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Vietnam People's Navy

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Vietnam People's Navy
Hải quân nhân dân Việt Nam
File:Vietnam People's Navy insignia.png
Symbol of Vietnam People's Navy
Active 1955–present
Country Flag of Vietnam Vietnam (North Vietnam 1954-1976)
Branch

Main branches

  • Surface Ships
  • Naval Marine Corps
  • Naval Air Forces
  • Coastal Defense Missiles
  • Submarines
Size 42,000 officers and sailors
Part of Vietnam People's Army
Headquarters Hai Phong, Vietnam
Motto(s) Đảo là nhà, Biển cả là quê hương (Island is home, Sea is country)
Color          Purple, White
March Lướt sóng ra khơi (Surfing to the sea)
Anniversaries May 07, 1955
Engagements Vietnam War
Cambodian–Vietnamese War
Johnson South Reef Skirmish
Decorations Vietnam Hero ribbon Vietnam Hero of Labor ribbon Vietnam Gold Star ribbon Vietnam Hochiminh Order ribbon Vietnam Independence Order ribbon Vietnam Military Exploit Order ribbon Vietnam Labor Order ribbon Vietnam Feat Order ribbon
Battle honours Gulf of Tonkin incident
Battle of Đồng Hới
Commanders
Commander Admiral Nguyen Van Hien
Ceremonial chief Vice Admiral Tran Thanh Huyen
Chief of Staff Rear Admiral Pham Ngoc Minh
Insignia
Navy Flag Vietnam People's Navy flag
Emblem File:Anchor Navy.jpg
Awards Hero of the People's Armed ForcesHero of Labor (Vietnam)Gold Star Order (Vietnam)Gold Star Order (Vietnam)Ho Chi Minh OrderOrder of IndependenceMilitary Exploit OrderTemplate:Labor OrderFeat Order
Aircraft flown
Attack Ka-27
Patrol C-212, DHC-6, EC225

The Vietnam People's Navy (commonly, Vietnamese Navy – Vietnamese language: Hải quân nhân dân Việt Nam ) is part of the Vietnam People's Army and is responsible for the protection of national waters, islands, and interests of the maritime economy, as well as for the coordination of maritime police, customs service and the border defense force.

History[]

Early period[]

From the beginning of Vietnam in the 1st millennium BC, the Hùng Vuong period spawned many legends of fighting against seaborne invasions of Quynh Chau from the north and Ho Ton from the south. In Kingdom of Âu Lạc era, when constructed Co Loa Citadel, King An Dương Vương relied on Hoang Giang River as a natural fortification to protect the south flank of the cidatel. In the 6th century, Emperor Lý Nam Đế built naval forces to fend off the invasion of Liang Dynasty's forces in the Tô Lịch River, Dien Triet lake; and then, King Trieu Quang Phuc executed guerrilla tactics on Chinese military at Da Trach lagoon (Khoái Châu, Hải Dương nowadays).[1]

In the 10th century, the national Vietnamese Navy became a regularized force. Naval forces of Khúc Thừa Dụ in Hong Chau (now is Ninh Giang District, Hải Dương), Dương Đình Nghệ in Ai Chau, Thanh Hóa and King Ngô Quyền were raised by enlisting and training the fishermen along rivers and seasides. Those forces became expert and seasoned naval forces, ready to protect the country.

Dynasties period[]

File:Tre1baadn-be1baa1ch-de1bab1ng.jpg

Battle of Bạch Đằng (1288)

ThuyenchienDaiViet2

Model of 17th century gunboat

In Lý–Trần Dynasty era, the dynasties were occupied with raising naval forces and naval bases. Particularly, the Van Don port has an important role in protecting the northeast territorial waters of Vietnam. In 1077, the Imperial Vietnamese Navy fought the Battle of Cầu River against the Chinese Song Dynasty forces. This was the final battle Song Dynasty would fight on Vietnamese land or waters. The battle lasted for several months, and ended with the victory of the Vietnamese Navy and the loss of many Song sailors. This victory demonstrated the successful tactics of war and active defense of the famous Admiral Lý Thường Kiệt who faced a naval force numerically superior to his own.[2] The Song Dynasty lost a total of 8,000 soldiers/sailors and 5,19 million ounces of silver, including all costs of the war.[3]

The largest battles (officially recorded in history) were three naval encounters (all three are called Battle of Bạch Đằng): Ngô Quyền against the Chinese Southern Han forces in 938 (killed over 10,000 and captured a hundreds Chinese sailors, killed Chinese Prince Liu Hongcao);[4] Lê Hoàn against Song Dynasty in 981; and Trần Quốc Tuấn against Yuan Dynasty (Mongol) in 1288 (over 8,000 Yuan Mongol sailors killed, more than 4 Yuan ships destroyed, Mongol Commander Sogetu perished, and Yuan Admiral Omar captured).[5]

A large amount of trade between Guangdong and Vietnam happened during the Lê Dynasty . Early accounts recorded that during Emperor Lê Thánh Tông's reign the Vietnamese maritime patrols captured Chinese whose ships had blown off course towards the Vietnamese shores and detained them. Young Chinese men were selected by the Vietnamese for castration to become eunuch slaves to the Vietnamese. It has been speculated by modern historians that the Chinese who were captured and castrated by the Vietnamese were involved in trade between China and Vietnam instead of actually being blown off course by the wind and they were punished as part of a crackdown on foreign trade by Vietnam.[6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13] Records show that the Vietnamese performed castration in a painful procedure by removing the entire genitalia with both penis and testicles being cut off with a sharp knife or metal blade. The procedure was agonizing since the entire penis was cut off.[14][15][16][17][18][19][20] The young man's thighs and abdomen would be tied and others would pin him down on a table. The genitals would be sterilized with pepper water and then cut off. A tube would be then inserted into the urethra to allow urination during healing. Any facial hair such as the beard would fall off and the eunuch's voice would become like a girl's.[21] The eunuchs served as slaves to the Vietnamese palace women in the harem like the consorts, concubines, maids, Queen, and Princesses, doing most of the work.[22][23][24][25][26][27] The only man allowed in the Palace was the Emperor, the only others allowed were his women and the eunuchs since they were not able to have sexual relations with the women. The eunuchs were assigned to do work for the palace women like massaging and applying make up to the women and preparing them for sex with the Emperor.[28][29][30][31]

Several Malay envoys from the Malacca sultanate were attacked and captured in 1469 by the Lê Dynasty of Annam (Vietnam) as they were returning to Malacca from China. The Vietnamese enslaved and castrated the young from among the captured.[32][33][34][35][36]

A 1472 entry in the Ming Shilu reported that when some Chinese from Nanhai county escaped back to China after their ship had been blown off course into Vietnam, where they had been forced to serve as soldiers in Vietnam's military. The escapees also reported that they found out up to 100 Chinese men remained captives in Vietnam after they were caught and castrated by the Vietnamese after their ships were blown off course into Vietnam. The Chinese Ministry of Revenue responded by ordering Chinese civilians and soldiers to stop going abroad to foreign countries.[37][38][39][40] China's relations with Vietnam during this period were marked by the punishment of prisoners by castration.[41][42]

A 1499 entry in the Ming Shilu recorded that thirteen Chinese men from Wenchang including a young man named Wu Rui were captured by the Vietnamese maritime patrol after their ship was blown off course while traveling from Hainan to Guangdong's Qin subprefecture (Qinzhou), after which they ended up near the coast of Vietnam, during the Chenghua Emperor's rule (1447–1487) . Twelve of them were enslaved to work as agricultural laborers, while the youngest, Wu Rui (吳瑞) was selected for castration since he was the only young man and he became a eunuch attendant at the Vietnamese imperial palace in Thăng Long. After years of service, he was promoted at the death of the Vietnamese ruler in 1497 to a military position in northern Vietnam. A soldier told him of an escape route back to China and Wu Rui escaped to Longzhou. The local chief planned to sell him back to the Vietnamese, but Wu was rescued by the Pingxiang magistrate and then was sent to Beijing to work as a eunuch in the palace.[43][44][45][46][47][48]

