William D. Leahy

Fleet Admiral William Daniel Leahy
Fleet Admiral William D. Leahy, c. 1945
Chief of Staff to the Commander in Chief
In office July 20, 1942 – March 21, 1949
President	Franklin D. Roosevelt Harry S. Truman
Preceded by	New Position
Succeeded by	Omar Bradley as Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff
United States Ambassador to France
In office 1941–1942
President	Franklin D. Roosevelt
Preceded by	William Christian Bullitt, Jr.
Succeeded by	Jefferson Caffery
Governor of Puerto Rico
In office 1939–1940
President	Franklin D. Roosevelt
Preceded by	Blanton Winship
Succeeded by	Guy J. Swope
Chief of Naval Operations
In office 1937–1939
President	Franklin D. Roosevelt
Preceded by	William Harrison Standley
Succeeded by	Harold Rainsford Stark
Personal details
Born	(1875-05-06)May 6, 1875 Hampton, Iowa
Died	July 20, 1959(1959-07-20) (aged 84) Bethesda, Maryland
Military service
Allegiance	United States of America
Service/branch	United States Navy
Years of service	1897–1939, 1942–1959
Rank	Fleet Admiral
Commands	Chief of Staff to the CINC Chief of Naval Operations
Battles/wars	Spanish-American War Boxer Rebellion World War I Greco-Turkish War World War II
Awards	See below

Fleet Admiral William Daniel Leahy (May 6, 1875 – July 20, 1959) was an American naval officer who served as the senior-most United States military officer on active duty during the Second World War. As Chief of Naval Operations from 1937 to 1939, he was the senior officer in Navy, overseeing the preparations for war. After retiring from the Navy, he was appointed in 1939 by his close friend President Franklin D. Roosevelt as Governor of Puerto Rico. In his most controversial role, he was appointed as Ambassador to Vichy France, which was an ally of Nazi Germany, 1940–42.

Leahy was recalled to active duty as the personal Chief of Staff to President Franklin D. Roosevelt in 1942 and served in that position throughout World War II. He continued under President Harry S. Truman until finally retiring in 1949. From 1942 until retiring in 1949, he was the highest-ranking member of the U.S. military, taking orders only from the President. In effect, though not in title, he was the first Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff; he also presided over the American delegation to the Combined Chiefs of Staff. In these multiple roles, he was at the center of all major American military decisions in World War II. As Fleet Admiral, Leahy was the first U.S. naval officer ever to hold a five-star rank in the U.S. Armed Forces.

The USS Leahy (DLG-16) was named in his honor.

Early life and education

From an Irish-American family, Leahy was born in Hampton, Iowa and moved with his parents to Ashland, Wisconsin as a child. A son of Michael Arthur Leahy (1838-1921), a successful lawyer and Civil War veteran, William had wanted to attend West Point and follow in his father's footsteps. He attended United States Naval Academy, graduating 14th in his class of 47 in 1897.

Marriage and family

After graduating from the Naval Academy, Leahy married Louise Harrington. They had children, including a son, William Harrington Leahy, who graduated from the U.S. Naval Academy in 1927. He engaged in pre-World War II naval intelligence.

Naval service

Midshipman Leahy was assigned to Oregon, then in the Pacific. He was on that battleship when she made her famous dash through the Strait of Magellan, and around South America in the spring of 1898 to participate in the Battle of Santiago on July 3 during the Spanish-American War. This was the only battle Leahy ever saw in person.

Having completed the two years of sea duty then required by law, Leahy was commissioned Ensign on July 1, 1899. At that time, he was on the Asiatic Station, where, during the Philippine-American War and the Boxer Rebellion in China, he served on Castine and Glacier and commanded the gunboat Mariveles. He returned to the United States in 1902. For the next five years, he did duty on board the Tacoma and Boston, which were stationed in Panama during the early period of construction of the canal.

His first shore duty was at the Naval Academy. Beginning in 1907, he served as instructor in the Department of Physics and Chemistry for two years. He went to sea in 1909 and served as navigator of the armored cruiser California in the Pacific Fleet. On October 18, 1911, Lt. Cmdr. Leahy served as naval aide to President William Howard Taft, at the laying of the keel of USS Jupiter (AC-3), at Mare Island. During the American Occupation of Nicaragua in 1912, he was Chief of Staff to the Commander, Naval Forces there.

Late in 1912, he came ashore in Washington as Assistant Director of Gunnery Exercises and Engineering Competitions. In 1913, he was assigned to the Bureau of Navigation as a detail officer, where he served until 1915. At that time, he took command of the dispatch gunboat Dolphin, and established a close friendship with the then Assistant Secretary of the Navy, Franklin D. Roosevelt, who cruised with him on the ship. He was in that assignment in early 1917 in West Indian waters and had additional duty as Senior Aide on the Staff of Commander Squadron Three of the Patrol Force Atlantic Fleet.

