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Robert Young (soldier)

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Major General Sir Robert Young
File:Brigadier-General Robert Young.jpg
Brigadier-General Robert Young
Born (1877-01-05)5 January 1877
Died 25 February 1953(1953-02-25) (aged 76)
Place of birth Sunderland, England
Place of death Otaki, New Zealand
Allegiance Flag of New Zealand New Zealand
Service/branch Crest of the New Zealand Army New Zealand Army
Years of service 1898–1931
1941–1944
Rank Major General
Unit New Zealand Infantry Brigade
New Zealand and Australian Division
New Zealand Division
New Zealand Expeditionary Force
Battles/wars World War I
World War II
Awards Knight Companion of the Order of the Bath
Companion of the Order of St Michael and St George
Distinguished Service Order
Mentioned in Dispatches
Légion d'honneur

Major General Sir Robert Young, KCB, CMG, DSO, was a dentist, volunteer soldier, World War I brigade commander and professional New Zealand military officer. A British immigrant who came to New Zealand as a child, Young later rose to serve as a General Officer Commanding New Zealand Military Forces from 1925 to 1931. For service during World War I he was awarded the Distinguished Service Order (second only to the Victoria Cross for officers), mentioned in despatches, and was one of only 14 members of the New Zealand Army to receive the French Legion of Honour decoration during the War.

Early life[]

Born at Sunderland, England in 1877 Young came to New Zealand with his parents as a child. The son of Reverend Robert Young Vicar of St Mark's in Carterton, he was educated at Nelson College and after further study began practice as a dentist.[1] Young's history of military service began in 1898 when he joined the New Zealand Volunteer Forces serving in the Amuri Mounted Rifles (which was subsequently absorbed into the Canterbury Yeomanry Cavalry).[2] Following his marriage to Florence Ward in 1899 he settled in Marton and began service with the Royal Rifles, rising to the rank of captain in 1910 before the unit was incorporated into the new 7th (Wellington-West Coast) Regiment in 1911.[3][4]

World War I[]

After the New Zealand Government declared war on Germany and made the decision to establish a New Zealand Expeditionary Force for overseas service, the Wellington Infantry Battalion was formed and began concentrating at Awapuni racecourse in Palmerston North from 12 August 1914. Young joined the unit in the Manawatu and was subsequently promoted to major and appointed Officer Commanding the 9th (Hawke's Bay) Company.[5] The unit formed part of the New Zealand Infantry Brigade commanded by Brigadier-General Francis Earl Johnston, and Young departed New Zealand on board the troopship Limerick on 15 October 1914.[1] This vessel was one of twelve troop ships of the main body of the New Zealand Expeditionary Force escorted in convoy by Allied warships, which stopped at Hobart, Albany and Colombo before arriving at the Suez Canal on 1 December 1914. The New Zealand Expeditionary Force established a training camp at Zeitoun and Young under the direction of his Commanding Officer Lieutenant Colonel William George Malone began training his 9th (Hawke's Bay) Company troops in earnest, until the New Zealand Infantry Brigade was called forward to participate in British operations against the Ottomans in the Suez Canal area from January to February 1915.[6] On return from the field the Wellington Infantry Battalion returned to its training, until the newly formed New Zealand and Australian Division departed for the invasion of the Gallipoli Peninsula in late April 1915.[7]

Gallipoli[]