The Đại Việt sử ký toàn thư records that in 1467 in An Bang province of Dai Viet (now Quảng Ninh Province) a Chinese ship blew off course onto the shore. The Chinese were detained and not allowed to return to China as ordered by Le Thanh Tong.[49][50][51][52][53] This incident may be the same one where Wu Rui was captured.[45] One of the renown victories in Vietnamese Naval history was the Battle of Rạch Gầm-Xoài Mút in Tây Sơn dynasty, during which Nguyễn Huệ (Emperor Quang Trung) defeated the Siamese (Thai) naval force. The battle occurred in present-day Tiền Giang Province on January 19, 1785. Nguyễn Huệ's forces completely destroyed over 50,000 Siamese sailors and 300 warships.[54]

Tàu chiến trong trận Xoài Mút

Model of warship used by Nguyễn Huệ in the Battle of Rạch Gầm-Xoài Mút

File:Haichienthinai.jpg

The Vietnamese Navy was greatly developed during the Nguyễn Dynasty with 26,800 sailors and hundreds of copper clad ships

In the Nguyễn Dynasty period, 19th century Emperor Gia Long used his new base to improve the Vietnamese Navy. Gia Long had first attempted to acquire modern naval vessels in 1781, when on the advice of Pigneau de Behaine, he had chartered Portuguese vessels of European design, complete with crew and artillery. This initial experience proved to be disastrous. For reasons that remain unclear, two of the vessels fled in the midst of battle against the Tây Sơn, while angry Vietnamese soldiers killed the third crew.

In 1789, Pigneau de Behaine returned to Vietnam from Pondicherry with two vessels, which stayed in the Nguyễn Dynasty service long-term. Over time, Vietnamese sailors replaced the original French and Indian crew under the command of French officers. These vessels became the foundation for an expanded military and merchant Nguyễn Dynasty naval force, with Gia Long chartering and purchasing more European vessels to reinforce Vietnamese-built ships. However, traditional Vietnamese-style galleys and small sailing ships remained the majority of the fleet. In 1799, a British trader by the name of Berry reported that the Nguyễn Dynasty's fleet had departed Saigon along the Saigon River with 100 galleys, 40 junks, 200 smaller boats and 800 carriers, accompanied by three European sloops.[55] In 1801, one naval division was reported to have included nine European vessels armed with 60 guns, five vessels with 50 guns, 40 with 16 guns, 100 junks, 119 galleys and 365 smaller boats.[55][56]

Prise de Saigon 18 Fevrier 1859 Antoine Morel-Fatio

French ships invaded Saigon with the brig L'Esperance that was sunk in 1861 by Nguyen Trung Truc's naval forces

In the middle of the 19th century, the Vietnamese Navy fought against the French in many battles. Due to disadvantages in technology, the Vietnamese Navy could not defeat the French Navy, but there were still several battles during which the Vietnamese Navy caused heavy damages to the French. The Vietnamese were especially successful in the Battle of Nhat Tao canal held by Nguyen Trung Truc on December 10, 1861. Nguyen Trung Truc's naval forces ambushed the French brig L'Esperance at the Vam Co River, Mekong Delta. Truc's 150 men were grouped into three columns. The first group of 61 sailors under Hoang Khac Nhuong was to attack a nearby pro-French village in order to provoke an incident and lure the French forces into an ambush. Truc commanded the second group of 59 partisans along with Vo Van Quang, and was assigned to burn and sink the vessel. A third force of 30 sailors was commanded by Ho Quang and Nguyen Van Hoc.[57] Due to the surprise attack, the French Navy suffered major damage: the brig L'Esperance was sunk, 17 French sailors and 20 pro-Vietnamese naval auxiliaries were killed, only eight people escaped, including two French sailors and six sailors of Tagal (Filipino) background employed by the French.

Vietnam War period[]

North Vietnamese P-4 under fire from USS Maddox (2 August 1964)

A North Vietnamese P-4 engaging USS Maddox in Gulf of Tonkin incident 1964

On July 19, 1946, Acting President of Democratic Republic of Vietnam Huynh Thuc Khang signed into law a decree establishing the modern Vietnamese Navy. Then, on September 10 of that year, General Vo Nguyen Giap started to build a flotilla as the core of the new navy. On March 8, 1949, Vietnam established the Department of Naval Research under the General Staff. This department has performed both research and training to prepare for combat missions.

Following the Geneva Conference in 1954, the Democratic Republic of Vietnam went about creating its own naval forces. On May 7, 1955 the Vietnam People's Navy was created with the establishment of the General Directorate of Coastal Defence, it formed the basis for the Navy Operational Command (based on the Vietnamese Ministry of Defence decree No. 284/ND signed by General Võ Nguyên Giáp to established Naval Research Board, under the General Staff, on March 8, 1949). The primary mission of the Navy was to patrol the coastal areas and the inland waterways.

Throughout the Vietnam War the role played by the Vietnam People's Navy (or North Vietnamese Navy) was largely unknown to the public. However on August 2, 1964, three North Vietnamese Swatow class patrol boats attacked the USS Maddox in what became known as the Tonkin Gulf Incident. The second attack, which the United States claimed to have occurred on August 4, was dismissed by the North Vietnamese as a fabrication.

The North Vietnamese, however, had maintained their own version of the events which took place. According to official VPN accounts the Maddox penetrated North Vietnamese waters on July 31, 1964, and provoked a battle with the North Vietnamese. In response to American provocation, three 123K class torpedo boats from the 135th Torpedo Boat Battalion were dispatched to intercept the American destroyer. The resulting clash became known as the 'Battle of Thanh Hóa' in which North Vietnamese "torpedo boats succeeded in driving the Maddox out of Vietnam's territorial waters, shooting down a U.S. aircraft and damaging another".

Apart from patrolling territorial waters, the Navy also had the mission of transporting military supplies to support the Vietnam People's Army and their NLF ally during the Vietnam War. On October 31, 1961, a sea route version of the Ho Chi Minh trail was established by the North Vietnam Navy, with the 759th Transport Unit responsible for carrying military supplies and other goods for the Communist ground forces in South Vietnam. In order to avoid detection by the South Vietnamese and U.S navies, North Vietnamese transport ships were often disguised as fishing trawlers. On February 16, 1965, a 100-ton North Vietnamese trawler from the Transportation Group 125 was discovered at Vung Ro Bay. This led to the creation of Operation Market Time by the US Navy to intercept disguised enemy ships.

On April 19, 1972, the North Vietnamese Navy and Air Force participated in the Battle of Đồng Hới off the coast of North Vietnam. During this battle it was believed that the U.S Navy destroyed a Soviet-made cruise missile for the first time. The USS Higbee was damaged after an VPAF MiG-17 dropped a 250 lb (110 kg) bomb, destroying a 5" aft gun mount.

In the years following the complete withdrawal of U.S and other allied forces, the North Vietnamese went back on the offensive. As part of the Ho Chi Minh Campaign, the North Vietnamese Navy increased the transportation of military supplies, food and uniform to the Communist forces in the South. When the North Vietnamese Army (NVA) occupied the northern provinces of South Vietnam in 1975, captured South Vietnamese vessels were pressed into service with the Vietnam People's Navy. On April 1975, ex-South Vietnamese Navy vessels carried North Vietnamese troops to capture the Spratly Islands. Opening battle in the island Southwest Cay (vietnamese: Song Tử tây) in April 4, 1975, amphibious raid by sea of the Naval Marine corp number 1 (precursor of the 126th Brigade Naval Marine corps) and three vessels of the 125 corps coordinated with the commandos of the 5th Military Region, after 30 minutes, Vietnamese Navy controlled the main battle area, facilitating the solution development process release of the other islands.[58] Then, Vietnamese Navy continue control Sand Cay island (April 26), Namyit Island (April 27), Sin Cowe Island (April 28) and Spratly Island (proper) (April 29).[59] At around the same time the Chinese Navy took over control of the Paracel Islands from the South Vietnamese Navy. These islands are also claimed by Vietnam, however they have no current presence there.

