Tunisian Army

Tunisian Army "جيش البر التونسي" Jaîsh al-Barr At'Tunisi
Seal of the Tunisian Land Army
Founded	1956
Country	Tunisia
Size	27,000 personnel
Part of	Tunisian Armed Forces
HQ	Tunis
Nickname(s)	TAF
Commanders
Commander	Brigadier Mohamed Salah Hamdi

The Tunisian Land Army is the ground component of the Armée Nationale Tunisienne. The Land Forces Command is located in Bizerte. The TAF itself was created on June 30, 1956.

The Land Army is the largest service branch within the Tunisian Armed Forces and has a dominant presence in the current General Staff. It is estimated to number around 27,000, in addition to 39,000 reservists for a total of 66,000 strong.

The modern army was created in the 1830s, and during the twentieth century has fought one battle against France .

History

During the Beylical period

Tunisian infantry officers and soldiers in 1840

Military parade of the Tunisian Crimean War contingent (1855), under the command of generals Rechid, Mohamed Chaouch and Osman

The modern Tunisian army was formed in 1831 by Al-Husayn II ibn Mahmud.

The first battalions of the regular modern Tunisian army were created at the same time as the reform of the Ottoman army and after the French conquest of Algeria in 1830.

At the initiative of Minister of Hussein Bey II, Mamluk Shakir Saheb Ettabaâ, a battalion of Tunisians was established in Tunis in January 1831. The next year, another battalion was raised, composed mainly of Sahelians and based in Sousse. Soldiers and officers were trained, equipped and dressed in European fashion, like the first regiments of the Ottoman army after the reforms of Sultan Mahmud II which followed the removal of the Janissary Corps. Ahmed Bey I built on the initial reforms of the reign of his uncle, Hussein Bey II and initiated more extensive changes in both the Tunisian army and state.

Early structure

By 1855 the Tunisian army was divided into seven infantry brigades spread throughout the country as listed below. Each was under the command of an Amir Liwa (Brigadier-General). From 1864 an Amir Oumar (General of Division was appointed). The numbers of each brigade varies from 1 000 to 2 000 men at different times.

• 1st brigade permanently stationed in Tunis since 1831;
• 2nd Brigade based in Sousse since 1832;
• 3rd Brigade based in Monastir;
• 4th Brigade based in Kairouan;
• 5th Brigade: formed part of the mhalla (a bi-annual mobile military column that was deployed through the back country of Tunisia);
• 6th Brigade : formed part of the mhalla;
• 7th Brigade based in El Ghar Melh (Porto Farina).

Also available from 1835 to 1860 were four artillery brigades (topjiya) of 1000 men each, distributed as follows:

• 1st Brigade in Tunis and Bardo since 1831;
• 2nd Brigade at La Goulette;
• 3rd Brigade distributed in the forts of the country (mainly Bizerte, Monastir, Sfax, Sousse Tabarka);
• 4th Brigade distributed in the high country.

The Army also had several Tunisian irregular regiments made up of Berber tribal levies (or Zouaoua mkhaznia) spread across the country. The full strength of these irregular units reached up to 40,000 infantry and cavalry. They were based mainly in barracks at Kef, Nefza and Tunis, and were commanded by Turkish Mamluks. When the need for a regular cavalry regiment (spahis) arose, Ahmed Bey I created one regiment in 1850, based in Manouba.

Fortifications

Fort of Bizerte

Beylical artillery in 1900

The country was surrounded by 110 fortresses garrisoned by detachments ranging in strength from 50 to 200 men. These comprised infantry and some artillery. They were responsible for ensuring the safety of cities, borders and coasts, the latter under the authority of the Ministry of the Navy. These forts were also used as residences by senior officials and governors, as well as serving as prisons or granaries and depots for military supplies such as gunpowder and ammunition. Every city and large village had one of these forts.

