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List of sections of Chester city walls and associated structures

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Chester city walls

Part of the north wall showing Morgan's Mount

Bridgegate

Bridgegate in the south wall

The Chester city walls surround what was the extent of the English city of Chester in the medieval period. They started as a defensive structure for the fortress of Deva Victrix during the Roman occupation of Britain. Originating between 70 and 90 AD, they consisted of earth ramparts surmounted by wooden palisades. At intervals there were wooden gates and towers. Following the arrival of the Legio XX Valeria Victrix at the end of the 1st century the walls were reconstructed in sandstone, and building work continued, with interruptions, until the Roman circuit of the walls was completed over 100 years later. During the same period the towers and gates were rebuilt in stone.[1][2] Repairs were carried out on the walls throughout the Roman occupation.[3] Chester was refortified in 907 by Æthelflæd, but how this affected the walls is not precisely known. The north and east Roman walls were certainly used in the fortification, as they are still in existence today, but it is possible that they were extended to the west and south to meet the River Dee.[1][4]

The full circuit of the walls as they are today was completed by the end of the 12th century. The north and east walls were extended, the west and south walls were built, and the towers and gates were incorporated. Only the north and east walls contain towers, as the river was thought to be a sufficient defence on the southern and western sides.[1][5] Repair of the walls was an ongoing problem during the medieval period, and at some time 3rd-century Roman altars and tombstones were used as raw materials;[1][6] some of the tombstones are on display in the Grosvenor Museum.[7] The wall and its towers were damaged during the English Civil War, particularly in the sieges of the city between 1644 and 1646.[1][8] Further rebuilding and repairs were carried out following the war, but it was a constant struggle to cope with the scale of the necessary repairs.[1]

By the 18th century the walls had outlived their purpose as a defensive structure, and were becoming popular as a promenade. In 1707, the city Assembly spent £1,000 (£150,000 as of 2024)[9] to repair the walls and to flag the footway.[1][10] Distinguished visitors who walked the walls around that time included John Wesley and Samuel Johnson.[1] The four major gates were replaced, Eastgate, Bridgegate and Watergate during the 18th century and Northgate, with its associated gaol, in 1808–10.[10] Shortly after 1810, part of the southern section of the walk was demolished to accommodate the yard for the new gaol.[11] In 1846, the northeastern corner of the walls was breached by the Chester and Holyhead Railway.[1] Newgate was opened in 1938 to bridge a new road built to relieve traffic congestion in the city centre,[12] and in 1966 St Martin's Gate was built across the Inner Ring Road.[1]

The "walls, tower, gates and posterns of the City of Chester" are recognised as a scheduled monument.[13] All the towers associated with the walls have been designated by English Heritage as Grade I listed buildings, as have all the sections of the wall, other than that between Bridgegate and the former County Hall (now used by the University of Chester, which is listed Grade II*. The gates are all designated Grade I except for Old Newgate, which is Grade II*, Newgate, which is Grade II, and St Martin's Gate, which is not listed. The three grades of listing are defined by English Heritage as follows. Grade I buildings are "of exceptional interest, sometimes considered to be internationally important"; Grade II* buildings are "particularly important buildings of more than special interest"; and Grade II buildings are "nationally important and of special interest".[14]

The circuit of the walls extends for 2 miles (3 km), rises to a height of 40 feet (12.2 m), and "is the most complete circuit of Roman and medieval defensive town wall in Britain".[15][16][17][18] The editor of the Victoria County History states "the walls still in 2000 formed an almost unbroken pathway and a delight to visitors".[1]

This list starts in the northwest corner with Bonewaldesthorne's Tower, and includes the Water Tower, which is outside the circuit of the walls, but connected by a spur wall to Bonewaldesthorne's Tower. It then continues in a clockwise direction, starting with the north wall.

Structures[]