Quân đội duyệt binh ở Trường Sa

VPN's Naval Infantry in Spratly islands

Prior to 1975, the North Vietnamese Navy operated fewer than forty patrol boats along with the coastal junk force. With the collapse of the Republic of Vietnam on April 30, 1975, the Vietnam People's Navy was expanded with ships from the defunct South Vietnamese Navy. Captured vessels included two patrol frigates, over one hundred patrol craft, and about fifty amphibious warfare ships. In the late 1970s the naval infantry (or marines) was formed to be stationed on the areas claimed by the Socialist Republic of Vietnam in the Spratly Islands. The naval infantry is equipped with PT-76 light tanks, BTR-60 personnel carriers and naval infantrymen are armed with AK-74 rifle, AKM-47 assault rifles, Makarov PM pistol (Officers), and PKM machinegun infantry weapons, and more.

In 1988, Vietnam People's Navy fought against the Chinese Navy at Johnson Reef of sovereignty of the Spratly Islands, causing the losses to the Vietnamese of several armed ships and up to 200 deaths. The battle was won by the Chinese Navy who had fewer ships and sailors but had more advanced ships and weapons. This prompted the Vietnamese Navy to modernize its naval weapons and its overall naval capabilities

Organizational structure[]

Vietnam Naval Regions

VPN's Naval regions

Naval Regions[]

Naval Regions are inter-military campaign of naval tactics, territorial division, comprising the regions, fleets, naval air forces, marines, defense island soldiers, coastal artillery and combat units to ensure (radar, information technology, logistics ...).[60]

October 26, 1975, Ministry of Defence (Vietnam) issued Decision No.141/QD-QP established five Coastal Areas of Naval Command and jurisdiction provisions of the five regions. In 1978, renamed become Naval Regions.

  • 1st Regional Command (A Regional Command): Gulf of Tonkin, manage north coast from Quảng Ninh to Hà Tĩnh and the islands in Gulf of Tonkin. Command Headquarters: Hai Phong.
  • 3rd Regional Command (C Regional Command): manage north central coast, from Quảng Bình to Bình Định, including the islands of Cồn Cỏ, Lý Sơn,...and Paracel Islands. Command Headquarters: Da Nang.
  • 4th Regional Command (D Regional Command): manage south central coast including Spratly Islands, Phú Quý island and the south central coast, from Phú Yên to Bình Thuận. Headquarters Command: Cam Ranh Bay military port, Khánh Hòa Province.
  • 2nd Regional Command (B Regional Command): manage south coast from Bình Thuận to Bạc Liêu, southern continental shelf, including the key areas are economic science service areas (called are DK1, DK2). Command Headquarters: Nhơn Trạch, Đồng Nai.
  • 5th Regional Command (E Regional Command): manage south coast in Gulf of Thailand from Cà Mau to Kiên Giang. Command Headquarters: Phú Quốc, Kiên Giang.

Service branches[]

Surface Ships Naval Infantry Naval Marine Corps Naval Air Forces Coastal Defense Missiles Submarines
File:Anchor Navy.jpg
Vietnam Infantry symbol
File:Navy Marine anchor.jpg
File:Air Force wings.jpg
File:Missile Force.jpg
File:Anchor Navy.jpg

Ranks in Vietnam People's Navy[]

Vietnam People's Army
File:Vietnam People's Army signal.jpg
Flag of the People's Army of Vietnam
Ministry of Defence
Command
File:Vietnam People's Army General Staff insignia.jpgGeneral Staff
Services
File:Vietnam People's Army insignia.png Ground Force
File:Vietnam People's Air Force insignia.png Air Force
File:Vietnam People's Navy insignia.png Navy
File:Vietnam Border Defense Force insignia.jpg Border Guard
File:Vietnam Marine Police insignia.jpg Coast Guard
Ranks of the Vietnamese Military
Ground Force ranks and insignia
Air Force ranks and insignia
Navy ranks and insignia
Border Guard ranks and insignia
Coast Guard ranks and insignia
History of the Vietnamese Military
History of Vietnamese military ranks
Military history of Vietnam
See also: Vietnamese military ranks and insignia

In the Vietnam People's Navy system has no ranks of Fleet Admiral. Vietnam People's Navy ranks are divided into four basic steps: Commissioned Officer, Non-commissioned Officer, and Soldiers/Seamen. Officer ranks use the executive curl on the sleeves of their service and full dress blue uniforms, similar to those used in various navies worldwide.

Level Ranks Translation Insignia Lapel Sleeve
Flag Officers Đô đốc Admiral
File:Vietnam People's Navy Admiral.jpg
File:Vietnam People's Navy general rank lapel.jpg
Generic-Navy-O12-sleeve
Phó Đô đốc Vice Admiral
File:Vietnam People's Navy Vice Admiral.jpg
File:Vietnam People's Navy general rank lapel.jpg
Generic-Navy-O11-sleeve
Chuẩn Đô đốc Rear Admiral
File:Vietnam People's Navy Rear Admiral.jpg
File:Vietnam People's Navy general rank lapel.jpg
Generic-Navy-O10-sleeve
Senior Officers Đại tá Commodore
File:Vietnam People's Navy Commodorel.jpg
File:Vietnam People's Navy Commander rank lapel.png
Generic-Navy-O9-sleeve
Thượng tá Captain
File:Vietnam People's Navy Senior Commander.jpg
File:Vietnam People's Navy Commander rank lapel.png
EgyptianNavyInsignia-Commodore-sleeve
Trung tá Commander
File:Vietnam People's Navy Commander.jpg
File:Vietnam People's Navy Commander rank lapel.png
Generic-Navy-O7-sleeve
Thiếu tá Lieutenant Commander
File:Vietnam People's Navy Lieutenant Commander.jpg
File:Vietnam People's Navy Commander rank lapel.png
Generic-Navy-O5-sleeve
Junior Officers Đại úy Senior Lieutenant
File:Vietnam People's Navy Senior Lieutenant.jpg
File:Vietnam People's Navy Commander rank lapel.png
Generic-Navy-O4-sleeve
Thượng úy Lieutenant
File:Vietnam People's Navy Lieutenant.jpg
File:Vietnam People's Navy Commander rank lapel.png
Generic-Navy-O3-sleeve
Trung úy Sublieutenant
File:Vietnam People's Navy SubLieutenant.jpg
File:Vietnam People's Navy Commander rank lapel.png
Generic-Navy-O2-sleeve
Thiếu úy Ensign
File:Vietnam People's Navy Ensign.jpg
File:Vietnam People's Navy Commander rank lapel.png
Generic-Navy-O1-sleeve
Petty Officers Thượng sĩ Master Chief Petty Officer
File:Vietnam People's Navy Sergeant major.png
 None None
Trung sĩ Chief Petty Officer
File:Vietnam People's Navy Sergeant.png
 None None
Hạ sĩ Petty Officer
File:Vietnam People's Navy Corporal.png
 None None
Seamen Binh nhất Seaman
File:Vietnam People's Navy private first class.png
 None None
Binh nhì Seaman Recruit
File:Vietnam People's Navy Private second class.png
 None None
Naval Cadets (Midshipmen) Học viên Sĩ quân Hải quân Naval Student Officer
File:Vietnam People's Navy student officer.jpg
 None None

Naval Academy[]

File:Vietnam Naval Academy logo.png

Vietnam Naval Academy's symbol

See also: Vietnamese military academies

Vietnam Naval Academy, with its headquarters in Nha Trang, is a military institute belongs to Vietnam People's Navy for training naval commanding officers in division level and commanding staffs in tactical/campaign level, include undergraduates and postgraduates of military.

The forerunner of Vietnam Naval Academy is Coastal Training School, was established in April 26, 1955 by the General Staff. The school has changed name in several times such as the Naval Training School in 1959, the Naval School of Vietnam in 1961, the Naval Officers School in 1967, School of Commander Naval engineering in 1980. Finally, the school has named Naval Academy in 1993.

