Suffolk Regiment

Suffolk Regiment
	Badge of the Suffolk Regiment
Active	1685–1959
Country	Kingdom of England (1685–1707); Kingdom of Great Britain (1707–1800); United Kingdom (1801–1959)
Branch	British Army
Type	Infantry
Role	Line infantry
Size	1–2 Regular battalions; 1–2 Militia and Special Reserve battalions; 1–4 Territorial and Volunteer battalions; Up to 15 Hostilities-only battalions
Garrison/HQ	Gibraltar Barracks, Bury St Edmunds
Nickname(s)	"Old Dozen"
Engagements	Battle of Minden; Eureka Rebellion; Battle of Singapore

The Suffolk Regiment was an infantry regiment of the line in the British Army with a history dating back to 1685. It saw service for three centuries, participating in many wars and conflicts, including the First and Second World Wars, before being amalgamated with the Royal Norfolk Regiment to form the 1st East Anglian Regiment (Royal Norfolk and Suffolk) in 1959 which, in 1964, was further amalgamated with the 2nd East Anglian Regiment (Duchess of Gloucester's Own Royal Lincolnshire and Northamptonshire), the 3rd East Anglian Regiment (16th/44th Foot) and the Royal Leicestershire Regiment to create the present Royal Anglian Regiment.

History[]

Early history[]

Henry Howard, 7th Duke of Norfolk, founder of the regiment

The regiment was raised by Henry Howard, 7th Duke of Norfolk as the Duke of Norfolk's Regiment of Foot in 1685 and incorporated men from the East Anglian counties of Norfolk and Suffolk.^[1] It was originally formed to combat the Monmouth Rebellion, but was not disbanded when the rebellion was defeated. Following the 1688 Glorious Revolution its Colonel Lord Lichfield was dismissed for his sympathies with James II and was replaced by Henry Wharton.^[2] Under Wharton the regiment participated in Marshal Schomberg's expedition to Ireland in 1689. It captured the unoccupied town of Belfast and then took part in the Siege of Carrickfergus in August 1689.^[3] Wharton died of fever in October 1689 while the regiment was part of the Dundalk Camp.^[4] Richard Brewer took command of the regiment and led it at the Battle of the Boyne in July 1690, the Capture of Waterford in July 1690 and the Siege of Limerick in August 1690.^[5] The regiment also fought at the Siege of Athlone in June 1691 and the Surrender of Limerick in August 1691^[6] before returning to England later in the year.^[7]

The regiment also saw action at the attack Fort Knokke during the Nine Years' War in Flanders.^[8] The regiment was placed on the Irish establishment following the Treaty of Ryswick in 1697, and was not disbanded. It was subsequently stationed in Jamaica during the War of the Spanish Succession.^[9] It embarked for Flanders in 1742 for service in the War of the Austrian Succession and fought at the Battle of Dettingen in June 1743^[10] and the Battle of Fontenoy in May 1745.^[11]

The regiment was ranked in 1747 as the 12th Foot regiment^[12] and renamed as the 12th Regiment of Foot in 1751.^[12] In 1758 the 2nd Battalion of the regiment was separated from it and formed the basis of the 65th (2nd Yorkshire, North Riding) Regiment of Foot.^[12]

The regiment embarked for Germany in summer 1758 for service in the Seven Years' War; it fought at the Battle of Minden in August 1759,^[13] the Battle of Villinghausen in July 1761^[14] and the Battle of Wilhelmsthal in June 1762^[15] as well as the Siege of Cassel in autumn 1762.^[16] In 1782, it was given a county association as the 12th (East Suffolk) Regiment of Foot.^[12]

Napoleonic Wars[]

The regiment embarked for the West Indies in 1793^[17] and took part in the capture of Martinique, Saint Lucia and Guadeloupe in 1794.^[18] It returned to England in 1795^[19] and then embarked for India in 1796 where it took part in operations against Tipu Sultan including the Siege of Seringapatam in April 1799 during the Fourth Anglo-Mysore War.^[20] It also took part in the Invasion of Île Bonaparte in July 1810^[21] and the Invasion of Isle de France in November 1810 during the Napoleonic Wars.^[22]

The Victorian era[]

While garrisoning the Australian Colony of Victoria in 1854, detachments from the regiment, the 40th Regiment of Foot and colonial police, suppressed the Eureka Rebellion, by gold prospectors at Ballarat.^[23]

The regiment was not fundamentally affected by the Cardwell Reforms of the 1870s, which gave it a depot at Gibraltar Barracks in Bury St Edmunds from 1873, or by the Childers reforms of 1881 – as it already possessed two battalions, there was no need for it to amalgamate with another regiment.^[24] Under the reforms the regiment became the Suffolk Regiment on 1 July 1881.^[25] As the county regiment of Suffolk, it also gained the county's militia and rifle volunteer battalions, which were integrated into the regiment as numbered battalions.^[12]

