M2 Half Track Car

M2 Half Track
US
Type	Half-track artillery tractor/reconnaissance vehicle
Place of origin	United States
Specifications
Mass	9 metric tons
Length	5.96 m (19 ft 7 in)
Width	2.2 m (7 ft 3 in)
Height	2.26 m (7 ft 5 in)
Crew	2 + 7 passengers
Armor	6–12 mm
Main armament	0.5 inch M2 Browning heavy machine gun
Secondary armament	14 mines, 10 hand grenades
Engine	386 cu in (6.33 l) White 160AX inline six 148 hp (110 kW; 150 PS)
Suspension	Wheeled front axle, rear track
Operational range	220 mi (350 km) (average)
Maximum speed	45 mph (72 km/h)

The M2 Half Track was an armored vehicle produced by the United States during World War II.

A similar vehicle was built by International Harvester Company as the M9 Half Track Car.

History

The half-track design had been evaluated by the US Ordnance department using Citroën-Kégresse vehicles. The Cavalry arm of the US Army found that their wheeled armored scout cars had trouble in rainy weather due to weight and high ground pressure.

In 1938, the White Motor Company took the Timken rear bogie assembly from a T9 half-track truck and added it to an M3 Scout Car, creating the T7 Half-Track Car. This vehicle was woefully underpowered, and when a further requirement came down from US Army artillery units in 1939 for a prime mover (artillery tractor), a vehicle with an uprated engine was devised, then designated the Half Track Scout Car T14. By 1940, the vehicle had been standardized as the M2 Half-Track car. The M2 design was recognised as having the potential for general mechanized infantry use and with a larger body the M3 Half Track was created. Both the M2 and M3 were ordered into production in late 1940. M2 contracts were placed with the Autocar Company, White and Diamond-T. The first vehicles were received by the army in 1941.

It was supplied to artillery units as prime mover and ammunition carrier for the 105mm howitzer, for armored infantry units to carry machine gun squads, and to armored reconnaissance units. For the latter it was to be an interim solution, until more specialized vehicles could be fielded.

Between 1942 and 1943, these vehicles, just like the larger M3s, would receive a number of modifications to the drive train, engine, and stowage, among other things.

Total production of M2 and derivatives was about 13,500 units. Later, to meet the needs of the Lend-Lease program, the International Harvester Company was brought in to manufacture vehicles similar to the M2, these M9 vehicles adding a further 3,500 units.

Usage

The first M2s were fielded in 1941, and would be used in the Philippines, North Africa, and Europe by the U.S. Army, and around the Pacific by the Marines. About 800 M2 and M9 halftracks were sent to the Soviet Union. Many remaining vehicles initially destined for lend-lease were transferred to other U.S. allies, primarily in South America. These vehicles often received a number of upgrades designed at extending service life. Nicaragua's National Guard received 10 M2s in 1942, which saw heavy action during the 1978-79 Nicaraguan Revolution. The Argentine Army retired its last upgraded M9 in 2006 and donated them to Bolivia.

In 1947 the Finnish heavy vehicle producer Vanajan Autotehdas bought 425 M2 Half track vehicles from the Western Allied surplus stocks located in France and Germany. The vehicles were delivered without armour. 359 units were converted field and forest clearing vehicles, some were scrapped for parts and 60 units were equipped with conventional rear axles and converted into 4×4 or 4×2 lorries. They were badged as Vanaja VaWh. The last units were sold in 1952.

Former operators

• United States
• United Kingdom
• Soviet Union
• Czechoslovakia
• Chile
• France
• Greece
• Portugal
• Brazil
• Paraguay 23 still in service.
• Philippines
• Poland
• Israel - 2,000 modified M3/M9 versions on service with the IDF.
• Mexico

• Belgium
• Netherlands
• Cambodia
• South Vietnam
• Laos
• Lebanon - M3 in service with the Lebanese Army between 1949 - 1970. Ex-IDF versions supplied by Israel to the Lebanese Forces and South Lebanon Army passed on to the Amal Movement, Hezbollah, Lebanese Army.
• Argentina
• Finland

Variants

M2 at Fort Benning, Georgia, 1942. Note the shorter hull compared to the M3s (left and background) and hinged doors of ammunition compartments in the side armor.