After 55 years of construction, combat and growth, Vietnam Naval Academy has trained thousands of officers and technical staffs for major specialized fields such as: control vessel; mines - anti-mine; missile anti-submarine; gunship; information; radar - sonar; coastal radar; ship factory and power; the commander of the Marine Police and Border Defense Force.

In addition, Vietnam Naval Academy has trained officers for Royal Cambodian Navy and Lao People's Navy.123

Modernization[]

US Navy 101126-N-5549O-072 Secretary of the Navy (SECNAV) the Honorable Ray Mabus speaks with Vietnamese People's Navy Vice Adm

Secretary of the Navy (SECNAV) the Honorable Ray Mabus speaks with Vietnam People's Navy Commander Admiral Nguyen Van Hien in November 26, 2010

Vietnam People's Navy honor guard at ASEAN defense ministers meeting 2010-10-12 1

VPN's honor guard at ASEAN defense ministers meeting, 2010

US Navy 060704-N-9851B-002 Lt.j.g

US Navy Lt.Robert Gillenwater explains to Vietnamese Naval Officers the purpose of the diver's decompression chamber, 2006

Today, the Vietnam People's Navy is responsible for protecting the nation's sovereignty and economic activities at sea, and to repulse unauthorized foreign vessells intruding into Vietnamese waters. In general, Vietnam's policy has considered the modernization the Navy a priority task in the overall military modernization plan. The Vietnam People's Navy and the Vietnam People's Air Force are the branches with the fatest modernization rates, constantly upgrading weapons, ammunition and combat capacity, the ability to master the equipment. As stated on August 5, 2011 by Minister of Defense Phung Quang Thanh: "The direction of building up the armed forces is one to follow the revolutionary spirit, regularization and effectiveness and gradual modernization. Within this context, the Navy, the Air Force, the Signal Corps and Electronic Warfare will proceed directly into modernization to protect the country".[61]

  • Frigates and Corvettes: Laid down two Gepard class frigate in 2011 by Zelenodolsk shipyard-Russia, named HQ-011 Dinh Tien Hoang and HQ-012 Ly Thai To; and two more order. Contract with Schelde Naval Shipbuilding-Netherlands to built two Sigma class corvette.[62] Especially, Vietnam People's Navy has built itself many Tarantul class corvette (Molniya class) with Russia supervision; besides, Vietnam People's Navy has designed and built the first warship names TT-400TP gunboat.[63]
  • Submarines: Vietnam has built the first submarine flotilla name 182 on June 1, 1982. This flotilla was trained in Cam Ranh Bay under guidance of Soviet submarine officers and used North Korea's Yugo class submarine. In April 2011, Vietnam has ordered six Kilo class submarine, worth about 1.8 billion dollars, the contract is said to occupy the entire defense budget of Vietnam in 2009. With six submarines, the first to be delivered in 2012 and the last one to be delivered by 2016, Vietnam will own the largest and most modern submarines team in Southeast Asia.[64]
  • Naval Air Force: Vietnam People's Navy prepared to build Naval Air Force to increase the capacity of coastal defense. On February 27, 2010, the General Staff (Vietnam People's Army) decides to build and make regular member the 954th Naval Air Force Regiment of Vietnamese Navy. Vietnam has purchased three CASA C-212 Aviocar aircraft Series 400 professional beach patrol and tracking. The aircraft equipped with radar MSS 6000 and Naval Air Force will use for general patrol purposes. Vietnamese Navy received two Eurocopter EC225 Super Puma to offshore patrol and search and rescue missions.[65] Viking Air Company of Canada has contracted to sell to Vietnam six Seaplane DHC-6 Twin Otter Series 400 from 2012 to 2014. And 7 Kamov Ka-27 helicopters will be transferred to naval air force.[66]
  • Coastal defense missile force: Vietnam People's Navy is building Coastal defense missile force (the 679th Coastal missile Regiment) become the core force in maritime security strategy by equip Russian and Indian missile systems. Vietnamese Navy has already produced itself P-5 Pyatyorka/Shaddock anti-ships missile, range upgraded to 550 km, in fact, Vietnam was the only customer that USSR export this missile system. Russia has delivered two K-300P Bastion-P coastal defense system to Vietnam. The Bastion system uses the P-800 Oniks/Yakhont supersonic anti-ship missile, primarily used to attack targets on land and sea, attack range is 300 km, can be used to protect a coastline of over 600 km.[67] Joint venture company Russia-India BrahMos Aerospace Private Limited will sold Vietnam 15 BrahMos stealth supersonic cruise missile, and become the first military in the world imports Brahmos defense missile, if compared with other types of missiles being used in the world, BrahMos missile has the advantages of speed faster 3 times, range longer 2.5 times, respond shorter time 3-4 times.[68] The Vietnamese are now starting to locally produce the anti ship missile Kh-35 Uran-E after received 33 missiles in 2010.

Fleet[]

Ships of the Vietnamese Navy are typically preceded with HQ (an abbreviation of the Vietnamese words: Hải Quân, meaning Navy).

