Pariah state

A pariah state is a nation whose conduct is considered to be out of line with international norms of behavior by either the rest of the international community (such as the United Nations), or by some of its most powerful states. A pariah state may face International isolation, sanctions or even an invasion by nations who find its policies or actions unacceptable. The term is closely related to the phrase "Rogue state".

Definitions[]

There is no definitive definition of a pariah state, the term has been applied to different states at different times, and is often a designation made for political purposes.

List[]

At various times in the past, the following states have been labeled or treated as pariahs in the international system. Some of them are still labeled as such at present:

Current[]

Abkhazia^[1]
Belarus^[2]
Colombia^[3]
Eritrea^[4]^[5]^[6]
Equatorial Guinea^[7]
Iran^[8]
Israel^[9]^[10]^[11]^[12]^[13]^[14]
Republic of Kosovo^{[citation needed]}
Nagorno-Karabakh Republic^{[citation needed]}

North Korea^[15]
Somaliland^{[citation needed]}
South Ossetia^{[citation needed]}
Sudan^[16]
Syria^[17]
Transnistria^[18]
Uzbekistan^[19]^[20]
Zimbabwe^[21]

Former[]

Afghanistan under the Taliban^[22]
Albania under Enver Hoxha^[23]
Argentina under the National Reorganization Process^[24]
Burma under military rule^[25]
Cambodia under the Khmer Rouge and the subsequent Vietnamese occupation^[26]
Chile under Augusto Pinochet^[27]
Democratic Republic of the Congo under Mobutu Sese Seko^[28]
Haiti under Papa Doc and Baby Doc Duvalier^[29]

Iraq under Saddam Hussein^[30]
Liberia under Charles Taylor^[31]^[32]
Libya under Muammar Gaddafi^[33]
Paraguay under Alfredo Stroessner^[34]
Peru under Alberto Fujimori^[35]
Sri Lanka during the Sri Lankan Civil War^[36]
South Africa under Apartheid^[37]^[38]
Turkmenistan under Saparmurat Niyazov^[39]
Uganda under Idi Amin^{[citation needed]}
Yugoslavia under Slobodan Milošević^[40]

Henley's Visa Restrictions Index, 2012[]

The following table lists the pariah states, by the number of countries - the pariah state's nationals could enter freely (i.e. without a visa) - in 2012, according to Henley's Visa Restrictions Index 2012 (while the numbers in brackets indicate the Pariah state's HDI in 2012 - as published by UNDP in March 2013). Figures of parallel regular states are given as well, for comparison.

Pariah state	Number of countries, the pariah state's nationals could enter freely (i.e. without a visa), in 2012	As opposed to a regular state (e.g. an OECD or an EU or an APEC or a CELAC state)	Number of countries, the regular state's nationals could enter freely (i.e. without a visa), in 2012
Belarus	59 (2012 HDI: 793)	Iceland	159 (2012 HDI: 906)
Zimbabwe	58 (2012 HDI: 397)	Malta	156 (2012 HDI: 847)
Uzbekistan	51 (2012 HDI: 654)	Slovenia	151 (2012 HDI: 892)
Equatorial Guinea	40 (2012 HDI: 554)	Argentina	140 (2012 HDI: 811)
North Korea	39 (2012 HDI: N/A)	Brunei	139 (2012 HDI: 855)
Iran	37 (2012 HDI: 742)	Romania	138 (2012 HDI: 786)
Kosovo	37 (2012 HDI: N/A)	Bulgaria	137 (2012 HDI: 782)
Syria	37 (2012 HDI: 648	Chile	137 (2012 HDI: 819)
Sudan	36 (2012 HDI: 414	Barbados	135 (2012 HDI: 825)
Eritrea	34 (2012 HDI: 351	The Bahamas	133 (2012 HDI: 794)

References[]