The 1st Battalion served in the Second Boer War: it assaulted a hill near Colesberg in January 1900 and suffered many casualties including the commanding officer.^[23]

By contrast between 1895 and 1914, the 2nd Battalion, Suffolk Regiment was not involved in hostilities. It was stationed for the majority of the time in India. Garrison postings during this period include; Secunderabad (India) 1895, Rangoon and the Andaman Islands (Burma) 1896 to 1899, Quetta (North West Frontier) 1899 to 1902, Karachi and Hyderabad (Northern India, now Pakistan) 1902 to 1905, Madras (India) 1905 to 1907, Aden 1907, returning to England in 1908.^[23]

During its service in India the 2nd Battalion became known as a "well officered battalion that compared favourably with the best battalion in the service having the nicest possible feeling amongst all ranks". The 2nd was also regarded as a good shooting battalion with high level of musketry skills.^[26]

The spirit of independence and self-reliance exhibited by officers and non-commissioned officers led to the 2nd Battalion taking first place in the Quetta Division of the British Army of India, from a military effectiveness point of view, in a six-day test. This test saw the men under arms for over 12 hours a day conducting a wide selection of military manoeuvres, including bridge building, retreats under fire, forced marches and defending ground and fixed fortifications.^[27]

In 1908, the Volunteers and Militia were reorganised nationally, with the former becoming the Territorial Force and the latter the Special Reserve;^[28] the regiment now had one Reserve and three Territorial battalions.^[12]^[29]

First World War[]

Regular Army[]

The 1st Battalion landed at Le Havre as part of the 84th Brigade in the 28th Division in January 1915 for service on the Western Front and then transferred to Egypt on 24 October 1915.^[30] It suffered some 400 casualties at the Second Battle of Ypres in May 1915.^[23]

The 2nd Battalion landed at landed at Le Havre as part of the 14th Brigade in the 5th Division in August 1914.^[30] The value of the 2nd Battalion's 20 years of peacetime training was exemplified at the Battle of Le Cateau on 26 August 1914, a mere 23 days since Britain had declared war on Germany. In this action the 2nd Battalion undertook a fierce rear-guard defence out-manned and out-gunned by superior numbers of enemy. The 2nd Battalion held their defensive position despite losing their commanding officer, Lt. Col. C.A.H. Brett DSO, at the commencement of the action and their second in command, Maj. E.C. Doughty, who was severely wounded after six hours of battle as he went forward to take ammunition to the hard-pressed battalion machine gunners.^[31]

Almost totally decimated as a fighting unit after over eight hours of incessant fighting, the 2nd Battalion, Suffolk Regiment was gradually outflanked but would still not surrender. This was despite the fact that the German Army, knowing the 2nd Battalion had no hope of survival, entreated them to surrender, even ordering the German buglers to sound the British Cease Fire and gesticulating for the men of the 2nd to lay down their arms. At length an overwhelming force rushed the 2nd Battalion from the rear, bringing down all resistance and the 2nd's defence of Le Cateau was at an end. Those remaining alive were taken captive by the Germans, spending the next four years as prisoners of war and not returning home until Christmas Day 1918.^[32]

As an example of their valour and the level of training they had been subject to as a peacetime unit, it is noted that 720 men of 2nd Battalion, Suffolk Regiment total roll call of some 1,000, many of whom had been with the battalion since the 1899 posting to Quetta, were killed, wounded or captured. This fight-to-the-last-man defence at Le Cateau was later recognised as a key factor in preventing the German occupation of Paris. The battalion, due to the casualties sustained, was transferred to GHQ Troops before, on 25 October, transferring to the 8th Brigade of the 3rd Division and, almost a year later, transferred to 76th Brigade of the same division, where they were to remain for the rest of the year.^[33]

Territorial Force[]

File:Sidney James Day VC.jpg

Sidney James Day VC.