Submarines
Photo Class Origin Type Quantity In service Ships
File:OP KILO.JPG
 Improved Kilo class Flag of Russia Russia
Admiralty Shipyard 		Submarine 6 on order .scheduled for first delivery in November 2013, the second before the end of 2013[69][70][71] HQ-182 Ha Noi[72]
HQ-183 Ho Chi Minh city[73]
HQ-184 Hai Phong[74]
HQ-185 Da Nang
HQ-186 Khanh Hoa
HQ-187 Ba Ria-Vung Tau
Frigates (7 in Service)
Photo Class Origin Type Quantity In service Ships
Gepard 3.9
 Gepard 3.9 class Flag of Russia Russia
Yantar/Zelenodolsk Design Bureau 		Frigate 2 2 in active duty (2 more under construction)[75][76][77] HQ-011 Dinh Tien Hoang
HQ-012 Ly Thai To
SKRpr159(DN-SC-86-01985)
 Petya class Flag of the Soviet Union Soviet Union
Yantar 		Frigate 5 active duty[78] HQ-09
HQ-11
HQ-13
HQ-15
HQ-17
Corvettes and Patrol boats (32 in Service)
Photo Class Origin Type Quantity In service Ships
ORP Metalowiec in Gdynia
 Molniya class Flag of Russia Russia
Almaz Shipbuilding Company
Flag of Vietnam Vietnam Ba Son Company 		Corvette 4 [79] active duty
2 bought from Russia and 4 are under license production in VN. The first two of those 4 are undergoing sea trails.[80][81] 		HQ-375
HQ-376
Taratul I Viet Nam
 Tarantul-I class Flag of Russia Russia
Almaz Shipbuilding Company 		Corvette 6 active duty HQ-371
HQ-372
HQ-373
HQ-374
HQ-377
HQ-378
Ght BPS-500 Flag of Russia Russia
Almaz Shipbuilding Company
Flag of Vietnam Vietnam Ba Son Company 		Corvette 1 active duty HQ-381
Kri-diponegoro-1600-1200
 Sigma 9814 class corvette Flag of the Netherlands Netherlands
Damen Schelde Naval Shipbuilding 		Corvette 2 on order. The Contract is confirmed by Damen Schelde company[62]
Caspian artillery boat 054
 Svetlyak class Flag of Russia Russia
Almaz Shipbuilding Company 		Patrol 6 active duty HQ-261
HQ-263
HQ-264
HQ-265
HQ-266
HQ-267
TT-400TP class Flag of Vietnam Vietnam
Hong ha company 		Patrol 2 active duty (1 more under construction) HQ-272
HQ-273[81]
Project 205-ER missile boat
 Osa class Flag of the Soviet Union Soviet Union Patrol 8 active duty HQ-354, HQ-355, HQ-356, HQ-357, HQ-358, HQ-359, HQ-360, HQ-361
BTK pr.206M2
 Turya class Flag of the Soviet Union Soviet Union Patrol 5 active duty HQ-331
HQ-332
HQ-333
HQ-334
HQ-335
Minesweeper ships (8 in Service)
Photo Class Origin Type Quantity In service Ships
File:BT-226-Kolomna1994.jpg Sonya class Flag of the Soviet Union Soviet Union minesweeper 4 active duty HQ-861
HQ-862
HQ-863
HQ-864
HQ-862 HQVN Yurka class Flag of the Soviet Union Soviet Union minesweeper 2 active duty HQ-851
HQ-852
Yevgenya class Flag of the Soviet Union Soviet Union minesweeper 2 active duty
Transport/Logistics support ship (11 in Service)
Photo Class Origin Type Quantity In service Ships
Giao su Vien si Tran Dai Nghia Flag of the Netherlands Netherlands
Damen Group
Flag of Vietnam Vietnam
Song Thu company 		Ocean surveillance 1 active duty HSV- 6613
K-122 class Flag of Vietnam Vietnam
189 Shipbuilding company 		Transport/
Logistics support ship 		2 active duty HQ-571 Trường Sa
HQ-561 Khánh Hòa (Hospital ship)
HQ-996 class Flag of Vietnam Vietnam Transport/
Logistics 		1 active duty HQ-996
Trường Sa class Flag of Vietnam Vietnam
189 Shipbuilding company 		Transport/
Logistics support ship 		7 active duty Trường Sa 04, Trường Sa 08, Trường Sa 14, Trường Sa 19, Trường Sa 20, Trường Sa 21, Trường Sa 22
Amphibious warfare (6 in Service)
Photo Class Origin Type Quantity In service Notes
File:Tran Khanh Du HQ-501.jpg
 LST-542 class Flag of the United States United States Amphibious warfare 1 active duty HQ-501
The Libyan Polnochny class landing ship
 Polnochny class Flag of the Soviet Union Soviet Union/Flag of Poland Poland Amphibious warfare 3 active duty HQ-511
HQ-512
HQ-513
HQ-521 class Flag of Vietnam Vietnam Amphibious warfare 2 active duty HQ-521
HQ-522
Aircraft (9 in Service)
Photo Aircraft Origin Type Quantity In service Notes
File:FAB - P-3 Orion.jpg
 Lockheed P-3 Orion Flag of the United States United States Anti-submarine
Maritime patrol aircraft 		6 Very early stages of negotiation, just a possibility at this point[82][83]
DHC-6 Twin Otter Flag of Canada Canada
Viking Air 		Patrol 6 2 is being tested scheduled for delivery in 2012–2014.[84][85][86]
Kamov Ka-27PS
 Kamov Ka-27 Flag of the Soviet Union Soviet Union
Kamov 		ASW Helicopter 7 active duty to serve in frigates and patrol around Spratly islands[87][88]
EUROCOPTER EC225 01
 Eurocopter EC225 Super Puma Flag of France France
Eurocopter Group 		Patrol 2 active duty
Magic Eye 01 Flag of Vietnam Vietnam
Vietnam Aerospace Associassion
Flag of Sweden Sweden
Unmanned System Group 		UAV under development
Anti-ship missile/Coastal Defense Missile
Photo Missile Origin Type Quantity In service Notes
Yakhont
 P-800 Oniks
(SS-N-26 Yakhont) 		Flag of Russia Russia
NPO Mashinostroyeniya 		Coastal defense 10 launcher/
40 missiles 		2 K-300P Bastion-P systems in active[89] to negotiate that Vietnam will self-produced
P-500 Bazalt in Vladivostok Fortress Museum
 P-5 Pyatyorka
(SS-N-3 Shaddock) 		Flag of the Soviet Union Soviet Union
Chelomey design bureau 		Coastal defense active duty Vietnam has already self-produced
Romanian 4K51 Rubezh missile launch
 P-15 Termit
(SS-N-2 Styx) 		Flag of the Soviet Union Soviet Union
MKB Raduga 		Anti-ship missile/
Coastal defense 		20[90] active duty/equipped in Tarantul class ships Vietnam has already self-produced
Kh-35E fol maks2009
 Kh-35 Uran-E
(SS-N-25 Switchblade) 		Flag of Russia Russia
Zvezda 		Anti-ship missile 103 missiles[90] active duty/equipped in Molniya and Gepard class ships Vietnam has already self-produced[91]
3M-54E1
 3M-54 Klub
(SS-N-27 Sizzler) 		Flag of Russia Russia
Novator Design Bureau 		Anti-ship missile equipped in Kilo submarines

Inshore Patrol:

  • Flag of Vietnam Vietnam 10 (+25) HQ-56 class (Stolkraft; 22.5 meter) PB with 1x20mm
  • Flag of Vietnam Vietnam 5 HQ-37 class (built by Vinashin)
  • Flag of the Soviet Union Soviet Union 15 Zhuk class patrol boats (Project 1400M)

Auxiliaries:

  • Flag of the Soviet Union Soviet Union 1 Sorum class logistics tug (Project 745) ATA
  • Flag of the Soviet Union Soviet Union 1 Voda (MTV-6/Project 561) AWT
  • Flag of the Soviet Union Soviet Union 5 Nyrat-2 (Project 376U) diving tenders (YDT)
  • Flag of Vietnam Vietnam 5 floating drydocks (YFDL)
  • Flag of the Soviet Union Soviet Union 5 PO-2 (Project 376) YFL
  • Flag of the United States United States 5 ex-US 55-meter harbor tankers (YO) - lilely ex-USN YOG-5 Class Gasoline Oiler
  • Flag of the United States United States 5 Chaolocco tugs (YTM)
  • 10 (estimated) harbour tubs (YTL)

Small Arms

  • Flag of the Soviet Union Soviet Union AK-74 Standard Issue Assault rifle.
  • Flag of the Soviet Union Soviet Union AKM-47 Standard Issue Assault Rifle being supplemented by AK-74.
  • Flag of the Soviet Union Soviet Union PKM machinegun
  • Flag of the Soviet Union Soviet Union Makarov PM Standard issue pistol for all Vietnamese Military services.
  • Flag of Israel Israel IMI Tavor TAR-21 Marines and Special Forces Only.
  • Flag of Israel Israel Uzi Submachinegun Marines and Special Forces Only.
  • Flag of Israel Israel IMI Negev Light Machine Gun Marines and Special Forces Only.

Manpower[]

The current total manpower of the navy is around 50,000 officers and enlisted personnel including naval infantry [i.e. marines] and other specialised units.

See also[]

References[]

