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Piri Reis

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Ahmed ibn-i el-Hac Mehmed El Karamani
Born Hacı Ahmed Muhiddin Piri
between 1465 and 1470
Karaman, near Konya, Turkey
Died 1553
Ottoman Empire
Nationality Ottoman
Known for Drawing the Piri Reis map

Piri Reis (full name Hacı Ahmed Muhiddin Piri - Hajji Ahmed Muhiddin Piri, Ahmed ibn-i el-Hac Mehmed El Karamani; Reis was a Turkish military rank akin to that of captain) was an Ottoman admiral, geographer and cartographer born between 1465 and 1470. He died in 1553.[1]

He is primarily known today for his maps and charts collected in his Kitab-ı Bahriye (Book of Navigation), a book that contains detailed information on navigation, as well as very accurate charts (for their time) describing the important ports and cities of the Mediterranean Sea. He gained fame as a cartographer when a small part of his first world map (prepared in 1513) was discovered in 1929 at the Topkapı Palace in Istanbul. His world map is the oldest known Turkish atlas showing the New World, and one of the oldest maps of America still in existence anywhere (the oldest known map of America that is still in existence is the map drawn by Juan de la Cosa in 1500). Piri Reis' map is centered on the Sahara at the latitude of the Tropic of Cancer.[2]

In 1528 Piri Reis drew a second world map, of which a small fragment (showing Greenland and North America from Labrador and Newfoundland in the north to Florida, Cuba, Dominican Republic, Jamaica and parts of Central America in the south) still survives. According to his imprinting text, he had drawn his maps using about twenty foreign charts and mappae mundi (Arab, Spanish, Portuguese, Chinese, Indian and Greek) including one of Christopher Columbus.[3]

Biography[]

Piri reis world map 01

Surviving fragment of the first World Map of Piri Reis (1513)

For many years, little was known about the identity of Piri Reis. His name, roughly translated, means Captain Piri.[4] Today, based on the Ottoman archives, we know that his full name was "Hadji Ahmed Muhiddin Piri"[5] and that he was born either in Gelibolu (Gallipoli) on the European part of the Ottoman Empire (in present-day Turkish Thrace),[6][7] or in Karaman (his father's birthplace) in central Anatolia,[8] then the capital of the Beylik of Karaman (annexed by the Ottoman Empire in 1487). The exact date of his birth is unknown. The honorary and informal Islamic title Hadji (Turkish: Hacı) in Piri's (Hadji Ahmed Muhiddin Piri) and his father's (Hadji Mehmed Piri) names indicate that they had completed the Hajj (Islamic pilgrimage) by going to Mecca during the dedicated period of Hadjj and fulfilling the required rituals.

He was the son of Hadji Mehmed Piri, and began engaging in government-supported privateering (a common practice in the Mediterranean Sea among both the Muslim and Christian states of the 15th and 16th centuries) when he was young, in 1481, following his uncle Kemal Reis,[9] a well-known corsair and seafarer of the time, who later became a famous admiral of the Ottoman Navy.[6] During this period, together with his uncle, he took part in many naval wars of the Ottoman Empire against Spain, the Republic of Genoa and the Republic of Venice, including the First Battle of Lepanto (Battle of Zonchio) in 1499 and Second Battle of Lepanto (Battle of Modon) in 1500. When his uncle Kemal Reis died in 1511 (his ship was wrecked by a storm in the Mediterranean Sea, while he was heading to Egypt), Piri returned to Gelibolu, where he started working on his studies about navigation.

By 1516, he was again at sea as a ship's captain in the Ottoman fleet. He took part in the 1516–17 Ottoman conquest of Egypt. In 1522 he participated in the Siege of Rhodes against the Knights of St. John, which ended with the island's surrender to the Ottomans on 25 December 1522 and the permanent departure of the Knights from Rhodes on 1 January 1523 (the Knights relocated briefly to Sicily and later permanently to Malta). In 1524 he captained the ship that took the Ottoman Grand Vizier Pargalı İbrahim Pasha to Egypt.