List of the sections of the walls, associated structures and locations
Name Location Photograph Notes
Bonewaldesthorne's Tower 53°11′34″N 2°53′56″W / 53.19267°N 2.89892°W / 53.19267; -2.89892 (Bonewaldesthorne's Tower)
Bonewaldesthorne's Tower
 The tower stands at the northwest corner of the city walls. It was first recorded in 1249, and in the following century became the gatehouse to the Water Tower. During the 19th and the earlier part of the 20th century, in association with the Water Tower, it was used as a museum.[19][20][21][22]
Water Tower 53°11′33″N 2°53′58″W / 53.19257°N 2.89957°W / 53.19257; -2.89957 (Water Tower) Chester Water Tower 2 The Water Tower is outside the northwest corner of the walls, and is joined to Bonewaldesthorne's Tower by a spur wall. It was built between 1322 and 1325, at which time it stood in the River Dee. In the 19th and early 20th century it was used, together with Bonewaldesthorne's Tower, as a museum. Due to silting of the river, it now stands some 200 yards (183 m) inland.[1][21][23][24]
Wall between Bonewaldesthorne's Tower and Pemberton's Parlour 53°11′34″N 2°53′52″W / 53.19288°N 2.89780°W / 53.19288; -2.89780 (Bonewaldesthorne's Tower to Pemberton's Parlour) The city walls over the railway - geograph.org.uk - 632785 This section of the wall is 755 feet (230 m) long, and approximately 7 feet (2 m) wide. It dates from the late 11th or early 12th century; the raised promenade was added between 1701 and 1708. In 1846 it was pierced to allow the Chester and Holyhead Railway to pass through.[25][26]
Pemberton's Parlour 53°11′35″N 2°53′50″W / 53.19300°N 2.89723°W / 53.19300; -2.89723 (Pemberton's Parlour) Goblin Tower on the City Walls - geograph.org.uk - 562240 Originally built as a circular tower, it was converted into a semicircular tower in the early 18th century, and reconstructed in 1894. It is named after a former mayor of Chester who owned a nearby ropewalk, standing on which he is said to have supervised the conversion work.[21][27]
Wall between Pemberton's Parlour and St Martin's Gate 53°11′35″N 2°53′49″W / 53.19307°N 2.89684°W / 53.19307; -2.89684 (Pemberton's Parlour to St Martin's Gate)
—
 This section of the walls, about 262 feet (80 m) long, with a walkway almost 7 feet (2 m) wide, was built in the late 11th or the early 12th century. The raised walkway was added between 1702 and 1708.[28]
St Martin's Gate 53°11′35″N 2°53′47″W / 53.19319°N 2.89633°W / 53.19319; -2.89633 (St Martin's Gate)
—
 In the 1960s the Inner Ring Road, breaching the walls, was built. St Martin's Gate consists of a concrete arch, opened in 1966, to carry the wall walk over the road.[28][29][30]
Wall between St Martin's Gate and Morgan's Mount 53°11′35″N 2°53′46″W / 53.19319°N 2.89603°W / 53.19319; -2.89603 (St Martin's Gate to Morgan's Mount)
—
 This short section of the wall is 100 feet (30 m) long. The northeast tower of the Roman wall stood within this section, its site marked by setts let into the pavement. Opposite Morgan's Mount are two flights of steps that may mark the position of a former tower.[31]
Morgan's Mount 53°11′36″N 2°53′45″W / 53.19328°N 2.89588°W / 53.19328; -2.89588 (Morgan's Mount) Chester city walls Morgan's Mount was built in 1645 during the English Civil War as an observation platform and gun emplacement. It is a rectangular structure with a chamber at the level of the walkway. Steps lead up to a platform with a parapet surmounted by a railing.[32][33]
Wall between Morgan's Mount and Northgate 53°11′37″N 2°53′41″W / 53.19351°N 2.89474°W / 53.19351; -2.89474 (Morgan's Mount to Northgate)
—
 This section is about 1,038 feet (316 m) long, and incorporates between five and eight courses of Roman masonry in its lower part. The section contains two segmental-arched openings.[34]
Northgate 53°11′38″N 2°53′36″W / 53.19380°N 2.89333°W / 53.19380; -2.89333 (Northgate) Northgate, Chester Northgate stands on the site of the northern entrance to the Roman fortress. The present structure replaces an earlier medieval gatehouse. It was designed by Thomas Harrison and is constructed in sandstone. It consists of a central arch for the road, flanked by smaller rectangular portals for the pavements.[35][36]
Wall between Northgate and Phoenix Tower 53°11′39″N 2°53′30″W / 53.19410°N 2.89153°W / 53.19410; -2.89153 (Northgate to Phoenix Tower)
Chester city wall and Shropshire Union Canal - geograph.org.uk - 1128122
 This section of the wall contains two full-height parts of the Roman wall surmounted by a moulded Roman cornice. The western part rises from the bedrock, and is up to 13 courses high and 35 stones long; that to the east is up to 11 courses high and 42 stones long. The whole section measures about 1,230 feet (375 m).[37]
Phoenix Tower 53°11′39″N 2°53′25″W / 53.19416°N 2.89041°W / 53.19416; -2.89041 (Phoenix Tower)
King Charles Tower, City Walls, Chester - geograph.org.uk - 9695
