Vickers Warwick

Warwick
File:Vickers Warwick B ASR Mk1 - BV285.jpg
Warwick B/ASR Mk I BV285
Role	Maritime reconnaissance, air-sea rescue, transport
Manufacturer	Vickers-Armstrongs
First flight	13 August 1939
Primary users	RAF Polish Air Force in exile BOAC
Number built	842
Developed from	Vickers B.9/32

The Vickers Warwick was a multi-purpose British aircraft used during the Second World War. Designed and manufactured by Vickers-Armstrongs, it was intended to serve as a larger counterpart to their Wellington bomber, sharing similar construction and design principles.

Due to a protracted development, the Warwick was made effectively redundant by rapid aircraft development by rival firms. It was put into operational use by the Royal Air Force (RAF) as a transport, air-sea rescue and maritime reconnaissance platform. The British Overseas Airways Corporation (BOAC) also operated the Warwick in a civil capacity.

Design and development

The Warwick was designed to meet Air Ministry specification B.1/35 for a two-engined heavy (by the standards of the day) bomber. It was designed in parallel with the smaller Wellington, both being derived from the Vickers Type 271 design to Specification B.9/32. B.1/35 was drawn up for a twin-engined heavy bomber in January 1935; it was intended to make use of more powerful engines then being developed and thus be both faster and carry a heavier bombload than the B.3/34 specification which would be met by the Armstrong Whitworth Whitley. By the end of July, the Air Ministry was able to consider eight designs. The Vickers 284 with Hercules engines was placed first and a prototype ordered along with prototypes of the designs by Armstrong Whitworth (AW.39 a developed Whitley) and Handley Page (HP.55). Before the last two had been built they were cancelled - both Handley Page and Armstrong Whitworth preferring to work on the new specifications for medium (P.13/36) and heavy (B.12/36) bombers. Vickers chose to continue but construction was slowed by work on the Wellington, lack of engines and official expectation that the design would be surpassed by later aircraft.

The specification was modified in 1936 for greater fuel and bombload and in 1937 Rolls-Royce Vulture liquid-cooled "X" engines were named as alternative powerplant and adopted in late 1938. In February 1939 it was decided to not proceed beyond the prototypes because of the work required for the Vulture but this was reversed in the following January. Vickers-Armstrongs completed two prototypes. The first, (serial K8178) powered by the Vultures flew from Brooklands on 13 August 1939. The second prototype (L9704) was originally designed to use Napier Sabre engines, but development of the Sabre was slow, with all production capacity needed for the Hawker Typhoon fighter, so L9704 was instead fitted with the Bristol Centaurus radial engines, flying on 5 April 1940. The Vulture engine, needed for the Avro Manchester, was also unlikely to be available in sufficient numbers for the Warwick, and proved unreliable. While the Centaurus-powered prototype was more promising, the development of the Centaurus was at an early stage and again engines were in short supply. Use of the American Pratt & Whitney Double Wasp radial was proposed. The second prototype was converted to use the R-2800-S14A4-G engines and first flew in this form in July 1941. The Double Wasp installation was inferior to the Centaurus but the aircraft was ordered with the Pratt & Witney engine. The Warwick used Barnes Wallis' geodesic airframe construction pioneered in the Wellesley and Wellington. In this system, a network of intersecting structural members made from duralumin were covered by wired-on fabric. The load was distributed amongst the structure, providing great redundancy in the event of damage, at the expense of complexity of construction. An initial production order for 250 Warwicks, consisting of 150 Double Wasp-powered Mk Is and 100 Centaurus-powered Mk IIs was placed on 28 December 1940. A total of 219 Warwick Mark Is were built, the last 95 with 2,000 horsepower (1,500 kW) R-2800-47 engines.

Operational history

A section of the rear fuselage from a Warwick showing the geodesic construction in duralumin. On exhibit at the Armstrong & Aviation Museum at Bamburgh Castle.

The first production Warwick B Mk I was delivered to the RAF for testing at the Aeroplane and Armament Experimental Establishment, Boscombe Down on 3 July 1942. Only 16 aircraft were delivered as bombers, as by this time more capable four-engined heavy bombers such as the Short Stirling and Handley Page Halifax were in service. Testing showed the Warwick to be under-powered and with severe handling problems especially flying single engined. The version of Double Wasp fitted to early models proved extremely unreliable with many in-flight failures. Later versions fitted with Bristol Centaurus engines had better performance but the handling problems were never resolved.