↑ Abkhazia: A promising pariah on the Black Sea - Editorials & Commentary - International Herald Tribune
↑ Belarus Cracks Down, VOA, April 1, 2008
↑ Colombia is ‘Pariah State’ Says TUC, Justice for Colombia news, June 17, 2009
↑ "Ethiopia troops attack rebels inside pariah state Eritrea". 15 March 2012. http://news.nationalpost.com/2012/03/15/ethiopia-troops-attack-rebels-inside-pariah-state-eritrea/. "Despite the repeated denials that it is not a destabilising force in the volatile Horn of Africa region, Eritrea is widely regarded in the international community as a pariah state and is deeply mistrusted by its neighbours"
↑ Michela Wrong (3 August 2011). "How double-dealing built a pariah state". http://www.ft.com/intl/cms/s/0/063c10ce-be1b-11e0-bee9-00144feabdc0.html#axzz1qbnl0ijY.
↑ Djibouti says Eritrea will bow to UN sanctions, Reuters Africa, April 21, 2010
↑ Obiang, dictator in fashion in New York, afrol.com, September 9, 2000
↑ Trita Parsi (2007). Treacherous Alliance, The Secret Dealings of Israel, Iran and the United States.. London: Yale University Press. p. 97. ISBN 0-300-12057-5.
↑ David Rodman (2000). "5. "Normal" or "Special" ?". In Laura Zittrain Eisenberg, Neil Caplan. Review Essays in Israel Studies. Suny Series in Israeli Studies, Vol. 5. State University of New York Press. p. 93. ISBN 978-0-7914-4422-1. "For most of the post-1967 period, Israel has been a pariah state in the world community"
↑ Robert E. Harkavy (1981). "Pariah states and nuclear proliferation". Cambridge University Press. pp. 135–163. Digital object identifier:10.1017/S0020818300004112. "In recent years, a new international actor—the pariah state—has mounted the global stage. Although rough historical precedents may be discerned, the present international system appears to have produced a novel phenomenon, whereby some isolated small states, lacking assured and credible outside security support, find themselves unable to take advantage of traditional balance-of-power mechanisms. Taiwan, South Africa, and Israel fit this description best, South Korea less so; Pakistan and Chile are also candidates."
↑ Irving Louis Horowitz (1976). "24. From Pariah People to Pariah Nation: Jews, Israelis and the Third World". In Michael Curtis, Susan Aurelia Gitelson. Israel in the Third World. Transaction Publishers. p. 384. ISBN 978-0-87855-603-8. "Israel has been defined as a pariah nation, suited to harboring a "settler people""
↑ Ian Bellany (2007). "1. Material dangers". In Ian Bellany. Terrorism and Weapons of Mass Destruction: Responding to the challenge. Routledge. pp. 21–22. ISBN 978-0-415-57065-7. "Israel is a pariah"
↑ L. Carl Brown (2004). "VI. Conclusion: Making Sense of Middle East Diplomacy". In L. Carl Brown. Diplomacy in the Middle East: The International Relations of Regional and Outside Powers. I. B. Tauris. p. 305. ISBN 978-1-86064-899-1. "Israel has been throughout most of its existence a pariah state in the midst of the Arab world"
↑ Micah Zenko (8 March 2012). "Come Out of the Nuclear Closet". http://www.nytimes.com/roomfordebate/2012/03/08/should-israel-accept-a-nuclear-ban/come-out-of-the-nuclear-closet. "Israel has pigeonholed itself as an international pariah, allowing adversaries and the nonaligned movement to use Israeli intransigence as an excuse to slow progress on nuclear nonproliferation objectives, including preventing a nuclear Iran"
↑ Rupert Cornwell (October 18, 2002). "North Korea: A pariah state, its secret nuclear programme – and a new crisis for Bush". London: The Independent. http://news.independent.co.uk/world/asia/article132685.ece. Retrieved 2008-01-19.
↑ Sudan's War on Itself; From Rogue State to Pariah State
↑ [1], OpenDemocracy, June 6, 2000
↑ Ash, Lucy (1 April 2004). "Misery in a pariah state". BBC News. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/programmes/crossing_continents/3586815.stm. Retrieved 5 April 2013.
↑ Leonard, Peter (6 July 2012). "US cozies up to outcast Uzbekistan for Afghan role". http://news.yahoo.com/us-cozies-outcast-uzbekistan-afghan-role-122439994.html. Retrieved 5 April 2013.
↑ Kendzior, Sarah (5 March 2013). "Does it matter if the West gives military aid to Uzbekistan?". Al Jazeera. http://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/opinion/2013/03/20133510525757583.html. Retrieved 5 April 2013.
↑ Mugabe made Zimbabwe a pariah state, says Straw, Daily Telegraph, August 25, 2002
↑ Frozen In Time, TIME, 156(21), May 29, 2000
↑ En route to the EU, European Policy Centre, April 2010
↑ The Argentine Pariah
↑ Asean Can Act as Burma's Bridge to the World
↑ At Last, Justice Comes to Cambodia, Yale Global Online, February 13, 2009
↑ Chile, International War Crimes Report, June 4, 2010
↑ Zaire - Involvement in the Angolan Civil War, countrydata.com, 1993
↑ Haiti Crisis, Washington Post, March 1, 2004
↑ Iraq 10: The spring never came
↑ Arrest warrant for Liberian leader, BBC News, June 4, 2003
↑ Taylor's Liberia becoming pariah nation, afrol.com, January 20
↑ Paul Keller (January 6, 2004). "Libya's two decades as pariah state". BBC News. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/3371269.stm. Retrieved 2008-01-19.
↑ Alfredo Stroessner; Paraguayan Dictator, Washington Post, August 17, 2006
↑ Fujimori Blurs Line Between Dictator, Democrat, The Washington Post, May 28, 2000
↑ http://www.srilankamirror.com/english/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=4716:lanka-a-pariah-state-after-israeli-ambassador-came-to-the-defence&catid=1:latest-news&Itemid=50
↑ Thomas H. Henriksen, 'The Rise and Decline of Rogue States'. Journal of International Affairs, 54(2), 2001, 349-373.
↑ Susan Willett (1995). "The Legacy of a Pariah State: South Africa's Arms Trade in the 1990s". pp. 151–166.
↑ Turkmenistan: Introduction
↑ War crimes fugitive Mladic arrested MSN News UK, May 26, 2011