Tunis (14 parmi les plus grands du pays) dont les borjs Flifel, El Rabta, Gorjani, Bab Saadoun et Sidi Abdesselam Le Bardo (8) dont les borjs El Kebir et de La Manouba La Goulette avec les borjs Chikly, Sidi Bou Saïd et Halk El Oued Ghar El Melh (3) Bizerte (4) dont la kasbah Le Kef (16) dont les borjs El Jdid et Asker El Nidhami Sousse (13) dont le borj Sidi Mahjoub Mahdia (2) Monastir (10) dont le borj Sidi Amar Kairouan (7) dont le borj Dahmani

Sfax (12) dont les borjs El Tabenna et El Rassas Djerba (6) dont le borj El Kebir Tabarka (2) dont le borj El Jazira El Hamma Gabès Zarzis Béja Kélibia Hammamet Gafsa Sidi Daoud El Haouaria

The Kasbah of Tunis, fortress and former residence of the Bey of Tunis, had a special status. Inherited from the Hafsid period, it was refurbished and enlarged by the Ottomans becoming their center of power. It could accommodate up to 4000 Ottoman troops together with their weapons and equipment. It also housed the apartments of the Dey and senior officials of the Turkish troops from Tunis plus some departments of the Chancery. It was transformed into barracks by the French troops during the Protectorate and razed after Tunisian Independence.

Military Industries

Hammouda Pacha Bey was the first leader to give the country a military industry; with the creation of a modern cannon foundry in 1810; at Hafsia in the heart of the Medina of Tunis. The foundry was small but provided most of the guns required for Tunisia's small navy guns and proved quite effective according to the commentators of the time. However, to ensure the provision of equipment for the new Tunisian army, Ahmed Bey I provided the country with more modern factories on the European model from about 1840:

• a clothing factory in Tebourba which employed 400 workers. These included 48 skilled engineers of whom four were French. It used machines imported from England, under the authority of Ben Ayad Mahmoud;
• two tanneries in Mohamedia within the walls of the Kasbah, employing which workers from the Tunisian handicraft industry;
• a second cannon foundry located on the Bardo road, in addition to that of the existing Hafsia plant with its European machinery. The two factories provided the guns required for a fully equipped artillery regiment, without the need to import any parts ;
• a factory of small arms in the barracks of Sidi Ismail in Tunis, where craftsmen work Tunisian corporations even if the quantities produced and the quality of guns are weak;
• several saltpeter mines operating in Gafsa supplying Téboursouk and Béja;
• two gunpowder plants in the Kasbah of Tunis and El Jem;
• a large modern flour mill located in Djedeida to ensure the food needs of the military in Dabdaba, near the Kasbah of Tunis. This complex included a bakery and an oil mill with hydraulic presses.

Around 1865 many of these plants were dismantled or abandoned during a financial crisis.

Instruction

In 840 a military school called the Ecole Polytechnique was established in the Bardo Palace . Several instructors were French and Italians teaching science and military technology. The school staff also included several professors from the Zitouna University. The reformer Mahmoud Kabadou taught Arabic. The school was closed in the aftermath of the Mejba revolt in 1864, for financial reasons.

During the French occupation

During the period of the French Protectorate (1881-1956), Tunisians were recruited in significant numbers into the French Army, serving as tirailleurs (infantry) and spahis (cavalry). These units saw active service in Europe during both World Wars, as well as in Indo-China prior to 1954. The only exclusively Tunisian military force in existence under the French administration was the Beylical Guard.

After Tunisian Independence

On 21 June 1956 the transfer of about 9,500 Tunisian soldiers who had served in the French army and the Beylical Guard, made possible the speedy establishment of a combined arms regiment. The necessary equipment was made available to the young state from French and other sources. Of this number 25 officers, 250 warrant officers and 1,250 soldiers were veterans of the French army. On 30 June 1956 the new national Tunisian army was officially established by decree. The integration of the Beylical Guard, the induction of conscripts performing their military service as mandated in January 1957, and the recall of reservists enabled the army to expand from three to twelve battalions numbering 20,000 men in 1960. Approximately 60% of forces were used for border patrol and surveillance duties. The Tunisian army experienced combat for the first time in 1958; against French units crossing the southern border in pursuit of Algerian FLN fighters. However, the main battle experience of the Tunisian army, since its creation, occurred during the Bizerte crisis, when over 600 Tunisian soldiers were killed in combat against French forces.

Tunisia has contributed military forces to United Nations peacekeeping missions, including an army company to UNAMIR during the Rwandan Genocide. In his book Shake Hands with the Devil, Canadian force commander Roméo Dallaire gave the Tunisian soldiers high credit for their work and effort in the conflict and referred to them as his "ace in the hole".

