| Ma Rulong | |
|---|---|
| Nickname | Marshal Ma |
| Place of birth | Yunnan |
| Allegiance |
 Qing dynasty |
| Years of service | 1856–his death |
| Rank | general |
| Battles/wars | Panthay Rebellion |
This is a Chinese name; the family name is Ma.
Ma Rulong (Ma Julung in Wade Giles) was a Chinese Muslim who originally rebelled against the Qing dynasty along with Du Wenxiu in the Panthay Rebellion. He later defected to the Qing side.[1] After officially surrendering in 1862 his forces effectively occupied the capital of Yunnan.[2] He then helped the Qing forces crush his fellow Muslim rebels, and defeated them.[3][4][5][6][7] He was known by the name of Marshal Ma to Europeans and achieved almost total control in Yunnan province.[8] He was the most powerful military official in the province after the war.[9]
Du Wenxiu was fought against by the defector to the Qing Ma Rulong. The Muslim scholar Ma Dexin, who said that Neo-Confucianism was reconcilable with Islam, approved of Ma Rulong defecting to the Qing and he also assisted other Muslims in defecting.[10]
General Ma Yu-kun, who fought against Japanese forces in the First Sino-Japanese War and against foreigners in the Boxer Rebellion was believed to be Ma Rulong's son by Europeans.[6]
References[]
This article incorporates text from A short history of China: being an account for the general reader of an ancient empire and people, by Demetrius Charles de Kavanagh Boulger, a publication from 1893 now in the public domain in the United States.- This article incorporates text from The flowery kingdom and the land of the mikado: or, China, Japan, and Corea; containing their complete history down to the present time ..., by Henry Davenport Northrop, John Russell Young, a publication from 1894 now in the public domain in the United States.
This article incorporates text from The flowery kingdom and the land of the Mikado or China, Japan and Corea: containing their complete history down to the present time : manners, customs, and peculiarities of the people ... : together with a graphic account of the war between China and Japan ..., by Henry Davenport Northrop, a publication from 1894 now in the public domain in the United States.- This article incorporates text from The flowery kingdom and the land of the Mikado or China, Japan and Corea: containing their complete history down to the present time; manners, customs and peculiarities of the people; superstitions; idol worship; industries; natural scenery, etc., etc., together with a graphic account of the war ..., by Henry Davenport Northrop, a publication from 1894 now in the public domain in the United States.
- This article incorporates text from The living age ..., Volume 226, by Eliakim Littell, Robert S. Littell, Making of America Project, a publication from 1900 now in the public domain in the United States.
- This article incorporates text from Eclectic magazine: foreign literature, by John Holmes Agnew, Walter Hilliard Bidwell, a publication from 1900 now in the public domain in the United States.
- This article incorporates text from The history of China, Volume 2, by Demetrius Charles de Kavanagh Boulger, a publication from 1898 now in the public domain in the United States.
- ↑ Demetrius Charles De Kavanagh Boulger (1893). A Short History of China: Being an Account for the General Reader of an Ancient Empire and People. LONDON 13 WATERLOO PLACE SW: Allen. p. 319. https://books.google.com/books?id=wlg_AAAAYAAJ&pg=PA319&dq=ma+julung&hl=en&ei=twU2TO2APIP88Aaf1cjiAw&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CC4Q6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=ma%20julung&f=false. Retrieved 2010-06-28.(Original from Harvard University)
- ↑ David G. Atwill (2005). The Chinese sultanate: Islam, ethnicity, and the Panthay Rebellion in southwest China, 1856–1873. Stanford University Press. p. 124. ISBN 0-8047-5159-5. https://books.google.com/books?id=Da2M_viEclEC&pg=PA124&dq=ma+lin+muslim&hl=en&ei=NX2qTLHbJoH98AahxJGCDQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=9&ved=0CFAQ6AEwCDgK#v=onepage&q=ma%20lin%20muslim&f=false. Retrieved 2010-06-28.