 The tower was used as a meeting place by two of the city guilds from the 16th to the 18th century. The phoenix was the emblem of one of the guilds, and is carved on a plaque on the tower. The tower was damaged in the English Civil War during the siege of Chester in 1645. Since the 19th century it has been promoted as a tourist attraction.[1][38]
Wall between Phoenix Tower and Kaleyard Gate 53°11′37″N 2°53′25″W / 53.19363°N 2.89014°W / 53.19363; -2.89014 (Phoenix Tower to Kaleyard Gate)
—
 This section of the wall contains Roman and medieval masonry, and is about 1,198 feet (365 m) long. Slightly to the north of Kaleyard Gate, on the west side, is a flight of 11 steps, probably dating from the 18th century, leading to Abbey Street.[39]
Kaleyard Gate 53°11′33″N 2°53′23″W / 53.19260°N 2.88963°W / 53.19260; -2.88963 (Kaleyard Gate) Kaleyard Gate 1 Kaleyard Gate is a postern (secondary) gate in the walls. It was built in the 13th century following a petition to Edward I by the monks of St Werburgh's Abbey to give them direct access to their vegetable garden.[40][41]
Wall between Kaleyard Gate and Eastgate 53°11′29″N 2°53′21″W / 53.19140°N 2.88907°W / 53.19140; -2.88907 (Kaleyard Gate to Eastgate) City walls and blocked doorway - geograph.org.uk - 667897 Two portions of Roman masonry are incorporated in this section, which measures about 1,215 feet (370 m). Leading from this section are a ramp on the west side, parallel to the wall, leading up from Abbey Street; steps on the east side leading to Frodsham Street, at the site of a former drum tower; and modern stone steps on the west side leading to St Werburgh Street.[42]
Eastgate 53°11′27″N 2°53′20″W / 53.19087°N 2.88880°W / 53.19087; -2.88880 (Eastgate)
Eastgate
 The gate was built in 1768, replacing earlier gates on the site of the original eastern entry to the Roman city. The wrought iron clock tower, designed by the local architect John Douglas, was added in 1899 to celebrate the diamond jubilee of Queen Victoria. The clock mechanism was made by J. B. Joyce and Company of Whitchurch, Shropshire.[43][44]
Wall between Eastgate and Thimbleby's Tower 53°11′24″N 2°53′18″W / 53.18998°N 2.88845°W / 53.18998; -2.88845 (Eastgate and Thimbleby's Tower) A view along Chester's Walls - geograph.org.uk - 12054 This section of the walls contains Roman material. On the east side an L-shaped stone stairway of 14 plus 20 steps leads down towards St Johns Street. On the other side a 1960's concrete footbridge leads into the Grosvenor Shopping Centre. In 2008 part of this section of the wall collapsed and 98 feet (30 m) of the walkway was closed to pedestrian access. Following repair it re-opened in 2010.[45][46][47][48]
Thimbleby's Tower 53°11′22″N 2°53′17″W / 53.18940°N 2.88816°W / 53.18940; -2.88816 (Thimbleby's Tower)
Thimbleby's Tower
 Formerly a drum tower, this was partly demolished during the siege of Chester, losing its upper storeys. It was modified when the walkway was created in the 18th century. In the 1990s a steeply pitched gabled roof, hung with tiles, was added.[49]
Wall between Thimbleby's Tower and Old Newgate 53°11′21″N 2°53′18″W / 53.18927°N 2.88822°W / 53.18927; -2.88822 (Thimbleby's Tower to Old Newgate) Chester City Walls - geograph.org.uk - 1152340 A section of the walls about 198 feet (60 m) long, it is angled to follow the line of the inner rampart at the southeast corner of the Roman fortress.[50]
Old Newgate 53°11′21″N 2°53′18″W / 53.18918°N 2.88831°W / 53.18918; -2.88831 (Old Newgate) Old Newgate, Chester Dating from the early part of the 17th century, this is the earliest surviving post-medieval gateway in the city walls. It is constructed in sandstone, and contains a wrought iron gate with side-screens and an overthrow.[51]
Newgate 53°11′20″N 2°53′17″W / 53.18902°N 2.88819°W / 53.18902; -2.88819 (Newgate) Newgate, Chester This was built in 1938 for the passage of a new road to ease traffic congestion in the city centre. The bridge carries the walkway above the road, accessed by two flights of steps. It was designed by Sir Walter Tapper and his son, Michael.[52][53]
Wall between Newgate and Barnaby's Tower 53°11′19″N 2°53′17″W / 53.18860°N 2.88797°W / 53.18860; -2.88797 (Newgate to Barnaby's Tower) Chester's City Walls - Bridgegate to Eastgate ^10 - geograph.org.uk - 375008 This section forms the extension to the south of the eastern wall added in the 11th–12th century. It is approximately 950 feet (290 m) long.[54]
Barnaby's Tower 53°11′15″N 2°53′15″W / 53.18763°N 2.88750°W / 53.18763; -2.88750 (Barnaby's Tower)
—
 Dating from the 13th century, the tower was damaged in the English Civil War. When the walkway was created in the 18th century it was converted to form a feature at the southeast corner of the walls, making its top level with the walkway. It is decorated with mock crenellation.[55]