  1. ↑ "Truyền thống quân thủy của cha ông trong lịch sử dân tộc - Quân chủng Hải quân". Qdnd.vn. 2009-10-15. Archived from the original on 21 Apr 2013. https://archive.is/Tht7w. Retrieved 21 May 2013. 
  2. ↑ Phan Huy Lê, Bùi Đăng Dũng, Phan Đại Doãn, Phạm Thị Tâm, Trần Bá Chí 1998, pp. 69–71
  3. ↑ Phan Huy Lê, Bùi Đăng Dũng, Phan Đại Doãn, Phạm Thị Tâm, Trần Bá Chí 1998, pp. 72–75
  4. ↑ "Battle of Bach Dang River (938) - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia". En.wikipedia.org. 2013-05-17. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Bach_Dang_River_%28938%29. Retrieved 21 May 2013. 
  5. ↑ "Battle of Bạch Đằng (1288) - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia". En.wikipedia.org. 2013-05-10. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Bach_Dang_%281288%29. Retrieved 21 May 2013. 
  6. ↑ 黄啟臣 (2008-03-16). "明代广东海上丝绸之路的高度发展". 國學網－－中國經濟史論壇(China Economic History Forum). http://eco.guoxue.com/article.php/15591/8. Retrieved 26 July 2013. 
  7. ↑ "明代广东海上丝绸之路的高度发展". 中國評論學術出版社(China Review Academic Publishers Unlimited). http://www.zhgpl.com/crn-webapp/cbspub/secDetail.jsp?bookid=3222&secid=3254. Retrieved 26 July 2013. 
  8. ↑ http://www.zhgpl.com/crn-webapp/cbspub/secDetail.jsp?bookid=3222&secid=3257(http://www.zhgpl.com/crn-webapp/doc/docDetailCreate.jsp?coluid=56&kindid=1201&docid=100107474&mdate=0911123624
  9. ↑ "鄭和下西洋與廣東商人的海外移民". 中國評論新聞網 (www.ChinaReviewNews.com). p. 1. http://www.chinareviewnews.com/doc/1001/0/7/4/100107474.html. Retrieved 2013年7月26日 星期五 (26 July 2013)date=2006-03-08 22:00:49. 
  10. ↑ coluid=6&kindid=30&docid=100107474)(http://www.chinareviewnews.com/doc/1001/0/7/4/100107474.html?coluid=56&kindid=1201&docid=100107474&mdate=0911123624) (http://www.chinareviewnews.com/crn-webapp/doc/docDetailCNML.jsp?coluid=55&kindid=1160&docid=100107474)(http://www.chinareviewnews.com/crn-webapp/doc/docDetailCNML.jsp?coluid=56&kindid=1201&docid=100151090)(http://www.chinareviewnews.com/doc/1001/5/1/0/100151090.html?coluid=56&kindid=1201&docid=100151090&mdate=0911123624)(http://www.chinareviewnews.com/crn-webapp/doc/docDetailCreate.jsp?coluid=56&kindid=1201&docid=100107474&mdate=0911123624%7C)
  11. ↑ "郑和下西洋与广东商人的海外移民人文历史". 广州日报大洋网(www.dayoo.com). 2009-10-20 15:28. http://life.dayoo.com/edu/200910/20/75163_11076680.htm. Retrieved 26 July 2013. 
  12. ↑ 李慶新. "貿易、移殖與文化交流:15-17 世紀廣東人與越南". 廣東省社會科學院歷史研究所 南開大學中國社會歷史研究中心. p. 12. http://www.lib.cuhk.edu.hk/conference/occ/liqingxin.pdf. Retrieved 5 January 2013. "此外,沿海平民在海上航行或捕撈漁獵,遇風漂流至越南者時有發生。如成化十三年, 廣東珠池奉御陳彜奏:南海縣民遭風飄至安南被編入軍隊及被閹禁者超過 100 人。5成化中, 海南文昌人吳瑞與同鄉劉求等 13 人到欽州做生意,遇風飄至安南,當局將他們"俱發屯田, 以瑞獨少,宮之"。6... 6《明孝宗實錄》卷一百五十三,弘治十二年八月辛卯。" 
  13. ↑ 李慶新. "貿易、移殖與文化交流:15-17 世紀廣東人與越南". 廣東省社會科學院歷史研究所 南開大學中國社會歷史研究中心. p. 12. http://wenku.baidu.com/view/fc9a0cdd50e2524de5187e89.html. Retrieved 5 January 2013. 
  14. ↑ "Chuyện 'tịnh thân' hãi hùng của thái giám Việt xưa". Thứ sáu, 05 Tháng mười 2012, 14:00 GMT+7. http://vietbao.vn/Suc-khoe/Chuyen-tinh-than-hai-hung-cua-thai-giam-Viet-xua/2131549871/70/. Retrieved 27 July 2013. 
  15. ↑ "Chuyện 'tịnh thân' hãi hùng của thái giám Việt xưa". Thứ năm, 4/10/2012 11:16 GMT+7. http://ngoisao.net/tin-tuc/thoi-cuoc/24h/chuyen-tinh-than-hai-hung-cua-thai-giam-viet-xua-2621880.html. Retrieved 27 July 2013. 
  16. ↑ "Thê lương chuyện 'của quý' của thái giám Việt xưa". 05/08/2012 19:25. http://www.baomoi.com/The-luong-chuyen-cua-quy-cua-thai-giam-Viet-xua/139/9058145.epi. Retrieved 27 July 2013. 
  17. ↑ "Thê lương chuyện ‘của quý’ của thái giám Việt xưa". Thứ tư, 08/08/2012 15:15. http://2sao.vn/p0c1048n20120808152150734/the-luong-chuyen-'cua-quy'-cua-thai-giam-viet-xua.vnn. Retrieved 27 July 2013. 
  18. ↑ "Thê lương chuyện 'của quý' của thái giám Việt xưa". http://www.treonline.com/the-luong-chuyen-cua-quy-cua-quai-giam-viet-xua.htm. Retrieved 27 July 2013. 
  19. ↑ "Hành trình đau khổ của những hoạn quan thời xưa". Thứ Tư, 24/08/2011 14:25 (GMT+7). http://giadinh.net.vn/the-gioi/hanh-trinh-dau-kho-cua-nhung-hoan-quan-thoi-xua-20110824020430125.htm. Retrieved 27 July 2013. 
  20. ↑ "Bí mật về thái giám trong cung triều Nguyễn". 18/07/2013 lúc 09:04. http://news.zing.vn/xa-hoi/bi-mat-ve-thai-giam-trong-cung-trieu-nguyen/a336065.html. Retrieved 27 July 2013. 
  21. ↑ Theo Công An Nhân Dân (18/07/2013 lúc 09:04). "Bí mật về thái giám trong cung triều Nguyễn". http://news.zing.vn/xa-hoi/bi-mat-ve-thai-giam-trong-cung-trieu-nguyen/a336065.html. Retrieved 1 August 2013. 
  22. ↑ Lê Quyết - GĐXH (06 06 2012). "Hoang lạnh khu mộ địa thái giám độc nhất Việt Nam". http://www.vinhanonline.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=1716:hoang-lanh-khu-mo-dia-thai-giam-doc-nhat-viet-nam&catid=78&Itemid=178. Retrieved 1 August 2013. 
  23. ↑ Kim Thoa - Lê Quyết (27-12-2012). "Chuyện ở khu nghĩa địa thái giám Việt Nam". http://www.nguoiduatin.vn/chuyen-o-khu-nghia-dia-thai-giam-viet-nam-a25693.html. Retrieved 1 August 2013. 
  24. ↑ Phan Bùi Bảo Thy (Thứ Năm, 18/07/2013 - 09:21). "Bí mật về thái giám trong cung nhà Nguyễn: Những phận đời đặc biệt". http://dantri.com.vn/xa-hoi/bi-mat-ve-thai-giam-trong-cung-nha-nguyen-nhung-phan-doi-dac-biet-756105.htm. Retrieved 1 August 2013. 
  25. ↑ Lê Khắc Niên (Bee.net) (Thứ sáu, 29/07/2011 - 22:39). "Thái giám dưới thời Minh Mạng". http://queviet.pl/dat-nuoc-con-nguoi/tim-hieu-lich-su/thai-giam-duoi-thoi-minh-mang. Retrieved 1 August 2013. 
  26. ↑ Văn Nguyễn (24/5/2011 11:21 GMT+7). "Những thái giám trong hậu cung triều Nguyễn". http://vnexpress.net/tin-tuc/xa-hoi/nhung-thai-giam-trong-hau-cung-trieu-nguyen-2195713.html. Retrieved 1 August 2013. 