The Warwick was subsequently considered for transport and air-sea rescue roles and BV243 was successfully converted into a transport to serve as a trial aircraft, an additional 13 Mk Is were converted on the production line as C Mk I transports for use by BOAC, being used briefly on its Middle East services before being transferred back to RAF Transport Command in 1944. One hundred similar aircraft were built for the RAF as Warwick C Mk IIIs, and entered service with 525 Squadron in June 1944, with three more squadrons operating the Warwick III. They were mainly used in the Mediterranean theatre, as the vulnerability of the fabric skinning to high temperature and humidity stopped plans to operate the Warwick in the Far East, the model remaining in use until retired in 1946.

The remainder of the first batch of 250 Warwicks were used by RAF Coastal Command for anti-submarine reconnaissance. From 1943 Warwicks were loaded with the 1,700 lb (770 kg) Mk IA airborne lifeboat and used for air-sea rescue. The lifeboat, designed by yachtsman Uffa Fox, laden with supplies and powered by two 4 hp (3.0 kW) motors, was aimed with a bombsight near to ditched air crew and dropped by parachute into the sea from an altitude of about 700 ft (210 m). Warwicks were credited with rescuing crews from Halifaxes, Lancasters, Wellingtons and B-17 Flying Fortress, and during Operation Market Garden, from Hamilcar gliders, all of which ditched in the English Channel or North Sea.

A production order for 525 Warwick Mk V was placed although only 235 were ultimately completed, most of which went directly into storage in 1944. In early 1945, the variant was issued to 179 Squadron at RAF St Eval. The Mk V was also used by 17 and 27 Squadrons of the South African Air Force.

Variants

A rigged airborne lifeboat in front of a Warwick with D-Day identification stripes

Air-sea rescue Warwick with an airborne lifeboat under the fuselage

Warwick Mark I

• Warwick B Mk I — original production bomber, of 150 ordered, only 16 aircraft were built. They were used for a variety of tests.
• Warwick C Mk I or Vickers Type 456 — transport version for BOAC, for use on its Mediterranean and North African routes. 14 built.
• Warwick B/ASR Mk I — 40 aircraft converted from the Warwick B Mk I bomber. The Warwick ASRs were used as air-sea rescue aircraft. They could carry two sets of Lindholme lifesaving equipment.
• Warwick ASR (Stage A) — 10 aircraft converted from the Warwick B Mk I bomber. The Warwick ASR (Stage A) was used for air-sea rescue. They could carry one airborne lifeboat and two sets of Lindholme lifesaving equipment.
• Warwick ASR (Stage B) — 20 aircraft converted from the Warwick B Mk I bomber. The Warwick ASR (Stage B) were air-sea rescue aircraft, carrying the same equipment as the Warwick ASRs and ASR (Stage As).
• Warwick ASR Mk I or Vickers Type 462 was an air-sea rescue version, it could carry an airborne lifeboat. The aircraft was powered by two 1,850 hp (1380 kW) Pratt & Whitney Double Wasp R-2800-S1A4G radial piston engines; 205 built.

Warwick Mark II

• Warwick B Mk II or Vickers Type 413 — bomber prototype, only one example was ever built, converted from a Warwick B Mk I.
• Warwick GR Mk II or Vickers Type 469 — anti-submarine, general reconnaissance version. It was equipped to carry torpedoes and bombs. It was powered two 2,500 hp (1,864 kW) Bristol Centaurus VI radial piston engines; 118 built.
• Warwick GR Mk II Met — meteorological reconnaissance version of the Warwick GR Mk II; 14 built.

Warwick Mark III

• Warwick C Mk III or Vickers Type 460 — transport version. It had a pannier-like extension below the central fuselage, the normal loaded weight being raised to 45,000 lb (20,400 kg). It could carry 24 equipped troops or eight to 10 passengers in the VIP version. No armament was carried; 100 built.

Warwick Mark V

• Warwick GR Mk V or Vickers Type 474 — anti-submarine, general reconnaissance aircraft. It was powered by two Bristol Centaurus VII radial piston engines, armed with 7 machine guns and could carry 6,000 pounds (2,700 kg) of bombs, mines or depth-charges. A Leigh light was fitted ventrally. The first operational sortie was carried out by 179 Squadron on 4 December 1944; 210 built.

Warwick Mark VI

• Warwick ASR Mk VI or Vickers Type 485 — final air-sea rescue version. The aircraft was powered by two Pratt & Whitney R-2800-2SBG Double Wasp radial piston engines; 94 built.

