Operation Black Thunder is the name given to two operations that took place in India in the late 1980s to flush out remaining Sikh militants from the Golden Temple using 'Black Cat' commandos of the National Security Guards[1] Like Operation Blue Star, these attacks were on Kharku sikhs who were based in the Golden Temple in Amritsar, Punjab.
Golden Temple
The militants were able to claim a safe haven in the most sacred place for the Sikhs due to the whole or part support received by them from the key sikh religious leaders and institutions such as the SGPC, AISSF and Jathedar (head) of the Akal Takht. The support was either voluntary or forced by using violence or threat of violence. The evidence of resorting to violence was found by the security forces later on after Operation Black Thunder when hundreds of bodies of tortured and killed opponents were found buried under the Akal Takht and other places.[2]
The Golden temple complex afforded the militants based inside a facade of fighting a "holy war". It also provided the militants access to new potential recruits from among the visitors. Several multi storied buildings were located around the Parikrama (walkway) around the reservoir of the temple that provided rooms and offices that were taken over by the militants. The temple complex also provided logistical advantage to the militants with easy access to food, water and communication lines. Further the sanctity of the Golden temple provided protection from arrests by the security forces who preferred not to enter the Temple premises so as not to hurt the religious sentiments of the Sikhs. Even the spies were not being sent due to the fear of them being captured, tortured and killed inside.[2]
Operation Black Thunder I
The first Operation Black Thunder took place on 30 April 1986. About 200 radical sikh militants had been occupying the temple premises for the last 3 months.[3] The police operation was initiated one day after the radicals occupying the temple declared the formation of the independent Sikh nation of Khalistan.[3] About 300 National Security Guards commandos stormed the Golden Temple, the holiest shrine of the Sikhs, along with 700 Border Security Force troops and captured about 200 Sikh militants.[4] One person was killed and two were injured. During the progress of the operation no major resistance was reported at any point. About 70 radicals led by a religious fundamentalist had taken shelter in a holy sanctuary in the Golden temple. All of them finally surrendered just before dawn.[3] The operation, which lasted eight hours, was approved by then Chief minister of Punjab Surjit Singh Barnala of Shiromani Akali Dal.[4] The operation had full support by moderate sikh leaders and several leaders praised the police action for flushing out terrorists, separatists and anti-faith elements.[3]
Operation Black Thunder II
Arms recovered from surrendered militants
Operation Black Thunder II (sometimes just referred to as Operation Black Thunder) began on 9 May 1988[5] in Amritsar and ended with the surrender of the militants on 18 May. The operation was commanded by Kanwar Pal Singh Gill who was the DGP of Punjab Police. Snipers were used in this operation.[6] Compared to Operation Blue Star, little damage was inflicted on the Golden Temple.[7] In what was reported as a successful operation, around 200 millitants surrendered, 41 were killed. Gill stated that he did not want to repeat the mistakes made by the Indian army during Operation Blue Star.[8] This operation was described as a severe setback to the Anandpur Resolution implementation movement. In contrast to prior operations, minimum force was used under full public scrutiny.[9] It is remembered for the free access the news media was provided unlike during Operation Blue Star.[10] The day after the militants surrendered, nine reporters were allowed into the Temple complex.[11] Kirtan was resumed at the Golden Temple on 23 May 1988 after a two-week break during this operation.[12]
While Operation Blue Star was widely considered poorly executed and shambolic because of the egregious loss of civilian lives and the damage done to both the Golden Temple and Sikh relations with the government (culminating in the assassination of Indira Gandhi by her bodyguards and anti-Sikh riots), Operation Black Thunder was far more successful with the blockade tactics paying dividends, and has been credited with breaking the back of the Sikh separatist movement. Soon after this operation, the Indian Government banned the use of religious shrines for political and military purposes and increased penalties for the possession and use of illegal weapons, as part of its strategy to fight extremism in the Punjab region.[13]
In 2002, Sarabjit Singh, then Deputy Commissioner of Amritsar at the time published a book "Operation Black Thunder: An Eyewitness Account of Terrorism in Punjab". The account was criticised by Kanwar Pal Singh Gill who claimed that the operation was initially called "Operation Gill" before being renamed "Operation Black Thunder".[14]
See also
- Khalistan
- Operation Blue Star
References
- ↑ National Security Guards Archived 2012-10-06 at the Wayback Machine.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 Fair, C. Christine; Ganguly, Šumit (September 2008). Treading on hallowed ground: counterinsurgency operations in sacred spaces. Oxford University Press US. p. 44. ISBN 978-0-19-534204-8. https://books.google.com/books?id=L2E1NpYuOrsC&pg=PA41. Retrieved 19 June 2010.
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 Weishan, Steven R. (1 May 1986). "Indian policemen raid Sikh temple". New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/1986/05/01/world/indian-policemen-raid-sikh-temple.html. Retrieved 5 July 2018.
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 India Deliverance, TIME, 1986-05-12
- ↑ Gandhi Under Pressure to Oust Sikhs From Temple The New York Times, 1988-05-11
- ↑ Troops in Punjab Enter Sikh Temple Complex The New York Times, 1988-05-14
- ↑ INDIAN COMMANDOS CLOSE IN ON SIKHS, The New York Times, 1988-05-18
- ↑ Sikhs Surrender to Troops at Temple, The New York Times, 1988-05-19
- ↑ Terrorism in context By Martha Crenshaw
- ↑ Black Thunder’s silver lining[dead link], The Hindustan Times, 2008-05-13
- ↑ At Golden Temple of Sikhs, the Debris of Battle The New York Times, 1988-05-20
- ↑ At Sikh Temple, an Uncertain Song Returns, The New York Times, 1988-05-23
- ↑ India Bans the Political and Military Use of Shrines The New York Times, 1988-05-29
- ↑ Now, Gill slams author of Operation Black Thunder, Rediff.com, 2002-07-29
The original article can be found at Operation Black Thunder and the edit history here.