The 1/4th Battalion landed at Le Havre as part of the Jullundur Brigade of the 3rd (Lahore) Division in November 1914 for service on the Western Front.^[30] The 1/5th Battalion landed at Suvla Bay as part of the 163rd (1/1st Norfolk and Suffolk) Brigade in the 54th (East Anglian) Division in August 1915; it was evacuated from Gallipoli in December 1915 and moved to Egypt and saw action again at First Battle of Gaza in March 1917.^[30]

Hostilities-only battalions[]

The 7th (Service) Battalion landed at Boulogne-sur-Mer as part of the 35th Brigade in the 12th (Eastern) Division in May 1915 for action on the Western Front.^[34]^[35] The 9th (Service) Battalion landed at Boulogne-sur-Mer as part of 71st Brigade in the 24th Division in August 1915 also for action on the Western Front:^[36] The 11th (Service) Battalion (Cambridgeshire) landed at Boulogne-sur-Mer as part of the 101st Brigade in the 34th Division in January 1916 also for action on the Western Front.^[37]

Inter-war period[]

The 1st battalion saw action in the campaign against the Moplahs in Malabar in 1922 while the 2nd battalion was deployed to Shanghai in 1927 before moving to India in 1929.^[23]

Second World War[]

Regular Army[]

The 1st Battalion, Suffolk Regiment was a Regular Army unit stationed in Devonport as part of the 8th Infantry Brigade, 3rd Infantry Division and served with the British Expeditionary Force (BEF) in France from late 1939 to May 1940. The division was commanded by Major-General Bernard Montgomery. With the rest of the BEF, it was evacuated from Dunkirk in 1940. The next four years were spent training in the United Kingdom for the invasion of Normandy in 1944, otherwise known as D-Day. The 1st Battalion, under the command of Lieutenant Colonel Richard E. Goodwin, landed on Sword beach and was involved in attacking and taking the Hillman Fortress on D-Day itself. They served with the 3rd Infantry Division throughout the entire North West Europe Campaign from D-Day to Victory in Europe Day in 1945. By the end of the war the 1st Battalion had lost 215 men killed in action.^[38]

The 2nd Battalion of the Suffolk Regiment was serving in India at the outbreak of the Second World War, spending the early years of the war mainly deployed on internal security duties. In 1943 the battalion transferred to the 123rd Indian Infantry Brigade, part of the 5th Indian Infantry Division and served with them in the Burma Campaign. In 1944 the battalion was flown to Imphal to clear Japanese positions.^[23]

Territorial Army[]

Bosbritsurrendergroup — Surrendering troops of the Suffolk Regiment held at gunpoint by Japanese infantry in the battle of Singapore.

The 4th/5th Battalion, Suffolk Regiment was a Territorial Army unit and was split to help re-create the 5th Battalion, which had been disbanded in the 1920s, in 1939 due to the Territorial Army being doubled as another conflict had, by this time, seemed inevitable. Both battalions were assigned to the 54th Infantry Brigade, which included the 4th Royal Norfolk Regiment, assigned to the 18th Infantry Division, a 2nd Line duplicate of the 54th (East Anglian) Infantry Division. Despite being a 2nd Line formation, the 18th Division contained many 1st Line units. The division spent the early years of the war in the defence of England and guarding against a possible German invasion after the bulk of the British Army was evacuated at Dunkirk. In late 1941 the 18th Division, the 4th and 5th Suffolks included, were originally to be sent to Egypt but instead were sent to Singapore to help strengthen the garrison there after Japan entered the war in December 1941. In early 1942, both the 4th and 5th battalions fought briefly in the defence of Singapore against the Japanese, with the 18th Division, before British Commonwealth forces on that island surrendered on 15 February 1942 under the orders of Lieutenant-General Arthur Percival. Men from the two battalions suffered great hardship as POWs and were forced to participate in the construction of the Burma Railway.^[23]

Hostilities-only[]

The 7th Battalion, Suffolk Regiment was a war-formed unit raised in June 1940, shortly after Dunkirk, and, on 10 October, was assigned to the 210th Independent Infantry Brigade (Home) alongside other hostilities-only battalions. With the brigade, the battalion alternated between home defence duties and training to repel an expected invasion of the United Kingdom. In November 1941, with the threat of invasion reduced due to the oncoming winter, the battalion was converted to a regiment in the Royal Armoured Corps, becoming 142nd Regiment Royal Armoured Corps (142 RAC) and joined 25th Army Tank Brigade. They continued to wear their Suffolk Regiment cap badge on the black beret of the Royal Armoured Corps as did all infantry units converted this way.^[39] Equipped with Churchill tanks the regiment landed at Algiers in 1943, fighting at the Battle of Medjez-el Bab in the Tunisia Campaign in April 1943. After the end of the fighting in North Africa the regiment remained there until April 1944 when, with the rest of the brigade, it landed at Naples, Italy, destined for service in the Italian campaign, where they fought in Operation Diadem, where the Allies finally broke out of the Gustav Line. 142 RAC was present when the Allies overcame the Hitler Line and the Gothic Line in late 1944. However, due to a shortage of manpower, the regiment was disbanded in January 1945 while in northern Italy.^[40]

