| 1957 in the Vietnam War | |||
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← 1956 1958 → | |||
 A map of South Vietnam showing provincial boundaries and names and military zones (1, II, III, and IV Corps. | |||
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 South VietnamUnited States |
Anti-government insurgents: Viet Minh cadres [2] | ||
In 1958, the upswing in violence against the government of South Vietnam continued, much of which was committed by the communist-dominated insurgents now called the Viet Cong. In South Vietnam, President Ngo Dinh Diem appeared to be firmly in power, although many American officials expressed concern about the repressive nature of his regime. The United States continued to finance most of the budget of the government of South Vietnam. North Vietnam continued to campaign for reunification with the South while focusing on its internal economic development, but pressure from hard-pressed communists in the South was forcing the North to contemplate a more active military role in overthrowing the Diem government.
January[]
- 8 January
U.S. Ambassador Elbridge Durbrow and the heads of other U.S. government agencies in South Vietnam gave a negative assessment of the Diem government to Washington. They stated that discontent with the Diem government in rural areas was growing and a growing problem with internal security was anticipated. In the cities, Diem's secretive Can Lao party had succeeded in infiltrating many organizations and was feared. General Samuel Tankersley Williams, head of the Military Advisory Assistance Group (MAAG), for Vietnam refused to concur with the report stating that he did not have "concern regarding internal security, the economic situation, or the executive ability of the government of [South] Viet Nam."[3]
- 23 January
Troubled by reports of oppression in South Vietnam, Socialist Norman Thomas resigned from the American Friends of Vietnam, a prominent lobbying group which supported the Diem government.[4]
February[]
- February 12
A South Vietnamese army truck was ambushed by insurgents and all occupants were killed. This was one of several attacks in February on government and military personnel in the Mekong Delta region of southernmost South Vietnam.[5]
- 28 February
Three hundred Binh Xuyen insurgents attacked the Minh Thanh Rubber Plantation north of Saigon. The Government sent two divisions of army troops to attempt to hunt down the insurgents. Most of the incidents of violence in South Vietnam were committed by the remnants of the Binh Xuyen criminal gang and the Cao Dai and Hoa Hao religious sects which had been suppressed by the Diem government in 1955 and 1956. Viet Cong "political advisers" were often attached to the insurgents.[6]
March[]
As part of their efforts to advance the Unification referendum the North Vietnam via the Geneva machinery, forwarded messages to the Government of South Vietnam in July 1955, May and June 1956, March 1958, July 1959, and July 1960. These letters proposed loosening of economic restrictions between the two countries and preparations for a "free general elections by secret ballot,". Every time the messages were either rebuffed or ignored by the South Vietnamese government.[7]
April[]
- 18 April
Pham Van Dong, Prime Minister of North Vietnam, stated at a communist party meeting that the North should pursue reunification of North and South Vietnam by using peaceful means. The statement highlighted a dispute among North Vietnamese leaders. Le Duan and Le Duc Tho favored support for an insurgency in South Vietnam to unite the two Vietnams by force.[8]
- 30 April
The CIA estimated that the Viet Cong numbered 1,700 armed men.[9]
July[]
- 25 July
The U.S. Embassy in Saigon reported to Washington that "in many remote areas the central government [of South Vietnam] has no effective control."[9]
August[]
- 10 August
An insurgent force of 400 men raided the Michelin Rubber Plantation north of Saigon. The plantation was defended by a company security force and 200 South Vietnamese soldiers. The defenders were taken by surprise and lost more than 100 weapons and $143,000 in cash. The raid was led by a Binh Xuyen commander with Viet Cong advisers. President Diem had visited the rubber plantation only a week earlier.[10]
- 18 August
General Williams, the head of MAAG, opposed the use of the South Vietnamese army to respond to the growing number of Viet Cong attacks. He believed that the primary duty of the army was to contest an invasion of South Vietnam by the North Vietnamese army, a remote possibility in the view of most U.S. officials. MAAG training and equipment for the South Vietnamese army was focused on creating an army capable of fighting a conventional war.[11]
Despite William's objections, in the latter part of 1958 the South Vietnamese army carried on several inconclusive operations against Viet Cong strongholds in the Mekong Delta, including the Plain of Reeds (Dong Thap Muoi).[12]
September[]
Hilaire du Berrier published an article in the conservative magazine American Mercury highly critical of the Diem government and its American supporters. Du Berrier said that Diem "was imposed on a people who never wanted him" and that the American public had "not been told the truth." He characterized U.S. policy as "misguided meddling" and the Diem government as a "police state."[13]
October[]
- 4 October
The Ugly American, an anti-communist novel by Eugene Burdick and William Lederer, was published and serialized in the Saturday Evening Post. The novel was a scathing indictment of the personnel of the United States Department of State and other U.S. government agencies in the fictional Southeast Asian country of "Sarakan", easily identifiable as South Vietnam. The book was influential and a bestseller. The hero of the book was modeled on CIA operative Colonel Edward Lansdale, a close collaborator of President Diem from 1954 to 1957. Most Americans working in Southeast Asia were portrayed as being insulated from the people of the country in which they lived. The communists by contrast worked in the villages winning "hearts and minds". The book has been criticized for its paternalistic portrayal of Southeast Asians and the simplistic solutions it advanced to defeat communism.