During the 2011 Libyan Civil War, Tunisian forces, mostly border guards, saw some limited action when fighting between Libyan rebels and loyalist soldiers spilled over the border and clashes ensued between the Libyan Army and the Tunisian Army, resulting in at least one Tunsian civilian being injured by a Libyan rocket.

National service

The Tunisian army is in part a conscript army. Young men are called to be under arms at the age of twenty years, as women since March 2003.

The soldiers performing military service complete a period of one year. However, only a small portion of young conscripts doing their national service really (25 to 30%). Since 1978, they can choose an individual allocation of 15 to 25 days followed by puncture of a portion of their salary for the remaining eleven months of a fund for the benefit of national service. They are then placed in reserve until the age of 35.

Command et organisation

General Staff

In accordance with Article 44 of the constitution, the supreme commander of armed forces is the President of the Republic of Tunisia.

In December 2010, the staff is composed as follows: Chief of Staff of the Army corps is the General Rashid Ammar, one of the Air Force is Brigadier General Taieb Lajimi and that the navy is Rear Admiral Mohamed Khamassi. In April 2011, Ammar became chief of staff inter-armed.

The Inspector General of the armed forces is Rear Admiral Tarek Faouzi Larbi, the Director of Military Engineering is Brigadier General Mohammed Hedi Abdelkafi and the director of military security Brigadier General Ahmed Chabir.

Land Army

The army of 27,000 men strong is divided into four military regions: Bizerte, Tunis, Gabes and Beja. It consists of:

• 8 mechanized infantry regiments based in Kairouan, Beja, Gabes, Gafsa and Kasserine;
• 6 units of paratroopers based in Borj el-Khadra and Remada;
• 6 Special Forces units based in Remada; (Groupe des Forces Spéciales)
• 6 brigades of the elite presidential protection;
• 1 unit of military police;
• 16 battalions of tanks.

Ranks

The Tunisian army is composed of the corps of officers, NCOs and other ranks.

Officers

• General officers (army and air and marine):
  • General Corps, or Admiral (OF-10);
  • Major general or vice admiral (OF-9);
  • Brigadier General or Rear Admiral (OF-8);
• Senior Officers:
  • Colonel Major Captain or Major (OF-7);
  • Colonel or Captain (OF-6);
  • Lieutenant Colonel or Commander (OF-5);
  • Commander or Lieutenant Commander (OF-4);
• Junior Officers:
  • Captain or Lieutenant (OF-3);
  • Lieutenant or ensign of 1st class (OF-2);
  • Sub lieutenant or ensign of the second class (OF-1).

Sub-Officers

• Adjutant (OR-9);
• Chief Warrant Officer (OR-8);
• Warrant Officer (OR-7);
• Sergeant (OR-6);
• Sergeant (OR-5).

Enlisted

• Master Corporal (OR-4);
• Corporal (OR-3);
• Private first class (OR-2);
• Private Second Class (OR-1).

Missions

The mission of the Tunisian army is to defend the country against any foreign attack, to allow the development of a diplomatic counterattack and encourage the involvement of the United Nations, protect Tunisian nationals around the world and participate in peacekeeping missions.

Development support

The activities include development of trails, housing, the connection of several residential groups to drinking water systems and electricity, building bridges and drilling wells. The army also contributes to the achievement of the university campus of Gafsa and the construction of the airport of Gabes.

Peace keeping

Tunisia participates in the 1960s to peacekeeping missions, either under the auspices of the United Nations or in the mechanisms of the African Union. Thus, the Tunisian army has participated in numerous missions including:

• Congo (1960–1963): 2,261 troops (1,100 from 1962) involved the replacement of the Belgian colonial army;
• Ethiopia-Eritrea (1977–1978);
• Western Sahara (1991–1997): nine officers go there as observers of the cease-fire between Morocco and the Polisario Front;
• Cambodia (1992–1993): a contingent of 850 men participating in the disarmament of armed groups, protect refugees and treats more than 10,000 Cambodians. Sixty more men involved in the UN mission in that country;
• Somalia (1993–1994): soldiers provide security for UN facilities while doctors provide care to the population;
• Rwanda (1993–1995): sixty men are part of the African observers at the beginning of the Civil War. In 1994, a contingent of 826 soldiers deployed to the northwest of the country;
• Burundi (1994);
• Haiti (1994–1995);
• Namibia (1994–1997);
• Comoros (1997–1998);
• Kosovo (1999);
• Democratic Republic of Congo (2000 -): 27 officers working there as observers and more than 200 soldiers provide security of the headquarters of UN command and personalities on the ground.