Leahy served for almost a year as the Executive Officer of Nevada and in April 1918 went to command Princess Matoika, formerly Princess Alice, transporting troops to France. It was during this tour that he was awarded the Navy Cross.

After a short cruise in that command, he came ashore in 1918 and served for three years as director of Gunnery Exercises and Engineering Competition in the Navy Department. He was also a senior member of the Fire Control Board.

In 1921, he went to sea in command of St. Louis, flagship of the Naval Detachment in Turkish waters during the war between Turkey and Greece. At the end of that war, he was given command of Mine Squadron One, and in 1922 further additional duty as commander, Control Force.

He returned to the U.S., and from 1923 to 1926, he served as Director of Officer Personnel in the Bureau of Navigation. For one year, he commanded the battleship New Mexico.

In 1927, he reached flag rank and became Chief of the Bureau of Ordnance. After almost four years, he went to sea in 1931 as Commander Destroyers Scouting Force.

In 1933, Leahy came ashore in Washington as Chief of the Bureau of Navigation for two years. He went to sea as a vice admiral, and Commander Battleships Battle Force.^{[Clarification needed]} In 1936, he hoisted his four-star flag in California as Commander in Chief Battle Force.^{[Clarification needed]}

He was appointed Chief of Naval Operations, took the oath of office in January 1937 to serve until August 1939 when he was placed on the retired list. On that occasion, President Roosevelt said "Bill, if we have a war, you're going to be right back here helping me run it."

Before retiring as CNO, Leahy joined his wife Louise Harrington Leahy when she sponsored Cimarron, which was commissioned on March 20, 1939.

Government service and recall

Governor of Puerto Rico

Admiral Leahy confers with Puerto Rican officials. Left to right: Rafael Martínez Nadal, Santiago Iglesias, Admiral Leahy, standing; Fernando Geigel, Alfonso Valdez, Bolivar Pagan, and Luis Obergh

From September 1939-November 1940, Leahy served as Governor of Puerto Rico. He oversaw the development of military bases and stations across the island while serving as governor. He took an open stance of not intervening directly in local politics, attempted to understand and respect local customs, and initiated various major public works projects in the island.^{[citation needed]} While given the unflattering sobriquet "Almirante Lija" ("Admiral Sandpaper") by locals, based on his family name, he was regarded as one of the most lenient American governors of the several that served Puerto Rico in the first half of the 20th century.^{[citation needed]}

Ambassador to France

Leahy was appointed Ambassador to France (later referred to as Vichy France for the city in which the capital was located) in 1941 following that country's capitulation to Germany. Leahy relates in his memoir I Was There that (his) "major task was to keep the French on our side in so far as possible". He was recalled in May 1942.

The U.S. supplied food and medical aid to the Vichy regime and to French North Africa, hoping in return to moderate Vichy collaboration with Germany and to avoid an open Vichy-German alliance in the Mediterranean. American aid proved too little to buy French support over North Africa.

President Roosevelt and Admiral Leahy meeting with King Ibn Saud of Saudi Arabia, on board the USS Quincy.

Potsdam Conference: Clement Attlee, Ernest Bevin, Vyacheslav Molotov, Joseph Stalin, William Daniel Leahy, James F. Byrnes, Harry S. Truman and others.

Chief of Staff to the Commander in Chief

After the United States entered World War II, President Roosevelt decided he needed a senior military officer as personal adviser and point of contact with his three service chiefs, Admiral Ernest King of the Navy, General George Marshall of the Army and General Henry Arnold of the Army Air Forces. The service chiefs resisted this move until Marshall suggested that only Leahy would be accepted in this post.^{[citation needed]} On July 6, 1942, Leahy was appointed Chief of Staff to the Commander in Chief, U.S. Army and Navy, the President of the United States.

Leahy spent D-Day, June 6, 1944, in his home town of Hampton, Iowa. This well-publicized "sentimental journey" was part of the deception efforts surrounding the Allied invasion of Europe. The idea was to lull any German agents in Washington, D.C. or elsewhere in the US into believing that the operation would not take place while such an important officer was out of the capital.

Leahy was appointed the first US Fleet Admiral on December 15, 1944.

Atomic bomb

Sitting (from left): Clement Attlee, Harry S. Truman, Joseph Stalin; behind: William Daniel Leahy, Ernest Bevin, James F. Byrnes and Vyacheslav Molotov.