The Ugly American contrasted sharply with Graham Greene's 1955 novel The Quiet American which portrayed a Lansdale-like character as naive and ineffective.[14]
December[]
Le Duan, First Secretary of the Communist Party of Vietnam, made a clandestine visit to South Vietnam to assess the situation of the Viet Cong and the resistance to the Diem regime.[15] North Vietnam assessed late-1958 and early-1959 as the "darkest period" of the communists in South Vietnam when the forces of South Vietnam "truly and efficiently destroyed our party." Communist party membership declined and nearly disappeared in the some parts of South Vietnam.[16] Security forces of North Vietnam occupied several villages in the Tchepone district of Laos near the Demilitarized Zone dividing North from South Vietnam. North Vietnam claimed the villages had historically been part of Vietnam.[17]
The Diem government of South Vietnam, by the end of 1958, had killed 12,000 persons and arrested 40,000 in its campaign to repress the communists and other opposition in South Vietnam.[18]
References[]
- ↑ Pentagon Papers, 1971, pp. 314-346
- ↑ Thousands of Viet Minh cadres had stayed behind after the Vietnam was split into North and South Vietnam. The North Vietnamese government still held out that a referendum on unification as per the Geneva Accords would go ahead. As such they forbid the southern Viet Minh cadres from anything but low level insurgency actions instead issuing directives to focus on political agitation in preparation for the upcoming elections.[1]
- ↑ Spector, Ronald L. United States Army in Vietnam: Advice and Support: the early years, 1941-1960 Washington: Superintendent of Documents, 1983, p. 305
- ↑ Jacobs, Seth America's Miracle Man in Vietnam: Ngo Dinh Diem, Religion, Race, and U.S. Intervention in Southeast Asia Durham: Duke University Press, 2006, p. 253
- ↑ Langer 2005, p. 52; Spector, p. 325
- ↑ Spector, p. 313-315
- ↑ Pentagon Papers, Vol. 3, pp. 242-269
- ↑ Lien-Hang T. Nguyen, Hanoi's War, Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2012, p. 43
- ↑ 9.0 9.1 Spector, p. 325
- ↑ Spector, p. 315
- ↑ Spector, p. 326; Krepinevich, Jr., Andrew F., The Army and Vietnam Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1986, pp 22-23
- ↑ Spector, p. 326
- ↑ Jacobs, Seth America's Miracle Man in Vietnam Durham: Duke University Press, 2006, pp 250-251
- ↑ Jacobs, pp. 110-116
- ↑ Lien-Hang T. Nguyen, p. 43
- ↑ Spector, pp. 326-327
- ↑ "North American Invasion" accessed 21 Aug 2014
- ↑ Adamson, Michael R. "Ambassadorial Roles and Foreign Policy: Elbridge Durbrow, Frederick Nolting, and the U.S. Commitment to Diem's Vietnam, 1957-1961" Presidential Studies Quarterl, Vol. 32, No. 2 (Jun 2002), p. 234. Downloaded from JSTOR
Bibliography[]
- Donaldson, Gary (1996). America at war since 1945: politics and diplomacy in Korea, Vietnam, and the Gulf War (1996 ed.). Greenwood Publishing Group. ISBN 978-0-275-95660-8. - Total pages: 229
- Goldstein, Martin E. (1973). American policy toward Laos (1973 ed.). Fairleigh Dickinson Univ Press. ISBN 978-0-8386-1131-9. - Total pages: 347
- Langer, Howard (2005). The Vietnam War: an encyclopedia of quotations (2005 ed.). Greenwood Publishing Group. ISBN 978-0-313-32143-6. - Total pages: 413
- Pentagon1 (1971). "Origins of the Insurgency in South Vietnam, 1954-1960". Beacon Press. pp. 242–69.
- Pentagon3 (1971). "Origins of the Insurgency in South Vietnam, 1954-1960". Beacon Press. pp. 314–346. http://www.mtholyoke.edu/acad/intrel/pentagon/pent14.htm. Retrieved May 4, 2010.
The original article can be found at Timeline of the Vietnam War (1958) and the edit history here.