All or a portion of this article consists of text from Wikipedia, and is therefore Creative Commons Licensed under GFDL.
The original article can be found at Pariah state and the edit history here.

[1] Abkhazia: A promising pariah on the Black Sea - Editorials & Commentary - International Herald Tribune

[2] Belarus Cracks Down, VOA, April 1, 2008

[3] Colombia is ‘Pariah State’ Says TUC, Justice for Colombia news, June 17, 2009

[r20120315-4] "Ethiopia troops attack rebels inside pariah state Eritrea". 15 March 2012. http://news.nationalpost.com/2012/03/15/ethiopia-troops-attack-rebels-inside-pariah-state-eritrea/. "Despite the repeated denials that it is not a destabilising force in the volatile Horn of Africa region, Eritrea is widely regarded in the international community as a pariah state and is deeply mistrusted by its neighbours"

[ft20110803-5] Michela Wrong (3 August 2011). "How double-dealing built a pariah state". http://www.ft.com/intl/cms/s/0/063c10ce-be1b-11e0-bee9-00144feabdc0.html#axzz1qbnl0ijY.

[6] Djibouti says Eritrea will bow to UN sanctions, Reuters Africa, April 21, 2010

[afrol.com-7] Obiang, dictator in fashion in New York, afrol.com, September 9, 2000

[treacherousalliance-iran-8] Trita Parsi (2007). Treacherous Alliance, The Secret Dealings of Israel, Iran and the United States.. London: Yale University Press. p. 97. ISBN 0-300-12057-5.

[9] David Rodman (2000). "5. "Normal" or "Special" ?". In Laura Zittrain Eisenberg, Neil Caplan. Review Essays in Israel Studies. Suny Series in Israeli Studies, Vol. 5. State University of New York Press. p. 93. ISBN 978-0-7914-4422-1. "For most of the post-1967 period, Israel has been a pariah state in the world community"

[Harkavy-10] Robert E. Harkavy (1981). "Pariah states and nuclear proliferation". Cambridge University Press. pp. 135–163. Digital object identifier:10.1017/S0020818300004112. "In recent years, a new international actor—the pariah state—has mounted the global stage. Although rough historical precedents may be discerned, the present international system appears to have produced a novel phenomenon, whereby some isolated small states, lacking assured and credible outside security support, find themselves unable to take advantage of traditional balance-of-power mechanisms. Taiwan, South Africa, and Israel fit this description best, South Korea less so; Pakistan and Chile are also candidates."