- ↑ Henry Davenport Northrop; John Russell Young (1894). The flowery kingdom and the land of the mikado: or, China, Japan, and Corea; containing their complete history down to the present time .... CHICAGO: C. W. Stanton company. p. 130. https://books.google.com/books?id=2tNNAAAAMAAJ&dq=ma+julung&q=ma+julung#v=onepage&q=ma%20julung%20viceroy%20despot%20talifoo&f=false. Retrieved 2011-07-20.(Original from the University of Michigan)
- ↑ Henry Davenport Northrop (1894). Contributor John Russell Young. ed. The flowery kingdom and the land of the Mikado or China, Japan and Corea: containing their complete history down to the present time : manners, customs, and peculiarities of the people ... : together with a graphic account of the war between China and Japan .... PHILADELPHIA & CHICAGO: International Pub.. p. 130. https://books.google.com/books?id=BIMwAQAAIAAJ&dq=ma+julung&q=ma+julung#v=snippet&q=ma%20julung%20viceroy%20despot%20talifoo&f=false. Retrieved 2011-07-20.
- ↑ Henry Davenport Northrop (1894). The flowery kingdom and the land of the Mikado or China, Japan and Corea: containing their complete history down to the present time; manners, customs and peculiarities of the people; superstitions; idol worship; industries; natural scenery, etc., etc., together with a graphic account of the war between china and Japan, its causes, land and naval battles, etc., etc. J.H.Moore Co.. p. 130. https://books.google.com/books?id=-xIoAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA130&dq=ma+julung&hl=en&ei=twU2TO2APIP88Aaf1cjiAw&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=2&ved=0CDMQ6AEwAQ#v=onepage&q=ma%20julung&f=false. Retrieved 2010-06-28.(Original from Harvard University)[1][2]
- ↑ 6.0 6.1 Eliakim Littell; Robert S. Littell; Making of America Project (1900). The living age ..., Volume 226. BOSTON: The Living Age Co. Inc.. p. 757. https://books.google.com/books?id=uEoTAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA757&dq=ma+julung+tung+fu&hl=en&ei=mYQ2TIvFA8L38AbD1vmlAw&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CDMQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=ma%20julung%20tung%20fu&f=false. Retrieved 2010-06-28.(Original from the University of Michigan)
- ↑ John Holmes Agnew; Walter Hilliard Bidwell (1900). The Eclectic magazine: foreign literature. Leavitt, Throw and Co.. p. 620. https://books.google.com/books?id=TmnfUKQTym8C&pg=PA620&dq=ma+julung+tung+fu&hl=en&ei=mYQ2TIvFA8L38AbD1vmlAw&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=2&ved=0CDgQ6AEwAQ#v=onepage&q=ma%20julung%20tung%20fu&f=false. Retrieved 2010-06-28.(Original from the University of Michigan)
- ↑ Demetrius Charles de Kavanagh Boulger (1898). The history of China, Volume 2. LONDON: W. Thacker & co.. p. 443. https://books.google.com/books?id=Tw8MAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA443&dq=like+ma+julung+panthay&hl=en&ei=sIU2TIv9HYP58AbD4a3YAw&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CCUQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q&f=false. Retrieved 2010-06-28.(Original from Harvard University)
- ↑ Garnaut, Anthony. "From Yunnan to Xinjiang:Governor Yang Zengxin and his Dungan Generals". Pacific and Asian History, Australian National University. Archived from the original on 2012-03-09. https://web.archive.org/web/20120309054654/http://www.ouigour.fr/recherches_et_analyses/Garnautpage_93.pdf. Retrieved 2010-07-14.
- ↑ John King Fairbank (1978). The Cambridge History of China: Late Chʻing, 1800-1911, pt. 2. Cambridge University Press. pp. 213–. ISBN 978-0-521-22029-3. https://books.google.com/books?id=pEfWaxPhdnIC&pg=PA213#v=onepage&q&f=false.
The original article can be found at Ma Rulong (Qing general) and the edit history here.