  27. ↑ "Bí mật về thái giám trong cung triều Nguyễn". 16:21 18-07-2013. http://tinshock1.com/bi-mat-ve-thai-giam-trong-cung-trieu-nguyen-tin3744.html. Retrieved 1 August 2013. 
  28. ↑ Nguyễn Đắc Xuân (Chủ nhật, 13/06/2010 - 23:24). "Thái giám - người phục vụ đặc biệt trong cung Nguyễn". http://queviet.pl/dat-nuoc-con-nguoi/tim-hieu-lich-su/thai-giam-nguoi-phuc-vu-dac-biet-trong-cung-nguyen. Retrieved 1 August 2013. 
  29. ↑ "Thái giám và bí mật phòng the của vua chúa Việt Nam". Thứ Sáu, 02/08/2013 * 02:29 GMT+7. http://goccuocsong.vn/chi-tiet-tin/thai-giam-va-bi-mat-phong-the-cua-vua-chua-viet-nam/4073.aspx. Retrieved 1 August 2013. 
  30. ↑ "Thái giám, loại công chức đặc biệt trong cung Nguyễn". http://gactholoc.net/c6/t6-4/b47/thai-giam-loai-cong-chuc-dac-biet-trong-cung-nguyen.html. Retrieved 1 August 2013. 
  31. ↑ Nguyen Dac Xuan (May 2013). "The safe sex and thier(sic) amorous duties". http://www.vietnamheritage.com.vn/pages/en/135131036240-The-safe-sex-and-thier-amorous-duties.html. Retrieved 1 August 2013. 
  32. ↑ Tsai (1996), p. 15 The Eunuchs in the Ming Dynasty (Ming Tai Huan Kuan), p. 15, at Google Books
  33. ↑ Rost (1887), p. 252 Miscellaneous papers relating to Indo-China: reprinted for the Straits Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society from Dalrymple's "Oriental Repertory", and the "Asiatic Researches" and "Journal" of the Asiatic Society of Bengal, Volume 1, p. 252, at Google Books
  34. ↑ Rost (1887), p. 252 Miscellaneous papers relating to Indo-China and Indian archipelage: reprinted for the Straits Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society. Second Series, Volume 1, p. 252, at Google Books
  35. ↑ Wade 2005, p. 3785/86
  36. ↑ "首页 > 06史藏-1725部 > 03别史-100部 > 49-明实录宪宗实录-- > 203-大明宪宗纯皇帝实录卷之二百十九" (in Chinese). 明實錄 (Ming Shilu). http://wenxian.fanren8.com/06/03/49/203.htm. Retrieved 26 July 2013. "Simplified Chinese:○满剌加国使臣端亚妈剌的那查等奏成化五年本国使臣微者然那入贡还至当洋被风漂至安南国微者然那与其傔从俱为其国所杀其余黥为官奴而幼者皆为所害又言安南据占城城池欲并吞满剌加之地本国以皆为王臣未敢兴兵与战适安南使臣亦来朝端亚妈剌的那查乞与廷辨兵部尚书陈钺以为此已往事不必深校宜戒其将来 上乃因安南使臣还谕其王黎灏曰尔国与满剌加俱奉正朔宜修睦结好藩屏王室岂可自恃富强以干国典以贪天祸满剌加使臣所奏朝廷虽未轻信尔亦宜省躬思咎畏天守法自保其国复谕满剌加使臣曰自古圣王之驭四夷不追咎于既往安南果复侵陵尔国宜训练士马以御之 Traditional Chinese:○滿剌加國使臣端亞媽剌的那查等奏成化五年本國使臣微者然那入貢還至當洋被風漂至安南國微者然那與其傔從俱為其國所殺其餘黥為官奴而幼者皆為所害又言安南據占城城池欲併吞滿剌加之地本國以皆為王臣未敢興兵與戰適安南使臣亦來朝端亞媽剌的那查乞與廷辨兵部尚書陳鉞以為此已往事不必深校宜戒其將來 上乃因安南使臣還諭其王黎灝曰爾國與滿剌加俱奉正朔宜修睦結好藩屏王室豈可自恃富強以幹國典以貪天禍滿剌加使臣所奏朝廷雖未輕信爾亦宜省躬思咎畏天守法自保其國複諭滿剌加使臣曰自古聖王之馭四夷不追咎于既往安南果複侵陵爾國宜訓練士馬以禦之" 
  37. ↑ Wade 2005, p. 2078/79
  38. ↑ Leo K. Shin (2007). "Ming China and Its Border with Annam". In Diana Lary. The Chinese State at the Borders (illustrated ed.). UBC Press. p. 92. ISBN 0774813334. http://www.history.ubc.ca/faculty/lshin/research/pdf/07_shin_ubcp.pdf. Retrieved 16 October 2013. 
  39. ↑ "首页 > 06史藏-1725部 > 03别史-100部 > 49-明实录宪宗实录-- > 106-明宪宗纯皇帝实录卷之一百六" (in Chinese). 明實錄 (Ming Shilu). http://wenxian.fanren8.com/06/03/49/106.htm. Retrieved 5 January 2013. "Simplified Chinese:○癸亥广东守珠池奉御陈彝奏南海县民为风飘至安南国被其国王编以为军其后逸归言中国人飘泊被留及所为阉禁者百余人奏下户部请移文巡抚镇守等官禁约军民人等毋得指以□贩私通番国且令守珠军人设法堤备从之 Traditional Chinese:○癸亥廣東守珠池奉禦陳彝奏南海縣民為風飄至安南國被其國王編以為軍其後逸歸言中國人飄泊被留及所為閹禁者百余人奏下戶部請移文巡撫鎮守等官禁約軍民人等毋得指以□販私通番國且令守珠軍人設法堤備從之" 
  40. ↑ 《明宪宗实录》卷一百六，成化八年七月癸亥
  41. ↑ Tsai (1996), p. 16 The Eunuchs in the Ming Dynasty (Ming Tai Huan Kuan), p. 16, at Google Books
  42. ↑ Tsai (1996), p. 245 The Eunuchs in the Ming Dynasty (Ming Tai Huan Kuan), p. 245, at Google Books
  43. ↑ Lary (2007), p. 91 The Chinese State at the Borders, p. 91, at Google Books
  44. ↑ Leo K. Shin (2007). "Ming China and Its Border with Annam". In Diana Lary. The Chinese State at the Borders (illustrated ed.). UBC Press. p. 91. ISBN 0774813334. http://www.history.ubc.ca/faculty/lshin/research/pdf/07_shin_ubcp.pdf. Retrieved 16 October 2013. 
  45. ↑ 45.0 45.1 Cooke (2011), p. 109 The Tongking Gulf Through History, p. 109, at Google Books
  46. ↑ Wade 2005, p. 2704/05
  47. ↑ "首页 > 06史藏-1725部 > 03别史-100部 > 47-明实录孝宗实录-- > 146-明孝宗敬皇帝实录卷之一百五十三" (in Chinese). 明實錄 (Ming Shilu). http://wenxian.fanren8.com/06/03/47/146.htm. Retrieved 5 January 2013. "Simplified Chinese:○金星昼见于辰位○辛卯吴瑞者广东文昌县人成化中与同乡刘求等十三人于钦州贸易遭风飘至安南海边罗者得之送本国求等俱发屯田以瑞独少宫之弘治十年国王黎灏卒瑞往东津点军得谅山卫军杨三知归路缘山行九日达龙州主头目韦琛家谋告守备官送还琛不欲久之安南国知之恐泄其国事遣探儿持百金为赎琛少之议未决而凭祥州知州李广宁闻之卒兵夺送于分守官都御史邓廷瓒遣送至京礼部请罪琛为边人之戒奖广宁为土官之劝从之瑞送司礼监给役 Traditional Chinese:○金星晝見於辰位○辛卯吳瑞者廣東文昌縣人成化中與同鄉劉求等十三人於欽州貿易遭風飄至安南海邊羅者得之送本國求等俱發屯田以瑞獨少宮之弘治十年國王黎灝卒瑞往東津點軍得諒山衛軍楊三知歸路緣山行九日達龍州主頭目韋琛家謀告守備官送還琛不欲久之安南國知之恐洩其國事遣探兒持百金為贖琛少之議未決而憑祥州知州李廣寧聞之卒兵奪送於分守官都御史鄧廷瓚遣送至京禮部請罪琛為邊人之戒獎廣寧為土官之勸從之瑞送司禮監給役" 
  48. ↑ 《明孝宗实录》卷一五三，弘治十二年八月辛卯
  49. ↑ Cooke (2011), p. 108 The Tongking Gulf Through History, p. 108, at Google Books
  50. ↑ PGS.TSKH Nguyễn Hải Kế(Associate Professor Dr. Nguyen Hai Ke) (THỨ NĂM, 28 THÁNG 3 2013 17:36(THURSDAY, MARCH 28TH, 2013 17:36)). "CÓ MỘT VÂN ĐỒN Ở GIỮA YÊN BANG, YÊN QUẢNG KHÔNG TĨNH LẶNG". 广州日报大洋网(www.dayoo.com). http://khoalichsu.edu.vn/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=416:co-mt-van-n-gia-yen-bang-yen-qung-khong-tnh-lng-pgstskh-nguyn-hi-k&catid=25:bai-vit&Itemid=33. Retrieved 26 July 2013. 
  51. ↑ PGS.TSKH Nguyễn Hải Kế(Associate Professor Dr. Nguyen Hai Ke) (22.04.2013 18:56). "CÓ MỘT VÂN ĐỒN Ở GIỮA YÊN BANG, YÊN QUẢNG KHÔNG TĨNH LẶNG". 广州日报大洋网(www.dayoo.com). http://duyhoang.net/co-mot-van-don-o-giua-yen-bang-yen-quang-khong-tinh-lang.htm. Retrieved 26 July 2013. 
  52. ↑ Lê Văn Hưu, Phan Phu Tiên, Ngô Sĩ Liên... soạn thảo (1272 - 1697)., ed (1993). "Đại Việt Sử Ký Toàn Thư". Nhà xuất bản Khoa Học Xã Hội (Hà Nội) ấn hành (1993).. http://www.mtat.macdinhchi71.com/suutam/truyen/daivietsukytoanthu/hoi26.htm. Retrieved 26 July 2013. 