[Horowitz-11] Irving Louis Horowitz (1976). "24. From Pariah People to Pariah Nation: Jews, Israelis and the Third World". In Michael Curtis, Susan Aurelia Gitelson. Israel in the Third World. Transaction Publishers. p. 384. ISBN 978-0-87855-603-8. "Israel has been defined as a pariah nation, suited to harboring a "settler people""

[Bellany-12] Ian Bellany (2007). "1. Material dangers". In Ian Bellany. Terrorism and Weapons of Mass Destruction: Responding to the challenge. Routledge. pp. 21–22. ISBN 978-0-415-57065-7. "Israel is a pariah"

[Brown-13] L. Carl Brown (2004). "VI. Conclusion: Making Sense of Middle East Diplomacy". In L. Carl Brown. Diplomacy in the Middle East: The International Relations of Regional and Outside Powers. I. B. Tauris. p. 305. ISBN 978-1-86064-899-1. "Israel has been throughout most of its existence a pariah state in the midst of the Arab world"

[zenko-14] Micah Zenko (8 March 2012). "Come Out of the Nuclear Closet". http://www.nytimes.com/roomfordebate/2012/03/08/should-israel-accept-a-nuclear-ban/come-out-of-the-nuclear-closet. "Israel has pigeonholed itself as an international pariah, allowing adversaries and the nonaligned movement to use Israeli intransigence as an excuse to slow progress on nuclear nonproliferation objectives, including preventing a nuclear Iran"

[independent-sk-15] Rupert Cornwell (October 18, 2002). "North Korea: A pariah state, its secret nuclear programme – and a new crisis for Bush". London: The Independent. http://news.independent.co.uk/world/asia/article132685.ece. Retrieved 2008-01-19.

[16] Sudan's War on Itself; From Rogue State to Pariah State

[17] [1], OpenDemocracy, June 6, 2000

[18] Ash, Lucy (1 April 2004). "Misery in a pariah state". BBC News. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/programmes/crossing_continents/3586815.stm. Retrieved 5 April 2013.

[19] Leonard, Peter (6 July 2012). "US cozies up to outcast Uzbekistan for Afghan role". http://news.yahoo.com/us-cozies-outcast-uzbekistan-afghan-role-122439994.html. Retrieved 5 April 2013.

[20] Kendzior, Sarah (5 March 2013). "Does it matter if the West gives military aid to Uzbekistan?". Al Jazeera. http://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/opinion/2013/03/20133510525757583.html. Retrieved 5 April 2013.

[dailytelegraph-21] Mugabe made Zimbabwe a pariah state, says Straw, Daily Telegraph, August 25, 2002

[22] Frozen In Time, TIME, 156(21), May 29, 2000

[23] En route to the EU, European Policy Centre, April 2010

[24] The Argentine Pariah

[25] Asean Can Act as Burma's Bridge to the World

[26] At Last, Justice Comes to Cambodia, Yale Global Online, February 13, 2009

[27] Chile, International War Crimes Report, June 4, 2010

[28] Zaire - Involvement in the Angolan Civil War, countrydata.com, 1993

[29] Haiti Crisis, Washington Post, March 1, 2004

[30] Iraq 10: The spring never came

[31] Arrest warrant for Liberian leader, BBC News, June 4, 2003

[32] Taylor's Liberia becoming pariah nation, afrol.com, January 20

[bbc-libya-33] Paul Keller (January 6, 2004). "Libya's two decades as pariah state". BBC News. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/3371269.stm. Retrieved 2008-01-19.

[34] Alfredo Stroessner; Paraguayan Dictator, Washington Post, August 17, 2006

[35] Fujimori Blurs Line Between Dictator, Democrat, The Washington Post, May 28, 2000

[srilankamirror.com-36] ttp://www.srilankamirror.com/english/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=4716:lanka-a-pariah-state-after-israeli-ambassador-came-to-the-defence&catid=1:latest-news&Itemid=50

[tom-37] Thomas H. Henriksen, 'The Rise and Decline of Rogue States'. Journal of International Affairs, 54(2), 2001, 349-373.

[southafrica-38] Susan Willett (1995). "The Legacy of a Pariah State: South Africa's Arms Trade in the 1990s". pp. 151–166.

[39] Turkmenistan: Introduction

[40] War crimes fugitive Mladic arrested MSN News UK, May 26, 2011

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