Second World Map of Piri Reis

Surviving fragment of the second World Map of Piri Reis (1528)

In 1547, Piri had risen to the rank of Reis (admiral) as the Commander of the Ottoman Fleet in the Indian Ocean and Admiral of the Fleet in Egypt, headquartered in Suez. On 26 February 1548 he recaptured Aden from the Portuguese, followed in 1552 by the capture of Muscat, which Portugal had occupied since 1507, and the strategically important island of Kish. Turning further east, Piri Reis captured the island of Hormuz in the Strait of Hormuz, at the entrance of the Persian Gulf. When the Portuguese turned their attention to the Persian Gulf, Piri Reis occupied the Qatar peninsula and the island of Bahrain to deprive the Portuguese of suitable bases on the Arabian coast.

He then returned to Egypt, an old man approaching the age of 90. When he refused to support the Ottoman Vali (Governor) of Basra, Kubad Pasha, in another campaign against the Portuguese in the northern Persian Gulf, Piri Reis was beheaded in 1553.

Several warships and submarines of the Turkish Navy have been named after Piri Reis.

Kitab-ı Bahriye (Book of Navigation): 1521 and 1525[]

See also: Piri Reis map

Piri Reis is the author of the Kitab-ı Bahriye, one of the most famous pre-modern books of navigation, including a world map. Although he was not an explorer and never sailed to the Atlantic, he compiled over twenty maps of Arab, Spanish, Portuguese, Chinese, Indian and older Greek origins into a comprehensive representation of the known world of his era.[10] This work included the recently explored shores of both the African and American continents; on his first World Map of 1513, he imprinted the description "these lands and islands are drawn from the map of Columbus."[11] In his text, he also wrote that he used the "maps drawn in the time of Alexander the Great" as a source, but most likely he had mistakenly confused the ancient Greek geographer Ptolemy of the 2nd century AD with the same named General of Alexander (of six centuries before) since his map is similar with the Jan of Stobnica famous reproduction map of Ptolemy, printed in 1512.[12] The ancient book had been translated in Turkish after a personal order of Mehmed II some decades before.[13] It can be seen that the Atlantic part of the map originates with Columbus because of the errors it contains (such as Columbus’ belief that Cuba was a continental peninsula)[14] since at the time the manuscript was produced, the Spaniards had already been in Mexico for two years. Apart from the maps, the book also contained detailed information on the major ports, bays, gulfs, capes, peninsulas, islands, straits and ideal shelters of the Mediterranean Sea, as well as techniques of navigation and navigation-related information on astronomy, together with information about the local people of each country and city and the curious aspects of their culture. There are thirty legends around the world map, twenty-nine in Turkish and one in Arabic; the latter gives the date as the Muharrem month of 919 AH (corresponding to the Spring of 1513 AD) but most studies have identified the more probable date of completion as 1521.[15][16][17] It was revised in 1524-1525 with additional information and better-crafted charts in order to be presented as a gift to Suleiman I. The revised edition had a total of 434 pages containing 290 maps.

Kitab-ı Bahriye has two main sections, with the first section dedicated to information about the types of storms; techniques of using a compass; portolan charts with detailed information on ports and coastlines; methods of finding direction using the stars; and characteristics of the major oceans and the lands around them. Special emphasis is given to the discoveries in the New World by Christopher Columbus and those of Vasco da Gama and the other Portuguese seamen on their way to India and the rest of Asia.

Piri Reis map of Europe and the Mediterranean Sea

Map of Europe, the Near East and North Africa in the Kitab-ı Bahriye (Book of Navigation) of Piri Reis.