Wall between Barnaby's Tower and the Drum Tower 53°11′14″N 2°53′16″W / 53.18712°N 2.88781°W / 53.18712; -2.88781 (Barnaby's Tower to the Drum Tower)
The walls, Chester - geograph.org.uk - 215859
 Built partly on outcropping bedrock, this section of the walls is about 900 feet (274 m) long. It forms an embankment wall; the ground level on the north side is at the level of the walkway, and 24 feet (7 m) lower on the south side. Its eastern end is angled and contains six flights of three steps, known as the Wishing Steps. The Recorder's Steps lead down from this section.[56]
Recorder's Steps 53°11′14″N 2°53′15″W / 53.18733°N 2.88746°W / 53.18733; -2.88746 (Recorder's Steps) Recorder's Steps The stairway consists of two flights of steps leading down the outside of the walls from the walkway to the Groves. They were built in 1720. An attached plaque erroneously states that they were constructed in 1700 for the Recorder of the time.[1][57]
Drum Tower 53°11′11″N 2°53′19″W / 53.18637°N 2.88869°W / 53.18637; -2.88869 (Drum Tower)
Drum Tower
 This is a semicircular projection from the walls to the south decorated with mock crenellation. It consists of the outer half of a former drum tower that was reduced in height to the level of the walkway in 1876–77.[58]
Wall between the Drum Tower and Bridgegate 53°11′11″N 2°53′20″W / 53.18629°N 2.88896°W / 53.18629; -2.88896 (Drum Tower to Bridgegate)
—
 Also forming an embankment wall, this short section is only about 165 feet (50 m) long.[59]
Bridgegate 53°11′10″N 2°53′21″W / 53.18621°N 2.88928°W / 53.18621; -2.88928 (Bridgegate) Bridgegate Formerly the site of the gatehouse at the southern entrance to the medieval city, this bridge was built in 1781-82 in Neoclassical style. The design was by Joseph Turner. Immediately to the south the Old Dee Bridge crosses the River Dee. Bridgegate consists of a segmental arch over a central carriageway, with a round pedestrian archway in each abutment. Along its top are balustraded parapets on each side of the walkway.[1][60][61]
Wall between Bridgegate and the former County Hall 53°11′10″N 2°53′23″W / 53.18606°N 2.88970°W / 53.18606; -2.88970 (Bridgegate to former County Hall)
Chester's City Walls - Grosvenor Road to Bridgegate ^13 - geograph.org.uk - 370045
 This section of the walls leads down from the top of the Bridgegate to pavement level about 230 feet (70 m) to the west. It was built in 1781 when the old fortified gatehouse and a water tower were demolished. It was designed by Joseph Turner. In the 1830s it was realigned to improve the land around the county gaol.[62]
Wall between former County Hall and Grosvenor Road 53°11′06″N 2°53′36″W / 53.18496°N 2.89345°W / 53.18496; -2.89345 (Former County Hall to Grosvenor Road) Chester's City Walls - Grosvenor Road to Bridgegate ^5 - geograph.org.uk - 368978 A longer section, measuring about 1,640 feet (500 m), this contains the southwest angle of the walls. At the east end it was realigned with a section turning to the south, sloping down and carried over eleven arches to pavement level. This diversion was built in 1808–10 to accommodate the county gaol. At the other end, between the southwest angle and Grosvenor Road, is a round-arched opening containing a wrought iron gate constructed in 1885.[63][64]
Wall between Grosvenor Road and Watergate 53°11′14″N 2°53′46″W / 53.18714°N 2.89599°W / 53.18714; -2.89599 (Grosvenor Road to Watergate) Chester racecourse - geograph.org.uk - 641229 On the east side of this section, the walkway is at the level of the adjoining road. The west side overlooks the Roodee and stands on a grassy embankment, with between 8 and 25 courses of masonry visible. Towards the north of this section is a 19th-century turret projecting to the west containing a stairway leading down to the racecourse. Immediately to the south of the Watergate is a double embrasure, perhaps part of the south tower of a former Watergate.[65]
Watergate 53°11′22″N 2°53′51″W / 53.18936°N 2.89739°W / 53.18936; -2.89739 (Watergate) Watergate, Chester The Watergate was built between 1788 and 1790 for Chester City Council, replacing a medieval gate. It was designed by Joseph Turner. The bridge consists of a basket arch of short rusticated voussoirs. It has a parapet of stone balusters interspersed with panels. A drinking fountain dated 1857 is fixed to the north abutment.[66]
Wall between Watergate and Bonewaldesthorne's Tower 53°11′27″N 2°53′53″W / 53.19086°N 2.89793°W / 53.19086; -2.89793 (Watergate to Bonewaldesthorne's Tower) Chester City Walls from City Walls Road - geograph.org.uk - 450410 For much of its length this section of the walls is level with the walkway to the east. On the east side the stonework is approximately 18 courses high. Towards the north of the section, the wall was breached in the middle of the 19th century to form a bridge over the Chester and Holyhead Railway.[67]

