Detachment 101 Training Camp at Nazira
Squad of Kachin Rangers
Celebrating Eifler Promotion to Colonel in the field
Merrill and Stilwell meet near Naubum Burma
OSS Detachment 101 Officers
Ranger Sleeve Campaign Bar
Jingpaw (left), Headquarters (center), Kachin, (right)
Detachment 101 of the Office of Strategic Services operated in the China-Burma-India Theater of World War II. On January 17, 1946, it was awarded a Presidential Distinguished Unit Citation by Dwight Eisenhower, who wrote:[1]
The courage and fighting spirit displayed by its officers and men in offensive action against overwhelming enemy strength reflect the highest tradition of the armed forces of the United States.
History[]
"On April 14, 1942, William Donovan, as Coordinator of Information (forerunner of the Office of Strategic Services), activated Detachment 101 for action behind enemy lines in Burma. The first unit of its kind, the Detachment was charged with gathering intelligence, harassing the Japanese through guerrilla actions, identifying targets for the Army Air Force to bomb, and rescuing downed Allied airmen. Because Detachment 101 was never larger than a few hundred Americans, it relied on support from various tribal groups in Burma. In particular, the vigorously anti-Japanese Kachin people were vital to the unit’s success. By the time of its deactivation on July 12, 1945, Detachment 101 had scored impressive results. According to official statistics, with a loss of some 22 Americans, Detachment 101 killed 5,428 Japanese and rescued 574 Allied personnel."[2] 101's efforts opened the way for Stilwell's Chinese forces, Wingate's Raiders, Merrill's Marauders, and the great counter-attack against the Japanese Imperial life-line." [3]
During most of the unit's existence, it funded and coordinated various resistance groups made up of the Kachin peoples of northern Burma. One resistance force was known as the Kachin Rangers and was under the command of Carl F. Eifler though often the term Kachin Rangers has been used to describe all Kachin Forces raised during the war by the Americans in Northern Burma.[4]
In July 1942, twenty OSS men moved in and set up headquarters at Nazira in the northeastern Indian province of Assam. No operations of any significance occurred until the end of 1942. Starting in 1943, small groups or individuals were parachuted behind Japanese lines to remote Kachin villages, followed by a parachute supply drop. The Americans then began to create independent guerrilla groups of the Kachin people, calling in weapons and equipment drops. In December 1943 Stilwell issued a directive that Detachment 101 to increase its strength to 3,000 guerillas, they were recruited from within Burma many of them "fierce Kachins".[5]
Once settled, the groups undertook a variety of unconventional missions: ambushing Japanese patrols, rescuing downed American pilots, and clearing small landing strips in the jungle. They also screened the advances of larger allied forces, including Merrill's Marauders.[6]
Eifler held the rank of Colonel when he was discharged in 1943 because of injuries. Lt. Col. William R. Peers took over command. At the end of the war, each Kachin Ranger was given the CMA (Citation for Military Assistance) Award.[Note 1] The medal was actually the result of a mistake. One OSS officer, reading a radio message that advised him how to reward heroic Kachin action, had misinterpreted the word for "comma", "CMA", as signifying some kind of medal. Unable to leave the Kachins empty-handed, the medal was quickly created by the OSS and delivered.[7]
See also[]
- Ledo Road
- Force 136
- Fort Hertz
- Behind the Burma Road
- Burma Campaign
- China Burma India Theater
- OSS 101 Association.[Note 2]
References[]
- Explanatory Notes
- ↑ Rangers were given a "Certificate of Military Assistance" and a medal known as a "Citation for Military Assistance." An illustration of an actual certificate and medal presented to a Kachin Ranger may be viewed here.
- ↑ This website includes a history of 101 and newsletters with veteran activities. It also contains the roster of 101 members and has a collection of numerous period photographs from Burma and of the members of 101.
- Citations
- ↑ Peers, William R. and Dean Brelis. Behind the Burma Road:The Story of America’s Most Successful Guerrilla Force. Boston: Little, Brown & Co., 1963, p. 243-244.
- ↑ Central Intelligence Agency. Behind Japanese Lines in Burma: The Stuff of Intelligence Legend (2001). Retrieved 2012-05-30.
- ↑ Peers, back cover.
- ↑ Hogan, David W. Jr. U.S. Army Special Operations in World War II. CMH pub ; 70-42, 1958, ch. 5.
- ↑ Hogan.
- ↑ Hogan.
- ↑ Hughes, Les. www.insigne.org/OSS-101.htm. Retrieved 2012-06-02
Further reading[]
- Briscoe, by C.H. (December 2002). "Kachin Rangers: Allied guerrillas in World War II Burma". http://www.militaryphotos.net/forums/showthread.php?27927-Kachin-Rangers-Allied-guerrillas-in-WW-II-Burma.
- Ward, James R.. "Detachment 101 Office of Strategic Services: Burma - April 14, 1942 to July 12, 1945 "The American-Kachin Rangers"". http://oss-101.com/history.html.
- "Secrets and Spies: Behind-the-Scenes Stories of World War II". Pleasantville, NY. 1963.
- Latimer, John; Murray, John (2004). Burma: The Forgotten War. ISBN 978-0-7195-6576-2.
- Dunlop, Richard (1979). Behind Japanese Lines: With the OSS in Burma. ISBN 0-528-81823-6.
- Peers, William R. and Dean Brelis (1963). Behind the Burma Road. Boston: Little, Brown & Co.
- Central Intelligence Agency. Intelligence Operations of OSS Detachment 101. Retrieved 2012-05-28.
- Central Intelligence Agency. Behind Japanese Lines in Burma: The Stuff of Intelligence Legend (2001). Retrieved 2012-05-30.
The original article can be found at OSS Detachment 101 and the edit history here.