrieved 2011-02-01.  "The rebellion was thwarted, with nearly 9,000 Iraqis killed."
  6. [2] "... the British mentioned a proportion of 1 to 3, that is 2,050 killed and 6,150 wounded, while an Arab version speaks of 4,000 killed and 4,800 wounded."
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  8. 8.00 8.01 8.02 8.03 8.04 8.05 8.06 8.07 8.08 8.09 8.10 8.11 8.12 Political Science. Middle East/North Africa/Persian Gulf Region. University of Central Arkansas. Retrieved 2011. [3]
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  10. NA 59/8/353/84/867n, 404 Wailing Wall/279 and 280, Archdale Diary and Palestinian Police records.
  11. Yusuf Mazhar, Cumhuriyet, 16 Temmuz 1930, ... Zilan harekatında imha edilenlerin sayısı 15,000 kadardır. Zilan Deresi ağzına kadar ceset dolmuştur...
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  67. [19] Huthi sources put the number of casualties at 25,000
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    [21]
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  72. Government casualties AlArabiya
  73. Al-Qaeda casualties: Fox News [22], New York Times [23], Washington Post [24], Ynet News [25]
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  81. Nat. Arch. 891.00/1-1547, 15 January 1947. Touraj Atabaki, Azerbaijan: Ethnicity and the Struggle for Power in Iran. [Revised Edition of Azerbaijan, Ethnicity and Autonomy in the Twentieth-Century Iran] London: I.B.Tauris, 2000. pg 227. "A British source cited by the US Embassy in Tehran gives the number of killed Democrats as 421. The American Embass’s report has been classified under wash."
  82. Tadeusz Swietochowski, Russia and Azerbaijan: A Borderland in Transition. New York: Columbia. University Press, 1995. p. 154. "Rossow conservatively estimated 500 killed during the lawless interregnum that preceded the coming of the Iranian troops. Hundreds of others were tried and jailed, and scores were hanged."
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