Young landed at Anzac Cove with the Wellington Battalion on 25 April 1915 and soon gained prominence as strong military leader. His 9th (Hawke’s Bay) Company moved up Walker's Ridge and defended positions at the Nek from continual Ottoman attacks, in what has been described as some of the severest fighting during the first day of the landings.[8] Young helped push back a series of Turkish counter-attacks on 27 April and supported New Zealand attempts to breakout from the Anzac perimeter on 3 May. He was placed in command of the Auckland Infantry Battalion after their near destruction at Helles during the fight at the Daisy Patch and promoted to temporary lieutenant colonel.[9] Young led the Aucklanders during the August Offensive when they sustained significant casualties in an assault at the Pinnacle on 7 August in their bid to take Chunuk Bair.[10][11] Young remained in charge of the depleted Auckland Battalion as they defended positions on Rhododendron Spur throughout September before they were withdrawn to Lemnos to recuperate. After the Battalion returned to Gallipoli he handed the unit back to Lieutenant Colonel Arthur Plugge on 20 November, and then took command of the Canterbury Infantry Battalion where he was confirmed as a substantive lieutenant colonel.[12] Young was placed in charge of all New Zealand Infantry Brigade rear parties as the New Zealanders withdrew from the Gallipoli Peninsula in the early hours of the morning on 20 December 1915.[13]

Western Front[]

New Zealand trench Flers September 1916

New Zealanders during the Battle of the Somme

New Zealander Commander of 1919 Victory Parade London

Young leading the New Zealand Contingent, London Victory Parade 1919

After the withdrawal from Gallipoli the New Zealand Infantry Brigade was expanded into two brigades, which with the addition of the newly arrived New Zealand Rifle Brigade formed the New Zealand Division. The Division was transferred to the Western Front in May 1916 under the command of Major-General Andrew Hamilton Russell, with Young remaining in charge of what was now titled the 1st Canterbury Battalion. He commanded the unit as it became acclimatised to warfare on the Western Front at Armentières, and led it during New Zealand participation in the Battle of the Somme in September 1916.[14] Young's capabilities as a commander were recognised when he was placed in temporary command of the 2nd New Zealand Infantry Brigade from 31 December 1916 to 6 January 1917 and then subsequently attached to Divisional Headquarters for liaison work during the Battle for Messines in June 1917.[15][16] He took temporary command of the New Zealand Rifle Brigade in the rank of temporary colonel on 7 August 1917 when Brigadier-General Francis Earl Johnston was killed in action, but his time as a brigade commander was short lived when he was shot in the neck just two days later and evacuated to London.[15] After recuperating in England Young returned to the Western Front on 4 December 1917 and assumed command of the 1st New Zealand Infantry Brigade in the rank of temporary Brigadier-General.[15] He was subsequently shifted to command 2nd New Zealand Infantry Brigade on 19 February 1918, and led the Brigade as it prevented enemy penetration past Hamel as part of the German Spring Offensive on 26 March 1918.[17] Young retained command of the 2nd New Zealand Infantry Brigade for the remainder of the War, seeing further action at the Battle of Bapaume[18] and in the push to the Hindenburg line which contributed to German capitulation in November 1918.[19]

Armistice[]

Young led his brigade into Germany after the cessation of hostilities, where they undertook garrison duties as part of the Allied army of occupation. Then as the New Zealand Expeditionary Force began to draw down he was posted to Sling Camp in England on 10 April 1919, in command of a group soldiers awaiting their return voyage to New Zealand.[2] Unfortunately, delays in obtaining transports for the return home resulted in considerable impatience and culminated in a camp riot. Young, who was held in great respect by the New Zealand soldiers, was called on to sort the matter out and his arrangements to ensure that married men were returned before single men helped alleviate the situation.[2] He had the honour of leading New Zealand forces in the victory parade through London in May 1919, before leaving England on 11 July 1919 for demobilisation.[15] On arrival in New Zealand Young was discharged from the New Zealand Expeditionary Force on 21 October 1919, but chose to continue service with the Permanent Staff of the New Zealand Military Forces.[3]

Mid–war[]

After his return to New Zealand, Young was appointed Honorary Aide de Camp to the Governor General in 1920 and served as Commander of the Canterbury Military District until 1921. He then served as Commander of the Southern Military District until 7 December 1925 when he was promoted to major-general and appointed General Officer Commanding New Zealand Military Forces. In this role Young was now the head of the army in which he had served since 1898, and key advisor on New Zealand military and defence issues to the New Zealand Government. He remained in this senior role until March 1931 when he retired, moving with his wife to Pohangia to assist their son on his sheep and cattle farm, before finally settling in Otaki.[3][4]