The 50th (Holding) Battalion was created in late May 1940, around the time of the Dunkirk evacuation, and was originally intended temporarily to 'hold' men who were medically unfit, awaiting orders, or, as this was at the time of Dunkirk, returning from overseas service. However, in October, the battalion was re-designated as the 8th Battalion. In addition, the 6th, 9th, 30th, 31st and 70th (Young Soldiers) Battalions were also formed, although none of these saw service overseas.^[40]

Post war[]

The regiment was amalgamated with the Royal Norfolk Regiment to form the 1st East Anglian Regiment (Royal Norfolk and Suffolk) in 1959.^[41]

Battle honours[]

The regiment's battle honours were as follows:^[12]

Early Wars
- Dettingen, Minden, Gibraltar 1779-83, Seringapatam, South Africa 1851–52–53, New Zealand, Afghanistan 1878–80, South Africa 1899-1902
The Great War
- Mons, Le Cateau, Retreat from Mons, Marne 1914, Aisne 1914, La Bassée 1914, Givenchy 1914, Neuve Chapelle, Ypres 1915 '17 '18, Gravenstafel, St Julien, Frezenberg, Bellewaarde, Aubers, Hooge 1915, Loos, Somme 1916 '18, Albert 1916 '18, Bazentin, Delville Wood, Pozières, Flers-Courcelette, Morval, Thiepval, Le Transloy, Ancre Heights, Ancre 1916 '18, Arras 1917 '18, Scarpe 1917 '18, Arleux, Pilckem, Langemarck 1917, Menin Road, Polygon Wood, Poelcappelle, Passchendaele, Cambrai 1917 '18, St. Quentin, Bapaume 1918, Lys, Estaires, Messines 1918, Hazebrouck, Bailleul, Kemmel, Béthune, Scherpenberg, Amiens, Hindenburg Line, Épéhy, Canal du Nord, Courtrai, Selle, Valenciennes, Sambre, France and Flanders 1914–18, Struma, Doiran 1918, Macedonia 1915–18, Suvla, Landing at Suvla, Scimitar Hill, Gallipoli 1915, Egypt 1915–17, Gaza, El Mughar, Nebi Samwil, Jerusalem, Tell 'Asur, Battle of Megiddo 1918, Sharon, Palestine 1917-18
The Second World War
- Dunkirk 1940, Normandy Landing, Odon, Falaise, Venraij, Brinkum, North-West Europe 1940 '44-45, Singapore Island, Malaya 1942, North Arakan, Imphal, Burma 1943–45.

Victoria Cross[]

Victoria Crosses were awarded to the following men of the regiment:

Corporal Sidney James Day, First World War (26 August 1917)
Sergeant Arthur Frederick Saunders, First World War (26 September 1915)

Colonels-in-Chief[]

1944: The Princess Anne

Colonels of the Regiment[]

Colonels of the regiment were as follows:^[12]

1685–1686: Col Henry Howard, 7th Duke of Norfolk
1686–1688: Col Edward Lee, 1st Earl of Lichfield
1688: Col Robert Carey, 6th Baron Hunsdon
1688–1689: Col Hon. Henry Wharton
1689–1702: Col Richard Brewer
1702–1712: Maj-Gen John Livesay
1712–1717: Lt-Gen Richard Philipps
1717–1725: Brig-Gen Thomas Stanwix
1725–1741: Gen Thomas Whetham
1741–1745: Col Scipio Duroure
1745–1757: Lt-Gen Henry Skelton

12th Regiment of Foot[]

1757–1766: Lt-Gen Robert Napier
1766–1779: Gen Henry Clinton
1779–1811: Gen William Picton

12th (East Suffolk) Regiment[]

1811–1823: Gen Sir Charles Hastings, 1st Baronet
1823–1852: Gen Hon. Robert Meade
1852–1857: Lt-Gen Sir Richard Goddard Hare Clarges KCB
1857–1864: Lt-Gen Charles Anthony Ferdinand Bentinck
1864–1875: Gen Henry Colvile
1875–1888: Gen John Patton ^[42]

The Suffolk Regiment[]

1888–1900: Gen John Maxwell Perceval CB ^[42]
1900–1904: Gen Hon Sir Percy Robert Basil Feilding KCB
1904–1918: Lt-Gen Hon. Bernard Matthew Ward CB
1918: Lt-Gen Sir Alfred Edward Codrington GCVO KCB
1918–1919: Lt-Gen Sir Thomas D'Oyly Snow KCB KCMG
1919–1925: Gen Sir Thomas Lethbridge Napier Morland KCB KCMG DSO
1925–1939: Maj-Gen Sir John Ponsonby KCB CMG DSO
1939–1947: Col Walter Norris Nicholson CMG DSO
1947–1957: Brig Edward Henry Walford Backhouse CBE
1957–1959: Brig Richard Hobson Maxwell CB