  53. ↑ Lê Văn Hưu, Phan Phu Tiên, Ngô Sĩ Liên... soạn thảo (1272–1697)., ed (1993). "Đại Việt Sử Ký Toàn Thư". Nhà xuất bản Khoa Học Xã Hội (Hà Nội) ấn hành (1993).. http://www.informatik.uni-leipzig.de/~duc/sach/dvsktt/dvsktt17a.html. Retrieved 26 July 2013. 
  54. ↑ "Battle of Rạch Gầm-Xoài Mút - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia". En.wikipedia.org. 2013-05-07. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_R%E1%BA%A1ch_G%E1%BA%A7m-Xo%C3%A0i_M%C3%BAt. Retrieved 21 May 2013. 
  55. ↑ 55.0 55.1 "Gia Long - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia". En.wikipedia.org. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gia_Long. Retrieved 21 May 2013. 
  56. ↑ "Bí mật hải quân nhà Nguyễn - Kỳ 1: Từ thủy quân đến hải quân | Thanh Niên Online". Thanhnien.com.vn. 2011-09-19. http://www.thanhnien.com.vn/pages/20110919/bi-mat-hai-quan-nha-nguyen-ky-1-tu-thuy-quan-den-hai-quan.aspx. Retrieved 21 May 2013. 
  57. ↑ "Nguyen Trung Truc - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia". En.wikipedia.org. 2013-04-30. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nguyen_Trung_Truc. Retrieved 21 May 2013. 
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  60. ↑ "Quân chủng Hải quân Việt Nam – Wikipedia tiếng Việt" (in vi). Vi.wikipedia.org. http://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qu%C3%A2n_ch%E1%BB%A7ng_H%E1%BA%A3i_qu%C3%A2n_Vi%E1%BB%87t_Nam. Retrieved 21 May 2013. 
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  62. ↑ 62.0 62.1 Eshel, Tamir. "Vietnam Negotiate Buying four Sigma Corvettes from the Netherlands - Defense Update - Military Technology & Defense News". Defense Update. http://defense-update.com/20111023_vietnam-negotiate-buying-four-sigma-corvettes-from-the-netherlands.html. Retrieved 21 May 2013. 
  63. ↑ Theo Tuổi trẻ. "TT400TP - Tàu chiến "made in Việt Nam" | ANTĐ - Báo điện tử An Ninh Thủ Đô". Anninhthudo.vn. http://www.anninhthudo.vn/Thoi-su/TT400TP-Tau-chien-made-in-Viet-Nam/417290.antd. Retrieved 21 May 2013. 
  64. ↑ "Vietnam’s Russian Restocking". Defenseindustrydaily.com. 2013-03-31. http://www.defenseindustrydaily.com/Vietnam-Reportedly-Set-to-Buy-Russian-Kilo-Class-Subs-05396. Retrieved 21 May 2013. 
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  67. ↑ "Vietnam; Navy incepts Yakhont coastal missile". Dmilt.com. 2011-10-24. http://dmilt.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=2432:vietnam-navy-incepts-yakhont-coastal-missile&catid=3:asia&Itemid=56. Retrieved 21 May 2013. 
  68. ↑ Diposkan oleh NurW (2011-11-10). "DEFENSE STUDIES: Vietnam Requests Brahmos and Corvettes from India". Defense-studies.blogspot.com. http://defense-studies.blogspot.com/2011/11/vietnam-requests-brahmos-and-corvettes.html. Retrieved 21 May 2013. 
  69. ↑ "Nga đã đóng xong tàu ngầm đầu tiên trong số sáu chiếc cho Hải quân Việt Nam : Tiếng nói nước Nga". Vietnamese.ruvr.ru. 2012-08-14. http://vietnamese.ruvr.ru/2012_08_14/85025270/. Retrieved 21 May 2013. 
  70. ↑ "Россия построила первую из шести подлодок для ВМС Вьетнама - источник | РИА Новости". Ria.ru. http://www.ria.ru/defense_safety/20120814/723143125.html#ixzz23WGschSZ. Retrieved 21 May 2013. 
  71. ↑ "Vietnam to receive its first Project 636M / Kilo class submarine in 2013". April 1, 2013. http://defenseupdates.blogspot.com/2013/04/vietnam-to-receive-its-first-project.html. 
  72. ↑ "HQ Hanoi Kilo Submarines Completed Testing". June 6, 2013. http://defense-studies.blogspot.com/2013/06/hq-hanoi-kilo-submarines-completed.html. 
  73. ↑ "Second Vietnam Submarine Undergoes Sea Trials". May 3, 2013. http://defense-studies.blogspot.com/2013/05/second-vietnam-submarine-undergoes-sea.html. 
  74. ↑ "3rd Vietnam Kilo submarines Named HQ 184 Ha Phong". May 14, 2013. http://defense-studies.blogspot.com/2013/05/3rd-vietnam-kilo-submarines-named-hq.html. 
  75. ↑ "Наука и техника: Вьетнам купил вторую партию российских фрегатов "Гепард"". Lenta.ru. http://lenta.ru/news/2011/12/07/gepard. Retrieved 21 May 2013. 
  76. ↑ "Zelenodolsk Shipyard will Build Two "Gepard" for Vietnam". March 28, 2013. http://defense-studies.blogspot.com/2013/03/zelenodolsk-shipyard-will-build-two.html. 
  77. ↑ "Second Batch of Gepard Equipped with Sthil-1 Missile". July 11, 2013. http://defense-studies.blogspot.com/2013/07/second-batch-of-gepard-equipped-with.html. 
  78. ↑ "Vietnamese Petya Class Light Frigates : Still Powerful at Sea". April 15, 2013. http://defense-studies.blogspot.com/2013/04/vietnamese-petya-class-light-frigates.html. 
  79. ↑ http://russian-ships.info/eng/warfareboats/project_12411.htm
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  82. ↑ http://www.janes.com/products/janes/defence-security-report.aspx?id=1065978056
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  84. ↑ "Second Twin Otter Seaplane for Vietnam Navy Take Off in Canada". April 26, 2013. http://defense-studies.blogspot.com/2013/04/second-twin-otter-seaplane-for-vietnam.html. 
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  86. ↑ "Seaplane DHC-6 Series 400 Ready to Protect Vietnam's Waters". July 12, 2013. http://defense-studies.blogspot.com/2013/07/seaplane-dhc-6-series-400-ready-to.html. 
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  89. ↑ Prime Minister Visits Bastion Coastal Missile Complex in 681 Naval Unit
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  91. ↑ Annual report Tactical Missiles Corporation 2010.p. 92

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