World War II[]

On the commencement of hostilities in August 1940 Young was appointed Dominion Commander of the Home Guard, and a year later Director-General of the Home Guard in the rank of brigadier based in Wellington.[3] His task was to prepare and supervise a system of training sufficiently disciplined and thorough to create an "additional line of national defence of real potential value, and to hold the allegiance of men who have no spare time to give to mere paradings".[2] The Home Guard's role was to limit the area of exploitation of any enemy invasion through the blocking of roads, demolitions, improvisation, and any other means of checking the invader. With the drain on skilled military instructors for the 2nd New Zealand Expeditionary Force, Young had to draw on the expertise of veteran officers and NCOs from World War I. He held this role until 1944 when the threat to New Zealand had sufficiently reduced to allow demobilisation of the Home Guard.[4]

Post-war[]

Young returned to Otaki after the War and became engaged in local affairs. He was elected to the Otaki Borough Council in 1945, was Horowhenua Power Board's Otaki representative and became a prominent member of the Otaki Bowling Club.[2] Sadly, Young died in Otaki on 27 February 1953 at the age of 76 years. A well attended service was initially held in Otaki, before his coffin was taken by hearse to Thorndon, Wellington, where it was transferred to a gun-carriage and draped with the New Zealand flag in a funeral with full military honours. His ashes were subsequently interred at the Marton cemetery.[2]

Awards and decorations[]

In recognition of his outstanding bravery and leadership Young was awarded the Distinguished Service Order on 8 November 1915 for distinguished service in the field on Gallipoli.[4][20][21] For his service as Commanding Officer of the Auckland Infantry Battalion on Gallipoli Young was made a Companion of the Order of St Michael and St George and later for his leadership and gallant conduct as a brigade commander he was appointed a Companion of the Order of the Bath.[21][22][23] Young was also Mentioned in Dispatches five times in recognition of his excellent service[21][24][25][26][27][28] and appointed a Chevalier of the Légion d’honneur by the President of France in February 1916.[29][30] This French award is uncommon to New Zealanders with fewer than 100 awards made, and Hastings was one of only 14 members of the New Zealand Expeditionary Force to be decorated with the Legion of Honour during the War.[29][31]

Ribbons[]

Brigadier General R Young, CB, CMB, DSO, 1919

Brigadier General Robert Young, KCB CMG DSO, 1919

See also[]

End notes[]