Partly finished M2s travel along an assembly line.

Prime Mover/Scout Vehicle

• M2 - White Half-Track with White 160AX engine. Fitted with a skate rail mount, featuring an M2HB machine gun.
  • M2E5/M9 - International Harvester Half-Track, developed to complement the M2 for Lend-Lease, but did not feature the short hull of the M2. Also, did not feature the rear access doors, and is outwardly very similar to the M5, but with a different internal configuration.
    • M9A1 - As for the M2A1, an M9 with the M49 machine gun mount. The M9A1 had a rear door.
  • M2E6/M2A1 - Any vehicle with the improved M49 machine gun ring mount over the right hand front seat. Three fixed pintle mounts for 0.30 machine guns were often fitted at the unit level in the field.

Self-propelled guns

• M4/M4A1 81mm MMC - M2 based Motor Mortar Carriage equipped with the 81 mm M1 mortar. The mortar was intended to be fired dismounted from the vehicle, but could be fired in an emergency to the rear from a base inside the vehicle. The A1 modification allowed the weapon to be fixed facing forward and fired from within the vehicle.
• M2 w/ M3 37 mm - Mechanized infantry units in the US Army were supposed to receive the M6 Gun Motor Carriage, based on Dodge light trucks. With the overall failure in combat of these vehicles, some units removed the M3 37 mm gun and its assembly and mounted them on M2 Half-Track Cars.

Anti-aircraft variants

• T-1E1 - M2 based mobile anti-aircraft gun featuring an open rear with a Bendix mount featuring two .50 inch (12.7 mm) M2 machine guns. The Bendix mount proved to be unsatisfactory. Prototype only.
  • T-1E2 - T-1 with Maxson M33 mount in the place of the Bendix mount. The M33 mount also featured two .50 inch M2 machine guns. Would be developed into the M3 based T-1E4.
  • T-1E3 - T-1 fitted with a partial hard top and a Martin turret, identical to that used on the Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress. Proved to be overly complicated and was ill-suited to the space available in the M2. Prototype only.
• T-28 CGMC - M2 based Combination Gun Motor Carriage with a single 37 mm Gun M1A2 autocannon flanked by two .50 inch M2 machine guns. The side armor was removed in order to make room for the mount. The project was canceled in 1942 but then revived the same year, when a decision was made to use the longer M3 Half-Track Personnel Carrier chassis for the subsequent T-28E1
• T-10 - Variant to test the feasibility of mounting US made copies of the Hispano-Suiza HS.404 20 mm cannon on modified Maxson mounts. Developed into the T-10E1 based on the longer M3 Half Track Personnel Carrier chassis.

See also

• M3 Half-track
• List of U.S. military vehicles by supply catalog designation
• List of U.S. military vehicles by model number

References

• Mesko, Jim. M3 Half-tracks in Action. Carrollton, TX: Squadron/Signal Publications, 1996
• United States, War Department. TM 9-710 Basic Half-Track Vehicles (White, Autocar, and Diamond T). Washington, DC: War Department, 1944.
• Zaloga, Steven J. (2004). M3 Infantry Half-Track 1940-73. Oxford, UK: Osprey Publishing. 
• Janda, Patryk (2009). Half-Track vol. I.. Gdańsk, Poland: Aj-Press Publishing. ISBN 978-83-7237-207-9. http://books.google.com/?id=eVZGYgEACAAJ. 
• TM 9-2800 army vehicles dated 1947
• SNL G102
• Blomberg, Olli (2003) (in Finnish). Yhteissisusta Vanajan ja Sisun kautta Patriaan. Hämeenlinna: Patria Vehicles Oy. ISBN 952-91-5613-8. 

External links

• AFV Database
• World War II Vehicles - US Half tracks