For their dedication and bravery, 1 545 Tunisian soldiers received the Medal of peacekeeping.

Higher education

Military higher education in Tunisia is based on the organization of engineering education in the country and therefore the French model.

Young cadets are allowed for two years in a preparatory military school academies (Bizerte, Sousse and Sfax), where science education is modeled on the faculties of science, legal and political sciences and preparatory institutes studies of local engineers. The cadets receive military training in parallel together. Next, the cadets are referred to training abroad or a national military academies:

• Fondok Jedid Military Academy (Land Army);
• Menzel Bourguiba Naval Academy (Naval Force);
• School of Aviation Borj El Amri (Air Force).

After an internship in service as second lieutenants, cadets leaving lieutenants.

Tunisia also has a captain's school, staff's school, school of war and an institute of national defense. The army has also developed since the early 1970s, a vocational training system benefiting both the calls and young civilians who wish to undergo training in the army.

Army equipment

Small arms

• 9mm Browning Hi-Power pistol (Belgium)
• 9mm Beretta Model 38 SMG (Italy)
• 9mm IMI\FN Uzi SMG (Israel, Belgium)
• 9mm Sterling submachine gun (UK)
• 9mm H&K MP-5A3 SMG (Germany)
• 12 gauge SPAS-15 Shotgun (Italy)
• 5.56mm FAMAS F1 Assault rifle (France)
• 5.56mm M4 carbine Carbine, assault rifle (USA)
• 5.56mm M16A2 Assault rifle (USA)
• 5.56mm M16A4 Assault rifle (USA)
• 5.56mm Steyr AUGA1 Assault rifle (Austria): (introduced in 1978)
• 5.56mm Steyr AUGA2 Assault rifle (Austria)
• 5.56mm Steyr AUGA3 Assault rifle (Austria): (used during operation Châambi 2012)
• 7.62mm FN FAL50-00 SAR (Belgium)
• 7.62mm FAC (FN) Squad automatic weapon (Belgium)
• 12.7mm M-82A-1 Barrett Sniper rifle (USA)
• 5.56mm FN Minimi LMG (Belgium)
• 7.62mm FN MAG General purpose machine gun (Belgium)
• 7.62mm SACO M60 GPMG (USA)
• .30 caliber (7.62mm) Browning M1919A4 machine gun (USA)
• .50 caliber (12.7mm) Browning M2HB heavy machine gun (USA)
• Hotchkiss-Brandt 60mm Commando light mortar (France)
• 81mm M29A1 medium mortar (USA)

Artillery

• 19-20 M109A2 155mm self-propelled howitzer (USA)
• 48 M108 105mm self-propelled howitzer (USA) (no longer in service)
• 57-60 M198A1 155mm towed howitzer (USA)
• 30 M114A1 155mm towed howitzer (USA)
• 30 Model-50 M-50 155mm towed howitzer (France)-status unknown.
• 45-50 M102 105mm towed howitzer (USA)

Heavy mortars

• 114 M30 4.2 inch/107mm heavy mortars (USA) 78 towed + 36 mounted in M106A2 mortar carriers as self-propelled heavy mortars
• 18 MO-120-RT-61 towed heavy mortar (France)

Anti-tank weapons

• 70-200 BGM-71C Improved TOW ATGM Launcher (on M901 TD) (USA)
• 100 BGM-71A Improved TOW ATGM Launcher (USA)
• 500 MILAN ATGM launcher (France) (West Germany)
• 80 SS.11 ATGM launcher (France) (possibly no longer in service)
• 300 LRAC F1 89mm Light ATRL (France)
• 300 M20 "Super Bazooka" 3.7 inch/94mm Light ATRL (USA)
• 70 M40 106mm recoilless rifle (USA)
• 140 M18 57mm recoilless rifle (USA)