Operators

Military Operators

Poland

• Polish Air Forces in exile in Great Britain
  • No. 301 Polish Bomber Squadron
  • No. 304 Polish Bomber Squadron

South Africa

• South African Air Force
  • 17 Squadron SAAF
  • 27 Squadron SAAF

United Kingdom

• Royal Air Force
  • No. 38 Squadron RAF
  • No. 167 Squadron RAF
  • No. 179 Squadron RAF
  • No. 251 Squadron RAF
  • No. 269 Squadron RAF
  • No. 276 Squadron RAF
  • No. 277 Squadron RAF
  • No. 278 Squadron RAF
  • No. 279 Squadron RAF
  • No. 280 Squadron RAF
  • No. 281 Squadron RAF
  • No. 282 Squadron RAF
  • No. 283 Squadron RAF
  • No. 284 Squadron RAF
  • No. 292 Squadron RAF
  • No. 293 Squadron RAF
  • No. 294 Squadron RAF
  • No. 353 Squadron RAF
  • No. 520 Squadron RAF
  • No. 525 Squadron RAF
  • No. 621 Squadron RAF

Civil Operators

United Kingdom

• BOAC

Specifications (Warwick ASR Mk I)

Data from Vickers Aircraft since 1908

General characteristics

• Crew: six
• Length: 72 ft 3 in (22.00 m)
• Wingspan: 96 ft 8½ in (29.48 m)
• Height: 18 ft 6 in (5.6 m)
• Wing area: 1,006 ft² (93.5 m²)
• Empty weight: 28,154 lb (12,797 kg)
• Max. takeoff weight: 45,000 lb (20,455 kg)
• Powerplant: 2 × Pratt & Whitney R-2800/S.1A4-G "Double Wasp" radial piston engine, 1,850 hp (1,380 kW each) each

Performance

• Maximum speed: 224 mph (195 knots, 361 km/h)
• Range: 2,300 miles (2,000 NM, 3,700 km)
• Service ceiling: 21,500 ft (6,550 m)
• Rate of climb: 660 ft/min (3.35 m/s)

Armament

• Guns: 8 x .303 (7.7 mm) Browning machine guns in three turrets

See also

• Vickers Wellington
• Avro Manchester
• Heinkel He 177
• List of aircraft of World War II
• List of bomber aircraft
• List of aircraft of the Royal Air Force

References

Bibliography

• "Airborne Lifeboats:Fully Provisioned Power Lifeboat Dropped to Ditched Air Crews". Flight, 18 January 1945, pp. 62–64.
• Andrews, C.F and E.B. Morgan. Vickers Aircraft since 1908. London: Putnam, 1988. ISBN 0-85177-815-1.
• Barfield, Norman. "Vickers-Armstrongs Warwick variants". Aircraft in Profile, Volume 11. Windsor, Berkshire, UK: Profile Publications Ltd., 1972.
• Bartelski, Jan. Disasters In The Air. London: Airlife, 2001. ISBN 1-84037-204-4.
• Buttler, Tony. British Secret Projects: Fighters & Bombers 1935-1950. Hinckley: Midland Publishing, 2004. ISBN 1-85780-179-2
• "Dropping an Airborne Lifeboat". Flight, 8 March 1945, p. 253.
• Green, William and Gordon Scarborough. WW2 Fact Files: RAF Bombers, Part 2. London: Jane's Publishing Company Ltd., 1981. ISBN 0-7106-0118-2.
• Halley, James J. The Squadrons of the Royal Air Force. Tonbridge, Kent, UK: Air-Britain (Historians) Ltd, 1980. ISBN 0-85130-083-9.
• Jones, Barry. "Database:Vickers Warwick". Aeroplane, Vol. 38, No. 6, Issue No 446, June 2010. London: IPC. ISSN 0143-7240. pp. 63–78.
• March, Daniel J. (editor). British Warplanes of World War II. London: Aerospace, 1998. ISBN 1-874023-92-1.
• Mason, Francis K. The British Bomber since 1914. London: Putnam, 1994. ISBN 0-85177-861-5.
• Taylor, John W.R. "Vickers Warwick". Combat Aircraft of the World from 1909 to the Present. New York: G.P. Putnam's Sons, 1969. ISBN 0-425-03633-2.
• "Vickers 284 Warwick." Control Column, Official Organ of the British Aircraft Preservation Council, Volume 11, No. 2, February/March 1977.
• "Vickers Warwick: The Good-Samaritan Bomber" Part One. Air International, Vol. 34 No. 3, March 1988. pp. 134–140. ISSN 0306-5634.
• "Vickers Warwick: The Good-Samaritan Bomber" Part Two. Air International, Vol. 34 No. 4, April 1988. pp. 202–208. ISSN 0306-5634.

External links

• Manual: (1945) A.P. 2068 C&E-P.N. - Pilot's Notes For Warwick II & V. Two Centaurus VII or XI Engines
• Uboat.net entry