After the bomb was tested, Leahy was strongly opposed to its use in Hiroshima and Nagasaki. In his memoir, he wrote:

"Once it had been tested, President Truman faced the decision as to whether to use it. He did not like the idea, but he was persuaded that it would shorten the war against Japan and save American lives. It is my opinion that the use of this barbarous weapon at Hiroshima and Nagasaki was of no material assistance in our war against Japan. The Japanese were already defeated and ready to surrender because of the effective sea blockade and the successful bombing with conventional weapons... My own feeling was that in being the first to use it, we had adopted an ethical standard common to the barbarians of the Dark Ages. I was not taught to make wars in that fashion, and that wars cannot be won by destroying women and children."

After mediating between the United States Navy and the Government of Puerto Rico over the involuntary transfer of part of the islands of Vieques and Culebra to naval authorities, Leahy resigned in March 1949, though as an officer with five-star rank, he technically remained on active service. The following year, he published his war memoirs, I Was There.

A bilingual book, "Las memorias de Leahy: los relatos del almirante William D. Leahy sobre su gobernación de Puerto Rico (1939-1940)" listing his diary entries from Puerto Rico in both Spanish and English, was published by the Luis Muñoz Marín Foundation in 2001.

Special military funeral

Leahy died at the U.S. Naval Hospital in Bethesda, Maryland, July 20, 1959, at the age of eighty-four. He was given a Special Military Funeral on July 23. The body of Leahy was viewed at the Bethlehem Chapel at the Washington National Cathedral from July 22 at noon until noon July 23. The funeral service was held in the cathedral at 1400 on July 23 and the burial was in Arlington National Cemetery. The gravesite is in Section 2, Lot 932, Grid R-31.5 about midway between Memorial Gate and the Memorial Amphitheater.

Honorary pallbearers were Fleet Admiral Chester W. Nimitz, Admiral Thomas C. Hart, Admiral Charles P. Snyder, Admiral Louis E. Denfeld, Admiral Arthur W. Radford, Vice Adm. Edward L. Cochrane and Rear Adm. Henry Williams, all retired from service. Active military servicemen who were honorary pallbearers were Admiral Jerauld Wright, Admiral Robert L. Dennison. Rear Adm. Joseph H. Wellings, and a close friend William D. Hassett.

Dates of rank

United States Naval Academy Midshipman - Class of 1897, 15th of class of 47

Ensign	Lieutenant Junior Grade	Lieutenant	Lieutenant Commander	Commander	Captain
O-1	O-2	O-3	O-4	O-5	O-6
July 1, 1899	July 1, 1902	December 31, 1903	September 15, 1909	August 29, 1916	July 1, 1918

Commodore	Rear Admiral	Vice Admiral	Admiral	Fleet Admiral
O-7	O-8	O-9	O-10	O-11
Not Held	October 14, 1927	July 13, 1935	January 2, 1937	December 15, 1944

Decorations and awards

Navy Cross	Navy Distinguished Service Medal with two gold stars	Sampson Medal
Spanish Campaign Medal	Philippine Campaign Medal	Nicaraguan Campaign Medal (1912)
Mexican Service Medal	Dominican Campaign Medal	World War I Victory Medal with "Overseas" clasp
American Campaign Medal	World War II Victory Medal	National Defense Service Medal

Note: Leahy was ineligible for the American Defense Service Medal as he retired from the Navy in August 1939 and was recalled to active duty in May 1942. The medal was for active service from 8 September 1939 to 7 December 1941.

Further reading

• Adams, Henry H. Witness to Power: The Life of Fleet Admiral William D. Leahy (Naval Institute Press, 1985) 348 pp. the standard scholarly biography
• Borneman, Walter "The Admirals: The Five-Star Admirals Who Won the War at Sea" (Little, Brown, 2012)
• Hayes, Grace P. The history of the Joint Chiefs of Staff in World War II (1982) 964 pages
• Langer, William L. Our Vichy gamble (1947)

External links

• William D. Leahy Official Website (with photo and newsreel archive)
• Navy Historical Center
• Naval War College Guide to Archives, Manuscripts -2001
• Leahy, William D. Library of Congress Archives: Papers, 1897-1959 (8,000 items)
• Paradoxes of Naval History: Witness to Power: The Life of Fleet Admiral William D. Leahy
• President Roosevelt to the Appointed Ambassador to France (Leahy) on December 20, 1940
• Chronology regarding Truman and the A-bomb:
  From 8/2/45 - 8/10/45 with Smyth report on atomic bomb (August 6, 1951)
• US Navy Historic Center biography of William Leahy
• arlingtoncemetery.net: Biography of William D. Leahy
• Annotated bibliography for William D. Leahy from the Alsos Digital Library for Nuclear Issues
• The Last Salute: Civil and Military Funeral, 1921-1969, CHAPTER XVII, Former Chief of Naval Operations, Fleet Admiral William D. Leahy, Special Military Funeral, 20-23 July 1959 by B. C. Mossman and M. W. Stark. United States Army Center of Military History.