The second section is entirely composed of portolan charts and cruise guides. Each topic contains the map of an island or coastline. In the first book (1521), this section has a total of 132 portolan charts, while the second book (1525) has a total of 210 portolan charts. The second section starts with the description of the Dardanelles Strait and continues with the islands and coastlines of the Aegean Sea, Ionian Sea, Adriatic Sea, Tyrrhenian Sea, Ligurian Sea, the French Riviera, the Balearic Islands, the coasts of Spain, the Strait of Gibraltar, the Canary Islands, the coasts of North Africa, Egypt and the River Nile, the Levant and the coastline of Anatolia. This section also includes descriptions and drawings of the famous monuments and buildings in every city, as well as biographic information about Piri Reis who also explains the reasons why he preferred to collect these charts in a book instead of drawing a single map, which would not be able to contain so much information and detail. A century after Piri's death and during the second half of the 17th century, a third version of his book was produced, which left the text of the second version unaffected while enriching the cartographical part of the manuscript. It included additional new large-scale maps, mostly copies of the Italian (from Battista Agnese and Jacopo Gastaldi) and Dutch (Abraham Ortelius) works of the previous century. These maps were much more accurate and depict the Black Sea, which was not included in the original.[18]

Copies of the Kitab-ı Bahriye are found in many libraries and museums around the world:

Copies of the first edition (1521) are found in the Topkapı Palace, the Nuruosmaniye Library and the Süleymaniye Library in Istanbul, the Library of the University of Bologna, the National Library of Vienna, the State Library of Dresden, the National Library of France in Paris, the British Museum in London, the Bodleian Library in Oxford and the Walters Art Museum in Baltimore.

Copies of the second edition (1525) are found in the Topkapı Palace, the Köprülüzade Fazıl Ahmed Paşa Library, the Süleymaniye Library and the National Library of France.

In popular culture[]

  • The Piri Reis maps are mentioned in Erich von Däniken's 1968 bestseller Chariots of the Gods?, Unsolved Mysteries of the Past.
  • Piri Reis features in Ubisoft's Assassin's Creed: Revelations. In the video game set in 1511 AD, he has taken leave from the Sultan's Navy to work on chart and map making at Constantinople. He is portrayed as a member of the Assassin Order; his greatest contribution to the game is teaching the main character Ezio Auditore how to better use Ottoman bombs.[19]
  • Piri Reis' maps are referenced in the novel The Space Vampires, in which it states that Reis used extraterrestrial information to increase the accuracy of his maps.
  • Piri Reis appears in Koei's Uncharted Waters: New Horizons video game. He is a recruitable NPC of Turkish Loyalty and wanders in Turkish ports until either recruited by a player or begins to command a battle fleet for the Turkish navy. His name is spelled Pilly Reis however. He is the highest level and therefore hardest NPC to recruit.

See also[]

Commons-Logo Wikimedia Commons has media related to Piri Reis.

References[]