References[]

  1. ↑ 1.00 1.01 1.02 1.03 1.04 1.05 1.06 1.07 1.08 1.09 1.10 1.11 1.12 1.13 1.14 Thacker, A. T.; Lewis, C. P. (eds.) (2005). "Major buildings: City walls and gates". pp. 213–225. http://www.british-history.ac.uk/report.aspx?compid=57326&strquery=Bonewaldesthorne. Retrieved 18 May 2011.  Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name "vch" defined multiple times with different content
  2. ↑ Ward 2009, p. 11.
  3. ↑ Ward 2009, p. 22.
  4. ↑ Ward 2009, pp. 31–32.
  5. ↑ Ward 2009, pp. 37–38.
  6. ↑ Ward 2009, p. 19.
  7. ↑ "Galleries: Roman Chester". Chester West and Cheshire. http://www.cheshirewestandchester.gov.uk/visiting/museums/grosvenor-museum/galleries.aspx. Retrieved 20 May 2011. 
  8. ↑ Ward 2009, pp. 67–70.
  9. ↑ UK CPI inflation numbers based on data available from Gregory Clark (2013), "What Were the British Earnings and Prices Then? (New Series)" MeasuringWorth.
  10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 Ward 2009, p. 79.
  11. ↑ Ward 2009, p. 81.
  12. ↑ Ward 2009, p. 111.
  13. ↑ English Heritage. "National Heritage List for England". http://list.english-heritage.org.uk/resultsingle.aspx?uid=1006785. Retrieved 8 April 2012. 
  14. ↑ "Listed Buildings". English Heritage. http://www.english-heritage.org.uk/caring/listing/listed-buildings/. Retrieved 12 June 2011. 
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  16. ↑ Moriss, Richard (1993). "The Buildings of Chester". Alan Sutton. p. 43. ISBN 0-7509-0255-8. 
  17. ↑ Howe, Steve. "An Introduction to Chester". B&W Picture Place. http://www.chesterwalls.info/chesterintro.html. Retrieved 31 May 2011. 
  18. ↑ "Chester's Historic Walls". Discover Chester. http://www.discoverchester.co.uk/Walls.html. Retrieved 31 May 2011. 
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  21. ↑ 21.0 21.1 21.2 Pevsner & Hubbard 2003, p. 155.
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  30. ↑ "Chester City Walls: Northgate to St Martin's Gate". Cheshire West and Chester Council. http://www.cheshirewestandchester.gov.uk/visiting/heritage/heritage_trails/chester_city_walls_trail/northern_section.aspx. Retrieved 11 April 2011. 
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  38. ↑ English Heritage. "National Heritage List for England". http://list.english-heritage.org.uk/resultsingle.aspx?uid=1376157. Retrieved 8 April 2012. 
  39. ↑ English Heritage. "National Heritage List for England". http://list.english-heritage.org.uk/resultsingle.aspx?uid=1376158. Retrieved 8 April 2012. 
  40. ↑ English Heritage. "National Heritage List for England". http://list.english-heritage.org.uk/resultsingle.aspx?uid=1376161. Retrieved 8 April 2012. 
  41. ↑ Ward 2009, p. 40.
  42. ↑ English Heritage. "National Heritage List for England". http://list.english-heritage.org.uk/resultsingle.aspx?uid=1376162. Retrieved 8 April 2012. 
  43. ↑ English Heritage. "National Heritage List for England". http://list.english-heritage.org.uk/resultsingle.aspx?uid=1376249. Retrieved 8 April 2012. 
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  46. ↑ "City wall closed after collapse". BBC. 8 April 2008. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/merseyside/7336308.stm. Retrieved 17 May 2011. 