Anti-aircraft weapons

• 24 Skyguard AD System\Ammon 24x4 Aspide SAMs (Italy)+24 Oerlikon GDF-002 2x35mm AAGs (Swiss)-ordered from Egypt
• 18 Sinai-23 AD System (with 4xStrela 2 MANPAD launchers and ZU-23-2 23mm twin-mounted AAG, on M113A2 APC) (Egypt) (USSR) (USA) (on order)
• 62 MIM-72 Chaparral quad-mounted short-range SAM launcher,with some 600 missiles(300 C\300 E) (USA)
• 48 RBS 70 MANPAD Launcher \ 600 missiles (Sweden)
• 100 Strela 2 MANPAD Launcher (USSR)
• 26 M163 PIVADS 20mm self-propelled AAG (USA) (on order)
• 18 M42 Duster twin-mounted Bofors 40 mm self-propelled AAG (USA)(Sweden)
• 15 Type 55 37mm Towed AAGs (China)
• 15 Type 65 37mm towed AAG (China)
• 100 M55 20mm towed AAG (Yugoslavia)

Tanks

• 58 KMW Leopard 2A4 120mm main gun MBT (Germany) – to be delivered.
• 59 M60A3 Patton 105mm main gun main battle tank (USA)
• 30 M60A1 Patton 105mm main gun main battle tank (USA)
• 26-30 M48A5 Patton 105mm main gun main battle tank (USA)
• 30 Giat AMX-30B-2 105mm MBT (France)-ordered from Saudia-TBD
• 55-80 SK-105 Kürassier 105mm main gun light tank/tank destroyer (Austria)
• 55 AMX-13 75mm main gun light tank (France) (no longer in service)
• 20 M41A1 Walker Bulldog 76mm main gun light tank (USA) (no longer in service)

Reconnaissance

• 18-36 EE-9 Cascavel 90mm main gun 6x6 ARV (Brazil)
• 24 Alvis Saladin 76mm main gun 6x6 ARV (UK)
• 40 Panhard AML 90 90mm main gun 4x4 ARV (France)
• 10 Panhard AML 60 60mm mortar 4x4 ARV (France)
• 18 EE-3 Jararaca 4x4 ARV (Brazil)

APC/IFVs

• 35-100 M901 ITV 2xBGM-71A\C Improved TOW ATGM launcher (USA)
• 140-334 M113A1/M113A2 APC (USA)
• 36 M106A2 M30 4.2 inch/107mm heavy mortar APC (USA)
• 36 M125A2 M29A1 81mm medium mortar APC (USA)
• 24 M577A2 APC (USA)
• 85 Humvee with Mk 19 40mm AGL 4x4 APC (USA)
• 120 Fiat 6614C 4x4 APC (Italy)
• 18-36 EE-11 Urutu 6x6 APC (Brazil)
• 110 Fahd 240/280 4x4 APC (Egypt) (on order)
• 20 Cadillac LAV V150 Commando 4x4 APC (USA)-Reported
• 10 VXB-170 4x4 APCs (France)

Logistics and engineering equipment

• Bailey bridges (UK)
• 26 M88A2 Hercules ARV (USA)
• 5 Greif ARV (Austria)
• 5 Pioner CEV (Austria)
• 4 M728 CEV (USA)
• D-9 Bulldozers (USA)
• Zodiak boats (France)

AFV transporters

• HET M1000 (USA)

Utility vehicles

• M151A2 MUTT 4x4 (USA)
• Land Rover Defender 4x4 (UK)
• Mercedes-Benz Unimog U-4000 (Germany)
• Mercedes-Benz Unimog U-5000 (Germany)
• M35A2 cargo truck (USA)
• M939 cargo truck (USA)
• 56 M49 tanker truck (USA)

Radar

• 2 RASIT DRPT ground surveillance radar (France)

Other equipment

• Global Positioning System (USA)
• Night vision goggles (USA)
• SPECTRA helmet (France)
• PASGT helmet (USA)
• Bose headphones (USA)
• Motorola radio systems (USA)
• Red dot sights (USA) (UK) (France)
• Optical sights (USA) (UK) (France)
• Interceptor body armor (USA)

Weapons of mass destruction

No known nuclear activity. Signatory to the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT).

No known chemical weapons activity. Party to the Chemical Weapons Convention (CWC).

No known biological weapons activity. Party to the Biological Weapons Convention (BWC).