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Armoury Information Centre (2011). "Auckland War Memorial Museum Cenotaph, Robert Young". Auckland War Memorial Museum. http://muse.aucklandmuseum.com/databases/Cenotaph/59353.detail?Ordinal=21&c_surname_search=young&c_firstname_search=robert&c_warconflict_search=%22world+war+i,+1914-1918%22. Retrieved 20 August 2012. 
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 Swabey, Barbara, 'Major-General Robert Young, C.B., C.M.G., D.S.O., Legion of Honour', Historical Journal, Otaki Historical Society, Vol. 9, 1986, pp.46–49.
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 "The Last Post, Major-General Young". March 1953. p. 15. 
  4. ↑ 4.00 4.01 4.02 4.03 4.04 4.05 4.06 4.07 4.08 4.09 4.10 Haigh, Bryant & Polaschek, Allan, New Zealand and the Distinguished Service Order, Christchurch: John. D. Wills, 1993, p.293. Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name "Haigh" defined multiple times with different content
  5. ↑ Cunningham, William; Treadwell, Charles & Hanna, James, Official The Wellington Regiment (NZEF) 1914 – 1919, Wellington, Ferguson & Osborn Limited, 1928, pp. 1–5.
  6. ↑ Cunningham, William; Treadwell, Charles & Hanna, James, Official The Wellington Regiment (NZEF) 1914 – 1919, Wellington, Ferguson & Osborn Limited, 1928, pp. 18–21.
  7. ↑ Taylor, Richard, Tribe of the War God: Ngati Tumatauenga, Napier, NZ: Heritage, 1996, p.49.
  8. ↑ Stowers, Richard, Bloody Gallipoli: The New Zealanders' Story, Auckland: David Bateman, 2005, p.53.
  9. ↑ Stowers, Richard, Bloody Gallipoli: The New Zealanders' Story, Auckland: David Bateman, 2005, p.76.
  10. ↑ Cameron, David W., Australian Army Campaigns Series – 10: The August Offensive at ANZAC, 1915, Canberra, ACT Australia: Australian Army History Unit, Commonwealth of Australia, 2001, p.71.
  11. ↑ Pugsley, Christopher, Gallipoli: The New Zealand Story (2nd ed.), Auckland: Reed, 1998, p.283.
  12. ↑ Burton, Ormond, The Auckland Regiment, Auckland: Whitcombe and Tombs, 1922, p.76.
  13. ↑ Ferguson, David, The History of the Canterbury Regiment, N.Z.E.F. 1914 – 1919, Auckland: Whitcombe and Tombs Limited, 1921, p.79.
  14. ↑ Macdonald, Andrew, On my way to the Somme: New Zealanders and the bloody offensive of 1916, Auckland: Harper Collins, 2005, p.121.
  15. ↑ 15.0 15.1 15.2 15.3 "New Zealand Defence Force Personnel File Robert YOUNG, New Zealand Archives Reference: AABK 18805 W5557 0126390". http://archives.govt.nz/digitalarchive/archives:57707. 
  16. ↑ Ferguson, David, The History of the Canterbury Regiment, N.Z.E.F. 1914 – 1919, Auckland: Whitcombe and Tombs Limited, 1921, p.157.
  17. ↑ Harper, Glyn, Spring Offensive: New Zealand and the Second Battle of the Somme, auckland: Harper Collins, 2003, p.87.
  18. ↑ Harper, Glyn, 'Bloody Bapaume' in Dark Journey: Three key New Zealand battles of the Western Front, Auckland: Harper Collins, 2007, p.392.
  19. ↑ Pugsley, Christopher, The ANZAC Experience: New Zealand, Australia and Empire in the First World War, Auckland: Reed, 2004, p.281.
  20. ↑ 20.0 20.1 London Gazette 8 November, p.11027.
  21. ↑ 21.0 21.1 21.2 21.3 21.4 21.5 21.6 McDonald, Wayne, Honours and Awards to the New Zealand Expeditionary Force in the Great War 1914–1918, Napier: H. McDonald, 2001, p.351.
  22. ↑ 22.0 22.1 London Gazette 3 June 1919, p.6790.
  23. ↑ 23.0 23.1 London Gazette 14 January 1916, p.568;
  24. ↑ 24.0 24.1 London Gazette, 5 November 1915, p.11003.
  25. ↑ 25.0 25.1 London Gazette, 28 January 1916, p.1210.
  26. ↑ 26.0 26.1 London Gazette, 4 January 1917, p.1917.
  27. ↑ 27.0 27.1 London Gazette, 31 December 1918, p.15230.
  28. ↑ 28.0 28.1 London Gazette, 11 July 1919, p.8836.
  29. ↑ 29.0 29.1 29.2 Brewer, Mark, 'New Zealand and the Legion d'honneur: The Great War, Part One', The Volunteers: The Journal of the New Zealand Military Historical Society, 37(2), November 2011, p.351.
  30. ↑ 30.0 30.1 London Gazette, 24 February 1916, p.2066.
  31. ↑ Brewer, Mark, 'New Zealand and the Legion d'honneur: The Great War, Part Three', The Volunteers: The Journal of the New Zealand Military Historical Society, 38(1), July 2012, pp.20–23.

External links[]

Military offices
Preceded by
Major General Charles Melvill 		Commandant of New Zealand Military Forces
December 1925–March 1931 		Succeeded by
Major General William Sinclair-Burgess
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