  47. ↑ "Restoration of Roman walls begins". BBC. 29 September 2009. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/merseyside/8281082.stm. Retrieved 17 May 2011. 
  48. ↑ Holmes, David (25 May 2010). "Chester’s ancient walls to reopen next week after repairs completed". Trinity Mirror North West & North Wales. http://www.chesterchronicle.co.uk/chester-news/local-chester-news/2010/05/25/chester-s-ancient-walls-to-reopen-next-week-after-repairs-completed-59067-26514672/. Retrieved 17 May 2011. 
  49. ↑ English Heritage. "National Heritage List for England". http://list.english-heritage.org.uk/resultsingle.aspx?uid=1376164. Retrieved 8 April 2012. 
  50. ↑ English Heritage. "National Heritage List for England". http://list.english-heritage.org.uk/resultsingle.aspx?uid=1376165. Retrieved 8 April 2012. 
  51. ↑ English Heritage. "National Heritage List for England". http://list.english-heritage.org.uk/resultsingle.aspx?uid=1376378. Retrieved 8 April 2012. 
  52. ↑ English Heritage. "National Heritage List for England". http://list.english-heritage.org.uk/resultsingle.aspx?uid=1376379. Retrieved 8 April 2012. 
  53. ↑ Ward 2009, pp. 110–111.
  54. ↑ English Heritage. "National Heritage List for England". http://list.english-heritage.org.uk/resultsingle.aspx?uid=1376167. Retrieved 8 April 2012. 
  55. ↑ English Heritage. "National Heritage List for England". http://list.english-heritage.org.uk/resultsingle.aspx?uid=1376168. Retrieved 8 April 2012. 
  56. ↑ English Heritage. "National Heritage List for England". http://list.english-heritage.org.uk/resultsingle.aspx?uid=1376169. Retrieved 8 April 2012. 
  57. ↑ English Heritage. "National Heritage List for England". http://list.english-heritage.org.uk/resultsingle.aspx?uid=1376170. Retrieved 8 April 2012. 
  58. ↑ English Heritage. "National Heritage List for England". http://list.english-heritage.org.uk/resultsingle.aspx?uid=1376171. Retrieved 8 April 2012. 
  59. ↑ English Heritage. "National Heritage List for England". http://list.english-heritage.org.uk/resultsingle.aspx?uid=1376172. Retrieved 8 April 2012. 
  60. ↑ English Heritage. "National Heritage List for England". http://list.english-heritage.org.uk/resultsingle.aspx?uid=1376320. Retrieved 8 April 2012. 
  61. ↑ Ward 2009, pp. 37, 39.
  62. ↑ English Heritage. "National Heritage List for England". http://list.english-heritage.org.uk/resultsingle.aspx?uid=1376173. Retrieved 8 April 2012. 
  63. ↑ English Heritage. "National Heritage List for England". http://list.english-heritage.org.uk/resultsingle.aspx?uid=1376174. Retrieved 8 April 2012. 
  64. ↑ Ward 2009, pp. 79, 81.
  65. ↑ English Heritage. "National Heritage List for England". http://list.english-heritage.org.uk/resultsingle.aspx?uid=1376175. Retrieved 8 April 2012. 
  66. ↑ English Heritage. "National Heritage List for England". http://list.english-heritage.org.uk/resultsingle.aspx?uid=1376468. Retrieved 8 April 2012. 
  67. ↑ English Heritage. "National Heritage List for England". http://list.english-heritage.org.uk/resultsingle.aspx?uid=1376176. Retrieved 8 April 2012. 

Bibliography

  • Pevsner, Nikolaus; Hubbard, Edward (2003). "Cheshire". New Haven and London: Yale University Press. ISBN 0-300-09588-0. 
  • Ward, Simon (2009). "Chester: A History". Chichester: Phillimore. ISBN 978-1-86077-499-7. 

External links[]

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