  1. ↑ http://dergiler.ankara.edu.tr/dergiler/19/821/10412.pdf
  2. ↑ Soucek, S. “Islamic Charting in the Mediterranean,” In J. B. Harley and D. Woodward, eds.[I] Cartography in the Traditional Islamic and South Asian Societies[/I]. Vol. 2, book 1, 263–272. 1992. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
  3. ↑ Trading Territories: Mapping the Early Modern World, Jerry Brotton, Reaktion Books, ISBN 978-1-86189-011-5, p.108
  4. ↑ Trading territories: mapping the early modern world, Jerry Brotton, Reaktion Books, ISBN 978-1-86189-011-5, 2003, p.193, reference to: Piri Reis Kitab-i-Bahriye, I(Istanbul 1988)
  5. ↑ Maps of the ancient sea kings: evidence of advanced civilization in the ice age, Charles H. Hapgood, 246, 1966 He was born at the town of Karaman, near Konya, Turkey
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 Other routes: 1500 years of African and Asian travel writing, Tabish Khair, page 127, 2006 Muhuddin Piri Reis was born at the naval base of Gelibolu (later known to "Westerners" as Gallipoli during the First World War) as a nephew of Kemal Reis, the most famous Turkish admiral and privateer or "corsair" of the period. He seems to have joined his uncle's ship at the age of 11 or 12...
  7. ↑ Venice and the Islamic world, 828-1797, Stefano Carboni, page 311, 2007 Piri Re'is, the nephew of a well-known Turkish mariner, learned seafaring and navigation from his uncle while both ... In 1511, Piri Re'is returned to his hometown of Gallipoli on the Dardanelles
  8. ↑ Maps of the ancient sea kings: evidence of advanced civilization in the ice age, Charles H. Hapgood, 246, 1966 He was born at the town of Karaman, near Konya, Turkey. The exact date of his birth is unknown. In his early youth he joined his uncle Kemal Reis...Piri Reis whose, real name was Ahmet Muhiddin stayed with the Ottoman fleet during the reigns of Yavuz Selim and Suleiman the Magnificent...
  9. ↑ Beyond the Pillars of Gibraltar, Gene Weed, page 24, 2004 ...This map was drawn by Piri Ibn Haji Mehmed, known as the nephew of Kemal Reis, in Gallipoli, in the month of Muharrem of the year 919...
  10. ↑ Trading territories: mapping the early modern world, Jerry Brotton, Reaktion Books, ISBN 978-1-86189-011-5, 2003, p.108
  11. ↑ Explore Istanbul: The Piri Reis Map
  12. ↑ Beyond the Pillars of Gibraltar, Leon E. Weed, ISBN 1-4116-0946-8, p.20.
  13. ↑ Piri Reis & Turkish mapmaking after Columbus, Svatopluk Soucek, Muʾassasat Nūr al-Ḥusayn, Kha, ISBN 978-0-19-727501-6, 1996, p.73
  14. ↑ The Map of America by Pîrî Reis, Professor Sevim Tekeli, Foundation of Science Technology and Civilisation, Ankara 2005
  15. ↑ Trading territories: mapping the early modern world, Jerry Brotton, Cornell University Press, ISBN 978-0-8014-3499-0, 1998, p.110
  16. ↑ The Cambridge illustrated history of the Islamic world, Francis Robinson, Cambridge University Press, 1998 p.70
  17. ↑ Turkish studies in the history and philosophy of science, Gürol Irzik, Güven Güzeldere, Springer, 2005, ISBN 978-1-4020-3332-2, p.286
  18. ↑ Dimitris Loupis, Piri Reis' Book on Navigation (Kitab-i Bahriyye) as a Geography Handbook, Bilkent University, p.39
  19. ↑ Ubisoft Montreal's Assassin's Creed Revelations

Further reading[]

  • Piri Reis Map and translation of the texts
  • İnan, Afet: Life and works of Pirî Reis: the oldest map of America. Ankara 1975.
  • Kahle, Paul: Die verschollene Kolumbuskarte von 1498 in einer türkischen Weltkarte von 1513. Berlin/Leipzig 1933. (In German)
  • Kahle, Paul (Hrsg.): Piri Re'îs. Bahrîje. Das türkische Segelhandbuch für das Mittelländische Meer vom Jahre 1521. Berlin 1926. (In German)
  • McIntosh, Gregory C.: The Piri Reis Map of 1513. Athens and London: University of Georgia Press, 2000.
  • Mesenburg, Peter: Kartometrische Untersuchung und Rekonstruktion der Weltkarte des Piri Re`is (1513). In: Cartographica Helvetica, No. 24 (2001), 3–7. (In German)
  • Soucek, Svat: Piri Reis and Turkish Mapmaking After Columbus: The Khalili Portolan Atlas. Vol. 2 of Studies in the Khalili Collection. London: The Nour Foundation and Azimuth Editions, 1992; New York: The Nour Foundation, Azimuth Editions, and Oxford University Press, 1996.
  • Asensi, Matilde: El origen perdido. Editorial Booket, Barcelona 2005. (In Spanish) 308pp. ISBN 84-08-06185-2. A work of fiction featuring the Piri Reis map, and with the map appearing on the cover.

External links[]

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The original article can be found at Piri Reis and the edit history here.
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