SS El Estero

SS El Estero
SS El Estero with a full load of ammunition resting on the bottom of New York Harbor after being filled with water to put out a fire that threatened a major explosion. She is still flying the red signal flag B indicating dangerous cargo.
Career (Panama)
Name:	SS El Estero
Operator:	US Lines Inc.
Builder:	Downey Shipbuilding
Yard number:	12
Completed:	July 1920
Acquired:	September 1920
Out of service:	April 24, 1943
Fate:	Scuttled due to onboard fire, expended as Naval Gunnery target.
General characteristics
Tonnage:	4,219 GRT
Length:	102 m (335 ft)
Beam:	14.4 m (47 ft)
Installed power:	2,500 Horsepower
Propulsion:	Triple expansion steam engine
Speed:	12 knots (22 km/h; 14 mph)

SS El Estero was a general cargo steamship built for the Southern Pacific Steamship Lines at the Downey Shipbuilding Yard in Staten Island, New York and delivered for service in September 1920. The first of three sisterships built for the line, the El Estero was operated by the Morgan Line in the Coastwise trade primarily between the ports of New York City, Baltimore and Galveston for much of her commercial service life. Acquired by the US Maritime Commission on June 10, 1941 as part of an effort to increase US-Flag merchant marine shipping capacity, El Estero was purchased from Southern Pacific and placed operation with United States Lines under a Panamanian registry. Pressed into service carrying war supplies from the United States to Europe during World War II, the ship made several Atlantic crossings in convoys which frequently came under U-Boat attack, including Convoy PQ 13 in March 1942. Continuing this duty into 1943, El Estero put into New York Harbor in early April 1943 where she waited her turn to load munitions at the long finger pier of the Caven Point Army Depot off Bayonne, New Jersey. With loading completed on April 24, 1943, the El Estero had taken on 1,365 tons of mixed munitions and was preparing to depart at approximately 5:30PM when a boiler flashback started a fire on oily water in her bilges which quickly grew out of control.

Upper New York Bay with Craven Point Pier, where El Estero was moored when it caught fire. The pier is the thin white line in the center. The tip of lower Manhattan is in the upper right corner; Brooklyn is at the lower right.

The initial report of fire aboard the El Estero brought an immediate response of five fire trucks from the Jersey City Fire Department, two 30-foot fireboats and roughly 60 volunteers from the U.S. Coast Guard to battle and contain the flames aboard the ship, which was moored directly opposite two other fully loaded ammunition ships and two ammunition-laden consists of railroad boxcars. With over 5,000 tons of ammunition (comparable to a tactical nuclear weapon) now in immediate danger of being set off by the fire on El Estero and with memories of the Black Tom Explosion fresh on the minds of many at the scene, fire fighting efforts began in earnest. Quickly discovering that the location and intensity of the fire prevented access to the ships' seacocks and therefore made any attempt at scuttling the ship impossible, the call went out to the New York City Fire Department for assistance, which in turn dispatched its two most powerful fireboats; Fire Fighter and John J. Harvey, to the scene. Arriving at 6:30 pm and immediately running hoses up to Coast Guardsmen on the burning ship, the fireboats took positions directly alongside the El Estero as a trio of commercial tugboats made up a towline to her bow and began pulling her off the Caven Point Pier towards open waters on through the Verrazano Narrows. Despite the high probability of the ship's volatile cargo exploding at any moment, the Coast Guardsmen, fire fighters and tug crews continued their efforts to contain the fire on the El Estero to save as much of the ship and cargo as possible, but shortly after the tow began the Port Admiral of New York Harbor ordered the ship sunk. Shifting to a shallow area of water near Robbins Reef Light in Upper New York Bay, the fireboats began pumping their combined maximum capacity of 38,000 gallons of water per minute into the El Esteros cargo holds, which succeeded in swamping the ship and sent her to the bottom shortly after 9PM with much of her superstructure still above the surface. With all hotspots declared extinguished by 11:30PM on the 24th, the all-clear for residents and businesses ringing New York Harbor was transmitted over the radio and what is considered to have been the single greatest threat to New York City during World War II passed without major incident or loss of life.

With a shroud of secrecy soon in place over the events surrounding the sinking of the El Estero due in large part to the then-classified mission of the Caven Point Army Depot, public knowledge of the near-disaster remained low until 1944 when the first of several awards for heroism were distributed to the first responders. The El Estero herself would remain in her sunken state for the better part of four months before the still-loaded ship was finally raised from the seafloor and towed out of the harbor for use as a naval gunnery target. Her untimely end and its legacy are still very much visible today in the modern-day Sandy Hook Bay, where in August 1943 the US Navy began construction of a new ammunition depot in New Jersey, now known as Naval Weapons Station Earle which features a 2.9-mile pier designed to move the hazardous activity of loading and unloading munitions away from densely populated areas.

See also

• Halifax Explosion, a 1917 ammunition ship explosion involving less explosives that killed over 2000 people
• Black Tom explosion, an act of sabotage on American ammunition supplies by German agents during World War I
• Port Chicago disaster, a deadly munitions explosion that occurred in 1944, at the Port Chicago Naval Magazine in California
• SS Greenhill Park, a 1945 incident in Vancouver similar to El Estero
• Air raid on Bari, a port disaster in Italy in 1942
• SS Richard Montgomery, explosive-filled liberty ship wreck SS Richard Montgomery off the Kent coast UK