Live and let live is the spontaneous rise of non-aggressive co-operative behaviour that developed during the First World War particularly during prolonged periods of Trench Warfare on the Western Front. Perhaps one of the most famous examples of this is the Christmas Truce of 1914.
It is a process that can be characterised as the deliberate abstaining from the use of violence during war. Sometimes it can take the form of overt truces or pacts negotiated locally by soldiers. At other times it can be a tacit behaviour—sometimes characterised as "letting sleeping dogs lie"—whereby both sides refrain from firing or using their weapons, or deliberately discharge them in a ritualistic or routine way that signals their non-lethal intent.
Examples[]
This behaviour was found at the small-unit level, sections, platoons or companies, usually observed by the "other ranks" e.g. privates and non-commissioned officers. Examples were found from the lone soldier standing sentry duty, refusing to fire on exposed enemy soldiers, up to snipers, machine-guns teams and even field-artillery batteries.
During the First World War, 1914–1918, the Higher Commands, Division, Corps and Army Commanders and their staffs were aware of this un-aggressive behaviour, and in some cases used to analyse casualty statistics to detect it. As a counter, raids or patrols were often ordered to foster the correct "offensive spirit" in the troops.
The Live and Let Live system was fragile at best and was thus easily broken by the use of lethal force.
Research[]
Tony Ashworth in his book Trench Warfare 1914–1918: The Live and Let Live System researched this topic based upon diaries, letters, and testimonies of veterans from the war. He discovered that 'live and let live' was widely known about, at the time, and was common usually at specific times and places. It was often to be found when a unit had been withdrawn from battle and was sent to a rest sector.
Game theory[]
Some game theory theorists, like Robert Axelrod, have characterised Live and Let Live as an iterated variant of the prisoner's dilemma. Axelrod linked Live and Let Live to the co-operative strategy referred to as Tit for Tat.
Axelrod's interpretation of "Live and Let Live" as a prisoner's dilemma has been disputed by political scientists Joanne Gowa[1] and Andrew Gelman,[2] who (separately) argue that the assumptions underlying the prisoner's dilemma do not hold in this example.
Further reading[]
- Ashworth, Tony Trench Warfare 1914–1918: The Live and Let Live System (1980). (ISBN 0330480685)
- Ashworth, Tony The Sociology of Trench Warfare, British Journal of Sociology, 21 (1968), 407–20.
- Axelrod, Robert. (2006). The Evolution of Cooperation Revised edition Perseus Books Group, (ISBN 0465005640)
References[]
- ↑ Anarchy, Egoism, and Third Images: The Evolution of Cooperation and International Relations The Evolution of Cooperation. by Robert Axelrod Review by: Joanne Gowa. International Organization, Vol. 40, No. 1 (Winter, 1986), pp. 167-186. http://www.jstor.org/stable/pdfplus/2706746.pdf
- ↑ Andrew Gelman, Game theory as ideology: some comments on Robert Axelrod's The Evolution of Cooperation. QA-Rivista dell'Associazione Rossi-Doria 2, 167-176 (1988). http://www.stat.columbia.edu/~gelman/research/published/gelmanaxelrod_001.pdf
External links[]
The original article can be found at Live and let live (World War I) and the edit history here.